Chapter XV: Conclusion: Sidenote: Society established (1)

[Sidenote: Influence extended by three means]

[Sidenote: Fox’s aims in education]

[Sidenote: Organization devised by Fox]

[Sidenote: Weakness in the organization]

The society, established by George Fox, near the middle of the seventeenth century, increased rapidly in numbers, due very largely to the efforts of its founder and the services of the men whom he associated with him in his work. This influence was extended by means of (1) journeys made to foreign parts; (2) letters; and (3) preaching out of doors to all who would listen. Fox, from the first, was interested in education, particularly moral and practical, and recommended the establishment of several schools. He was primarily interested in (1) moral training; (2) religious instruction; and (3) in education of a practical sort which would fit every individual to earn a livelihood. These ends which he strove for were likewise accepted as worthy to be achieved, and consciously striven for by the society in its organized meetings. This organization of meetings itself was devised by Fox and regularly constituted in various parts before the time of his death. It consisted of yearly, quarterly, monthly, and particular meetings, whose relations were well defined. The functions of the first were general and directive; those of the last were particular and effective. The chief weakness, already pointed out in previous chapters, was the lack of compulsory power in the yearly meeting. Its recommendations gained results, but might be neglected in communities desiring to do so.

[Sidenote: Leaders who were interested in education]

[Sidenote: Quaker antipathy to education appears unfounded]

[Sidenote: Education of Negroes and Indians urged and effected]

An organization, of itself, performs nothing. Its accomplishments depend on men who have purposes, and the determination and ability to execute them. A considerable number of such men were members of Friends, and expressed themselves definitely on education. Such leaders as Penn, Fothergill, Fox, Banks, Chalkley, Crisp, Crouch, Pastorius, Benezet and others as important, were responsible for its educational guidance and in the end, accomplishments. From a study of their expressions it appears that the criticisms, concerning the Quakers’ antipathy to education, are without foundation, and arose, for the most part, from their statement that a _classical education_ was _not essential for a minister_. The life and the education of most of them attest the fact that they sought a higher education for themselves and promoted it for others. Not only for their own society, but for the rich and poor of others, were efforts made to establish schools. The education of Indians and Negroes was similarly urged both on the part of individuals and the organization. The tangible results of their efforts in this regard were seen in the various local meetings.

[Sidenote: Schools established]

[Sidenote: School affairs in care of committees]

[Sidenote: Number of schools in Pennsylvania]

In the establishment of schools, the direction lay in the hands of the yearly meeting. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting’s advices on that subject, for the first half century, were very general in nature and seemingly of little import to the various lower meetings. A development is noticed, however, toward a definite plan for schools to be established. The advices of 1746 and continuing thereafter, 1750, 1751, 1753, 1755, 1778, and following, are definite in their ideas as to what should be done, and the persistency with which they were urged in the meetings, where all school affairs came to be attended to by committees, seems to have effected tangible results. Committee reports on educational conditions increased greatly in definiteness after 1777, which allows a better estimate to be made of what was done. From such reports it is estimated that by the end of the century there were sixty or seventy schools established “according to direction” given by the yearly meeting. Many others are reported in various meetings, which did not measure up in any great degree to the standards set.

[Sidenote: The Master]

These standards[1339] (stated elsewhere in this work) demanded a high moral quality in masters and mistresses, as well as training in the subjects to be taught. From a study of the manuscript records and newspapers it appears that the moral standards, met by Quaker masters, were as high, and, in Philadelphia, perhaps higher than those of the other private school masters. The cases of open lawlessness are at least more numerous in the latter case. The degree of preparation for teaching ranged from the highest, the best college trained men of the day, to the lowest, those who possessed a most elementary education.

[Sidenote: Curriculum similar to that in private schools]

The opportunities offered for study, both in the lower and in the Classical School, were at all times equal at least to those of the other schools of the day.

[Sidenote: No free public schools]

The Quakers established no system of _public schools_, though they were called such quite frequently. As public school sentiment grew, and the Quaker schools correspondingly declined in many places, they often were taken over as public schools. In that sense they were, truly enough, the foundation of public schools. Education was free to the poor; in a few cases the funds might be applied to lower the rates paid by the regular pay scholars, but such were exceptional.

[Sidenote: Number of schools about 1750]

In 1750 there were about fifty particular meetings in the territory covered by this study; those were under the direction of seventeen monthly meetings.[1340] With the exception of nine of them we know from their reports that they had schools then, or established them in the period following 1750, in which the increased activity and interest of the yearly meeting brought the subject more fully to their notice. From the nature of the reports, it is often impossible to determine the date of establishing such a school, and because of the irregularity of reports it is not known how long a school may have been in operation before reported. For these reasons any estimate such as made above is very unsatisfactory.

It is not to be understood that at the time above mentioned the schools were in all cases “according to the plan” of the yearly meeting. Many reports have been quoted wherein schools were mentioned which did not measure up to the standards.[1341] Some lacked buildings, grounds, Friends as masters, masters’ accommodations, and so forth.

[Sidenote: Quaker population one-third of total]

[Sidenote: Proportionate number of Quakers decreases]

Assuming the nine meetings, for which no schools were reported in the minutes, did not have them, there were about forty schools under control of the Quakers, who at that date constituted one-third of the entire population.[1342] The population estimated by Oldmixon was about 100,000 in 1741.[1343] Though the colony increased rapidly by immigration,[1344] the Quaker increase was not proportionate to their numbers stated above.[1345] In 1795 it is stated that the Episcopalians and Quakers together constituted but one-third of the whole population, which then numbered about 434,373.[1346] The number of regularly established Quaker schools at that date was between sixty and seventy.

[Sidenote: Number of regularly established schools inadequate for their population]

If in 1741 we estimate the number of school age children of Quaker parentage between six and seven thousand, which is probably a less number than there actually were, it is apparent that the schools _regularly established_ were in no way adequate to the school population. The remainder were doubtless cared for in the frequently mentioned _mixed schools_ and _neighborhood schools_, which are known to have been common. These were sometimes under partial control of the Quaker meetings. What proportion the number of Quaker schools bears to those established by other agencies is not known. No studies made up to the present time have attempted to estimate the number of schools established by all or particular agencies. Any comparison is impossible until such a study is made.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Fox, _Journal_, I, 53.

[2] Now called Fenny Drayton (see _Friends Library_, I, 28).

[3] Fox, _Journal_, I, 49.

[4] Sewell, _Hist._, I, 11.

[5] Fox, _Journal_, I, 49.

[6] _Ibid._, 50.

[7] Sewell, _Hist._, I, 12.

[8] Fox, _Journal_, I, 51.

[9] _Ibid._, 52.

[10] _Ibid._, 53.

[11] Myers, A. C., _Immigration of Irish Quakers into Pa._, 5.

[12] Brown, in Traill, H. D., _Social England_, IV, 258.

[13] _Ibid._

[14] Barclay, R., _Inner life of Religious Societies of the Commonwealth_, 77.

[15] Wicks, B. L., _The Amish Mennonites_, 13-18.

[16] Sewell, _Hist._, I, 284.

[17] _Pa. Ger. Soc._, IX, 166.

[18] Chalkley, _Journal_, _Friends Library_, VI, 27.

[19] _Ibid._

[20] Besse, _Sufferings of the Quakers_, II, 450f.

[21] _Pa. Ger. Soc._, IX, 401.

[22] _Pa. Mag. of Hist._, II, 250; Seidensticker, _Erste deutsche Einwanderung in Amerika_, 29-33.

[23] Brown, J. in Traill, _Soc. England_, IV, 259.

[24] _Ibid._

[25] Besse, J., _Sufferings_, II, 539-638.

[26] Fox, G., _Journal_, I, 73; also 264-265.

[27] _Ibid._, 71.

[28] _Friends Lib._, I, 129.

[29] Fox, G., _Journal_, II, 76f.

[30] Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 9-2-1699.

[31] Fox, _Journal_, II, 57.

[32] _Friends Lib._, I, 72.

[33] Fox, _Journal_, I, 53.

[34] _Ibid._, 72.

[35] _Ibid._, 69.

[36] _Ibid._, 327.

[37] _Ibid._, II, 105.

[38] Letters, London Yearly Meeting, 4-10, 14-1717.

[39] _Friends Lib._, I, 68.

[40] _Ibid._

[41] Fox, _Journal_, I, 179.

[42] _Ibid._, 362.

[43] _Ibid._, 363.

[44] Fox, _Journal_, 11, 52f.

[45] _Ibid._

[46] _Ibid._, 67.

[47] _Friends Lib._, I, 69.

[48] _Friends Lib._, 117.

[49] _Ibid._, 125.

[50] Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 3-1-1797.

Min. Horsham Preparative Mtg., 12-20-1757.

[51] Friends Yearbook, 1917, 16f.

[52] Friends Yearbook, 1917, 16f.

[53] Min. Phila. Q. Mtg., 9-4-1728.

[54] _Ibid._, 6-30-1689.

[55] Many of the local preparative meetings are now closed.

[56] Min. Horsham Prep. Mtg., 1-27-1783.

[57] Min. Horsham School Com., 1792-1816, one vol.

[58] Min. London Yearly Mtg., 4-9, 11-1690.

[59] Min. London Yearly Mtg., 4-1, 4-1691.

[60] _Ibid._, 3-13, 17-1695.

[61] _Ibid._, 4-7-1745.

[62] See first chapter.

[63] Min. London Yearly Mtg., 4-10-1718.

[64] Fox, _Journal_, II, 57.

[65] _Bib. of Ackworth School_ (Eng.), p. VII.

[66] _History of Ayton School_, 1f.

[67] Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 11-6-1750.

[68] Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 6-1-1751.

[69] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1790.

[70] Min. Phila. Yearly Mtg., 7-24-1798.

[71] Min. Richland Mo. Mtg., 3-21-1793.

[72] Extracts Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-2-1776.

[73] The two localities at the first establishment constituted but one yearly meeting, which met at each place in alternate years.

[74] Cox, S. H., _Quakerism_, 56-57; for similar criticism, see Bugg, Francis, _The Quakers Detected_, etc.; also Bowden, _History_, II, 35, recognizes the criticisms made.

[75] Cox, S. H., _Quakerism_, 142-3.

[76] This point was further explained in Chapter I.

[77] pp. 7ff.

[78] Penn, _Advice to his Children_ in vol. of tracts, II, 20.

[79] _Ibid._

[80] Penn, _Letters to Wife and Children; Tracts on Moral and Religious subjects_, pub. 1822, 6f.

[81] Penn, _Letters to Wife and Children; Tracts on Moral and Religious subjects_, pub. 1822, 6f.

[82] _Friends Library_, V, 208.

[83] Minutes Philadelphia Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.

[84] Extracts London Yearly Meeting Minutes and Advices, pub. 1802, 124.

[85] Necessary for use of missionaries in foreign fields.

[86] Schools established in England.

[87] Barclay, _Apology_, II.

[88] Vaux, _Memoirs of Benezet_, 10-11.

[89] Vaux, _Memoirs of Benezet_, 13.

[90] Chapter on Negro Education, pp. 235f.

[91] Letter to Samuel Fothergill. _Friends Library_, IX, 220.

[92] _Ibid._, 221.

[93] _Ibid._

[94] _Ibid._

[95] Vaux, _Memoirs of Benezet_, 15-16.

[96] _Friends Library_, IX, 221.

[97] Vaux, _Memoirs_, 105.

[98] See chapter on negro education, pp. 234f.

[99] Woolman’s _Works_, 305-6.

[100] _Ibid._

[101] Tuke, _Works_, III, 95ff.

[102] Corinthians, Chap. 2:1-5.

[103] Tuke, _Works_, III, 95ff.

[104] _Ibid._

[105] _The Christian Quaker_, 181.

[106] Crouch, W., _Collection of Papers of_, 183.

[107] Wister, Sally, _Journal_, 13-14.

[108] Established 1754 (M. P. C. S., I, 117.)

[109] _Ibid._

[110] Phipps, _Original and Present State of Man_, 90.

[111] Phipps, _Original and Present State of Man_, 65.

[112] _Ibid._, 90.

[113] _Ibid._

[114] Budd, _Good Order Established_, p. 9.

[115] Budd, _Good Order Established_, p. 43ff.

[116] Budd, _Good Order Established_, p. 43ff.

[117] _Ibid._

[118] _Ibid._

[119] _Ibid._ _Friends Library_, I, 435.

[120] _Summary of Doctrines of Friends_, 23-24.

[121] _Friends Library_, I, 135; Accounts of expenditures from the J. Walton Fund, II, p. 1. (Richland Monthly Meeting.)

[122] _Ibid._

[123] _Religious Instructions in Our Schools._ No. 9 of a vol. of pamphlets.

[124] In this chapter a chronological organization is followed.

[125] Quoted from Watson, _Annals_, I, 15. (From New Castle Records.) (Proud’s statement of the 24th is said by some to be a typographical error.) The writer has, however, examined Proud’s MS. notes on the _Rise and Progress of the City of Philadelphia_ in which he writes: “The Honorable Proprietary and Governor of Pennsylvania, William Penn, first arrived at New Castle, on Delaware, in October 24th, 1682.” He also states “after the 11th month (January) with the assistance of his surveyor general, Thomas Holmes, he first began to lay out the plan of the City of Philadelphia.” (MS. No. 10, p. 1.) (These two statements point the difference of opinion among scholars, which is still unsettled.)

[126] Jenkins, _Memorial Hist._, I, 39.

[127] _Ibid._

[128] _Ibid._, 30.

[129] _Ibid._, 37.

[130] _Col. Rec._, I, XXVI.

[131] Pub. Sch. established by law, 1834.

[132] _Col. Rec._, I, XXVI.

[133] _Ibid._, I, XXXVI.

[134] _Ibid._, LXVI.

[135] _Ibid._, XXXVI.

[136] For example, E. Flower’s School; Friends’ petition.

[137] _Col. Rec._, I, 36.

[138] _Ibid._, I, 93.

[139] See Charter of 1701, _Col. Rec._, II, 54.

[140] _Ibid._

[141] G. S. P. P., II, 154 (Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689.)

[142] _Stat. at Large of Pa._, III, 37-38.

[143] _Ibid._, IV, 208-210.

[144] _Ibid._, I, 252. (Phila. Min.)

[145] When they established the school with Keith as teacher.

[146] Michener, _Retrospect of Quakerism_, 243.

[147] G. S. P. P., II, 154 (Phila. Min.); Proud MS. No. 3, p. 115.

[148] _Ibid._, I, 252. (Phila. Min.)

[149] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689.

[150] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1690.

[151] _Ibid._, 3-29-1691.

[152] _Ibid._, 2-26-1690.

[153] _Ibid._

[154] _Ibid._, 3-29-1691.

[155] Jenkins, _Memorial Hist._, I, 99.

[156] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1691.

[157] _Ibid._, 11-29-1691.

[158] _Ibid._

[159] _Ibid._, 3-29-1691; 9-27-1691; 11-29-1691; 7-29-1692.

[160] _Ibid._, 4-30-1693.

[161] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 8-30-1696; 7-25-1696.

[162] Janney, _Life of Penn_, 347; Clarkson’s _Penn_, II, 53; although biographers and historians mention this letter written to Lloyd, no student has yet been able to produce it or tell where it is. It is hoped that their search will be rewarded.

[163] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 10-31-1697.

[164] _Ibid._, 11-28-1697.

[165] _Ibid._

[166] _Col. Rec._, I, 499.

[167] _Col. Rec._, I, 499.

[168] _Ibid._; Janney, _Life of Penn_, 347.

[169] William Penn’s Charters for the Public School, pp. 1-8.

(A certified copy from charter in Patent Book two (2) page 202, in dept. of internal affairs, Pa.)

[170] _Ibid._, pp. 11-19.

[171] William Penn’s Charters for the Public School, pp. 21-31. (See also Robert Proud’s MS. papers, No. 175, p. 57.)

[172] In 1757 more extended privileges were desired and the following petition was sent to the Representative Assembly:

To the Rep. Assembly.

That some doubts having arisen whether from the terms of our
charter we are authorized to apply any part of the estate under
our care to these purposes, out of the limits of the city and
county of Philadelphia.

We therefore are inclined to apply for your assistance in
furthering a design of such public utility and request you
to permit us to bring in a Bill for the confirmation of our
present charter and enlarging the powers thereby given us, by
extending them as far as to authorize our applying a part of
the estate under our care towards erecting and maintaining
schools on the same foundation in other parts of this province.

(P. C. S. M., I, 185)

[173] _Ibid._, 29f.; Janney, _Life of Penn_, 348.

[174] There are, no doubt, records at 304 Arch Street, which would be of great importance for a detailed history of the schools; permission to search for such records was refused at the time of this compilation. The minutes of the overseers of the P. C. S. offer a considerable amount of material history in some respects.

[175] These are the records referred to in (47).

[176] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-31-1699; 5-26-1700.

[177] Makin became principal in the school when Pastorius left in 1700.

[178] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1700.

[179] _Ibid._, 8-31-1701.

[180] _Ibid._

[181] Forty pounds a year.

[182] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1702.

[183] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 6-27-1703.

[184] _Ibid._, 9-26-1703.

[185] _Ibid._, 4-26-1702.

[186] _Ibid._

[187] _Ibid._, 1-29-1706.

[188] _Ibid._, 9-26-1708.

[189] _Ibid._, 3-27-1709; 1-26-1725.

[190] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1730.

[191] The minutes of the overseers, 12-8-1712, make known that Robbins was teaching at that time, I, 3.

[192] _Ibid._, 3-27-1711.

[193] _Ibid._, 2-25-1712.

[194] _Ibid._, 8-28-1715.

[195] _Ibid._, 11-29-1719; the vacancy was made by the departure of William Robbins out of the Province (P. C. S. M., I, 5.)

[196] _Ibid._, 5-29-1720.

[197] _Ibid._, 2-27-1722.

[198] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1711.

[199] Robbins was put in charge of the school at this time, on the initiative of the monthly meeting, as the overseers recognize in their minutes of 4-3-1725, 42; they acquiesced therein. (P. C. S. M., I, 11.)

[200] Min. Phila., Mo. Mtg., 2-24-1724.

[201] _Ibid._, 3-29-1730. Walby was engaged by the overseers in 1730 to teach (3-29-1730) the three r’s and to “well instruct” four children for the use of the schoolhouse. (P. C. S. M., I, 14).

[202] _Am. Wek. Mer._, Nov. 29-1733; Rec. Births and Burials, Phila., Mtg., A, 321.

[203] Benezet was employed in 1742 to teach arithmetic, writing, accounts, and French and to teach 15 poor children. (P. C. S. M., I, 33.)

[204] Simpson, _Lives of —_, 52; Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-31-1782, 28.

[205] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-31-1782, 28.

[206] Simpson, _Lives of —_, 52.

[207] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 6-26-1748, 64. It appears that John Fothergill and John Hunt in London had signed a contract with Willian teaching in the school, on behalf of John Kinsey and Israel Pemberton in Philadelphia. He was to be employed one year at 150 pounds (Pa. currency) and the expense of his journey to the city. He was to teach Latin and Greek and “other parts of learning.” (P. C. S. M., I, 64).

[208] _Ibid._, 11-25-1763, 188.

[209] See page 54.

[210] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-25-1764, 234.

[211] Min. Phila. Yearly Mtg., 10-1778, 408ff.

[212] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.

[213] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.

[214] _Ibid._, 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[215] Our attention is first called to Robert Proud in 1759, when Israel Pemberton made known to the Board that he had received a letter from J. Fothergill of London recommending him (Proud) as “a person well qualified to instruct our youth in divers branches of learning.” A number were named to speak with him, saying they were unanimously agreed to employ him. Proud was thus employed till 1770 when he resigned. (P. C. S. M., I, 334, and I, 175).

[216] _Ibid._

[217] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1791, 111.

[218] Wickersham, 91.

[219] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1799, 217.

[220] G. S. P. P., I, 252.

[221] A collection of Christian and Brotherly advices, 1753 (found in most of the depositories for records).

[222] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 8-31-1701.

[223] _Ibid._, 3-29-1691; similar references, _Ibid._, 1-31-1699; 6-30-1700; 3-30-1701.

[224] See page 43.

[225] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[226] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[227] _Ibid._

[228] The reader will recall, however, that in 1784 the real was far below the face value.

[229] _Pa. Gaz._, 1772, No. 2285; _Pa. Gaz._ and _Wk. Advt._, 1783, No. 2782; _Pa. Gaz._ and _Wk. Advt., Supplement_, 1784, No. 2811.

[230] See page 60, note 90.

[231] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-26-1699.

[232] _Ibid._, 12-28-1702.

[233] _Ibid._, 11-29-1702.

[234] _Ibid._, 1-28-1707.

[235] _Ibid._, 11-29-1702.

[236] No record of his death is found in Records of Births and Deaths beginning with 1686.

[237] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-28-1699.

[238] _Ibid._, 12-28-1702.

[239] _Ibid._, 4-30-1704.

[240] _Ibid._, 7-28-1704, 420.

[241] _Ibid._, 1-28-1707.

[242] _Ibid._, 11-26-1727-8.

[243] See page 243f.

[244] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-26-1771, 444.

[245] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 12-25-1772, 145.

[246] _Ibid._, 11-2-1800, 300.

[247] _Ibid._

[248] _Ibid._, 9-28-1701, 315.

[249] _Ibid._, 5-26-1689, 154.

[250] _Ibid._, 1-28-1690, 163.

[251] _Ibid._, 2-26-1690, 164.

[252] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-28-1697, 227.

[253] _Ibid._

[254] _Ibid._, 2-29-1698, 229.

[255] _Ibid._, 2-25-1701, 292.

[256] _Ibid._, 3-30-1701, 294.

[257] _Ibid._, 4-27-1701, 298.

[258] _Ibid._, 9-28-1701, 315.

[259] _Ibid._, 11-30-1701, 322.

[260] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-24-1702, 329.

[261] See page 66.

[262] See page 66.

[263] See the minutes from 1704 and 1705, pages 420 to 463, various items.

[264] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 10-28-1705, 463.

[265] _Ibid._, 2-25-1712, 222.

[266] _Ibid._, 8-28-1715.

[267] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 9-25-1715, 10f.

[268] _Ibid._, 10-30-1715, 11.

[269] The overseers of the school had kept a regular record of their meeting in regard to schools, since 1712; they were, however, closely associated with the monthly meeting in the school affairs. (P. C. S. M., I, first record in 1712.)

[270] _Ibid._, 2-30-1725, 119.

[271] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-28-1725, 121ff.

[272] _Ibid._, 4-25-1725, 124.

[273] _Ibid._, 12-22-1733-4, 142.

[274] _Ibid._, 4-25-1736, 271.

[275] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-25-1740, 318.

[276] _Ibid._, 10-28-1744, 378.

[277] _Ibid._, 11-25-1744, 379.

[278] _Ibid._, 8-27-1756, 243.

[279] _Ibid._, 4-25-1760, 248ff.

[280] _Ibid._, 6-27-1760, 259.

[281] _Ibid._, 11-27-1767, 199.

[282] _Ibid._, 6-29-1770, 398.

[283] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-25-1771, 430.

[284] _Ibid._, 5-31-1782, 28.

[285] Report of Committee in Phila. Mo. Mtg. Min. 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[286] See Thompson, Henry. _A History of Ackworth._

[287] This pamphlet may be seen in H. S. P., Philadelphia.

[288] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1791, 111.

[289] _Ibid._, 6-24-1791, 118.

[290] _Ibid._, 7-27-1791, 123.

[291] _Ibid._, 1-27-1792, 140.

[292] Minute, Yearly Meeting, held in Philadelphia, 9th and 10th mos. 1794.

[293] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-28-1797, 158.

[294] See history of Westtown School.

[295] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-26-1799, 217.

[296] Minute, Yearly Meeting, held in Philadelphia, 9th and 10th mos. 1794.

[297] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-3-1722, 83.

[298] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 4-25-1711, 73.

[299] _Ibid._, 1-27-1749, 50.

[300] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 8-215-755, 151.

[301] Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 4-24-1793.

[302] _Ibid._, 8-23-1758.

[303] _Ibid._, 12-6-1770.

[304] _Ibid._, 7-25-1787.

[305] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 5-21-1788.

[306] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 10-22-1788.

[307] _Ibid._, 6-23-1790.

[308] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 7-21-1790.

[309] _Ibid._, 1-26-1791.

[310] _Ibid._, 6-20-1792.

[311] _Ibid._, 7-25-1792.

[312] Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1797; Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 3-22-1797.

[313] Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1700.

[314] Quoted from Learned, _Pastorius_, 181.

[315] _Der Deutsche Pioneer_, III, 56.

[316] _Ibid._

[317] _Ibid._

[318] Learned, 182.

[319] _Der Deutsche Pioneer_, III, 56.

[320] _Der Deutsche Pioneer._

[321] _Ibid._, 57.

[322] See MS. collection of Pastorius. H. S. P.

[323] See page 77f.

[324] _Der Deutsche Pioneer_, III, 56.

[325] _Ibid._

[326] Learned, 185.

[327] _Der Deutsche Pioneer_, III, 58.

[328] Bunting, _List of Records for Phila. Yr. Mtg._, 21.

[329] Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 10-16-1758, 301.

[330] _Ibid._, 11-30-1758, 307.

[331] _Ibid._, 4-27-1774, 212.

[332] _Ibid._, 4-29-1762, 430; 7-26-1764, 519.

[333] _Ibid._, 2-25-1778, 309; 12-30-1778, 336.

[334] _Ibid._, 5-26-1779, 346; 7-28-1779, 350; 11-24-1779, 361; 11-29-1780, 383.

[335] _Ibid._, 8-29-1781, 436.

[336] _Ibid._, 8-28-1782, 474.

[337] _Ibid._, 11-26-1785, 503.

[338] Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 2-25-1784, 307.

[339] _Ibid._, 4-28-1784, 510f.

[340] Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 11-24-1784, 524.

[341] _Ibid._, 2-28-1787, 39.

[342] _Ibid._, 6-27-1787, 50.

[343] _Ibid._, 10-31-1787, 60f.

[344] _Ibid._, 2-26-1789, 122.

[345] _Ibid._, 1-28-1795, 283.

[346] Min. Exeter Mo. Mtg., 2-25-1795, 285.

[347] Bunting, pp. 30, 31, 33, 32, and 28 respectively; also first volumes of the respective Records.

[348] _Ibid._, 28.

[349] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 11-3-1704, 128.

[350] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 10-1-1714, 195.

[351] Min. Bucks Q. Mtg., 12-25-1713.

[352] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 7-2-1730, 282.

[353] The fact that Falls Meeting recommended Buckingham Friends to build a schoolhouse in 1706 (Bucks Quarterly Records, 3-30-1706) would seem to favor the view that they themselves were supplied.

[354] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1730, 284.

[355] _Ibid._

[356] _Ibid._, 5-4-1733.

[357] _Ibid._, 1-31-1759.

[358] _Ibid._, 12-3-1783, 358.

[359] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 2-4-1784, 363.

[360] _Ibid._, 3-3-1784, 366.

[361] _Ibid._, 8-4-1784, 376.

[362] Bunting, 37.

[363] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 8-8-1787, 440.

[364] _Ibid._, 2-3-1790, 52.

[365] _Ibid._, 12-3-1794, 169.

[366] _Ibid._, 9-4-1799, 283.

[367] See page 73f.

[368] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 1-4-1797, 217.

[369] _Ibid._, 4-2-1760.

[370] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 5-7-1760.

[371] _Ibid._, 7-2-1760.

[372] _Ibid._, 9-6-1780, 278.

[373] _Ibid._, 10-3-1781, 304.

[374] _Ibid._, 9-3-1783, 354.

[375] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 12-5-1787, 444.

[376] _Ibid._, 11-4-1789, 19.

[377] _Ibid._, 8-4-1790, 41.

[378] _Ibid._, 7-6-1791, 68.

[379] _Ibid._

[380] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 12-6-1797, 238.

[381] _Ibid._, 10-5-1796, 210.

[382] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 2-5-1797, 238.

[383] _Ibid._, 11-6-1799, 288.

[384] References for Middletown are to their transcribed minutes in the Pub. of Gen. Soc. of Pa., H. S. P.

[385] G. S. P. P., No. 66, p. 64.

[386] J. S. P. P., 1-1-1699, 114.

[387] _Ibid._, 10-6-1772, 407; 1-7-1733, 578.

[388] Advices of the Burlington and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, 250.

[389] Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 6-1-1751, 679.

[390] _Ibid._, 8-7-1755, 11.

[391] Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 8-5-1779, 445.

[392] _Ibid._, 8-3-1780, 481.

[393] _Ibid._, 9-7-1780, 484; 8-7-1783, 557.

[394] _Ibid._, 8-1-1782, 537.

[395] _Ibid._, 12-4-1783, 562.

[396] _Ibid._, 1-6-1785, 586.

[397] _Ibid._

[398] Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1788, 668.

[399] See page 93.

[400] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg. Extracts, 7-2-1764, 114.

[401] _Ibid._, 5-4-1772, 155.

[402] _Ibid._, 9-2-1776, 179.

[403] _Ibid._, 2-3-1749, 61.

[404] _Ibid._, 5-5-1755, 79.

[405] See page 93.

[406] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1778, 194.

[407] Advices, 250.

[408] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1778, 194.

[409] _Ibid._, 9-4-1780, 206.

[410] _Ibid._, 12-13-1780, 210.

[411] _Ibid._, 1-5-1784, 234.

[412] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 3-1-1784, 236.

[413] _Ibid._

[414] _Ibid._, 1-3-1785, 317.

[415] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 1-3-1785, 317.

[416] _Ibid._, 3-7-1785, 244.

[417] _Ibid._, 2-6-1786, 252.

[418] _Ibid._, 6-3-1793, 306.

[419] _Ibid._, 6-6-1785, 247.

[420] _Ibid._, 10-3-1785, 249.

[421] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 8-2-1790, 283.

[422] _Ibid_., 4-1-1793, 302.

[423] _Ibid_., 5-5-1794, 315. (It was in 1794 suggested that any surplus be used for the bound apprentices of members, though they were not themselves members of the meeting.)

[424] _Ibid_., 4-1-1793, 302.

[425] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 2-3-1794, 310.

[426] _Ibid._, 12-5-1796, 332.

[427] Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1792, 88.

[428] _Ibid._

[429] _Ibid._, 1-8-1793, 96.

[430] Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 10-5-1790, 57.

[431] _Ibid._, 12-7-1790, 60.

[432] _Ibid._, 1-4-1791, 62.

[433] The Harker legacy at this time had increased to £183/4/4 (see Wrightstown Minutes, 10-2-1792, 92).

[434] _Ibid._, 9-6-1791, 71.

[435] Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 9-5-1791, 83f.

[436] _Ibid._, 5-7-1799, 233.

[437] _Ibid._, 254.

[438] _Ibid._

[439] Wickersham, 83.

[440] Min. Richland Mo. Mtg., 1-21-1762.

[441] _Ibid._, 12-21-1769.

[442] Expenditures, J. Walton Fund, I, 1.

[443] Bunting, 23, 26, 25, respectively; also, first volumes of the respective records.

[444] See abstracts of Warrington Records, H. S. P. Library; Prowell, _Hist. York County_, I, 112.

[445] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 2-29-1695, 25.

[446] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1697, 30.

[447] _Ibid._, 1-27-1699, 35.

[448] _Ibid._, 8-25-1703, 48.

[449] See page 172.

[450] Bean, 679; also, _Friends Intelligencer_, 8-15-1896, 539.

[451] _Ibid._, 679.

[452] _Ibid._

[453] _Friends Intelligencer_, 8-15-1896, 539.

[454] _Col. Rec._ I, 499.

[455] See pp. 47-52.

[456] See pp. 93 and 136.

[457] _2 Pa. Archives_, XIX, 248.

[458] Bean, 680.

[459] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-26-1722, 124.

[460] _Ibid._, 8-31-1726, 149.

[461] _Ibid._, 11-29-1727, 155.

[462] _Ibid._, 6-30-1742, 249.

[463] _Ibid._, 1-27-1749, 50.

[464] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1749, 50.

[465] _Ibid._, 1-30-1755, 148.

[466] _Ibid._, 8-25-1755, 151.

[467] _Ibid._, 5-26-1760, 260.

[468] _Ibid._, 6-29-1761, 284.

[469] _Ibid._, 7-27-1767, 420.

[470] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 11-24-1766, 406.

[471] _Pa. Gazette_, 1740, No. 582.

[472] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 8-27-1735, 207.

[473] Advices, 250.

[474] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 5-29-1751, 78.

[475] Jenkins, _Historical Collections of Gwynedd_.

[476] For example, those in Philadelphia, Middletown and Merion.

[477] Quoted from Jenkins, _Historical Collections of Gwynedd_, pp. 395-6.

[478] Wickersham, 83.

[479] Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg., 10-28-1766, 457.

[480] _Ibid._, 12-30-1777, 259.

[481] _Ibid._, 4-27-1779, 296.

[482] _Ibid._, 1-25-1780, 16.

[483] Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg., 7-26-1785, 221.

[484] _Ibid._, 1-29-1793, 177.

[485] Min. Gwynedd Mo. Mtg. 4-27-1727, 100.

[486] _Ibid._, 7-27-1756, 163.

[487] _Ibid._, 7-2-1768, 40.

[488] _Ibid._, 9-17-1765, 424.

[489] Jenkins, Hist., _Col. of Gwynedd_, 396-7.

[490] See p. 110.

[491] Wickersham, 83.

[492] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 7-12-1791, 24.

[493] Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 5-30-1777.

[494] At 15th and Race Streets, Philadelphia.

[495] _Pa. Gazette_, No. 1261, 1753.

[496] Min. Horsham Prep. Mtg., Vol. 1.

[497] See pp. 107f.; Horsham Prep. Mtg., 1-24-1772.

[498] _Ibid._, 12-24-1779.

[499] Horsham Prep., Mtg. 1-24-1783; (the rules are quite similar to those proposed for the Philadelphia schools, which are mentioned on pp. 183ff.).

[500] Horsham Mo. Mtg. Vol. I, first page.

[501] _Ibid._, 4-28-1784.

[502] _Ibid._, 5-1-1787.

[503] Horsham Prep. Mtg., 11-28-1792.

[504] Prowell’s _Hist._, I, 1084.

[505] _Ibid._

[506] Warrington Mo. Mtg. Min., Vol. I.

[507] _Ibid._, 4-20-1754, 44; 12-12-1761, 44; 8-7-1779, 45, etc.

[508] Warrington Mo. Mtg. Min., Vol. I, 11-13-1779, 45.

[509] _Ibid._, 1-12-1782, 46.

[510] _Ibid._, 1-10-1778, 46.

[511] _Ibid._, 9-11-1779, 46f.

[512] _Ibid._, 8-12-1780, 46f.

[513] _Ibid._, 1-12-1782, 47.

[514] Warrington No. Mtg., Min., 1-10-1784, 47.

[515] _Ibid._, 3-13-1784, 47.

[516] _Ibid._, 5-8-1784, 47.

[517] Min. Warrington and Fairfax Q. Mtg., 9-20-1784, 175f.

[518] Records of Westland Mo. Mtg. Washington County are found in the collections of the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania.

[519] Min. Westland Mo. Mtg., 12-26-1789, 49.

[520] Min. Western Q. Mtg. I, 1 (Deposited at West Grove); Bunting, 55.

[521] Min. Caln Q. Mtg., I, 1; Bunting, 48.

[522] Bunting, 59, 62, 43, 51, 52, and 61, respectively; also first volume of records for each meeting.

[523] See map.

[524] Bunting, 49.

[525] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 11-7-1715, 28.

[526] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-3-1727, 188.

[527] Futhey & Cope, _Hist. Chester Co._, 302f.; Jordan, _Hist. Del. Co._, II, 423ff.

[528] See page 42, Philadelphia 107, Abington 154, Darby.

[529] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-11-1777, 625.

[530] _Ibid._, 1-15-1778, 626.

[531] _Ibid._, 1-14-1779, 658.

[532] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 2-15-1781, 730.

[533] _Ibid._, 7-12-1781, 741.

[534] _Ibid._, 10-11-1781, 746.

[535] _Ibid._, 9-11-1783, 787.

[536] _Ibid._, 5-13-1783, 795.

[537] _Ibid._, 5-12-1785, 814.

[538] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1785, 820.

[539] _Ibid._, 2-14-1788, 874.

[540] _Ibid._, 1-14-1790, 914.

[541] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 1-12-1792, 14.

[542] Horsham School Com. Minutes, 1-27-1783.

[543] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 7-12-1792, 25.

[544] _Ibid._, 3-14-1793, 39.

[545] _Ibid._, 2-12-1795, 83.

[546] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 4-16-1795, 88.

[547] _Ibid._, 5-14-1795, 91.

[548] Futhey & Cope, _Hist. Chester Co._, 302.

[549] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.

[550] _Ibid._, 8-16-1798, 199.

[551] Min. New Garden Mo. Mtg., 3-6-1773, 174.

[552] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 6-6-1778, 388.

[553] _Ibid._, 5-1-1779, 22.

[554] _Ibid._, 8-7-1779, 34.

[555] _Ibid._, 3-5-1785, 234.

[556] _Ibid._, 8-6-1785, 256.

[557] _Ibid._, 1-7-1786, 275.

[558] _Ibid._, 4-1-1786, 290.

[559] _Ibid._, 8-5-1786, 312.

[560] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 8-4-1787, 355.

[561] Deed No. 88, Chester Co. (the deed is deposited in a fireproof at Orthodox Meeting House, custody of Edgar Haines, West Grove, Pa.).

[562] Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-27-1783.

[563] Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 12-2-1701.

[564] _Ibid._, 9-1-1703.

[565] _Ibid._, 12-2-1707.

[566] See page 122.

[567] See first book of Goshen Mo. Mtg. Records.

[568] Advices of the Yr. Mtg., 250.

[569] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 1-8-1779.

[570] _Ibid._, 6-11-1779.

[571] Futhey and Cope mention a school at Birmingham as early as 1753, _Hist. Chester Co._, 302.

[572] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 6-11-1779.

[573] _Ibid._

[574] _Ibid._, 1-11-1782.

[575] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 3-8-1782.

[576] _Ibid._, 1-9-1784.

[577] _Ibid._

[578] _Ibid._, 8-6-1784.

[579] _Ibid._, 8-5-1785.

[580] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1786.

[581] _Ibid._, 8-10-1787.

[582] _Ibid._, 7-6-1792.

[583] See page 132.

[584] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1795.

[585] _Ibid._, 8-5-1796.

[586] See page 132.

[587] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1797.

[588] _Ibid._

[589] _Ibid._, 8-10-1798.

[590] See page 131.

[591] See page 73f.

[592] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 1-6-1797.

[593] Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 9-9-1719.

[594] _Ibid._, 3-10-1725.

[595] See page 122; also Bunting, 51.

[596] Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 6-18-1762.

[597] _Ibid._

[598] _Ibid._, 12-13-1765.

[599] _Ibid._, 4-7-1767.

[600] _Ibid._, 8-14-1767.

[601] Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1778.

[602] _Ibid._, 2-12-1779.

[603] See page 133f.

[604] Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 5-12-1780.

[605] Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 2-16-1781.

[606] _Ibid._, 6-16-1781.

[607] _Ibid._, 2-16-1781.

[608] _Ibid._, 6-16-1781.

[609] _Ibid._, 9-14-1781.

[610] _Ibid._, 2-15-1782.

[611] _Ibid._, 8-15-1783.

[612] _Ibid._, 2-13-1784.

[613] Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 9-14-1792.

[614] Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 8-3-1763, 22.

[615] _Ibid._, 3-1-1765, 66.

[616] _Ibid._, 11-7-1782, 132.

[617] _Ibid._, 12-5-1782, 106.

[618] Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 12-4-1783, 158.

[619] _Ibid._, 2-5-1784, 162.

[620] _Ibid._, 2-10-1785, 184.

[621] Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 8-9-1787, 235.

[622] Min. London Grove Mtg., 12-3-1794, 56.

[623] _Ibid._, 3-4-1795, 62.

[624] _Ibid._, 7-1-1795, 73.

[625] Min. London Grove Mtg., 11-4-1795, 78.

[626] Futhey and Cope, _Hist. Chester Co._, 239.

[627] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 3-6-1739, 7.

[628] _Ibid._, 6-21-1769, 180.

[629] _Ibid._, 1-20-1779, 297.

[630] _Ibid._, 2-20-1779, 298.

[631] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 6-19-1782, 337.

[632] _Ibid._

[633] _Ibid._, 3-21-1787, 39f.

[634] _Ibid._, 6-17-1789, 70.

[635] _Ibid._

[636] Futhey and Cope, _Hist. Chester Co._, 239.

[637] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 2-22-1792, 106.

[638] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 3-21-1792, 107.

[639] _Ibid._, 5-23-1792, 109.

[640] _Ibid._, 7-10-1792, 112.

[641] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 4-17-1793. 120.

[642] _Ibid._, 5-13-1793, 121.

[643] _Ibid._, 9-18-1793, 125.

[644] _Ibid._, 12-10-1793, 128.

[645] _Ibid._, 1-7-1798, 175.

[646] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 7-19-1797, 168.

[647] _Ibid._, 4-24-1799, 187.

[648] Bunting, 40, 39, 19 and 42, respectively; also first vols. of each respective meeting’s records.

[649] Smith, _Hist. Del. Co._, 138; see also page 41, chapter on Philadelphia.

[650] _Ibid._, 139.

[651] Clarkson’s _Penn_, I, 259; Hazard’s _Annals_, 695.

[652] Rec. Upland Court, 121; Smith, _Hist. Del. Co._, 121; Hazard, _Annals_, 462.

[653] Would not likely take the case to court.

[654] It appears from a record of sale that the court house was sold to Robert Wade, 1686. (Record of sale quoted in Jordan, _Hist. Del. Co._, I, 112.)

[655] Jordan, _Hist. Del. Co._, I, 104; Smith, _Hist. Del. Co._, 137.

[656] Smith, _Hist. Del. Co._, 166.

[657] Rec. of Chester Mo. Mtg., 1687, I.; Smith, 166.

[658] Smith, 188.

[659] Jordan, II, 441.

[660] Jordan, II, 441.

[661] _Ibid._

[662] _Ibid._

[663] Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1800.

[664] Jordan, II, 43-45.

[665] _Ibid._

[666] The absence of any mention of it in the meeting records.

[667] The writer was unable to find a record of this deed.

[668] No committee reports were noted before that date.

[669] See chapter on Negroes, page 228.

[670] Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1782, 87.

[671] _Ibid._

[672] _Ibid._

[673] _Ibid._, 4-29-1782.

[674] _Ibid._

[675] _Ibid._, 7-28-1783, 130.

[676] _Ibid._

[677] Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 4-30-1792, 347.

[678] _Ibid._, 12-26-1796, 447.

[679] _Ibid._, 1-27-1800, 508.

[680] _Ibid._, 5-30-1791, 319.

[681] Min. Chester Mo. Mtg.

[682] _Ibid._, 9-23-1785, 177.

[683] Min. Chester Q. Meeting, 12-3-1689, 7.

[684] Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 6-14-1732, 128.

[685] _Ibid._, 9-13-1732, 129.

[686] _Ibid._, 6-13-1739, 154.

[687] Advices, 250.

[688] Min. Chester Q. Mtg., 5-13-1754, 218.

[689] Smith, _Hist. of Del. Co._, 166.

[690] _Ibid._

[691] _Ibid._

[692] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-7-1692, 54.

[693] _Ibid._, 9-20-1693, 56.

[694] See Falls p. 87f.; Abington, p. 105ff.; and Buckingham, p. 96f.

[695] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg. 7-5-1758, 441; 7-5-1750, 322.

[696] _Ibid._, 12-3-1778, 263.

[697] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg.

[698] _Ibid._

[699] _Ibid._, 2-25-1779, 259.

[700] See page 154.

[701] _Ibid._, 3-1-1781, 319.

[702] _Ibid._, 3-29-1781, 320.

[703] _Ibid._, 1-1-1784, 10.

[704] _Ibid._, 7-29-1784, 22.

[705] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 3-29-1787, 68.

[706] _Ibid._, 11-1-1787, 79.

[707] _Ibid._, 4-2-1789, 99f.

[708] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 1-28-1790, 114. (For entire report see page 23).

[709] _Ibid._, 8-2-1792, 157.

[710] _Ibid._, 11-29-1792, 160.

[711] _Ibid._, 3-28-1793, 165.

[712] _Ibid._, 5-2-1793, 166.

[713] _Ibid._

[714] _Ibid._, 7-26-1796, 207.

[715] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 8-2-1798, 243.

[716] Jordan, II, 432.

[717] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg. 1739, 258; 7-5-1750, 322.

[718] _Ibid._, 8-3-1797, 226.

[719] _Ibid._, 8-2-1798, 243.

[720] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 1739, 258. (Other bequests were made by Blunston and ... the value of which in 1791, amounted to £97 15/6; the committee reporting thereon, add: “we are united in opinion it will be best to lay out the money in a building on the meeting lot and in order thereto have had an estimate made for a house 16 ft. by 26 ft. from out to out, two stories high with a cellar under the whole, which amounts to £160 or thereabouts.” A Committee was appointed to see whether this would be according to the wish of the donor, Darby Minutes 12-29-1791, 145. In 1792 the committee reported it would be best to build the house for the master’s accommodation with the money of the legacies, and use the rents arising therefrom for the schooling of poor children, Darby Minutes, 2-2-1792, 147.)

[721] Smith, _Hist. of Del. County_, 347.

[722] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 1-11-1731, 189.

[723] _Ibid._, 1-11-1757, 300.

[724] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., see also page 228, chapter on Negro education.

[725] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1759, 28.

[726] _Ibid._, 12-8-1768, 220.

[727] _Ibid._, 1-7-1759, 18.

[728] Advices, 250.

[729] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 8-14-1778, 133.

[730] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 10-13-1778, 139.

[731] _Ibid._, 7-13-1779, 169.

[732] _Ibid._, 7-10-1781, 233.

[733] Min. Phila. Q. Mtg., 8-6-1781, 235.

[734] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 9-7-1782, 260.

[735] _Ibid._, 7-11-1786, 4.

[736] _Ibid._, 7-13-1790, 8.

[737] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 7-12-1791, 24.

[738] Jordan, II, 429.

[739] Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-4-1779, 94.

[740] Jordan, II, 430.

[741] Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-4-1779, 94.

[742] Ibid., 12-5-1781, 193.

[743] _Ibid._

[744] _Ibid._, 3-3-1784, 275.

[745] _Ibid._, 8-4-1779, 94.

[746] _Ibid._, 8-9-1786, 370.

[747] Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-8-1787, 397.

[748] _Ibid._, 6-5-1782, 213.

[749] _Ibid._, 8-9-1786, 370; see page 164.

[750] For example, the plan suggested in 1746 and elaborated in the years following.

[751] Advices, 250.

[752] Advices, 250.

[753] Min. Concord Q. Mtg., 8-12-1754, 218.

[754] _Ibid._, 8-10-1778, 358.

[755] _Ibid._, 8-9-1784, 413.

[756] _Ibid._, 8-12-1793, 477; Min. Warrington and Fairfax Q. Mtg., 9-20-1784, 175ff.

[757] Phila. Q. Mtg. in the earliest years transacted considerable detail business, which, years later, it did not touch.

[758] Several definite references are: Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 6-6-1778, 409 and 12-4-1783, 562; Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., II, 12-28-1796.

[759] Min. London Grove Mo. Mtg., 11-4-1795, 78; Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-3-1791, 133.

[760] To turn to the text of a plan of subscription, see “school support” in index.

[761] See page 168.

[762] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.

[763] _Ibid._, 8-16-1798, 199.

[764] Min. London Grove Mo. Mtg., 11-4-1795, 78.

[765] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-3-1791, 133.

[766] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 12-10-1793, 128.

[767] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 4-1-1793, 302.

[768] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.

[769] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 10-26-1701, 316.

[770] To find the text of legacies granted, turn to legacies, in the index.

[771] Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 8-3-1763, 22.

[772] Attention is called to the fact that during the years mentioned in the following table currency greatly depreciated. This depreciation was most marked in 1779, when, in January, the ratio was 8 to 1; and in November of the same year 38½ to 1. See Dewey, D. R., _Financial History of U. S._, 39; also page 212.

[773] Min. Penn Charter School Overseers, I, 301.

[774] Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1778, 194.

[775] _Ibid._, 4-1-1793, 302.

[776] Min. Wrightstown Mo. Mtg., 12-7-1790, 60.

[777] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 11-6-1799, 288.

[778] Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 2-5-1784, 162.

[779] Min. Horsham School Committee, 3-18-1793.

[780] See page 14ff.

[781] Min. London Yr. Mtg., 3-16-1692, 68.

[782] The yearly meetings also established schools; such was the case in London Yearly, and Philadelphia followed in 1799 with the establishment of Westtown Boarding School in Chester County. Justice cannot be done to that institution in this work. The reader is referred to Dewes, _A History of Westtown Boarding School_.

[783] Min. London Yr. Mtg., 3-17 to 24-1703, 114; 5-26 to 31-1760, 339.

[784] Min. London Yr. Mtg., 3-16 to 19-1692, 68.

[785] _Ibid._, 4-2 to 7-1745, 268.

[786] _Ibid._, 4-9 to 11-1690, 52; 4-1 to 4-1691, 60.

[787] _Ibid._, 3-13 to 17-1695, 89.

[788] _Ibid._

[789] _Ibid._, 4-2 to 10-1718, 160.

[790] _Ibid._, 5-31 to 6-5-1773, 399.

[791] _Ibid._, 3-29 to 4-3-1732, 210; 4-9 to 11-1690, 52.

[792] Min. Phila. Yr. Mtg., 7-16 and 17-1694, 39.

[793] Advices from Burlington and Philadelphia Yr. Mtg., 1746, 1750, 1753, 1755, 1777, and so forth, page 250ff. Also the yearly meeting minutes records for those years, deposited at 304 Arch Street, Phila. (The first reference is the more accessible.)

[794] The reader is referred to the account of establishing schools in Bucks, Montgomery, Delaware Counties, etc.

[795] These references are, respectively, to the five points stated below:

_a._ Min. Westland Mo. Mtg., 11-11-1786, 12; 3-10-1787, 19.

_b._ Min. Horsham Mo. Mtg., 4-28-1784.

_c._ Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-29-1719, 57.

_d._ Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 12-15-1796, 146.

_e._ Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 1-27-1800, 508; Min. Concord Mo. Mtg., 8-9-1786, 370.

[796] See the Advices, 250; or the Book of Discipline which has, under the head of schools, a statement of the various recommendations of the yearly meetings. See also Yearly Meeting Minute Books at 4th and Arch Streets, Phila., for years 1746, 1753, 1755, 1777, and 1778.

[797] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 2-29-1698, 229; P. C. S. M., I, 13.

[798] Deed No. 33, mentioned in P. C. S. M., I, 13.

[799] _Ibid._, 40.

[800] _Ibid._, 147.

[801] _Friends’ Intelligencer_, 8-15-1896, 539; Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 1-26-1722, 124.

[802] Min. Warrington and Fairfax Q. Mtg., 9-20-1779, 73.

[803] _Ibid_., 77; Warrington Mo. Mtg., 8-7-1779, 46.

[804] Deed No. 88 New Garden Township, Chester County. (The original is in Orthodox Friends Meeting House, West Grove, Pa.)

[805] Min. New Garden Mo. Mtg., 8-6-1785, 256.

[806] Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 1-12-1792, 14.

[807] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1795.

[808] _Ibid._, 3-8-1782.

[809] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 3-28-1793, 165.

[810] Min. Buckingham Mo. Mtg., 4-10-1794, 314.

[811] Jenkins, _Historical Col. of Gwynedd_, 396.

[812] _Ibid._

[813] Min. Middletown Mo. Mtg., 12-1-1693-4, 64.

[814] _Ibid._, 1-1-1699, 114.

[815] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-25-1740, 318.

[816] In 1701 they had begun a school house which was to be 60 by 24 feet. Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-27-1701, 298.

[817] The schoolroom described is in Merion Meeting House, which may be reached from Philadelphia via P.R.R. to Narberth, Pa.; from thence a ten-minute walk.

[818] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 3-8-1782.

[819] Min. Falls Mo. Mtg., 12-3-1794, 169; for value of money see page 212.

[820] _Ibid._, 9-4-1799, 283.

[821] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 4-27-1701, 298.

[822] _Ibid._, 11-25-1744, 379; P. C. S. M., I, 40. Parts of the school buildings were at times used as tenant property thus affording a supporting income, P. C. S. M., I, 22.

[823] P. C. S. M., I, 56.

[824] _Ibid._, I, 39.

[825] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 9-25-1715, 10ff.

[826] P. C. S. M., I, 95 and 37.

[827] Min. Bradford Mo. Mtg., 6-18-1762; 4-7-1767; 8-14-1767.

[828] P. C. S. M., I, 29 and 25.

[829] _Ibid._, 31.

[830] _Ibid._, 95.

[831] _Ibid._, 37.

[832] P. C. S. M., 72.

[833] _Ibid._, 151ff.

[834] _Ibid._

[835] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[836] P. C. S. M., I, 76 and 79; also I, 198.

[837] P. C. S. M., see list of scholars; number is approximate.

[838] _Pemberton Mss._, Vol. 3, p. 2.

[839] P. C. S. M., I, 102f. (Rules adopted in 1748.)

[840] _Robert Proud Mss. Collection_, No. 20, pp. 3-7. The rules, he states, were drawn up for his use in the school in 1780.

[841] The rules presented, taken from records of the Overseers of the Schools in Philadelphia, are quite like those later drawn up by Horsham School Committee. There is nothing additional in the later ones and they were doubtless patterned after them. (Horsham Sch. Com. Min., 1-27-1783).

[842] _Robert Proud Mss._, No. 156, 45.

[843] _Logan Mss._ Letter for 4th month, 12th, 1704. Vol. I, 49. (J. Dickinson was away on a voyage of some length.)

[844] Vaux, _Memoirs of Benezet_, 15f.

[845] Watson, _Annals_, I, 291-2.

[846] See page 181.

[847] P. C. S. M., I, 137.

[848] _Ibid._, 150.

[849] Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 3-16-1792.

[850] See page 78.

[851] Page 78.

[852] See list of printed rules for the school in custody of P.C.S.

[853] Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-27-1783 (also mentioned in the monthly meeting minutes very frequently).

[854] See page 78f.

[855] P.C.S.M., I, 84.

[856] _Pa. Gazette_, No. 1449, 1756.

[857] _Ibid._, No. 824, 1744.

[858] _Pa. Pocket and Daily Advertiser_, No. 2385, 1786.

[859] _Ibid._, No. 2386, 1786.

[860] A list of printed rules issued by the Board, found in the depository for the P.C.S.M., in the Provident Life and Trust Building, Phila.

[861] Darby Meeting employed B. Clift to teach a whole year with the exception of two weeks. (Darby Min., 7-7-1692, 54).

[862] _Ibid._

[863] See page 183f.

[864] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[865] P. C. S. M., I, 117.

[866] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[867] Some copies and volumes of these illustrious news sheets are found in the _Norris Ms. Collection_.

[868] _Norris Ms. Collection—The Student’s Magazine._ The little volumes are unpaged; page references are impossible.

[869] _Norris Ms. Collection._

[870] _Ibid._

[871] P. C. S. M., I, 135.

[872] Phila. Mo. Min., 1-25-1771, 430.

[873] London Yr. Mtg. Min., 4-2 to 10-1718, 160. Phila. Advices XXX, page 250 (for years from 1746-1778). Also a copy of the Discipline containing the digested recommendations on schools, p. 386ff. (In first National Bank, Newtown, Pa.).

[874] _Col. Rec._, I, LXVI.

[875] Extracts from London Yr. Mtg. Min., pub. 1802, 124.

[876] Crouch, _Collection of His Papers_, 183.

[877] _Col. Rec._, I, 36.

[878] P. C. S. M., I, 33.

[879] P. C. S. M., 14.

[880] _Ibid._, 90.

[881] _Ibid._, 117.

[882] _Ibid._, 145.

[883] _Ibid._, 221.

[884] A letter written to John Penn, _Penn Ms. Collections_, I, 233.

[885] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151; 1-30-1784, 123ff. Also, Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-27-1783; Min. Horsham Prep. Mtg., 1-24-1783, and Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-28-1793, 165, give some of the books which were used in the schools.

[886] P. C. S. M., I, 138.

[887] Hildeburn, II, 332.

[888] _Ibid._, I, 39.

[889] _Pa. Gaz._, No. 1245, 1752.

[890] _Ibid._, No. 1499, 1757.

[891] _Ibid._, No. 1861, 1764.

[892] _Ibid._, No. 1556, 1758.

[893] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 3-30-1770, 370.

[894] P. C. S. M., I, 138.

[895] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 2-28-1793, 165.

[896] Min. Horsham Sch. Com., 1-11-1793.

[897] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 2-20-1793, 118.

[898] Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 12-26-1792.

[899] _Ibid._, 8-26-1789.

[900] Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 5-8-1789, 55.

[901] Min. Sadsbury Mo. Mtg., 6-17-1789, II, 70.

[902] Hildeburn, I, 39 (published in London 1697).

[903] _Ibid._, II, 100.

[904] Prowell, I, 540.

[905] In 1689 Phila. Mo. Mtg. authorized W. Bradford to print certain of G. Fox’s papers. These are not named and it hardly seems probable that Fox’s _Primmer_ was in the list. Bradford’s request for permission (Genealogical Publications, II, 139), H. S. P.

[906] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 12-25-1697-8, p. 227 (G. S. P. P.)

[907] Hildeburn, I, 38.

[908] Smith, _Supplement to Catalogue of Friends Books_, 262.

[909] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-29-1696-7, 211. (G. S. P. P., Vol. 4).

[910] Pastorius’s _Common Place Book_ (Mss.) H. S. P.

[911] The _Primer_ of Stephen Crisp is also mentioned frequently with that of Fox, as being used in the schools. (Min. Abington Mo. Mtg., 8-27-1735, 207).

[912] Hildeburn, II, 21, 114, 341, 340, and 343, respectively.

[913] Hildeburn, I, 318.

[914] P. C. S. M., I, 240.

[915] Prowell, I, 541.

[916] See page 191.

[917] Chiefly in the _Norris Mss. Collections_.

[918] A scale, having units of known value, which is used in measuring accomplishment in handwriting.

[919] Hildeburn, II, 164.

[920] Prowell, I, 540.

[921] Elihu Underwood was teacher at Warrington in York County in 1784 (See Warrington Mo. Mtg. Min., 1-10-1784, 47.)

[922] _Norris Ms. Collection_, H. S. P.

[923] P. C. S. M., I, 64.

[924] _Ibid._, 26; also Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 7-30-1779, 151.

[925] In 1741 Buller advertised the teaching of writing, arithmetic, merchants’ accounts, navigation, algebra, and other parts of the mathematics to be taught at the “Public School.” (_Pa. Gaz._ No. 673, 1741).

[926] _Ibid._, 84.

[927] _Ibid._, 101.

[928] _Ibid._, 122.

[929] _Ibid._, 131.

[930] _Ibid._, 133.

[931] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123ff.

[932] _Ibid._, 7-30-1779, 151.

[933] P. C. S. M., I, 33.

[934] _Ibid._, 14.

[935] Alexander Seaton, who came to the English School about 1754 (P. C. S. M. I, 117) had been teaching a school of the same nature in the upper part of the city, in which he taught mathematics. That school was also under the direction of the Board. (P. C. S. M., I, 90).

[936] _Ibid._, 80.

[937] _Ibid._, 104f.

[938] _Ibid._

[939] A list of the rules for the government of the schools, printed, in the P. C. S. depository.

[940] See page 189.

[941] Hildeburn, II, 266.

[942] _Ibid._, 464.

[943] P. C. S. M., I, 235.

[944] See page 57.

[945] _Pa. Gaz._, Apr. 16, 1730.

[946] Hildeburn, II, 342.

[947] Pastorius, _Common Place Book_ (_Mss._) H. S. P.

[948] Books of Charles and Isaac Norris in _Norris Ms. Collection_.

[949] Books chiefly of Norris, I. Griffiths, and King, in the _Norris Ms. Collection_.

[950] P. C. S. M., I, 104f.

[951] See page 195.

[952] See _Norris Ms. Collection_, H. S. P.

[953] P. C. S. M., I, 239.

[954] _Ibid._, 75.

[955] For instance, F. D. Pastorius, Anthony Benezet, Robert Proud, Christopher Taylor, and many others.

[956] Min. London Yr. Mtg., 4-9 to 11-1690, 52; 4-1 to 4-1691, 60; 3-13 to 17-1695, 89; also collected Advices of Philadelphia and Burlington Yr. Mtg., 250ff.

[957] Min. Byberry Prep. Mtg., 2-22-1786.

[958] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 7-6-1792; Min. Kennett Mo. Mtg., 5-12-1785, 814; Min. Radnor Mo. Mtg., 7-11-1786, 4; Min. Uwchlan Mo. Mtg., 12-5-1782, 136; 11-7-1782, 132.

[959] Deed No. 88, New Garden, Tp., Chester Co. (In Fireproof of Orthodox Friends in West Grove, Pa.).

[960] Min. Goshen Mo. Mtg., 8-11-1797; Min. Ken. Mo. Mtg., 3-14-1793, 39.

[961] Min. Goshen Mtg., 8-5-1796.

[962] P. C. S. M., 1, 3, 33, and 90; Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-17-1692, 54; Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-29-1700, 254; 4-24-1720, 63.

[963] _Col. Rec._ I, 36.

[964] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 6-26-1784, 64.

[965] P. C. S. M., I, 58.

[966] _Ibid._, 5f.

[967] _Ibid._, 175.

[968] _Ibid._, 208.

[969] _Ibid._, 139.

[970] _Ibid._, 141.

[971] _Ibid._, 265.

[972] P. C. S. M., I, 237.

[973] _Ibid._, 245.

[974] _Ibid._, 116.

[975] See Yearly Meetings’ Advices, 250.

[976] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-7-1692, 54; 9-20-1693, 56.

[977] _2 Pa. Arch._ XIX, 248.

[978] Bean, 680.

[979] There is found no record of his removal by letter, though he may have done so without, which, however, was not according to practice.

[980] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689, 154.

[981] _Ibid._, 3-29-1691, 146.

[982] _Weekly Mercury_, Nov. 29, 1733.

[983] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 11-28-1697, 227.

[984] _Ibid._, 1-29-1700, 254.

[985] P. C. S. M., I, 64.

[986] _Ibid._, 101.

[987] _Ibid._, 90.

[988] _Ibid._, 266.

[989] _Ibid._, 175.

[990] _Ibid._, 334.

[991] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 123.

[992] P. C. S. M., I, 33.

[993] Simpson’s _Lives of Eminent Philadelphians_, 53. Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 1-30-1784, 128.

[994] _Ibid._, 1-31-1699, 244.

[995] _Ibid._, 1-27-1702, 326.

[996] P. C. S. M., I, 126.

[997] _Ibid._, 221.

[998] P. C. S. M., I, 130.

[999] _Ibid._, 161.

[1000] _Ibid._, 158.

[1001] Min. Darby Mo. Mtg., 7-7-1692, 54.

[1002] P. C. S. M., I, 133.

[1003] _Ibid._, 274.

[1004] _Ibid._, 131.

[1005] P. C. S. M., I., 123.

[1006] _Ibid._, 131.

[1007] Min. Phila. Mo. Mtg., 5-26-1689.

[1008] In the references at the right hand margin of the table “Ph” refers to Minutes of Philadelphia Monthly Meeting for the date given; Darby refers to Minutes of Darby Monthly Meeting.

[1009] Futhey and Cope, 308.

[1010] From an old account book in possession of Albert Cook Myers, Moylan, Pa.

[1011] Dewey, D. R., _Financial History of the U. S._, 39.

The reader is reminded of the fact that because of greatly depreciated currency the amounts paid, as shown in the above table, did not represent so much absolute increase. That some exact idea of the extent of depreciation of the continental currency may be gained, there is given the following table for the year 1779, when the depreciation became most marked.

Jan. 14, 1779 8 to 1
Feb. 3 10 to 1
Apr. 2 17 to 1
May 5 24 to 1
June 4 20 to 1
Sept. 17 24 to 1
Oct. 14 30 to 1
Nov. 17 38½ to 1

The fact of such depreciation was not officially recognized by Congress until March 18, 1780, it being then provided that paper be accepted for silver at a ratio of 40 to 1.

[1012] See page 20.

[1013] Min. London Grove Mtg., 3-4-1795, 62.

[1014] _Ibid._, 1-31-1699, 244.

[1015] _Ibid._, 1-27-1702, 326.

[1016] P. C. S. M., I, 130.

[1017] _Ibid._, 158.

[1018] P. C. S. M., I., 126.

[1019] _Ibid._, 130.

[1020] _Ibid._, 128.

[1021] _Ibid._, 145.

[1022] _Ibid._, 216.

[1023] _Ibid._, 221.

[1024] _Ibid._, 239.

[1025] _Ibid._, 266.

[1026] _Ibid._, 288.