Chapter V: Nelson and Wellington, the Champions of England

England and France on Land and Sea--Nelson Discovers the
French Fleet in Aboukir Bay--The Glorious Battle of the
Nile--The Fleet Sails for Copenhagen--The Danish Line
of Defence--The Attack on the Danish Fleet--How Nelson
Answered the Signal to Cease Action--Nelson in Chase of
the French Fleet--The Allied Fleet Leaves Cadiz--Off Cape
Trafalgar--The "Victory" and Her Brilliant Fight--The Great
Battle and its Sad Disaster--Victory for England and Death
for Her Famous Admiral--The British in Portugal--The Death
of Sir John Moore--The Gallant Crossing of the Douro--The
Victory at Talavera and the Victor's Reward--Wellington's
Impregnable Lines at Torres Vedras--The Siege and Capture
of the Portuguese Fortresses--Wellington Wins at Salamanca
and Enters Madrid--Vittoria and the Pyrenees--The Gathering
of the Forces at Brussels--The Battlefield of Waterloo--The
Desperate Charges of the French--Blücher's Prussians and
the Charge of Napoleon's Old Guard 101

CHAPTER VI

From the Napoleonic Wars to the Revolution 1830

A Quarter Century of Revolution--Europe After Napoleon's
Fall--The Work of the Congress--Italy, France and
Spain--The Rights of Man--The Holy Alliance--Revolution
in Spain and Naples--Metternich and His Congresses--How
Order Was Restored in Spain--The Revolution in Greece--The
Powers Come to the Rescue of Greece--The Spirit of
Revolution--Charles X. and His Attempt at Despotism--The
Revolution in Paris--Louis Phillippe Chosen as King--Effect
in Europe of the Revolution--The Belgian Uprising and
its Result--The Movements in Germany--The Condition of
Poland--The Revolt of the Poles--A Fatal Lack of Unity--The
Fate of Poland 116

CHAPTER VII

Bolivar, the Liberator of Spanish America

How Spain Treated Her Colonies--The Oppression of the
People--Bolivar the Revolutionary Leader--An Attempt
at Assassination--Bolivar Returns to Venezuela--The
Savage Cruelty of the Spaniards--The Methods of General
Morillo--Paez the Guerilla and His Exploits--British
Soldiers Join the Insurgents--Bolivar's Plan to Invade
New Granada--The Crossing of the Andes--The Terror of the
Mountains--Bolivar's Methods of Fighting--The Victory at
Boyaca--Bolivar and the Peruvians--The Freeing of the Other
Colonies 128

CHAPTER VIII

Great Britain as a World Empire

Napoleonic Wars' Influence--Great Awakening in Commerce--
Developments of the Arts--Growth of the Sciences--A Nation
Noted for Patriotism--National Pride--Conscious Strength--
Political Changes and Their Influence--Great Statesmen of
England 141

CHAPTER IX

The Great Reform Bill and the Corn Laws

Causes of Unrest--Demands of the People--The Struggle for
Reform in 1830--The Corn Laws--Free Trade in Great
Britain--Cobden the Apostle of Free Trade--Other Promoters
of Reform--England's Enlarged Commerce 147

CHAPTER X

Turkey the "Sick Man" of Europe

The Sultan's Empire in 1800--Revolts in Her
Dependencies--Greece Gains Her Freedom--The Sympathy of
the Christian World--Russian Threats--The Crimean War and
its Heroes--The War of 1877--The Armenian Massacres--The
Nations Warn off Russia--War in Crete and Greece in
1897--The Tottering Nation of to-day--The "Sick Man" 156

CHAPTER XI

The European Revolution of 1848

Corrupt Courts and Rulers--The Spirit of Liberty Among
the People--Bourbonism--Revolutionary Outbreak in
France--Spreads to Other Countries--The Struggle in
Italy--In Germany--The Revolt in Hungary--The Career of
Kossuth the Patriot, Statesman and Orator--His Visit
to America--Defeat of the Patriots by Austria and
Hungary--General Haynau the Cruel Tyrant--Later History of
Hungary 167

CHAPTER XII

Louis Napoleon and the Second French Empire

The Power of a Great Name--The French People Love the
Name Napoleon--Louis Napoleon's Personality--Elected
President--The Tricks of His Illustrious Ancestor
Imitated--Makes Himself Emperor--The War With
Austria--Sends an Army to Mexico--Attempt to Establish
an Empire in America--Maximilian Made Emperor in the New
World--His Sad Fate--War With Germany--Louis Napoleon
Dethroned 178

CHAPTER XIII

Garibaldi and the Unification of Italy

The Many Little States of Italy--Secret Movements for
Union--Mazzini the Revolutionist--Tyranny of Austria
and Naples--War in Sardinia--Victor Emanuel and Count
Cavour--Garibaldi in Arms--The French in Rome--Fall of the
Papal City--Rise of the New Italy--Naval War With Austria 194

CHAPTER XIV

Bismarck and the New Empire of Germany

The State of Prussia--Sudden Rise to Power--Bismarck Prime
Minister--War With Denmark--With Austria--With France--Metz
and Sedan--Von Moltke--The Fall of Paris--William I.
Crowned Emperor--United Germany--Bismarck and the Young
Kaiser--Peculiarities of William II.--Germany of To-Day 207

CHAPTER XV

Gladstone the Apostle of Liberalism in England

Sterling Character of the Man--His Steady Progress to
Power--Becomes Prime Minister--Home and Foreign Affairs
Under His Administration--His Long Contest With
Disraeli--Early Conservatism Later Liberalism--Home Rule
Champion--Result of Gladstone's Labors 243

CHAPTER XVI

Ireland the Downtrodden

Ancient Ireland--English Domination--Oppression--Patriotic
Struggles Against English Rule--Robert Emmet and
His Sad Fate--Daniel O'Connell--Grattan, Curran and
Other Patriots--The Fenians--Gladstone's Work for
Ireland--Parnell, the Irish Leader in Parliament--Ireland
of the Present 259

CHAPTER XVII

England and Her Indian Empire

Why England Went to India--Lord Clive and the East India
Company--Sir Arthur Wellesley--Trouble With the
Natives--Subjugation of Indian States--The Great
Mutiny--Havelock--Relief of Lucknow--Repulse From
Afghanistan--Conquest of Burmah--Queen Victoria Crowned
Empress of India--What English Rule Has Done for the
Orient--A Vast Country Teeming With Population--Its
Resources and Its Prospects 268

CHAPTER XVIII

Thiers, Gambetta and the Rise of the New French Republic

French Instability of Character--Modern Statesmen
of France--Thiers--MacMahon--Gambetta--The New
Republic--Leaders in Politics--Dangerous Powers of the
Army--Moral and Religious Decline--Law and Justice--The
Dreyfus Case as an Index to France's National Character and
the Perils Which Beset the Republic 277

CHAPTER XIX

Paul Kruger and South Africa

Review of the Boers--Their Establishment in Cape Colony--The
Rise and Progress of the Transvaal Republic--Diamond Mines
and Gold Discoveries--England's Aggressiveness--The Career
of Cecil Rhodes--Attempt to Overthrow the Republic--The
Zulus and Neighboring Peoples--The Uitlanders--Political
Struggle of England and Paul Kruger--Chamberlain's
Demands--The Boers' Firm Stand--War of 1899 295

CHAPTER XX

The Rise of Japan and the Decline of China

Former Cloud of Mystery Surrounding These Two Nations--Ancient
Civilizations--Closed Territory to the Outside World--Their
Ignorance of Other Nations--The Breaking Down of
the Walls in the Nineteenth Century--Japan's Sudden
Rise to Power--Aptness to Learn--The Yankees of the
East--Conditions of Conservatism Holds on in China--Li
Hung Chang Rises into Prominence--The Corean Trouble--War
Between China and Japan--The Battle of Yalu River--Admiral
Ito's Victory--Japanese Army Invades the Celestial
Empire--China Surrenders--European Nations Demand Open
Commerce--Threatened Partition 309

CHAPTER XXI

The Era of Colonies

Commerce the Promoter of Colonization--England's Wise
Policy--The Growth of Her Colonies Under Liberal
Treatment--India--Australia--Africa--Colonies of France
and Germany--Partition of Africa--Progress of Russia in
Asia--Aggressiveness of the Czar's Government--The United
States Becomes a Colonizing Power--The Colonial Powers and
Their Colonies at the Close of the Century 323

CHAPTER XXII

How the United States Entered the Century

A Newly Formed Country--Washington, the National Capital--Peace
With France--Nations of State Sovereignty--State
Legislatures and the National Congress--The Influence of
Washington--The Supreme Court and its Powers--Population
of Less Than Four Millions--No City of 50,000 Inhabitants
in America--Sparsely Settled Country--Savages--Trouble
With Algiers--War Declared by Tripoli--Thomas Jefferson
Elected President 343

CHAPTER XXIII

Expansion of the United States From Dwarf to Giant

Ohio Admitted in 1802--Louisiana Purchased From French
1803--Admission of the States--Florida Transferred to the
United States 1819--The First Railway in 1826--Indians
Cede Their Illinois Lands in 1830--Invention of Telegraph
1832--Fremont's Expeditions to the Pacific Slope--Conquest
of Mexico--Our Domain Established From Ocean to Ocean
1848--The Purchase of Alaska From Russia 1867--Rapid
Internal Growth--Cities Spring up on the Plains--A
Marvelous Era of Peace--Through the Spanish-American War
Comes the Acquisition of First Tropical Territory--From
East to West America's Domain Reaches Half-way Around the
World--Three Cities Each With Over 1,000,000 Inhabitants 351

CHAPTER XXIV

The Development of Democratic Institutions In America

Colonization and its Results--Religious Influences--Popular
Rights--Limitations--Colonial Legislatures--The Money
Question--Taxation--Confederation--The Franchise--Property
Qualifications--Growth of Western Ideas--Contrast Between
Institutions at the Beginning and Close of the Century 361

CHAPTER XXV

America's Answer to British Doctrine of Right of Search

Why the War of 1812 Was Fought--The Principles
Involved--Impressing American Sailors--Insults and
Outrages Resented--The "Chesapeake" and "Leopard"--Injury
to Commerce--Blockades--Embargo as Retaliation--Naval
Glory--Failure of Canadian Campaign--"Constitution" and
the "Guerriere"--The "Wasp" and the "Frolic"--Other
Sea Duels--Privateers--Perry's Great Victory--Land
Operations--The "Shannon" and the "Chesapeake"--Lundy's
Lane and Plattsburg--The Burning of Washington--Baltimore
Saved--Jackson's Victory at New Orleans--Treaty of Peace 369

CHAPTER XXVI

The United States Sustains Its Dignity Abroad

First Foreign Difficulty--The Barbary States--Buying
Peace--Uncle Sam Aroused--Thrashes the Algerian
Pirates--A Splendid Victory--King Bomba Brought to
Terms--Austria and the Koszta Case--Captain Ingraham--His
Bravery--"Deliver or I'll Sink You"--Austria Yields--The
Paraguayan Trouble--Lopez Comes to Terms--The Chilian
Imbroglio--Balmaceda--The Insult to the United
States--American Seamen Attacked--Matta's Impudent
Letter--Backdown--Peace--All's Well That Ends Well, Etc. 382

CHAPTER XXVII

Webster and Clay--The Preservation of the Union

The Great Questions in American Politics in the First Half
of the Century--The Great Orators to Which They Gave
Rise--Daniel Webster--Henry Clay--John C. Calhoun--Clay's
Compromise Measure on the Tariff Question--On Slavery
Extension--Webster and Calhoun and the Tariff
Question--Webster's Reply to Hayne--The Union Must and
Shall be Preserved 398

CHAPTER XXVIII

The Annexation of Texas and the War With Mexico

Texas as a Province of Mexico--Rebellion and War--The Alamo
Massacre--Rout of Mexicans at San Jacinto--Freedom
of Mexico--Annexation to the United States--The War
With Mexico--Taylor and Buena Vista--Scott and Vera
Cruz--Advance on and Capture of Mexico--Results of the War 413

CHAPTER XXIX

The Negro In America and the Slavery Conflict

The Negro in America--The First Cargo--Beginning of the Slave
Traffic--As a Laborer--Increase in Numbers--Slavery;
its Different Character in Different States--Political
Disturbances--Agitation and Agitators--John Brown--War and
How it Emancipated the Slave--The Free Negro--His Rapid
Progress 425

CHAPTER XXX

Abraham Lincoln and the Work of Emancipation

Lincoln's Increasing Fame--Comparison With Washington--The
Slave Auction at New Orleans--"If I Ever Get a Chance
to Hit Slavery, I Will Hit it Hard"--The Young
Politician--Elected Representative to Congress--His
Opposition to Slavery--His Famous Debates With Douglas--The
Cooper Institute Speech--The Campaign of 1860--The Surprise
of Lincoln's Nomination--His Triumphant Election--Threats
of Secession--Firing on Sumter--The Dark Days of the
War--The Emancipation Question--The Great Proclamation--End
of the War--The Great Tragedy--The Beauty and Greatness of
His Character 436

CHAPTER XXXI

Grant and Lee and The Civil War

Grant a Man for the Occasion--Lincoln's Opinion--"Wherever
Grant is Things Move"--"Unconditional Surrender"--"Not a
Retreating Man"--Lee a Man of Acknowledged Greatness--His
Devotion to Virginia--Great Influence--Simplicity of
Habits--Shares the Fare of His Soldiers--Lee's Superior
Skill--Gratitude and Affection of the South--Great
Influence in Restoring Good Feeling--The War--Secession
Not Exclusively a Southern Idea--An Irrepressible
Conflict--Coming Events--Lincoln--A Nation in Arms--
Sumter--Anderson--McClellan--Victory and Defeat--"Monitor"
and "Merrimac"--Antietam--Shiloh--Buell--Grant--George H.
Thomas--Rosecrans--Porter--Sherman--Sheridan--Lee--
Gettysburg--A Great Fight--Sherman's March--The
Confederates Weakening--More Victories--Appomattox--Lee's
Surrender--From War to Peace 449

CHAPTER XXXII

The Indian in the Nineteenth Century

Our Relations and Obligations to the Indian--Conflict
between Two Civilizations--Indian Bureau--Government
Policy--Treaties--Reservation Plan--Removals Under
It--Indian Wars--Plan of Concentration--Disturbance
and Fighting--Plan of Education and Absorption--Its
Commencement--Present Condition of Indians--Nature of
Education and Results--Land in Severalty Law--Missionary
Effort--Necessity and Duty of Absorption 468

CHAPTER XXXIII

The Development of the American Navy

The Origin of the American Navy--Sights on Guns and What They
Did--Opening Japan--Port Royal--Passing the Forts--The
"Monitor" and "Merrimac"--In Mobile Bay--The "Kearsarge"
and the "Alabama"--Naval Architecture Revolutionized--The
Samoan Hurricane--Building a New Navy--Great Ships of
the Spanish American War--The Modern Floating Iron
Fortresses--New "Alabama" and "Kearsarge" 482

CHAPTER XXXIV

America's Conflict With Spain

A War of Humanity--Bombardment of Matanzas--Dewey's Wonderful
Victory at Manila--Disaster to the "Winslow" at Cardenas
Bay--The First American Loss of Life--Bombardment of San
Juan, Porto Rico--The Elusive Spanish Fleet--Bottled-up in
Santiago Harbor--Lieutenant Hobson's Daring Exploit--Second
Bombardment of Santiago and Arrival of the Army--Gallant
Work of the Rough Riders and the Regulars--Battles of San
Juan and El Caney--Destruction of Cervera's Fleet--General
Shafter Reinforced in Front of Santiago--Surrender
of the City--General Miles in Porto Rico--An Easy
Conquest--Conquest of the Philippines--Peace Negotiations
and Signing of the Protocol--Its Terms--Members of the
National Peace Commission--Return of the Troops from Cuba
and Porto Rico--The Peace Commission in Paris--Conclusion
of its Work--Terms of the Treaty--Ratified by the Senate 496

CHAPTER XXXV

The Dominion of Canada

The Area and Population of Canada--Canada's Early
History--Upper and Lower Canada--The War of 1812--John
Strachan and the Family Compact--A Religious
Quarrel--French Supremacy in Lower Canada--The Revolt of
1837--Mackenzie's Rebellion--Growth of Population and
Industry--Organization of the Dominion of Canada--The
Riel Revolts--The Canadian Pacific Railway--The Fishery
Difficulties--The Fur-Seal Question--The Gold of
the Klondike--A Boundary Question--An International
Commission--The Questions at Issue--The Failure of
the Commission--Commerce of Canada with the United
States--Railway Progress in Canada--Manufacturing
Enterprise--Yield of Precious Metals--Extent and Resources
of the Dominion--The Character of the Canadian Population 509

CHAPTER XXXVI

Livingstone, Stanley, Peary, Nansen and other Great Discoverers and
Explorers

Ignorance of the Earth's Surface at the Beginning of
the Century--Notable Fields of Nineteenth Century
Travel--Famous African Travelers--Dr. Livingstone's
Missionary Labors--Discovery of Lake Ngami--Livingstone's
Journey from the Zambesi to the West Coast--The
Great Victoria Falls--First Crossing of the
Continent--Livingstone discovers Lake Nyassa--Stanley in
Search of Livingstone--Other African Travelers--Stanley's
Journeys--Stanley Rescues Emin Pasha--The Exploration
of the Arctic Zone--The Greely Party--The Fatal
"Jeanette" Expedition--Expeditions of Professor
Nordenskjöld--Peary Crosses North Greenland--Nansen and his
Enterprise--Andrée's Fatal Balloon Venture 523

CHAPTER XXXVII

Robert Fulton, George Stephenson, and the Triumphs of Invention

Anglo-Saxon Activity in Invention--James Watt and the
Steam Engine--Labor-Saving Machinery of the Eighteenth
Century--The Steamboat and the Locomotive--The First
Steamboat Trip up the Hudson--Development of Ocean
Steamers--George Stephenson and the Locomotive--First
American Railroads--Development of the Railroad--Great
Railroad Bridges--The Electric Steel Railway--The
Bicycle and the Automobile--Marvels in Iron and
Woodworking--Progress in Illumination and Heating--Howe and
the Sewing Machine--Vulcanization of Rubber--Morse and the
Telegraph--The Inventions of Edison--Marconi and Wireless
Telegraphy--Increase of Working Power of the Farmer--The
American Reapers and Mowers--Commerce of the United States 535

CHAPTER XXXVIII

The Evolution in Industry and the Revolt Against Capital

Mediæval Industry--Cause of Revolution in the Labor
System--Present Aspect of the Labor Question--The
Trade Union--The International Workingmen's
Association--The System of the Strike--Arbitration
and Profit Sharing--Experiments and Theories in
Economies--Co-operative Associations--The Theories
of Socialism and Anarchism--Secular Communistic
Experiments--Development of Socialism--Growth of the
Socialist Party--The Development of the Trust--An
Industrial Revolution 554

CHAPTER XXXIX

Charles Darwin and the Development of Science

Scientific Activity of the Nineteenth Century--Wallace's
"Wonderful Century"--Useful and Scientific Steps of
Progress--Foster's Views of Recent Progress--Discoveries
in Astronomy--The Spectroscope--The Advance of
Chemistry--Light and its Phenomena--Heat as a Mode of
Motion--Applications of Electricity--The Principles
of Magnetism--Progress in Geology--The Nebular and
Meteoric Hypotheses--Biological Sciences--Discoveries in
Physiology--Pasteur and His Discoveries--Koch and the
Comma Bacillus--The Science of Hygiene--Darwin and Natural
Selection 569

CHAPTER XL

Literature and Art in the Nineteenth Century

Literary Giants of Former Times--The Standing of the Fine Arts
in the Past and the Present--Early American Writers--The
Poets of the United States--American Novelists--American
Historians and Orators--The Poets of Great Britain--British
Novelists and Historians--Other British Writers--French
Novelists and Historians--German Poets and Novelists--The
Literature of Russia--The Authors of Sweden, Norway and
Denmark--Writers of Italy--Other Celebrated Authors--The
Novel and its Development--The Text-Book and Progress of
Education--Wide-spread use of Books and Newspapers 591

CHAPTER XLI

The American Church and the Spirit of Human Brotherhood

Division of Labor--American Type of Christianity--Distinguishing
Feature of American Life--The Sunday-school System--The Value
of Religion in Politics--Missionary Activity--New Religious
Movements--The Movement in Ethics--Child Labor in
Factories--Prevention of Cruelty to Animals--Prison
Reform--Public Executions--The Spirit of Sympathy--The Growth
of Charity--An Advanced Spirit of Benevolence 605