Chapter XIV: Book III: The Conflict Between the Right and the Expedient (5)

Centumalus, Tiberius Claudius;
unknown, III, 66.

Chicanery, I, 33.

Chremes, a character in Terence's _Heauton Timorumenus_, I, 30.

Chrysippus, of Soli (250-207), studied Stoic philosophy at Athens under
Cleanthes, whom he succeeded;
voluminous writer. "Had there been no Chrysippus, there had been no
Stoa," III, 42.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator's father, III, 77;
died (64).

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator (106-43), born at Arpinum, educated
at Rome under Archias, the Scaevolas, and the teachers of
philosophy (_see_ Introduction), at Athens, in Asia, and at
Rhodes;
his training was all for service, I, 155;
as consul (63) he crushed the conspiracy of Catiline, I, 84;
banished (58), II, 58;
his enforced retirement from his profession, III, 2-4;
as a philosopher and orator, I, 1-3;
follower of Socrates and Plato, I, 2;
of the New Academy, II, 7-8;
why he wrote on philosophy, II, 2-8; III, 1-5;
attitude on the downfall of the Republic, II, 2.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator's only son, I, 1, 15, 78; II, 1-8,
44; III, 1, 5, 33;
born in 65;
served with credit under Pompey, II, 45, and Sextus Pompey;
a student of Peripatetic philosophy under Cratippus in Athens (44-43),
I, 1;
admonished to read also his father's works, I, 3; III, 121;
served under Brutus (43-42);
consul with Octavian (30).

Cimbrians, a Celtic people, migrating in a vast horde toward Italy, were
cut to pieces by Marius and Catulus in the Raudian Plains near
Verona (101), I, 38.

Cimon, of Athens, son of the great Miltiades;
victorious admiral;
statesman;
genial and generous, II, 64;
died (449).

Circe, nymph of Aeaea, a sorceress;
she kept Odysseus (Ulysses) in her halls a year, I, 113.

Civic, compared with military service, I, 74 fg.

Claudius;
_see_ Appius and Centumalus and Pulcher.

Cleombrotus, son of Pausanias, king of Sparta, fell at Leuctra (371),
I, 84.

Cleomenes;
_see_ note to I, 33.

Clodius; Publius Clodius Pulcher, Cicero's inveterate enemy, one of the
most turbulent and corrupt characters of Rome, guilty of mutiny in
the army, bribery in the courts, profligacy in his public and
private life;
secured Cicero's banishment;
hired gladiators to force his own election to the praetorship, but was
killed in a broil with Milo's rival gang of ruffians, II, 58.

Cloelia, a Roman girl sent as a hostage to Porsena;
she made her escape by swimming the Tiber, was sent back, but restored
by the king with rewards for her courage, (I, 61).

Clytaemnestra, daughter of Tyndareus, wife of Agamemnon, paramour of
Aegisthus, with whom she murdered her husband on his return from
Troy;
she was in turn slain by her son Orestes.
Subject of a tragedy by Accius, I, 114.

Cocles, Horatius, the hero who with two others kept the bridge against
Porsena and Tarquin, I, 61.

Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius, husband of Lucretia, associate of Brutus
in driving out the Tarquins and his colleague in the first
consulship (509), III, 40.

Comedy;
_see_ Old Comedy.

Concealment, of guilt, III, 37-39.

Conon, famous Athenian admiral, defeated by Lysander at Aegospotami
(405), victorious over Pisander of Sparta at Cnidus (394),
restored the long walls, I, 116.

Considerateness, a subdivision of the virtue of Temperance, I, 99, 143.

Conversation, a division of speech, I, 132-133; II, 48;
an art, I, 134-135.

Co-operation, and civilization, II, 12-16;
and the virtues, II, 17-18;
_vs._ Fortune, II, 19;
a universal need, II, 39;
how secured, II, 21 fg.

Corinth, a famous city at the Isthmus of Corinth;
wealthy;
next to Athens, richest in treasures of art;
head of the Achaean League;
sacked and utterly destroyed by the Romans under Mummius (146), I, 35;
II, 76; III, 46.

Cornelius;
_see_ Scipio and Spinther and Sulla.

Cos, chief city of the island of Cos, one of the Sporades;
famed for its silks;
the birthplace of Apelles, painter of the Coan Venus, III, 10.

Cotta, Gaius Aurelius, distinguished orator;
one of the speakers in Cicero's _de Oratore_ and _de Natura Deorum_;
consul (75); II, 59.

Courage;
_see_ Fortitude.

Covetousness, I, 68; III, 30;
_see_ Avarice.

Crassus, Lucius Licinius, the famous orator, II, 63; III, 67;
at 21 (119) he won renown by his prosecution of Carbo, the one-time
friend of the Gracchi, II, 47, 49;
his aedileship most splendid, II, 57;
as consul (95), he secured the expulsion from Rome of all who were not
citizens, III, 47;
this was a cause of the Social War.
He was the greatest orator of Rome before Cicero, fluent, graceful,
witty, I, 108, 133;
Cicero's mouthpiece in the _de Oratore_.

Crassus;
Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives, the triumvir;
his wealth and ambition, I, 25;
sided with Sulla against Marius and grew enormously rich by the
proscriptions;
his avarice did not shrink from any meanness or even crime, I, 109;
III, 73-75.
He defeated Spartacus (71);
slain in Parthia (53).

Crassus;
Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, II, 57;
father of the triumvir, consul (97);
ended his own life to escape the prescriptions of Marius (87);
Cicero bought his house.

Cratippus, of Mitylene, an eminent Peripatetic, came to Athens (about
50) to lecture;
foremost of contemporary philosophers and teacher of young Cicero,
I, 1, 2; II, 8; III, 5, 6, 33, 121.

Cunning, not wisdom, II, 10; III, 72, 96.

Curio, Gaius Scribonius, II, 59;
orator and statesman, III, 88;
consul, (76).

Cynics, a school of philosophy so called from the Athenian gymnasium,
Cynosarges, where they met, later adapted to their snarling manner
and dirty habits;
its leaders were Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates, and
Diogenes of Sinope;
they taught the virtue of poverty and want, indifference to all
convention and decency;
Cicero's contempt for them and their so-called philosophy, I, 128,
148.

Cyrenaics, the philosophic sect founded by Aristippus (_q.v._),
III, 116.

Cyrsilus, a Medizing Athenian, III, 48.

Cyrus, the Great, founder of the Persian Empire;
wonderfully gifted in winning the co-operation of men and nations,
II, 16.

Damon, a Pythagorean and friend of Phintias, III, 45.

Debts, cancellation of, II, 78-79, 83-85;
avoidance of, II, 84;
payment enforced, II, 84.

Decius;
Publius Decius Mus, father and son, I, 61; III, 16;
the former, consul with Manlius Torquatus (360), devoted himself to
death in the battle on the Veseris.
The son did the same at the battle of Sentinum (295) and brought the
Samnite wars to an end.

Demetrius of Phalerum (345-283), orator, statesman, II, 60;
philosopher, poet;
pupil of Theophrastus, I, 3;
the only Greek who was both orator and philosopher, I, 3;
he inspired the founding of the Alexandrine library.

Demetrius Poliorcetes, II, 26;
son of Antigonus and king of Macedon (294-287).
His life was occupied with continuous warfare against enemies in
Egypt, Asia, Greece, Macedonia, Epirus.

Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens (385-322);
pupil of Isaeus and of Plato, I, 4;
might have been a great philosopher, I, 4;
at 18 he prosecuted his defaulting guardian with success, II, 47;
then turned to public speaking and statecraft as a profession.

Diana, goddess of the light of the night, identified with Artemis,
III, 95.

Dicaearchus, of Messana (4th century), a Peripatetic philosopher,
geographer, and historian, II, 16;
pupil of Aristotle and friend of Theophrastus.

Dinomachus, a Greek philosopher, always named with Calliphon (_q.v._),
III, 119.

Diogenes, of Babylonia, pupil and successor of Chrysippus;
best known for his part in the famous embassy with Carneades and
Critolaus from Athens to Rome (156) where, on motion of Cato, they
were not permitted to remain;
his ethics rather loose, III, 51-55, 91.

Dion, a kinsman of the elder Dionysius and tyrant of Syracuse (356-353);
a devoted disciple of Plato at Syracuse and Athens, I, 155.

Dionysius, the elder (430-367), tyrant of Syracuse (405-367), a
typically cruel tyrant, suspicious and fearful, II, 25;
III, 45 (?);
devoted to art and literature, himself a poet crowned with a prize at
Athens.

Dionysius, the younger, son of the preceding and tyrant of Syracuse
(367-356, 346-343);
devoted to literature;
Plato, Aristippus, Archytas, and others were brought to his court.
Whether the Damon and Phintias story is to be connected with him or
his father is uncertain, III, 45 (?).

Drusus, Marcus Livius, son of Gaius Gracchus's colleague in the
tribuneship;
an eloquent orator, I, 108;
as tribune (91) he attempted to renew the social and agrarian
legislation of Gracchus and was assassinated.

Duty, the most important subject in philosophy, I, 4;
the most fruitful field, III, 5;
the philosophic sects and duty, I, 4-6;
best presentation, III, 7;
classification, I, 7-9;
order of importance, I, 58, 152-160; III, 90;
to those who have wronged us, I, 33;
to an enemy, I, 35-40; III, 98-115;
to a slave, I, 41; III, 89;
toward the laws, I, 148;
of generosity, I, 42-60;
of Temperance-Propriety, I, 100-151; III, 116-121;
of Fortitude, III, 97-115;
to be prosperous, II, 87;
duties of youth, I, 122; II, 52;
of age, I, 123;
of magistrates, I, 124;
of statesmen, I, 73-85;
of private citizens, I, 124;
of aliens, I, 125;
_vs._ claims of friendship, III, 43-44;
change of duty in change of circumstance, I, 31, 59; III, 32;
"mean" and "absolute" duty, I, 8; III, 14;
doubts as to, I, 147.

Eloquence, at the bar, II, 66;
its decline, II, 67;
_see_ Oratory.

Ennius, Quintus (239-169), a Greek by birth, the father of Roman poetry,
wrote an epic (the Annals), I, 84;
tragedies, I, 26, 51, 52; II, 23, 62; III, 62, 104;
comedies and satires.

Epaminondas, one of the greatest men of Greece, a student of Pythagorean
philosophy, I, 155;
the greatest general of Thebes, victorious at Leuctra (371), I, 84;
humbled Sparta and made Thebes the leading city of Greece;
fell at Mantinea (362).

Epicurus (342-270), founded at Athens the school that bears his name;
author of 300 books, natural and ethical philosophy;
held happiness to be the highest good;
Cicero confuses his teaching here with that of Aristippus and the
Cyrenaics;
with the latter, happiness consists in individual pleasures;
with Epicurus, it is permanent calm of soul and freedom from pain,
with pure and lasting pleasures--the pleasures that come from a
life of righteousness, III, 12, 117;
the gods existed but had nothing to do with human life, III, 102;
adopted the atomic theory.
His own life was temperate even to abstinence;
his followers went to excess.
A very popular school, III, 116;
represented by Cicero as illogical, III, 39;
their theory of society, I, 158.

Epigoni, the sons of the Seven against Thebes;
under Alcmaeon, Diomedes, etc., they conquered and destroyed the city.
Subject of a tragedy of Accius, I, 114.

Erillus, of Carthage, pupil of Zeno the Stoic, held that knowledge is
the only good, while everything else is neither good nor evil;
his ethical theories rejected, I, 6.

Eteocles, son of Oedipus, drove out his brother Polynices, in order to
reign alone, and brought on the war of the Seven against Thebes;
the brothers fell by each other's hands; III, 82.

Euripides (480-406), tragic poet of Athens; disciple of Anaxagoras and
friend of Socrates;
wrote 75 to 90 plays;
17 are extant;
Cicero quotes from the _Hippolytus_, III, 82;
the _Phoenissae_, III, 108.

Evil, the supreme, I, 5; III, 119;
not pain, I, 5; III, 105, 117;
but moral wrong, III, 105, 106;
the only, III, 106.

Expediency, definition, II, 1, 11;
indispensable, III, 101;
identical with Moral Rectitude, II, 9-10; III, 20, 35, 49, 83, 85,
110;
conflict with Moral Rectitude impossible, III, 9, 11, 18, 34, 40, 48,
72;
incompatible with immorality, III, 35, 77, 81, 82, 87; II, 64;
one standard for both, III, 75;
relative, II, 88 fg.;
possible change of, III, 95;
occasion for doubt, III, 19;
apparent conflict with justice, III, 40, 86;
apparent political expediency _vs._ humanity, III, 46-49;
in business, III, 50 fg.;
apparent conflict with Fortitude, III, 97-115;
apparent conflict with Temperance, III, 116.

Fabius;
_see_ Maximus.

Fabricius;
Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, hero of old Rome, famed for integrity and
moral dignity;
called "the Just," III, 16, 87;
consul (282);
served against Pyrrhus (280);
ambassador to Pyrrhus to negotiate exchange of prisoners;
Pyrrhus tried to gain his favour by appeals to his ambition, avarice,
and fears--in vain, I, 38;
consul again (278), he sent back to Pyrrhus the traitor, I, 40;
III, 86-87;
a rigorous censor (275);
lived and died in poverty.

Fame;
_see_ Glory.

Fear, the wretchedness of, II, 25-26;
_vs._ love, II, 23-26;
dangerous to the one who employs it, II, 26.

Fetial Law, the laws of the _Fetiales_, a college of four priests who
served as guardians of the public faith;
they conducted the ceremonies attendant upon demands for redress,
declarations of war, ratification of treaties, establishment of
peace; I, 36; III, 108.

Fides;
_see_ Good Faith;
the goddess, III, 104;
etymology of, I, 23.

Fimbria, Gaius Flavius, colleague of Marius in his second consulship
(104);
orator and jurist, III, 77.

Finance, II, 87;
reform of currency, III, 80-81.

Fortitude, the third Cardinal Virtue, I, 15, 61-92;
its characteristics, I, 66;
in the light of justice, I, 62, 157;
dangers attending, I, 46, 62-63;
_vs._ expediency, III, 97-115;
in Epicurus's system, III, 117.

Fraud, criminal, III, 60 fg.

Friendship, motives to, I, 55-56;
acquisition of friends, II, 30;
ideal, I, 56; III, 45-46;
_vs._ duty, III, 43-44.

Fufius, Lucius, an orator of no great ability, II, 50.

Furius;
Lucius Furius Philus, consul (136), proconsul in Spain, III, 109;
a learned interlocutor in Cicero's _Republic_.

Galus, Gaius Sulpicius;
_see_ Sulpicius.

Gaul, an inhabitant of Gaul, the land north of the Apennines, III, 112.

Generosity, divisions of, II, 52;
close to nature, III, 24;
must not harm its object, I, 42-43;
in proportion to one's means, I, 42-44; II, 55;
to the recipient's merits, I, 45-60;
motives to, I, 47-49; III, 118;
means to winning popularity, II, 32;
gifts of money, II, 52-60;
personal service, II, 52, 53;
to individuals, II, 65-71;
to the state, II, 72 fg.;
when most appreciated, II, 63.

Glory, a means to popularity, II, 31, 43;
preferred to wealth, II, 88.

Gods, favour of, won by piety, II, 11;
do no harm, II, 12; III, 102;
free from care, III, 102;
slow to anger, III, 102, 104, 105.

Golden Mean, I, 89;
in generosity, II, 58, 59, 60;
in personal adornment, I, 130.

Good, the supreme, I, 5, 7; III, 52, 119;
not pleasure, I, 5; III, 116, 117, 118;
but moral goodness, III, 11, 35;
living in harmony with nature, III, 13;
the only, moral goodness, I, 67; III, 12.

Good faith, III, 104;
even to an enemy, III, 86 fg., 111, 113.

Good man, what constitutes a, III, 63, 75-77.

Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, brother of the younger Tiberius;
a more radical reformer;
tribune (123 and 122);
fell (121) a martyr to his reforms for the restoration of the public
lands and the reduction of the cost of living, II, 72, 80;
his death applauded by Cicero, II, 43.

Gracchus, Publius Sempronius, father of the elder Tiberius, II, 43.

Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, father of the tribunes, II, 43;
in his own tribuneship he defended Scipio (187);
a great soldier, II, 80;
twice consul, triumphed twice;
a just ruler in Spain;
son-in-law of the elder, father-in-law of the younger Africanus, an
ardent aristocrat;
hence Cicero's praise, II, 43.

Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, son of the foregoing;
a persuasive orator;
friend of the people and helper of the poor and oppressed;
murdered for attempting as tribune (133) to reform agrarian abuses and
build up a class of small farmers, I, 76, 109; II, 80;
his death applauded by Cicero, II, 43.

Gratidianus, Marcus Marius;
_see_ Marius.

Gratitude, how won, II, 63.

Greece, the land of liberty, letters, art, and civilization, II, 60;
III, 48, 73, 99;
cause of fall, II, 80.

Greek, belonging to or a native of Greece, I, 108, 111; II, 83; III, 82;
leaders in literature, I, 3;
masters of philosophy, I, 8, 51, 142, 153; II, 18;
Greek and Latin studies, I, 1.

Gyges, the shepherd who dethroned Candaules and became king of Lydia
(716-678), III, 38, 78.

Gytheum, the harbour-town and arsenal of Sparta, III, 49.

Hamilcar, a successful Carthaginian general in the First Punic War,
defeated by Regulus at Ecnomus;
opposed Regulus in Africa, III, 99;
confused with Hamilcar Barca (_q.v._), III, 99.

Hamilcar Barca, famous commander of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily
(247-241);
in Spain (238-229);
father of Hannibal, III, 99.

Hannibal (247-183), one of the world's greatest generals, I, 108;
son of Hamilcar Barca, III, 99;
sacked Saguntum (219), crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans on the
Trebia and Ticinus (218), at Trasimenus (217), Cannae (216),
I, 40; III, 113-114;
defeated at Zama (202);
maligned by the Romans as treacherous and cruel, I, 38.

Harm, from gods to men, II, 12; III, 102;
men to men, II, 16 fg.

Health, impossible without man's co-operation, II, 12, 15;
care of, II, 86.

Hecaton, of Rhodes, a Stoic, pupil of Panaetius, III, 63, 89.

Hercules, the greatest of heroes, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Alcmena,
I, 118;
his choice of his path in life, I, 118;
performer of the twelve labours;
benefactor of humanity, III, 25;
his attainment of heaven, III, 25.

Hernicians, a tribe in the Sabine mountains, subdued by Rome (306),
I, 35.

Herodotus, of Halicarnassus (5th century), lived also at Athens and
Thurii;
the father of history;
travelled widely and wrote the history of Persia and Greece, II, 41.

Hesiod, the Boeotian didactic poet (8th century);
author of the Theogony, the Works and Days, etc., I, 48.

Hippolytus, son of Theseus;
his stepmother Phaedra fell in love with him;
he rejected her advances but promised not to tell, III, 108;
she accused him falsely;
his innocence proved, Phaedra hanged herself and Theseus suffered
lifelong remorse, I, 32; III, 94.

Home, of man of rank;
_see_ House.

Homer, the poet, author of Iliad and Odyssey, III, 97.

Honesty, the bond of human society, III, 21 fg.;
the corner-stone of government, II, 78 fg.

House, suitable for a man of rank, I, 138-140.

Hortensius, Quintus (114-50), Cicero's famous rival as orator and
advocate;
his close friend (after 63), III, 73;
enormously wealthy;
lavish in his aedileship (75), II, 57;
not always scrupulous, III, 73-74.

Hospitality, the duty of, II, 64.

Humility, in prosperity, I, 90-91.

Illyria, the country between Macedonia and the Adriatic, II, 40.

Ingratitude, abhorred, II, 63.

Injustice, active and passive, I, 23, 28;
never expedient, III, 84;
of hypocrisy, I, 41.

Instinct and Reason, difference between man and beast, I, 11.

Integrity, official, II, 75, 76, 77.

Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra (_q.v._);
sacrificed at Aulis, III, 95.

Isocrates (436-338), one of the ten Attic orators, pupil of Gorgias and
Socrates;
a polished speaker;
greater as a teacher than as an orator;
might have been a great philosopher, I, 4.

Italian War (90-88), caused by Rome's injustice to the allies, provoked
by the fear of prosecution on the part of the corrupt aristocrats,
II, 75;
resulted in Rome's granting the contentions of the allies.

Italy, in government identified with Rome, II, 76.

Ithaca, the home of Odysseus (Ulysses), an island of the Ionian group
west of Greece, probably the historical Leucas, III, 97.

Janus, an old Italian sun-god;
a covered passage (commonly called his temple) adjoining the forum
accommodated the banking houses of Rome, II, 87.

Jason, tyrant of Pherae (395-370), generalissimo of Thessaly (374-370),
an able soldier and diplomat, I, 108.

Jests;
_see_ Wit.

Jove;
_see_ Jupiter.

Jugurtha, king of Numidia (118-106), campaigned with Scipio against
Numantia;
war with Rome (112-106) protracted by his bribes as much as by his
arms, III, 79;
executed in Rome (104).

Julius;
_see_ Caesar.

Junius;
_see_ Brutus and Pennus and Silanus.

Jupiter, the greatest of the gods of Italy, III, 102, 105;
"Supreme and Best," III, 104;
father of Hercules, I, 118.

Justice, the second Cardinal Virtue, I, 15, 17, 20-41;
in what consisting, I, 20;
not fully comprehended, III, 69;
queen of all the virtues, III, 28;
most important, I, 153;
close to nature, I, 153; III, 24;
rule of duty, I, 29-30;
in war, I, 38-40;
and generosity, I, 42;
_vs._ Wisdom, I, 152-157;
_vs._ Fortitude, I, 157;
_vs._ Temperance, I, 159-160;
indispensable in business, II, 40;
inspires most confidence, II, 34;
the best means to popularity, II, 39;
to glory, II, 43;
always expedient, III, 96;
in conflict with apparent expediency, III, 40, 86.

Labeo, Quintus Fabius, grandson of Fabius Maximus, consul (183);
injustice of, I, 33.

Lacedaemon; _see_ Sparta.

Laciads, citizens of the deme of Lacia, west of Athens, the home of
Miltiades, II, 64.

Laelius, Gaius, surnamed "the Wise," III, 16;
statesman; soldier under Scipio at Carthage, successful against
Viriathus, II, 40;
a Stoic, pupil of Diogenes and Panaetius; a man of endless charm and
wit, I, 90, 108;
his friendship for Africanus immortalized, II, 31;
a man of letters, centre of the literary group comprising also Scipio,
Panaetius, Polybius, Terence, Lucilius.

Lanarius, Gaius Calpurnius, III, 66.

Latin, study of combined with Greek, I, 1-2.

Latins, the people of Latium, the province in which Rome is situated,
the first territory added to Rome, I, 38;
decisive battle on the Anio, III, 112.

Law, the origin of, II, 41-42;
the majesty of, I, 148;
as a profession, II, 65;
its decline with the end of the Republic, II, 67; III, 2.

Lentulus;
Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, the splendour of his aedileship
(63), II, 57;
as consul (57) he was largely instrumental in securing Cicero's recall
from banishment.

Leuctra, a town of Boeotia, where the Spartans under Cleombrotus were
disastrously defeated by Epaminondas and the Thebans (371), I, 61;
II, 26.

Love, how won, II, 32;
_vs._ fear, II, 23-26.

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius (110-56), surnamed Ponticus for his victories
over Mithradates (84-66);
famed for his wealth and magnificence, I, 140;
for the splendour of his aedileship with his brother Marcus (79),
II, 57;
with him prosecuted Servilius to avenge their father whom he had
accused of bribery and corruption, II, 50;
patron of letters, especially of the poet Archias.

Lucullus, Marcus Licinius, associated with his brother Lucius (_q.v._),
II, 50, 57;
soldier and orator.

Lusitania, western Spain, practically modern Portugal, II, 40.

Lutatius; _see_ Catulus.

Luxury, a vice, I, 92, 106, 123.

Lycurgus (9th century), the famous lawgiver of Sparta, author (?) of the
Spartan constitution, I, 76.

Lydia, the central country of western Asia Minor, III, 38.

Lysander, the Spartan admiral who defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami
(405), received the capitulation of Athens (404), established the
Thirty Tyrants (403), and gave Sparta her leadership, I, 76, 109.

Lysander, the ephor (241), a descendant of the admiral, a friend of King
Agis (_q.v._), sought to bring about agrarian reforms based upon
the constitution of Lycurgus;
for this he was banished, II, 80.

Lysis, of Tarentum, a Pythagorean; expelled from Italy, he came to
Thebes and taught Epaminondas, I, 155.

Macedonia, until the time of Philip a small country north of Thessaly,
I, 37.

Macedonians, the people of Macedon, I, 90; II, 53;
deserted to Pyrrhus, II, 26;
Paulus and their wealth, II, 76.

Maelius, Quintus, tribune (321), more probably tribune-elect, as
tribunes could not leave the city, III, 109.

Magnificence, in the home, I, 140.

Mamercus;
Aemilius Lepidus Mamercus Livianus, a kinsman of Caesar;
though defeated once, II, 58, he was later (77) consul.

Mancia, Quintus Mucius, unknown, I, 109.

Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius;
in his consulship (137) he was defeated by the Numantines;
his delivery to the enemy, III, 109.

Manlius;
Aulus Manlius Capitolinus, father of Lucius (_q.v._), III, 112.

Manlius;
Lucius Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus;
named dictator to mark the year (363), he used his office to engage in
a war;
that he transgressed but a "few days" was due to the intervention of
the tribunes, III, 112.

Manlius;
Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus, his son, a famous hero of Roman
story;
as consul at the time of the battle on the Veseris he executed his own
son for disobeying orders, though the disobedience won the _spolia
opima_, III, 112.

Marathon, a plain about twenty miles north of Athens where (490)
Miltiades and his ten thousand defeated the hosts of Darius,
I, 61.

Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, campaigned against Hannibal in Italy, took
Syracuse (212), five times consul, a brave but cruel soldier,
over-praised by the Romans, I, 61.

Marcus;
_see_ Cicero--Marcus Tullius, the son.

Marcius;
_see_ Philippus.

Marius, Gaius (157-87), seven times consul;
gained his first consulship dishonourably, III, 79, 81;
conquered Jugurtha (107);
saved Rome from the invading Cimbri (102) and Teutons (101);
a military genius, I, 76;
cruel and selfish, he flooded the streets of Rome with her best blood
in the civil war with Sulla.

Marius;
Marcus Marius Gratidianus, the son (or grandson) of Marcus Gratidius
whose sister married Cicero's grandfather;
adopted by a kinsman of the great Marius;
hence his name;
twice praetor;
murdered by Catiline during Sulla's proscriptions, III, 67;
his unbounded popularity in his first praetorship (86), III, 80-81.

Mars, the god of war, III, 34.

Marseilles (Massilia), a Greek city on the southern coast of Gaul,
independent of the province;
it sided with Pompey;
Caesar captured the city after a protracted siege and exacted cruel
vengeance, II, 28.

Maximus;
Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator, consul four times;
in his second dictatorship (217) he won his surname by harassing
Hannibal, watching his plans and working on the defensive,
I, 84, 108.

Medes, the people of Media, a great kingdom in central Asia Minor added
to Persia by Cyrus, II, 41.

Medus, a son of Medea and Aegeus;
wandering in search of his mother he came to Colchis, where Medea
saved his life;
the subject of a tragedy of Pacuvius, I, 114.

Melanippa, mother of Boeotus and Aeolus by Posidon (Neptune);
blinded and imprisoned by her father, she was at last rescued by her
sons and her sight was restored by Posidon;
subject of a tragedy of Ennius, I, 114.

Metellus;
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, won his surname by his
victories over Andriscus (148);
a political rival and yet a good friend of the younger Scipio, I, 87.

Metellus;
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, nephew of the preceding,
statesman and soldier;
as consul (109), carried on the war with Jugurtha with distinguished
success, III, 79.

Metrodorus, of Lampsacus (330-277), the most distinguished of the
disciples of Epicurus;
his Epicureanism was of the grossly sensual sort;
his conception of happiness misunderstood by Cicero, III, 117.

Milo, Titus Annius, an unscrupulous and turbulent fellow;
as tribune (57) he did much for Cicero's recall and made a sworn enemy
of Clodius (_q.v._);
hired gladiators to force his own election, II, 58;
defended without success by Cicero for killing Clodius.

Minerva, goddess of thought, temperament, wit, I, 97.

Minos, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and king of Crete;
because of his upright life he was made judge with Aeacus (_q.v._) in
Hades, I, 97.

Moderation, defined, I, 142.

Modesty, I, 126-129.

Mucius;
_see_ Scaevola.

Mummius;
Lucius Mummius Achaicus, as consul (146) broke up the Achaean League,
razed Corinth to the ground, I, 35; II, 46;
carried to Italy untold treasures of wealth and art, II, 76.

Naples, the beautiful Greek city of Campania, I, 33.

Nasica;
_see_ Scipio.

Neptune, god of the sea, I, 32;
III, 94.

New Academy;
_see_ Academy.

Nicocles, tyrant of Sicyon, II, 81.

Nola, a city in Campania, loyal to Rome, I, 33.

Norbanus, Gaius, tribune (95), impeached (94) for treason, II, 49;
consul (83).

Numantia, the capital of Celtiberia, razed to the ground after a long
siege by the younger Scipio, I, 35, 76;
treacherously treated by Rome, III, 109.

Numicius, Tiberius, colleague of Quintus Maelius (_q.v._), III, 109.

Oath, significance of, I, 39, 40; III, 102 fg.;
fidelity to, I, 39, 40; III, 99-112;
violation of, III, 113 fg.;
_see_ Perjury.

Octavius, Gnaeus, as praetor commanded the fleet against Perseus (168)
and gained a triumph;
consul (165), I, 138.

Octavius, Marcus, tribune (120);
had the corn law of Gaius Gracchus repealed and secured the passage of
a new and more conservative one, II, 72.

Old Age, duties peculiar to, I, 123;
worst vices of, I, 123.

Old Comedy, that of Aristophanes, Cratinus, Eupolis, etc., the comedy of
personal abuse, I, 104.

Orata, Gaius Sergius Silus, praetor (97), III, 67.

Oratory, a division of speech, I, 132;
divisions of, II, 49;
a means for winning favour, II, 48;
a means for service, II, 65-71;
a power to save, II, 51.

Orderliness, defined, I, 142;
of action, I, 142-145.

Orestes;
Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes Aurelianus, consul (71), II, 58.

Palamedes, the inventor;
exposed Ulysses's trick, III, 98;
treacherously done to death in revenge.

Palatine, the hill above the forum on the south;
east of the capital, I, 138.

Panaetius, of Rhodes (180-111 _ca._), Stoic philosopher, disciple of
Diogenes and Antipater (_q.v._) at Athens, close friend of Laelius
(_q.v._) and Scipio, I, 90; II, 76;
popularized philosophy, II, 35;
wrote a book on moral duty, III, 7;
failed to define duty, I, 7;
classification of duty, I, 9;
omits third division, I, 152, 161; II, 88;
reasons for omission, III, 7-18, 34;
how it would have been met, III, 33;
other omissions, II, 86;
on co-operation, II, 16;
defends lawyer's efforts in a bad case, II, 51;
on expensive public buildings, II, 60;
Cicero's model, II, 60; III, 7;
Hecaton's teacher, III, 63.

Papius, Gaius, as tribune (65), revived the law of Pennus (_q.v._),
III, 47.

Patriotism, I, 83;
duty to country, I, 160; III, 90, 95;
to die for country, I, 57;
sacrifice for, I, 84; III, 100;
right to do wrong for one's country, I, 159; III, 93, 95.

Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul (216), defeated and slain at Cannae,
I, 114.

Paulus;
Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, son of the preceding;
in his second consulship he conquered Perseus of Macedon at Pydna
(168) and enriched Rome with spoils, II, 76;
the father of the younger Africanus, I, 116, 121.

Pausanias, king of Sparta, commander-in-chief of the forces of Greece at
Plataea (479) to the glory of Sparta, I, 76.

Peloponnesian War, the death-struggle of Athens with Sparta (431-404),
I, 84.

Peloponnesus, the lower peninsula of Greece, in which Sparta was the
chief city, I, 84.

Pelops, son of Tantalus and king of Mycenae, father of Atreus and
Thyestes, III, 84.

Pennus, Marcus Junius;
as tribune (126) he secured a law expelling all foreigners from Rome,
III, 47.

Pericles, the peerless statesman of Athens, II, 16;
philosopher, friend of Anaxagoras and Socrates;
orator of mighty power, serious and deep, I, 108;
general, I, 144;
his administration made Athens unequalled in the splendour of her
public buildings, II, 60.

Peripatetics, followers of Aristotle (_q.v._), empiricists, II, 16;
students of exact science;
lack the poetry and eloquence of Plato but not very different from the
New Academy, I, 2; III, 20;
followers of Socrates and Plato, I, 2;
their right to teach ethics, I, 6;
seek the golden mean, I, 89;
moral rectitude the supreme good, III, 11;
moral wrong the supreme evil, III, 106;
young Cicero their follower, I, 1; II, 8.

Perjury, III, 106-103, 113.

Perseus, the last king of Macedon, conquered by Paulus (_q.v._), I, 37.

Persians, the people of Persia, the great empire of western Asia;
under Darius they invaded Greece and were beaten back at Marathon
(490), I, 61;
under Xerxes were overwhelmingly defeated at Salamis (480), I, 61;
III, 48, 49;
and at Plataea (479), I, 61.

Phaedra, daughter of Minos, wife of Theseus and stepmother of Hippolytus
(_q.v._), III, 94.

Phaëthon, his story, III, 94.

Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum (6th century), type of inhuman cruelty,
II, 26; III, 29, 32;
slain in an uprising of his people, II, 26;
typical of Caesar.

Phalerum, a deme of Attica on the bay of Phalerum, I, 3; II, 60.

Pherae, a town of south-eastern Thessaly, the home of Admetus;
of Jason, I, 108;
of Alexander, II, 25.

Philip, conqueror, king of Macedon (359-336), educated at Thebes,
cultured, I, 90;
wise, II, 48;
eloquent, tactful and firm in discipline, II, 53.

Philip, the younger, son of Antigonus (_q.v._), II, 48.

Philippus, Lucius Marcius, orator second only to Crassus and Antonius,
I, 108;
statesman, II, 59;
as tribune (104), proposed agrarian reforms, II, 73;
dishonest policy toward the Asiatic states, III, 87.

Philippus, Quintus Marcius, father of preceding, consul (186 and 169),
II, 59; III, 87.

Philosophers, why righteous, I, 28;
attitude toward civic duty, I, 28;
as teachers, I, 155.

Philosophy, the study of, I, 1-4;
theoretical speculation, I, 153;
meaning, II, 5;
spirit of, II, 7;
as a discipline, II, 4;
worth while, II, 5 fg.;
why Cicero turned to it, II, 2-8; III, 1-6.

Phintias, the friend of Damon (_q.v._) III, 45.

Phoenissae, the Phoenician Women, a tragedy of Euripides dealing with
the war of the Seven against Thebes, III, 82.

Picenum, state of north-east Italy, on the Adriatic, III, 74.

Pinthia, Marcus Lutatius, unknown, III, 77.

Piraeus, the great, landlocked harbour of Athens, about five miles from
the city, III, 46.

Piso;
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, so surnamed for his integrity;
author and statesman;
tribune (149);
law against extortion, II, 75;
consul (133).

Plaetorian Law, enacted (192), III, 61.

Plataea, the heroic little city at the foot of Mount Cithaeron in
Boeotia;
alone with Athens at Marathon (490);
the scene of the final defeat of the Persians in Hellas (479), I, 61.

Plato (429-347), pupil and friend of Socrates, profound philosopher and
brilliant author, I, 22, 63;
ideal statesman, I, 85, 87;
might have been a great orator, I, 4;
founder of the Academy (_q.v._);
a great teacher, I, 155;
often quoted by Cicero, I, 15 22, 28, 63, 64, 85, 87; III, 38, 39.

Plautus, Titus Maccius (254-184), the greatest of Rome's comic poets;
rich in wit, I, 104.

Po, the great river of Cisalpine Gaul, III, 88.

Poeni;
_see_ Carthaginians.

Polybius, of Megalopolis (204-122), president of the Achaean League,
detained at Rome in the house of Aemilius Paulus;
friend of Scipio Aemilianus and Laelius;
author of a history of Rome, III, 113.

Pompey;
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48), warrior, I, 76; (II, 20;)
politician, the enemy of Caesar, the idol of Cicero, II, 2;
conquered the pirates, Sertorians, Mithradates, Judaea, I, 78;
triumvir;
married Julia, III, 82;
adorned Rome with great buildings, II, 60;
magnificent shows, II, 57;
defeated at Pharsalus (48), II, 45.

Pompey;
Quintus Pompeius Rufus, consul (141);
as commander in the war with Numantia (140) made the unfortunate
peace, III, 109.

Pompey, Sextus, cousin of Pompey the Great, Stoic, scholar,
geometrician, I, 19.

Pomponius, Marcus, tribune (363);
accuser of Lucius Manlius, III, 112.

Pontius, Gaius, the Samnite general, victor at the Caudine Forks (321),
II, 75;
faithlessly treated, defeated (292), and executed in Rome.

Poor, services to the, II, 61 fg.;
their gratitude, II, 63, 69-71.

Popilius [Marcus Popilius Laenas, as consul (172) campaigning in
Liguria, I, 36].

Popular esteem, a means to glory, II, 31;
how gained, II, 44 fg.

Posidonius, of Apamea (135-51), a Stoic, disciple of Panaetius at
Athens, III, 8;
established a school at Rhodes where Cicero studied under him;
later he lived with Cicero in Rome;
author of many works, I, 159; III, 10.

Postumius;
Spurius Postumius Albinus, defeated in his second consulship (321) at
the Caudine Forks, III, 109.

Prodicus, of Ceos (fifth century), a respected sophist;
his "Choice of Hercules," I, 118.

Profession;
_see_ Vocation.

Promises, non-fulfilment sometimes a duty, I, 32; III, 92-95;
sacred though given to an enemy, I, 39-40.

Property, private, how obtained, I, 92;
rights of, I, 21; II, 73-79, 85; III, 53;
public, rights of, I, 21, 51.

Propriety, defined, I, 96;
its relations to the Cardinal Virtues, I, 93-100;
poetic, I, 97;
moral, I, 98-99;
conduct in accord with personal endowment, I, 110-117;
in choosing a career, I, 115-121;
in outward appearance, I, 130;
in inward self-control, I, 131-132;
in speech, I, 132 fg.;
in the home, I, 138-140.

Propylaea, the magnificent gateway to the Acropolis of Athens, built
(437-431) by Pericles and Mnesicles at a cost of £500,000, II, 60.

Prosecution, II, 49;
to be rarely undertaken, II, 50;
a public service, II, 50.

Prudence;
_see_ Wisdom.

Ptolemy, Philadelphus (309-247), king of Egypt, patron of art and
letters, had the Bible translated;
vastly rich, II, 82.

Public Lands, private occupation to be maintained, I, 21.

Public Service, as a career, I, 70 fg.;
as a duty, I, 72;
as an honour, I, 73;
free from partisanship, I, 85-86;
self-seeking, I, 87;
vindictiveness, I, 88;
anger, I, 89;
guided by wisdom, I, 155-156.

Public shows, extravagant expenditures, II, 55-60;
expected of an aedile, II, 57-60.

Pulcher, Gaius Claudius, son of Appius, aedile (99), II, 57;
consul (92).

Punic Wars;
_see_ Carthage.

Pyrrho, of Elis (fourth century), founder of the school of the Sceptics;
held that virtue is the only good, that truth and knowledge are
unattainable;
his ethical theories rejected, I, 6.

Pyrrhus (318-272), king of Epirus, descended from Achilles and Aeacus,
I, 38;
a daring soldier and a gallant enemy, I, 38;
a career of adventure and conquest, I, 38; III, 86;
invaded Italy (280-275);
the story of the poisoner, I, 40; III, 86;
(_see also_ Fabricius);
invaded Macedonia (273) and the enemy's troops joined him, II, 26;
killed in Argos (272).

Pythagorean, a follower of Pythagoras or member of his secret
fraternity, I, 155; III, 45.

Pythagoras, of Samos (sixth century), studied in the Orient, great
mathematician;
moral and religious teacher;
serious, ascetic, I, 108;
taught transmigration of souls;
founded a secret brotherhood of ideal friendship, I, 56;
asceticism was the rule of practice, with deep meditation and lofty
aspiration.

Pythian, epithet of Apollo, from Pytho, another name for Delphi, II, 77.

Pythius, of Syracuse, his dishonesty, III, 58.

Quirinus, the Sabine name for the deified Romulus, III, 41.

Recklessness, to be avoided, I, 81, 83.

Regulus, Marcus Atilius, a favourite hero of old Rome;
consul (267 and 256), annihilated the Carthaginian fleet, took many
towns, was finally (255) defeated and taken prisoner, I, 39;
III, 99;
his famous embassy and the ethics of his conduct, III, 99-115.

Remus, twin brother of Romulus, slain for leaping in derision over the
new walls of Rome, III, 41.

Reproof, how administered, I, 136.

Republic, the Roman;
its glory, II, 2;
the protectorate of the world, II, 27;
its downfall, I, 35; II, 2-5, 29, 65; III, 2, 4, 83;
the tyrant's sway, II, 23-29; III, 81-85;
enslaved, III, 84-85.

Retirement, the life of, I, 69-70.

Rhodes, a large island off the coast of Caria, III, 50.

Rhodian, a native of Rhodes, III, 50, 57; III, 63.

Riches, the object of acquiring, I, 25;
proper use of, I, 68;
compared with virtue, III, 24;
(_see_ Wealth).

Roman, of or belonging to Rome, III, 58;
people, I, 33; III, 79, 83-86, 105, 109, 114;
the people of Rome, II, 75;
celebrated for courage, I, 61;
champion of justice, I, 36; II, 26;
hatred of tyranny and injustice, III, 19;
atonement for tyranny and injustice, II, 27-29;
their enslavement, III, 85-86.

Rome, the capital of the Empire and mistress of the world, I, 39, 40;
III, 73, 79, 99, 112, 113.

Romulus, the mythical king, founder of Rome, III, 40;
builder of its walls;
not justified in slaying his brother, III, 41.

Roscius, Sextus, of Ameria, accused by Chrysogonus, a freedman of
Sulla's, of murdering his father;
bravely and successfully defended by Cicero at the age of twenty-six,
II, 51.

Rupilius, an actor otherwise unknown, I, 114.

Rutilius;
Publius Rutilius Rufus, a disciple of Publius Scaevola, II, 47;
of Panaetius, III, 10;
with Quintus Scaevola in Asia he repressed the extortion of the
publicans, was banished, and devoted his life to philosophy and
literature, III, 10.

Sabine, belonging to the province of central Italy, III, 74;
the Sabines, unfriendly to Rome till subdued and added to the empire
(290), I, 35, 38.

Sacred Laws;
the _Leges Sacratae_, laws for the violation of which the offender was
nominally consecrated to some god--i.e., laden with a curse,
III, 111.

Salamis, the island and straits directly in front of the Piraeus
(_q.v._), where (480) Themistocles and the allied Greeks virtually
annihilated the fleets of Persia, I, 61, 75.

Sale, fraud in sale of real estate, III, 54-64;
laws concerning, III, 65-71;
of slaves, III, 71-72.

Salmacis, a fountain (and nymph) at Halicarnassus, whose waters made men
who drank them weak and effeminate, I, 61.

Samnites, the brave, liberty-loving people of Samnium, a province of
south-central Italy;
after seventy-one years (343-272) of war with Rome admitted to
citizenship, I, 38;
famous for their victory at the Caudine Forks, III, 109;
Gaius Pontius, II, 75.

Sanitation;
_see_ Health.

Sardinia, the large island north of Sicily, made a province (238),
misgoverned, II, 50.

Satrius;
Marcus Minucius Basilus Satrianus, adopted by Lucius Minucius Basilus,
his inheritance, III, 74.

Scaevola, Publius Mucius, father of the pontifex maximus, consul (133)
and friend of Tiberius Gracchus, an expert in the pontifical law,
II, 47.

Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Augur, son of the preceding, son-in-law of
Laelius, friend of Africanus, consul (117), preceptor to Cicero;
simple in his greatness, I, 109.

Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Pontifex Maximus, son of Publius,
preceptor of Cicero;
orator, jurist;
authority on the civil law, his business honour, III, 62, 70;
followed his father's calling, I, 116;
magnificent aedileship, II, 57;
consul (95), III, 47.

Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (115);
partisan rather than statesman, I, 76;
ambassador to Jugurtha (112), notorious corruptionist, but loyal
aristocrat;
hence Cicero's praise, I, 108.

Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, son of the preceding, step-son of Sulla,
aedile (58) with extraordinary magnificence, II, 57;
governor of Sardinia (56), which he plundered outrageously;
successfully defended by Cicero and Hortensius;
later (52) condemned and banished, I, 138;
palace on the Palatine, I, 138.

Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, brother of Publius (_see_ following);
consul (222) with Marcus Marcellus;
with Publius in Spain (217-211);
a gallant soldier, I, 61; III, 16.

Scipio, Publius Cornelius, brother of Gnaeus and father of the elder
Africanus, I, 121;
consul (218), defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus;
waged war in Spain (217-211);
a gallant soldier, I, 61; III, 16.

Scipio;
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (234-183), the son of
Publius, I, 121;
grandfather of the Gracchi, II, 80;
defeated Hannibal at Zama (202) and closed the war;
never idle in his zeal for Rome, III, 1-4.

Scipio, Publius Cornelius, son of Africanus Major, adoptive father of
Africanus Minor;
gifted mentally but physically disqualified for an active career,
I, 121.

Scipio;
Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, son of Aemilius
Paulus Macedonicus, I, 116, 121;
adopted son of Publius Africanus's son, I, 121;
friend and pupil of Panaetius, I, 90;
intimate friend of Laelius (_q.v._) and devoted to literature;
serious, earnest, I, 108;
self-control, II, 76;
a great soldier, I, 76, 116;
at Pydna (168) with his father;
captured and destroyed Carthage (136) and Numantia (133), I, 35;
II, 76;
statesman of high ideals, a bitter rival and yet a friend of
Quintus Metellus, I, 87.

Scipio;
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, known chiefly as the man who
led the riot and murdered Tiberius Gracchus, I, 76, 109.

Scipio;
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son of the preceding;
died in his consulship (111);
a charming gentleman and a brilliant speaker, I, 109.

Secret sin, II, 37 fg.

Seius, Marcus, reduced the price of corn and regained his lost
popularity, II, 58.

Self-control;
_see_ Temperance.

Self-sacrifice, III, 25;
of Regulus, III, 97-115.

Sergius, Gaius;
_see_ Orata.

Sicily, the great island south-west of Italy, fertile and rich, occupied
along the coasts by prosperous Greek colonies, a Roman province
(212 on), an easy prey for rapacious governors, as Verres whom
Cicero prosecuted (70), II, 50.

Sicyon, a city near Corinth, famous as a centre of art;
Aratus and the tyranny, II, 81-82.

Silanus, Decimus Junius, stepfather of Marcus Brutus, consul (62),
aedile, II, 57.

Slaves, duty toward, I, 41; III, 89.

Social Instinct, man and beast, I, 12, 50;
bees, I, 157;
leads to justice, I, 157;
weighed against justice, I, 159 fg.

Society, principles of, I, 50-57; III, 53;
rights of, I, 21;
service to, I, 153, 155.

Socrates (469-399), the great philosopher and teacher, II, 43;
his ethics, III, 11, 77;
his perfect poise, I, 90;
brilliant dialectician, with a profound meaning in every word, I, 108;
personal eccentricities, I, 148.
"The noblest, ay, and the wisest and most righteous man that we have
ever known."

Socratic, following Socrates, I, 104, 134; II, 87;
most schools of philosophy are based on the teaching of Socrates--the
Academy, I, 2;
the Peripatetic, I, 2; III, 20;
the Cynic, I, 128;
the Cyrenaic, III, 116;
the Stoic, I, 6;
etc.

Sol, the sun-god, father of Phaëthon, III, 94.

Solon, the great lawgiver of Athens (638-558 _ca._), poet, soldier,
statesman;
his feigned madness and the acquisition of Salamis, I, 108;
his constitution and the reorganized Areopagus, I, 75.

Sophocles, the great tragic poet (495-406), supreme on the Athenian
stage (468-441);
general in the war against Samos (440), I, 144.

Sparta, capital of Lacedaemon in the south-eastern part of the
Peloponnesus, III, 99;
constitution of Lycurgus, I, 76;
national character, I, 64;
position at end of Persian wars, I, 76;
at end of Peloponnesian war, I, 76;
her arsenal, III, 49;
disasters, I, 84;
despotic, II, 26;
cause of her fall, II, 77, 80.

Stoics, adherents of the school founded by Zeno, an offshoot from
Cynicism, I, 128;
refounded by Chrysippus;
philosophy with them is practical, making life accord with Nature's
laws, III, 13;
virtue and philosophy are identical;
virtue the only good, I, 6; III, 11, 12;
moral wrong the only evil, III, 106;
pain no evil, III, 105;
no degrees of right or wrong, I, 10;
etymologists, I, 23;
define fortitude, I, 62;
temperance, I, 142;
duties, III, 14;
controversies, III, 91;
their right to teach ethics, I, 6;
Cicero adopts their teaching, I, 6; III, 20;
common interests, I, 22;
their theology a pantheistic materialism, God working in his
providence, III, 102;
representative Stoics, II, 51, 86; III, 51.

Sulla;
Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138-78), noble, profligate, brilliant
genius;
would stoop to anything, I, 109;
soldier against Jugurtha, Mithradates, Marius, Rome;
statesman;
reformed the constitution;
absolute monarch of Rome (81-79);
treatment of tributary allies, III, 87;
confiscator, I, 43; II, 29;
overturned the old morals, II, 27;
Cicero opposed him, II, 51.

Sulla, Publius Cornelius, nephew of the dictator, II, 29;
defended by Cicero on charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy.

Sulla, Cornelius, a freedman of the dictator, II, 29.

Sulpicius;
Gaius Sulpicius Galus, consul (166);
famous astronomer, I, 19;
predicted an eclipse of the moon.

Sulpicius;
Publius Sulpicius Rufus (124-88), an eminent orator of little
character, II, 49.

Sungod;
_see_ Sol.

Superbus;
_see_ Tarquin.

Syracuse, a great Greek city in south-eastern Sicily, rich in art and in
goods;
ruled by Dion, I, 155;
Dionysius, II, 25; III, 45;
a popular resort, III, 58.

Tantalus, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and father of Pelops (_q.v._), III, 84.

Tarquin;
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome (535-510), a cruel
tyrant, expelled by Brutus and Collatinus, III, 40.

Tarquins, the kinsmen of Tarquinius Superbus, all expelled (510),
III, 40.

Taxation, levying of, II, 74.

Temperance, the fourth Cardinal Virtue, I, 93-151;
definition, I, 93;
the passions, I, 102;
speech, I, 103;
_vs._ Justice, I, 159-160;
essential to success, II, 77;
_vs._ apparent Expediency, III, 116 fg.

Terence;
Publius Terentius Afer (195-159), a comic poet, friend of Laelius and
Scipio;
six plays are left;
quotation from the _Heauton Timorumenus_, I, 30;
the _Eunuchus_, I, 150.

Thebe, daughter of Jason and wife of Alexander of Pherae, II, 25.

Thebes, the capital of Boeotia, home of Pindar and Epaminondas, I, 155.

Themistocles, brilliant statesman of Athens, II, 16;
gave Athens her fleet and saved Greece at Salamis (480), I, 75;
consummate general, I, 108;
not always scrupulous in his methods, III, 49;
his valuation of character, II, 71.

Theophrastus, of Lesbos, favourite pupil and successor of Aristotle, a
marvellous teacher, master of Demetrius of Phalerum, I, 3;
a prolific author;
cited, II, 56, 64.

Theopompus, of Chios (fourth century), pupil of Isocrates, orator and
historian, II, 40.

Thermopylae, a narrow pass on the seashore between Thessaly and Locris,
held by Leonidas and his three hundred against the hosts of Xerxes
(480), I, 61.

Theseus, the great legendary hero of Athens, benefactor of the world;
uniter of Athens and Attica;
father of Hippolytus (_q.v._) by Antiope;
husband of Phaedra;
his son's death, I, 32; III, 94.

Thrace, the vast country north of the Aegean;
though the home of Orpheus, Linus, etc., it was generally considered
barbarous, II, 25.

Thyestes, son of Pelops and brother of Atreus (_q.v._), (III, 102).

Timotheus, admiral of the Athenian fleet (378-356), compared with his
father Conon, I, 116.

Torquatus;
_see_ Manlius.

Trades;
_see_ Vocation.

Troezen, a city of Argolis, near the shore opposite Aegina;
the asylum of the Athenians at the approach of Xerxes, III, 48.

Trusts, when not to be restored, III, 95.

Truth, the search after, I, 13.

Tubero, Quintus Aelius, the Stoic, a pupil of Panaetius, praetor (123);
a talented jurist, III, 63.

Tusculum, a town in the Alban hills, the oldest municipium in Italy,
admitted (381), I, 35;
public lands of, I, 21;
Cicero's favourite country home.

Twelve Tables, the laws of, drawn up (450);
quoted, I, 37; III, 111.

Tyranny, II, 23-29;
inspired by false perspective, III, 36;
right and duty toward the tyrant, III, 19, 85.

Tyre, the great commercial city on the coast of Phoenice, II, 86.

Ulysses (Odysseus), son of Laertes of Ithaca, the shrewdest of the Greek
heroes at Troy, III, 97;
the hero of the Odyssey, I, 113.

Varro, Gaius Terentius, consul (216) with Paulus, responsible for the
disaster at Cannae, III, 114.

Venus (Aphrodite), the goddess of beauty and love;
of Cos, III, 10.

Veseris, a little stream near Mount Vesuvius;
scene of the battle of Manlius Torquatus and the elder Decius,
III, 112.

Veturius;
Titus Veturius Calvinus, consul with Spurius Postumius (321) at the
Caudine Forks, III, 109.

Vice, luxurious living, I, 123;
sensual pleasure, I, 102, 104-106, 122-123; II, 37;
avarice, II, 77;
extravagance, I, 140;
misrepresentation, I, 150;
untruth, I, 150;
corrected by observing others, I, 146;
by the criticism of the wise, I, 147.

Viriathus, II, 40.

Virtue, defined, II, 18;
chief function of, II, 17;
the four Cardinal Virtues described, I, 15-17;
the sources of moral rectitude, I, 152; III, 96;
Nature's leadings to, I, 100;
endangered by sensual pleasure, II, 37;
rulers chosen for, II, 41.

Vocation, choice of, I, 115-120;
change of, I, 120-121;
vulgar and liberal, I, 150-152.

Volscians, a people of lower Latium, subdued (303), given full
citizenship (188), I, 35.

War, rights of, to be enforced, I, 34;
Cato's son, I, 36-37;
excuse for war, I, 35, 80;
justice in war, I, 38;
war for supremacy, I, 38;
for glory, I, 38;
needless cruelty, I, 82.

Wealth, Theophrastus on, II, 56;
insatiable thirst for, I, 25;
why sought, I, 25-27;
the real good of wealth, II, 56;
_see_ Riches.

Wisdom, the first of the Cardinal Virtues, I, 15-19;
most important, I, 153; II, 6;
absolute, III, 16;
and propriety, I, 94, 100;
_vs._ Justice, I, 152-157, 160;
confounded with cunning, II, 10; III, 72, 96;
in Epicurus's system, III, 117.

Wit, kinds of, I, 103-104;
representatives of, I, 108.

Xanthippus, a Spartan soldier of fortune, whose generalship defeated
Regulus, III, 99.

Xenocrates, of Chalcedon (396-314), a pupil of Plato, president of the
Academy, industrious and severe, I, 109.

Xenophon, soldier, historian, disciple of Socrates, II, 87;
the story of Hercules's choice, I, 118.

Xerxes, king of Persia (485-465), son of Darius, invaded Greece (480),
came to grief at Salamis and Plataea, III, 48.

Youth, duties peculiar to, I, 123; II, 52;
time for choosing profession, I, 117.

Zeno, of Cytium (fourth century), pupil of Crates the Cynic and founder
of the Stoic school (_see_ Stoics), III, 35.

LETCHWORTH: AT THE ARDEN PRESS.

CORRECTIONS:

page original text correction
190 sn Fab. inc. Valhen^2, 402 Fab. inc. Vahlen^2, 402
230 fn _Ma co_ MSS. _Marco_ MSS.
344 set etiam adiuvat iniuriam? sed etiam adiuvat iniuriam?
413 treacherous and crue, I, 38. treacherous and cruel, I, 38.
421 friend o Quintus Metellus, friend of Quintus Metellus,
422 father of Phaethon, III, 94. father of Phaëthon, III, 94.