Chapter XXIV (36)

Benedict, St., 32, 33.

---- ---- of Anian, 135.

---- XI., Pope, 445.

Benedictine Schools, 113, 131.

Benignus, St., disciple of St. Patrick, 43.

Bennet Biscop, St., 66, 72, 76.

Benno, Cardinal, 288.

Bennon, St., of Misnia, his education, 265, 267.

Berengarius, 304-309.

Berington, Mr., quoted, 225, 226, 284, 486, 516.

Bernard, St., 351-355.

Bernardine Colleges, 371, 372, 373.

Bernward, St., of Hildesheim, 263-267.

Bertilla, 191.

Bessarion, Cardinal, 604, 605.

Beverley, St. John of, 67, 77.

Bibiena, Cardinal, author of “Calandra,” 657.

Bible, copies of the entire, 71, 72, 335, 337, 372.

---- Alcuin corrects the whole, 119;
as does Lanfranc, 318.

---- metrical versions of the, 189.

---- study of the, by the monks, 188, 189.

---- saved from barbarians, 236.

---- versions of, in the vulgar tongue, 340.

---- Commentary on, by Walafrid Strabo, 150.

---- Concordance of, first, 437.

---- of the poor, 567.

---- Bohemian, 562.

Bibles, chained in churches, 567.

---- Complutensian Polyglot, 652.

Black Death, the, 557.

Bobbio, 49, 128, 141.

Bocaccio, 198.

Boethius, 30-33, 288, _note_.

---- Alfred’s translations from, 205-207.

Bologna, University of, 328, 379, 391-393.

Bonaventura, St., 433.

Boniface, St., 89-112.

---- VIII., Pope, founds Roman University, 398.

---- ---- conduct of Paris University towards, 404, 405.

---- and Philip le Bel, 527.

---- and Dante, 512.

Book copying, 334.

Book trade in Paris, 383, 384.

Borromeo, St. Charles, 705, 718-724.

---- College, 720.

Botany, Albert the Great’s studies of, 421.

Bradwardine, Archbishop, 240.

Brendan, St., 49, 50.

Bridferth, monk of Ramsey, 221.

British Colleges, ancient, 35-42.

Bruno, St., of Cologne, 257-261.

---- founder of the Carthusians, 341.

Bucer, 644.

Budæus, 639, 640.

Bullinger, 645.

Bury, Monastery of, 577.

---- Richard, of, 529-531.

Cabala, the, 625, 638.

Cadoc, St., 40-42.

Cæsarius, St., of Arles, 24.

Cajetan, St., 668-670.

Camaldolese Order encourages revival of classical studies, 523.

Cambridge University, 64.

Cambridge scholar, the, 458.

Campanus, his Commentary on Euclid, 397.

Candidus, disciple of Rabanus, 149, 154.

Canisius, Peter, 713.

Canon law, study of, 391, 392.

Canonical schools, 131, _note_.

Canons Regular, 11, 63, 97.

Canterbury, school at, 64, 66-69.

Capella, Marcian, 31.

Capitulars of Charlemagne, 130.

Capgrave, John, 583.

Caraffa, 668, 669.

Carmenta Nicostrata, 322.

Carmina de Septem Artibus, 134.

Caroline College at Osnaburgh, 183.

Carpenter, John, founder of City of London School, 585, 589.

Carthage, schools of, 14.

---- Council of, 13.

Carthag, St., 53.

Casa Giojosa, the, 601.

Cassiodorus, 31-33.

Catacombs, Roman Academicians and the, 617, _note_.

Cataldus, St., 53.

Catechetical School of Alexandria, 3, 10;
of Jerusalem, 6.

Cathedral schools, 11-14, 95, 114;
revived by Charlemagne, 130, 131;
under the Othos, 262;
revived by St. Gregory VII., 328;
classical studies in, 330, 399.

Caxton, 592-598.

Celestine, St., Pope, 36, 38.

Centon, St. Gregory’s, 59.

Ceolfrid, 73, 74.

Chaldaic, study of, 437-441.

Chancellor, office of, 401, and _note_.

Chant, Ecclesiastical, 4, 53, 59.

---- introduced into England by St. Benedict Biscop, 75.

---- reformed in France by Pepin, 117;
and by Charlemagne, 122, 123.

---- at St. Gall, 173, 179.

---- corruption of, 524.

---- reform of, 717.

Charlemagne, 113, 143.

Charles the Bald, 144, 157, 159.

---- of Naples, 425.

---- V. of France, 525, 541.

---- St. Borromeo, 705, 717;
his Seminaries, 720-724.

Chartres, school of, 303.

Chaucer, 553-556.

Chelles, school of, founded by Queen Bathildis, 191.

Chigi soirées, 662.

Chivalry and education, 532-538.

Choral schools in private households, 576.

Christine de Pisa, 525.

“Christ-cross Row, the,” 546.

Chrysoloras, Emmanuel, 605.

Chrysostom, St., 19.

Church history, study of, 413, and note.

Cicero, copies of, in early Christian libraries, 84, 129, 148, 150,
157.

---- studied in schools of the Dark Ages, 161, 181, 338.

---- Petrarch’s love for, 519;
translated into Italian, 497.

Ciceronian Latin, 660.

Claud of Turin, 144.

Claudian Mamertus, 28.

Claustral schools, 131, _note_.

Clement, Irish professor, 141, 144.

---- of Alexandria, 7.

---- V. Pope, founds lectures in Oxford for Eastern languages, 440.

---- VII. Pope, 667.

Clonard, school of, 46.

Clonmacnois, 48.

Cloveshoe, Council of, 108, 109.

Cluain Ednech, 48.

Cluny, foundation of, 245.

---- Customs of, 335, 336, 337.

Cockfighting, London schoolboys’ love of, 588.

Colet, Dean, 674.

Colleges at Paris, 371-374.

---- at Oxford, 502-507, 539.

---- at Louvain, 642.

---- at Alcala, 650.

----, Wykehamist, 569, 571;
Old English, 572, 575.

Collegium Trilingue at Louvain, 643.

Colman, 51.

Coluccio Salutati, 523.

Columba, St., 47, 50.

Columbanus, St., 52.

Comestor, Peter, 363.

Commission of Cardinals on education, 705-707.

Computum, the, 8.

Concordance of the Bible by Hugh de St. Cher, 437.

---- by Archbishop Peckham, 500.

Contarini, Cardinal, 668, 700, 705.

Contemplative character of early monastic teachers, 165, 166.

Convito, Dante’s, 514.

Copyists, 100, 129, 172, 332-335.

Corby, Old, 136, 160, 658.

---- New, 167, 168.

Cornificians, the, 359.

Corpus Christi College, 678.

Cortese, Gregory, 705.

Cosmo de Medici, 612, 613.

Cosmos, Humboldt’s, quoted, 416, _note_, 419, 421, 460.

Council of Aix-la-Chapelle condemns Felix of Urgel, 142.

---- Carthage prescribes laws for manner of life of clergy, 13.

---- Constantinople orders priests’ schools, 13.

---- Cloveshoe, decrees of, 109, 110.

---- Frankfort, against Elipandus, 136.

---- Lateran, Fourth, 396.

---- Orleans, on priests’ schools, 110.

---- Sens, 352.

---- Soissons, 229;
second, condemns Abelard, 350.

---- Toledo requires bishops to found seminaries, 13, 14.

---- Trent, 708, 712.

---- Vaison, on priests’ schools, 13.

---- Valence, 145.

Councils of Rheims, Rome, Vercelli, Florence, and Tours successively
condemn Berengarius, 308.

Courçon, Robert de, Legate to Innocent III., 375.

Courtesy, laws of, 532.

Crevier, on principles of Paris University, 405.

Croke, Greek Professor, 677, 696.

Crusade, the fifth, 390.

Cummian, St., 52.

Cusanus, Nicholas, 634, 635.

Cuthbert of Wearmouth, 100.

Cynewulf of Peterborough, 219.

Cyril, St., of Jerusalem, 6.

Dado of Verden, and poor schools, 253.

Damasus, Pope St., 35.

Dames’ schools, 546.

Damian, St. Peter, 326-328.

_Damoiseaux_, 532.

Daniel, of Winchester, 103.

Danish College, 371.

Dante, 508-517.

Dark Ages, supposed ignorance of, 225-227.

David, St., 37.

Deacon, John, the, 58, 60, 123;
Paul, the, 58, 118, and _note_.

---- James, the, introduces Roman chant into Northumbria, 74.

Dead, prayers for the, 371, 376.

Decay of learning in seventh century, 27, 115.

---- of arts, 378, 379.

Decretals of Gratian, 379, 391, 392.

Degrees, 375, 414;
in grammar, 457;
in music, 458.

Delphina, St., 537.

Denys, St., the Areopagite, translated by Scotus Erigena, 145, 184;
commented by B. Albert the Great, 418;
translated by Robert Grostete, 485.

Deventer, schools of, 631-634.

Devorgilla, the Lady, 502.

Dialogues, Anglo-Saxon, 127, 139, 186.

Dictionaries, 183, 331, 485, 571.

Didier, Bishop, rebuked by St. Gregory, 57.

Diemudis, the copyist nun, 334.

Diploma of Philip Augustus, 365.

Discipline of the Universities, lax, 368, 374.

Distichia Moralia, old class-book, 181.

“Docta Sanctorum” Bull of Pope John XXII., 524.

“Doctrinale Puerorum,” 181.

Dominic, St., 410, 449.

Dominican Order, 411-417.

Dominican system of graduation, 414.

Dominicans in England, 475.

Donatus, St., 54.

Donatus, grammar of, 181, 250.

D’Oyley, Robert, his Oxford foundation, 452.

Dublin University, 442, 443.

Dunstable, miracle play at, 317.

Duns Scotus, 496, 505.

Dunstan, St., 212-218.

Durandus, 513, _note_.

Durham College, 505, 711.

Eadburga, her letters to St. Boniface, 101.

Easter, calculation of, 8.

---- controversy regarding, _note_, 65.

Easterwine, Abbot, 75.

Eberhard, Count, his will, 193.

Ecclesiastical chant, 5, 53.

Edmund, St., of Canterbury, 479-483.

Edmundsbury, 422, 462;
free school at, 577.

Education in the Dark Ages, 178.

---- St. Chrysostom, on, 19.

---- of women, 25, 26, 102, 183.

---- Roilin, on, 378.

---- Lateran Fathers, on, 664.

---- Cardinals, on, 706.

---- treatise on, by Sadolet, 700.

---- in Jesuit Colleges, 708.

---- National Systems of, 401.

Edward II. founder of Oriel, 505.

---- III., 529.

---- IV., 576, 577, 584, 592.

Egbert of York, 84.

Egbert, Anglo-Saxon priest, 92.

Eigil, St., 154.

Einold of Tours, 251.

Einsidlen, 176.

Ekkehard of St. Gall’s, 274.

Ella Longspée, 503.

Elyot, Sir John, author of the “Governor,” 672, 673.

Elzear of Sabran, 536, 537.

Emmeran’s, St., 335.

Enchiridion of King Alfred, 205.

Encyclopædias, 14, 32, 434.

Enda, founder of Aran, 45.

English schools of twelfth century, 320, 461.

---- language first used for literary purposes, 464.

---- in schools, 543-545.

---- versions of the Scriptures, 561-567.

---- poetry, specimens of early, 580-582.

---- poor-schools, 469, 471, 549.

---- school books, 546, 547.

Episcopal seminaries, ancient, 11.

---- revived by St. Gregory VII., 328.

---- decay of, after twelfth century, 402.

---- restored by Council of Trent, 714.

Erasmus, his early education, 636.

---- quoted, 641, 661, 662, 674, _note_, 679, 683, _note_, 697, 698.

---- in Rome, 664, 665;
in England, 675.

---- his grammar, 687, 688.

---- and Luther, 694, 695.

---- his Colloquies, 706 and _note_.

---- his death, 706, _note_.

Erigena, John Scotus, 145, 156.

Espousals of Mercury and Philology, 31.

Ethelwold, St., Bishop of Winchester, 217-220.

---- pupil of St. Aldhelm, 70, 71.

Eton school founded, 571.

Eucher, St., 33.

Euclid, 397, translated by Athelhard, 321;
commented on by Campanus, 397.

Eusebius, St., of Vercelli, 12.

Evesham Abbey, 315.

Evroult, St., relics of, 322, 323.

---- School of, 323.

Ewelme, God’s house at, 574.

Exeter, school at, 91.

---- given to Asser, 199.

---- Joseph of, author of the _Antiocheis_, 461.

---- College, 506.

Faculties at Paris University, 374, 375.

Fair of the Landit, 384, 385.

Faith and reason, St. Anselm on, 345;
St. Bernard on, 354;
St. Thomas on, 429.

Fathers of the Desert received young children, 21-24.

---- the, on education, 17-20.

---- neglect of the, 379.

---- St. Louis, collects copies of the, 379.

Felix, St., 64.

---- of Urgel, 144.

Ferrierès, school of, 156.

“Fescennine license” explained, 465, and _note_.

Ficinus, Marsilius, 613-616.

Filelfo, 606-609.

Finian, St., of Clonard, 46.

Fintan, St., 48.

“Fishmarket Latin,” 643.

Fitz Stephen, quoted, 464, 589, 592.

Flaminius, Mark Anthony, 700, 701, and _note_.

Fleury Abbey, reform of, 245, 246.

---- Abbo of, 221, 248, 249.

Flodoard of Rheims, 241.

Florence, Renaissance at, 605-624.

Florent, St., relics of, 236.

Florentius, scholar of Deventer, 632.

Florentine Academy in Convent of Augustinians, 523.

“Following of Christ,” the, 497.

Fontanelles Abbey, 129, 131, 233.

Fonte Avellano, 326.

Fontenay, battle of, 229, and _note_.

France, state of letters in, 526.

Francis I. founds a Royal College, 638.

Franciscans at Oxford, 483.

Frankfort, Council of, 136.

Frankish language, 126.

Frankish Church, reform of the, 116.

Frassinet seized by the Saracens, 247.

Frederick I., 392.

---- II., 394, 395, 425.

Fredigise, disciple of Alcuin, 119, 142, 144.

Freewill, Böethius and Alfred on, 206.

---- St. Augustine on, 343.

---- Erasmus on, 695.

French Language, 229, _note_.

---- spoken in England, 543-546.

---- scholars of the Renaissance, 646, 647.

Frideswide’s, St., Abbey, at Oxford, 451.

Friesland, missions to, 92, 93.

Frœlsung, the, 109.

Fulbert of Chartres, 303.

Fulda, foundation of, 102, 104.

---- school of, 146-149.

Fulk of Anjou, 180.

---- of Rheims, 241.

---- of Neuilly, 388-391.

Gaddesden, John, court physician, 555.

Gall’s, St., monastic school of, 169-173, 269-280.

Galon, his dispute with the Bishop of Paris, 401.

Gamut, invention of the, 294.

Gandersheim, school of, 295.

---- Hroswitha, of, 295-299.

Gemistus, or _Pletho_, 613, 615.

Geneviève, St., school of, 351, 356, 365, 366.

Geography Of Alfred, 207.

---- of Albert the Great, 420.

---- of Dante, 515.

---- specimens of, in old English schools, 547, 557.

Geometry, 117, 179, 289, 555.

Gerard the Great, 630, 632.

Gerbert, 284-291.

German language, formation of, 125, 126.

---- Emperors in the tenth century, 254.

---- Bibles, 636.

---- Universities after the Reformation, 644.

Germanus, St., of Auxerre, 36.

Ghiberti, Matthew, 668, 705, 713, 719.

Giannozzo Manetti, 523, 600, 611.

Gilbert de la Poirée, his errors, 359.

Gilbert, St., 465.

Gilbertine order, 467, 468.

Gildas, St., 41.

Geraldus Cambrensis, 459.

“Gloria, laus et honor,” origin of the Responsory, 134.

Gloss on the Scriptures, 150.

Gloucester, Duke Humphrey of, patron of learning, 584, 585.

Gloucester College, 504.

Godric, St., 472, 473.

“Goliardi,” the, 541.

Gonzaga, Cecilia, 603.

Gorham, Geoffery, author of the first miracle-play, 317.

Gorze, monastery of, restored, 252.

---- John of, 250-252.

Gospel places, 478.

Gospels, 4, 41, 63, 83, 172.

---- Harmony of the, 112, 151.

Gotteschalk, his errors, 155, 156.

“Governor,” the, 672.

Gower, 554.

Grammar, Latin and English, by Ælfric, 219.

---- German, begun by Charlemagne, 125, 151, 171.

---- Latin and Greek, 91, 135, 486, 531.

---- Latin, partly written by Erasmus, 687, 688.

---- Hebrew, 486, 531.

Grammarians of Toulouse, 29, 30.

“Great Mirror,” the, 435.

“Greeks and Trojans,” 674.

Greek refugees, 604.

Greek, early study of, 49, 52, 77, 78, 114, 118, 122, 134, 145, 172,
183, 184, 257, 267, 275, 296, 303, 438-440, 485.

---- restoration of, 520, 601, 605, 607, 609, 613.

---- first printed at Deventer, 635.

Gregorian School of Chant, 60.

---- College, 398.

Gregory, St., Nazianzen, 17.

---- ---- of Nyssa, 705.

---- ---- of Utrecht, 94, 95.

---- ---- the Great, Pope, 56-63.

---- II., Pope, 94.

---- III., Pope, 103

---- IV., Pope, 169.

---- VII., Pope, 326.

---- IX., Pope, 396.

Grimbald, 198, 209, 210.

Grocyn, 672, 674, 678.

Grosteste, Robert, 483-486.

Guarino, 600, 605, 606.

Guitmond, 309, 310.

Guizot, M., quoted, 114, 115.

Gundulph, 309.

“Habita,” the, 392.

Haimo of Halberstadt, 147.

Hallam, references to, 32, 332, 611.

---- on church music, 180.

---- on England before Danish Invasions, 195.

---- on the Dark Ages, 226.

---- on destruction of monasteries, 234.

---- on Greek and Oriental studies, 438.

---- on mendicant friars, 496.

Halls at Oxford, 453.

Hebrew, study of, 9, 14, 78, 114, 118, 134, 161, _note_, 303, 337,
437, 438, 441, 461, 485, 609, 619.

Hedwiga, Duchess, 275, 276.

Henry de Mesmes, 638.

Henry of Auxerre, 158.

---- St., of Bavaria, 255, 267.

---- of Wurtzburg, 260.

---- Beauclerk, educated at Abingdon Abbey, 319.

---- II. of England, 361, 455, 459, 464.

---- III. of England, 456.

---- V., 560, 584.

---- VI. of England, 571, 584, 586, 587, 591.

---- VIII. of England, 677, 692;
his “Defence of the Seven Sacraments,” 694;
and Pole, 696.

Heraclius of Liege, 240, 253, 257.

Hermolaus Barbarus, 620.

Hildebert of Mans, 330, 340.

Hildebrand, 336.

Hildesheim, school of, 264-267, 338.

Hincmar of Rheims, 156, 158, 241.

Hippolytus, St., 8, 9.

Hirsauge, or Hirschau, colony from Fulda, 148, 335.

“Hodœporicon,” the, 602.

Homer, study of, 19, 67.

Homilies of St. Gregory, 57.

---- of Ælfric, 219, 220, and _note_.

Honorius of Autun, 330.

---- III., Pope, 380.

Horoscopes, 69, and _note_.

Hospitals, old English, 572-578.

Hroswitha, the nun of Gandersheim, 295-299.

Hucbald of St. Amand, 241.

Hugh, St., of Cluny, 336, 337.

Humanists, 640, 696, 701.

Humbert of Verdun, 252.

---- de Romanis, 439, 447.

---- Cardinal, 325.

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 584, 585.

Huns, invasions of the, 233.

Ideler and Dante, 515.

Ignatius, St., of Antioch, 59, and _note_.

---- ---- Loyola, 707, 708.

Iltutus, St., 37.

Innocent III., Pope, 375, 376, 380, 386, 393, 396.

---- IV., Pope, 371, 372.

Intellect, St. Bonaventure on the office of the, 433.

Iona, school of, 50, 51, 64.

Irenæus, St., 6.

Irish scholars, 52, 71, 141, 169, 270.

---- ---- at Oxford, 457.

Irnerius lectures on Roman law, 328, 391.

Iron Age, 225.

Isidore, St., author of the “Origines,” 14.

Iso of St. Gall’s, 270.

Italian Universities, 391-396, 398.

Italy, state of learning in, during the tenth century, 255;
twelfth century, 328;
fourteenth century, 518;
fifteenth century, 599.

Ivo of Chartres, 309.

James, St., liturgy of, 6.

---- ---- Hospital of, 371.

---- the Deacon, introduces Roman chant into Northumbria, 74.

---- of Vitry, on Paris University, 368, 369, 388.

James, King of Arragon, founds a college for Oriental languages,
440.

Jarrow, school of, 73, 75.

Jerome, St., 26.

Jerusalem, catechetical school of, 6.

Jesuit colleges, 707, 708, 713.

Jews at Oxford, 457;
banished from England, 461.

John, St., Chrysostom, 19.

---- the Deacon, biographer of St. Gregory, 60, 118, _note_, 123.

---- The Venerable, arch-chanter of St. Peter’s, 75.

---- St., of Beverley, 67, 77.

---- of old Saxony, scholar of Alfred, 198.

---- of Gerze, 250, 252.

---- of Salisbury, 355-363.

---- St., of Capistran, 524, 602.

---- of St. Quentin, 387.

---- of Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, 499, 500.

---- Picus of Mirandola, 618, 619.

Joseph of Exeter, 461.

Kenticern, St., 39, 40.

Kieran, St., 47, 48.

Ladies, advice to, 538.

Ladies, education of, early, 24-26;
ninth century, 191;
Middle Ages, 538-540;
fifteenth century, 603.

Lanfranc, 305-318.

Lanthorns, King Alfred and the, 203.

Lantnit, Monastery of, founded by St. Iltutus, 37.

Lascaris, 622, _note_.

Lateran, School of the, 11.

---- Fourth Council of, 411.

---- Fifth Council of, 663.

Latin Classics, in libraries of Dark Ages, 69, 84, 121, 129, 157,
171, 181, 286, 330, 332, 460, 461, 462.

---- prayers taught in poor schools, 469.

Latinities, the twelve, 30.

Laura de Sade, 518, 519, 522.

Law, Canon, 379, 391, 392, 454.

---- Civil, 379, 391;
first taught at Oxford, 454.

---- Effect of this study, 380, 496, 512.

Leander of Seville, St., 14.

Learning, dangers of, 628.

Learning, character of the monkish, 282, 285, 301.

Lectors, 414, _note_.

Leidrade, one of the “Missi Dominici,” 135.

Leo, St., IX., Pope, 325.

---- X., Pope, 655, 666.

Leonard Aretino, 611, 612.

Leonine verses, 496, 498.

Leontius, Pilate, 520.

Lerins, school of, 33;
revived, 705.

Letter from St. Aldheim to Hedda, 68.

---- from Alcuin to Charlemagne, 125.

---- from Charlemagne to his prelates, 130.

---- from St. Lioba to St. Boniface, 102.

---- from Fulk of Rheims to King Alfred, 198.

---- from John of Salisbury to St. Thomas à Becket, 362.

Letters of Wibald, 338.

---- ---- Peter of Blois, 361.

---- ---- St. Thomas of Canterbury, 358.

---- ---- Erasmus, 676.

Levitius of Monte Cassino, 179.

Liberal Arts, 179.

Libraries, circulating, 253.

---- destruction of, 234, 235.

Library of the Patriarchium, 11.

---- Palatine, supposed destruction of, 57;
St. Augustine’s, 63;
York, 84;
Cluny Abbey, 337;
of St. Louis, 379;
of King Charles V., 525;
Vatican, 604.

Licenses for schools, 400, 401, _note_.

Liege, school of, 240, 253.

Lily, William, 674, 687, 688, 701.

Linacre, 674, 678, 683.

Lincoln College, 571.

Lindisfarne, 64;
destruction of, 88.

Lioba, St., 101, 105, 106.

Lismore, school of, 52, 53.

Liturgical element in education, 61, 133, 469, 470, 513.

---- poetry, 498.

Liturgy of St. Mark, 4.

---- proposed reform of the, 624.

Llancarvan, school of, 40.

Llan Elwy, 40.

Logic, 338, 349.

Lollards, 557-561, 571, _note_.

London, schools of, 586-589.

---- Old, 589-592.

Longspée, William, 543.

Lorenzo de’ Medici, 620, 622, 627.

Louis the Debonnaire, 132, _note_, 134, 190, 228, 230.

---- IX., St., 379.

Louvain, 641, 644;
suppression and re-erection, 653.

Luanus, St., founder of Clonfert, 49.

Luidger, St., 95-97.

Lullus, St., 100.

Lupus, St., of Troyes, 36.

---- of Ferrières, 149, 150, 156.

Luther, 641, 644, 694.

Lydgate, his “Court of Sapience,” 579.

Lynwood, Bishop, canonist of fifteenth century, 562.

Lyons, Florus of, 183.

Lyra, Nicholas de, 488.

Mabel Rich, mother of St. Edmund, 479.

Magdalen College, Oxford, 571.

Magdeburgh school of, 268, 269.

Maieul, St., 246, 248.

Malmesbury, school of, 65, 70.

Mandeville, Sir John, 556.

Manegold, 346.

Manning, Robert, Gilbertine canon and chronicler, 468.

Mannon, 146, 257.

Mans, Hildebold of, 340.

Maps, 557.

Marcellus, monk of St. Gall’s, 270.

Margaret Plantagenet, Duchess of Burgundy, 593.

Marianus Scotus, 339.

Mark, St., the Evangelist, 1-5.

Mark’s, St., Library at Florence, 608.

Marmoutier, 33;
destruction of, 234.

Marsillus Ficinus, 613-616, 626.

Martian Capella, 31.

Martin’s, St., of Tours, 33, 35, 42, 137, 140.

Matilda, Queen, 319.

Maurice Sully, Bishop of Paris, 386, 387.

“Media Vita,” 272.

Medici, the, Cosmo, 612;
Lorenzo, 622.

Medicine, 291-293, 555;
one of the Faculties at Paris University, 375;
at Louvain, 643;
and at Alcala, 651.

Meinrad, St., 175.

Meinwerc of Paderborn, 267, 268.

Melanchthon, 644.

Melun, Robert of, 356.

Menagier de Paris, quoted, 538.

Merlac, Daniel, 455.

Merton College, Oxford, 503.

Metaphysics of Aristotle, 407, 408.

Minster, 97.

Mitterius, grammarian of Toulouse, 30.

_Monologion_ of St. Anselm, 312.

More, Sir Thomas, 675, 678, 683.

Music, 80, 162, 179, 294, 524.

Musicians, Irish, 52.

Musurus, Greek, professor, 614, 615.

Natural Philosophy of Bede, 79;
of Albert the Great, 418-422;
of Vincent of Beauvais, 435, 436.

Nazianzen, St. Gregory, 17.

Neckham, Alexander, 463.

Neot, St., 209.

Neo-Platonists, 4, 142, 145.

Neuilly, Fulk of, 388.

Nicholas I., Pope, 145, 146.

---- V., Pope, 603, 604.

---- de Lyra, 488.

---- Oresme, 526.

---- de Cusa, Cardinal, scholar of Deventer, 634, 635.

Nigel Wireker, author of _Speculum Stultorum_, 464.

Ninian, St., 35, 36.

Nomantula, Abbey of, seven times plundered, 234.

Nominalists and Realists, 344, 345.

Norman invasions, 230-232.

Northumbria, 64.

Notger of Liege, 240.

Notker of St. Gall’s, 272, 273.

Novalesa sacked, 235.

_Novellæ_ of Justinian, 242.

Nuns, learned, 105, 107, 191, 295.

Nutscell, monastery of, 91.

Occleve, 556, 579.

Odericus Vitalis, 321-323.

Odo, St., of Cluny, 245, 246.

---- of Canterbury, 214.

---- of Tournai, 342.

Ogres, 233.

Oratory of Divine Love, 668.

Oriel College, Oxford, 505.

Oriental languages, 437-441.

Origen, 8-10.

Orleans, 336.

Ormanetti, Nicholas, 710, 720, 724.

Orosius, translated by Alfred, 207.

“Orthographia, De,” 31.

Osbern, disciple of St. Anselm, 311.

Osney Abbey, foundation of, 452.

Oswald, St., of York, 214, 217, 336.

Otheric of Magdeburgh, 268, 289, 290.

Otho the Great, 254, 286.

---- II., 254.

---- III., 255, 291.

Ouche, 237-239.

Ovid, 141, 181, and _note_.

Oxford, in the time of Alfred, 209;
in Middle Ages, 453-458, 476-495;
and Lollardism, 558, 559, 560;
in sixteenth century, 672;
under Cardinal Pole, 710, 711;
after the Reformation, 702, 703, 711.

Oxonian Latin, 496.

Pace, Richard, 673, 696.

Pachomius, St., 21.

Paderborn, schools of, 268.

Padua, University of, 394, 659.

Paganism of the Renaissance, 623, 660.

Palatine school of St. Gregory, 58.

---- of Charlemagne, 119-129, 144.

Pamphilius, St., 15.

Pandects, the, 391, and _note_.

Pantœnus, St., 7.

Pantheism, 406, 428, 429.

Paraclete, the, School of, 351.

Paris, schools of, 346, 363.

---- University of, 366.

---- book trade at, 383.

Parma, schools of, 328.

Parochial schools, 13, 110, 133, 253, 469, 543, 546, 549, 550;
in diocese of Milan, 724.

Paschal cycle, 8, 65, and _note_.

Paschasius Radpert, St., 160-164.

Paston letters, 578.

Patrick, St., 42-45.

Paul’s, St., school, 685-688.

Paul II., Pope, 616.

---- III., Pope, 698, 704.

---- IV., Pope, 710.

Paul Warnfrid, 118.

Paulus, Jovius, 658, and _note_.

Peckham, John of, 499, 500.

“Pedagogues,” 177.

Pepin, 116.

Peter, St., the Apostle, 1, 59.

Peter Damian, St., 326, 327.

---- of Pisa, 118.

---- of Cluny, 352.

---- Martyr, of Anghiera, 649, and _note_.

---- Vermigli, 702.

---- Pomponatus, 659.

Petrarch, 517-522.

Philip Augustus, 365.

---- le Bel, 404, 527.

---- the Almoner, 662.

Philosophy, its true nature, 433.

---- of St. Thomas, 429.

Phrenology, 340.

Physician’s fee at Bologna, 394.

Physics of Aristotle, 408.

Picus Mirandola, 618.

“Piperis Granum,” 275.

Pius II., Pope, 604.

---- IV., Pope, 718.

---- V., Pope, 719.

Platina, 616.

Plato, quoted by St. Bennet, Biscop, 76;
studied by Othlonus, 335;
translated by Moerbeka, 441;
revived study of him at Florence, 613.

Platonic Academy, 613, 614.

Pliny, 332.

Poetry, specimen of Old English, 580-582.

Poggio Bracciolini, 609.

Pole, Reginald, 692-701;
his Provincial Synod, 709;
death, 710.

Politian, Angelo, 620-623.

Politics of the universities, 404-406.

Pollesworth, school of, 578.

Polyglot Bible, 652.

Pomponatus, 659, and _note_.

Pomponius Lætus, 616, 617, and _note_.

Popes, protectors of learning, 396-398.

Poppo of Wurtzburg, 260.

Printing, 593, 635.

Professors, tyranny of, 525, 660.

Prohibitory decree of Archbishop Arundel explained, 562.

_Proslogion_ of St. Anselm, 312.

Provisors, Statute of, injurious to learning, 560.

Psalter, the, 21, 178.

Public schools, 132.

“Pugio Fidei” by Raymund Martin, 437.

Quinctilian, 157, 181, 346.

---- copy of his institutes found in abbey of St. Gall’s, 609.

Rabanus Maurus, 147-156.

Radbod, Duke, 93.

---- Bishop, 257.

Radewyns, Florentius, 631.

Ramsey, Abbey of, 221, 315, 461.

Ratgar, abbot of Fulda, 152.

Ratpert of St. Gall’s, 270.

Reading School, 461, 577.

Realists and Nominalists, 344, 345.

Reichnau, Monastery of, 173.

Reform of Chant, 717.

Reformation, Protestant, 666, 667.

Remigius of Auxerre, 241.

Reuchlin, 637.

Rheims, school of, 241.

Rhenish Academy, 637.

Rhetoric, decline of, 378.

Richard, St., of Chichester, 489, 494.

Richard l’Evèque, a Paris master, 358.

Richer of Rheims, biographer of Gerbert, 285;
his journey, 291.

Richmond, Countess of, 677.

Ripon, 66.

Robert Melun, 356.

Robert Pullus, or Pulleyne, Cardinal;
restorer of sacred studies at Oxford, 357, 454.

Robert of Naples, King, crowns Petrarch, 519, 536.

---- Grosteste, 483-486.

Rodolph Agricola, 637.

---- Langius, 637.

Romances, 319.

Romanesque language, 152, 229.

Roman Academy, 616, 662, 670.

---- jurisprudence, 391.

Rome, state of, under Leo X., 658.

---- sack of, 669, 670.

Ronsard, poet of the Renaissance, 647.

Roscelin, the Nominalist, 345.

Ruodman, of Reichnau, 276.

Ruysbrock, 630.

Sadolet, 657, 660, 667, 700, 705.

Saltzburg, Virgil of, 97, 98.

Sanctes Pagninus, 658.

Sannazar, poet of the Renaissance, 661.

Santeuil, 498.

Saracens, invasions of the, 232, 246.

Savonarola, 625-627.

Saxons, 62, 160.

“Scale of Perfection,” 583.

Scepticism, 407, 428.

Scholastic Philosophy, 360.

“Scholastic Postils,” by Nicholas de Lyra, 489.

Schools, ancient Christian, 33.

---- public, of Charlemagne, 131.

---- of the Empire, 15.

“Scotists,” 642, 662.

Scotus Erigena, 145, 146, and _note_.

Scotus, Marianus, 339.

Scotus, Duns, 496, 505.

Scriptorium, labours of the, 100, 172, 332, 334.

Scriptures, study of the, 24, 188, 190.

---- laid aside by scholars of Renaissance, 624.

---- translations of the, 340, and _note_, 563, 635, 636.

Secret Societies, 407.

Sedulius, Cœlius, 39.

Seminaries, ancient Episcopal, 13, 14, 36, 39, 64, 95;
decline of, 402;
restoration of, by the Council of Trent, 714;
Cardinal Pole’s Synodal decree on, 709;
of St. Charles Borromeo, 721-723.

Sempringham, school of, 465-468.

Sens, Council of, condemns Abelard, 352.

Sentences, the Book of, 363, 364.

Serfs, education of, 549.

Servile work explained, 109.

Seven liberal arts, 179.

Sidonius Apollinaris, 28.

Sigebert of Gemblours, 331.

Sigfrid, Abbot of Jarrow, 76.

Sigulf, disciple of Alcuin, 121.

Siricius, Pope, St., his decretal, 12.

Sixtine, Dr., and Haccombe Church, 684.

Smaragdus, 135.

Soissons, school of music, 122.

Sophocles, studied at Corby, 358.

Sorbonne, College of, 374.

Spanish schools of tenth century, 253.

---- Renaissance, 649.

“Sparsa Dorsum,” 259.

“Speculum Stultorum,” 464.

Stamford schools, 468.

Standonch, John, 634.

“Stationarii,” 383.

State maxims of Paris University, 405, 406.

Stavelot, Wibald of, 358.

Stephen III., Pope, 116, 117.

---- IX., Pope, 327.

---- of Wurtzburg, 260.

---- of Lexington, 371.

---- St. Harding, 372.

---- of Senlis, 401.

Strabo, Walafrid, 151, 173, 174.

Strode, Randolph, 554.

Sturm, St. founder of Fulda, 104, 105.

Suidas, his Lexicon translated by Grosteste, 485.

Summa of St. Thomas, 425.

---- burnt, 666.

Syriac, Charlemagne’s knowledge of, 122.

Tacitus, manuscript of, in Old Corby, 168, 658.

Tangmar, master of St. Bernward, 264.

Tenth century, 225.

Tertullian, on schools of the Empire, 17.

Thecla, St., disciple of St. Paul, 26.

---- companion of St. Walburgh, 105.

Theodore, St., of Canterbury, 66.

Theodoric, 30.

Theodulph of Orleans, 133, 134.

Theology, positive, 187.

---- scholastic, 364.

“Theonine tooth” explained, 465, and _note_.

Theophania, the Empress, 263.

Thomas, St., of Canterbury, 358, 362.

---- Aquinas, 422-432.

---- of Hereford, 501.

Thorney Abbey, 223.

Toledo, Councils of, 13, 14, 717.

Toul, schools of, 325.

Toulouse grammarians, 29, 30.

---- University, 398, and _note_.

Tournai, schools of, 342, 344.

Tours, St. Martin of, 33, 36, 42.

---- schools of, 33, 36, 42, 137, 144, 233, 304.

---- Council of, 308.

Transubstantiation, 220, _note_, 308.

Trent, Council of, 708-717;
Decree on Seminaries, 714.

---- Decree on justification, 709.

Trevisa, John of, 544, 545, and _note_.

Trinitarian Order, 371.

Trinity, Holy, Abelard on, 351.

---- College, Oxford, 711.

Trivium and quadrivium, 179.

Tudesque dialect, 125, 126, 171, 229, _note_.

Tutilo of St. Gall’s, 271.

Udalric, St., of Augsburgh, 261, 262.

“Ungren,” the, 233.

Universities, rise of, 391;
Office of, 399;
and the Divorce, 696;
reform of, 716.

Urban IV., Pope, 397.

Utrecht, School of, 93, 96, 257.

Vacarius, 393;
lectures on law at Oxford, 454.

Vaison, Council of, establishes rural parishes, 11, 13.

Valence, Council of, condemns Scotus Erigena, 145.

Valerius, Maximus, copy of, 584.

Valla, Lorenzo, 609, 610.

Vatican Library, 604, 652.

Vaucluse, Petrarch at, 519.

Vercelli, St. Eusebius of, 33.

Verdun, schools of, 267.

Victor, St., 11.

Victor’s, School of St., 348, 352.

---- Hugh of, 353.

---- Richard of, 353, 354.

Vida, author of the “Christiad,” 658.

Vienne, schools of, 114.

---- Council of, and Oriental languages, 438.

Vincent, St., the Martyr, 11.

Vincent of Beauvais, 434, 435.

Vinsauf, Geoffrey of, 393, 461.

Virgil, early studies of, 41, 79, _note_, 84, 120, 121, 129, 141,
171, 181, 338.

---- the false, 29.

---- St., of Salzburg, 97, 98, and _note_.

“Vision of Purgatory,” Wettin’s, 150.

Vitalian, Pope, 66.

Vitalis, Odericus, 321-323.

Vives, Ludovicus, 692.

Wakefield, Hebrew Professor, 696.

Wala, 167, 168.

Walafrid Strabo, 150, 173, 174.

Walburga, St., 107.

Wandalbert, scholasticus of Prom, 159.

Waynflete, 571.

Wearmouth, 72.

Werden, monastery of, founded by St. Luidger, 97.

Whethamstede, Abbot of St. Alban’s, 584, 585.

Whitherne, 36.

Whitland Abbey, 37.

Wickliffe, 557-566.

Wigger, a monk of Hildesheim, 266.

Wilfred, St., 65, 66.

Wilibald, St., 104.

Wilibrord, St., 92, 93.

William, of Aquitaine, Duke, his love of learning, 242.

----, of Hirschau, 333, 335.

William the Conqueror, 310, 316, 373.

William de Conches, 346.

William de Champeaux, 348.

Wimbourne, nuns of, 101, 102.

Winchcombe, 221, 315, 453, 578.

Winchester, 220, 569.

Winfred, 91.

Winibald, St., 107.

Wippo, 256.

Wireker, Nigel, author of _Speculum Stultorum_, 464.

Witgard, 303.

Wittemberg, University of, 644.

Wolfgang, 260-263.

Wolsey, 672, 675, 677.

Woodville, Lord Rivers, 593, 594.

Writing, art of, 266, 334.

---- school copy of, 172.

Wulstan, St., of Worcester, 316.

Wurtzburg, school of, 260.

Wykeham, William of, 569-571.

Xenophon translated, 604.

Ximenes, Cardinal, 649-653.

Zachary, Pope, and St. Boniface, 98.

Zenobius Acciajoli, 626, 658.

Zodiac, 68.

Zozimus, Pope, 12.

THE END.

ERRATA.

Page 348, line 15 from top, _for_ “science” _read_ “art,” and _for_
“seven” _read_ “other.”

Page 406, line 10 from bottom, _for_ “logic” _read_ “metaphysics.”

Page 392, line 6, _for_ “degrees,” _read_ “decrees.”

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Fuit autem forma Beatissimi Marci hujusmodi: longo naso, subducto supercilio, pulcher oculis, recalvaster, prolixa barba, velox, habitudinis optimæ, canis aspersus, affectione continens, gratia Dei plenus.--Metaphrastes, _Vita S. Marci_, ap. Surium.

[2] Nahum iii. 8.

[3] Vita S. Marci.

[4] A faded copy of St. Mark’s Gospel, preserved in St. Mark’s Treasury at Venice, claims to have been written by his own hand. Montfauçon, who has described it in his _Iter Italicum_, considers that this claim cannot be supported, though he attests the great antiquity of the manuscript.

[5] The ecclesiastical chant took its first great development at Alexandria, and appears to have been brought thither from Rome by St. Mark. Philo the Jew, a native of Alexandria, who lived in the time of the Evangelist, describes the Christians passing their days in psalmody and prayer, and singing in alternate choirs (Euseb. lib. ii. c. 17). On the martyrdom of the Evangelist we read how certain just men buried him “singing prayers and psalms.” (_Vita S. Marci_, Sim. Met.) The nature of the chant established at Alexandria in the time of St. Athanasius, is very precisely indicated by St. Augustine, in that passage of his Confessions (lib. x. c. 33) where, speaking of the _voluptates aurium_, he says that he sometimes desires even to banish from his ears the sweet tones to which the Psalms of David were generally sung in church; “and then that method seems to me more safe which I remember often to have heard of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, who caused the lector to intone the Psalms with so slight an inflection of the voice, that it was more like reading than singing.” Hippolytus, in his Book on Antichrist, declares that one effect of His coming at the end of the world will be the abolition of the Psalmody of the Church.

[6] Cassian, Inst. ii. c. 5; Coll. 18. 6.

[7] Euseb. Hist. l. v. c. 20.

[8] Durandus, Rational. lib. viii. c. 1. It is also frequently used to signify an elementary knowledge of arithmetic.

[9] In spite of the labours of recent critics, the history of St. Hyppolitus still remains obscure. It appears uncertain whether there were one or many saints of the name; whether the Hyppolitus celebrated by Prudentius was ever really Bishop of Porto, and lastly, whether he was, or was not, the author of the _Philosophumena_. The former opinion is maintained by Bunsen, Döllinger, and the majority of German and English critics; the latter is generally supported by the Catholic writers of France.

[10] Acta S. Feliciani, ed. Boll.

[11] Fleury, l. xviii. 35.

[12] Breviary Lessons: Feb. 13, proper for Rome. Vignoli, Liber Pontificalis, tom. ii. c. 89.

[13] Cœpit vivere secundum regulam sub sanctis apostolis constitutam. (Office of St. Augustine.)

[14] Fleury, l. xx. 32.

[15] Fleury, l. xxxii. 22.

[16] Ruinart, Atti Sinceri, vol. ii. 367-381. Ed. Rom. 1777.

[17] S. Greg. Vita S. Benedicti.

[18] S. Aug. Conf. l. viii. c. 5.

[19] S. Basil. De Legendis Gentilium Libris, tom. ii. p. 245. Ed. Gaume.

[20] S. Joan. Chrys. tom. i. pp. 115-122. Ed. Gaume.

[21] The words of the Christian orator are almost identical with those of Quinctilian on the same subject. “Si studiis quidem scholas prodesse, moribus autem nocere constaret, potior mihi ratio vivendi honeste, quam vel optime dicendi videretur.”--Lib. i. c. 3.

[22] _Regula S. Pachomii_, cap. i. cxl.

[23] Boll., Vit. S. Pach. c. 3, 4.

[24] Mabillon, Acta SS. Ord. Ben. Præf. in sec. iii.

[25] Reg. S. Basil. fus. tract. 15. Tom. 2, p. 498. Ed. Gaume.

[26] Omnes literas discant: omni tempore duabus horis, hoc est, a mane usque ad horam secundam, lectioni vacent.--S. Cæsarii Reg. ad Virg. cap. xvii.

[27] S. Leand. De Instit. Virg. cap. vi. et vii.

[28] There are, however, indications that at Alexandria at least young children took part in some of the exercises of the catechetical school. St. Clement’s hymn to the Saviour appears to have been written for his younger disciples. “O Shepherd of the _lambs_!” he says, “assemble Thine innocent children, and let their stainless lips sing hymns to Christ, the guide of youth.” And again: “Fed by the Divine milk of wisdom, that mother of grace has taught our infant lips, and made them taste the dew of the Spirit. Let us then sing to Christ our King.... Let us celebrate the praises of the Almighty Child.”

[29] 2 Tim. i. 5.

[30] Vit. S. Mac., cap. 2.

[31] Vita S. Fulgen., cap. i. ap. Surium.

[32] St. Hier., Ep. 96 (aliter 127, ed. Migne), ad Principiam.

[33] Gladstone, Studies on Homer.

[34] The works of Virgil the grammarian have been edited by Cardinal Mai (Auctores classici, tom. v.), who considers that the Toulouse Academy cannot be assigned a later date than the end of the sixth century.

[35] Mabillon, Acta SS. Ben. Præf. Secul. iii. 39.

[36] These are the words of Trithemius, who says that from the very beginning of the order the sons of nobles were educated in the Benedictine monasteries, “non solum in Scripturis Divinis, sed etiam in secularibus litteris.”

[37] In allusion to the waxen tablets then used for writing.

[38] S. Ælred, Vit. S. Nin.

[39] _A solis ortus cardine_ and _Hostis Herodes_, the latter of which stands in the Roman Breviary under a somewhat altered form. This Sedulius is to be distinguished from Sedulius the younger, who was also of Irish extraction, and was Bishop of Oreta in Spain, in the eighth century.

[40] Scripsit Abegetoria, ccclxv. Nenn. Camb. MS. c. 57.

[41] Acta SS. Boll. Mart.

[42] Columba had previously studied in the school of St. Finian of Maghbile and received deacon’s orders, so that he could not have been a mere boy when he came to Clonard. But Adamnan tells us that he was still a youth, _adhuc juvenis_.

[43] Now Clonmacnois in King’s County.

[44] I should not have thought it necessary to remind the reader that St. Columba, the founder of Iona in 563, is to be distinguished from St. Columbanus the founder of Luxeuil in 585, had not so considerable a writer as Thierry, in his history of the Norman Conquest, spoken of them as the same persons.

[45] Act. SS. Boll.

[46] Ara Multiscilus, _Schedæ de Islandia_, cap. 2, quoted by Haverty, who sums up the number of Irish saints known to have settled in different parts of Europe as follows: 150 in Germany, of whom 36 were martyrs; 45 in Gaul, 6 martyrs; 30 in Belgium; 44 in England; 13 in Italy; and 8 martyrs in Norway and Iceland. They founded 13 monasteries in Scotland, 12 in England, 40 in Gaul, 9 in Belgium, 16 in Bavaria, 15 in Switzerland, 6 in Italy, and others in different parts of Germany.

[47] It is first spoken of by John of Salisbury, a writer of the twelfth century, who quotes no authority for the statement. With regard to the reproof administered to Bishop Didier, it is not denied, for the passage is extant in one of St. Gregory’s letters. But the real and authentic justification is given in the Gloss on the Canon Law, which explains that Didier’s fault did not lie in his studying humane literature, but in his giving public lectures in his church on the profane poets, and substituting the same in the place of the Gospel lesson. “Recitabat _in ecclesia_ fabulas Jovis, et eas moraliter exponebat in prædicatione sua.” (_Decret._ pars i. dis. 86.) And again, “Beatus Gregorius quemdam episcopum _non reprehendit_ quia litteras seculares didicerat; sed quia, contra episcopale officium, _pro lectione Evangelica_, grammaticam populo exponebat.” (_Decret._ pars i. dis. 37, c. 8. ed. Antwerp., 1573, quoted by Landriot, _Recherches Historiques_, p. 212.)

[48] St. Ignatius is generally spoken of as a disciple of the Apostle St. John. But many writers call him a disciple of St. Peter also, and some even represent that Apostle as placing him in the see of Antioch (S. Chrys. Hom. in S. Ignat. t. ii. p. 712). Tillemont (t. ii. p. 87, ed. 1732) quotes St. Athanasius, Origen and Theodoret, to the same effect. The historian Socrates speaks of St. Ignatius as introducing into the ancient Church of Antioch the alternate chant of two choirs (Socrates, lib. vi. c. 8.). Theodoret says that it was used there, in the time of the Arians, as a powerful instrument to oppose their blasphemous heresies.

[49] Bede, lib. i. ch. 27.

[50] This expression requires some explanation, being an apparent contradiction of what has been said before as to the Roman origin of the Irish schools. It must be borne in mind that the error in the Irish manner of observing Easter was not that of the Eastern Quarto Decimans, as they are called, who kept it on the fourteenth day of the Jewish month Nisan, on whatever day of the week that might fall. This error was corrected at the Council of Nice, when it was commanded that the feast should always be celebrated on the Sunday after the fourteenth day of the moon; and the decree of the council was obeyed in Britain and Ireland as in Rome. But difficulties afterwards arose in the method of calculating Easter; the _Cycles_, or periods of years used for that purpose, were after a time found to be incorrect, and the philosophers of Alexandria were applied to, to calculate the day and notify it each year to the Pope, who should publish it to the rest of the Church. Even this plan failed to secure uniformity, and in the fifth century Rome and Alexandria were to be found computing the time of Easter after different cycles, Rome using one of eighty-four years, and Alexandria one of nineteen, which caused the feast to be celebrated on different days. The old Roman cycle was that which had been introduced into Ireland, and the Irish clergy continued to use it after it had been reformed in the time of Pope Hilarion, by whose command the Alexandrian cycle was established as more correct, and the calendar was corrected by Victorinus of Aquitaine. Such was the disturbed date of the world at this time, however, that the British and Irish churches heard nothing of this change, and stuck to their old Roman cycle even after the arrival of St. Gregory’s missionaries. The notion of the Irish having adopted the Eastern computation of the Quarto Decimans is very clearly disproved by reference to Bede, lib. iii. ch. 4. They at last adopted the Roman calendar at the Synod of Lene, held in 630, wherein it was agreed that “they should receive what was brought to them from _the fountain of their baptism and of their wisdom_, even the successors of the Apostles of Christ.”

[51] By astrology and the calculation of horoscopes must not be here understood the practice of _judicial_ astrology, which was regarded by all the Anglo-Saxon prelates as a forbidden art; but, as Lingard supposes, studies connected with the Zodiac, and the art of dialling, here called _horoscopii computatio_; an art much in vogue among early scholars, and which formed one of the scientific recreations of Boethius.

[52] Surtees, History of Durham.

[53] Bede, lib. iv. c, 18.

[54] Alc. Opera i. p. 282.

[55] Nec linguam Hebraicam ignoravit. (Breviary Lessons.)

[56] Among the authors quoted by Bede are Virgil, Horace, Terence, Ovid, Lucan, Lucretius, Prudentius, Juvencus, Macer, Varro, Cornelius, Severus, Fortunatus, Sedulius, and Pacuvius, besides the Latin Fathers. He also makes frequent references to Homer, which was not at that time translated into Latin, and which he can, therefore, only have known in its original Greek.

[57] See De Nat. Rerum, Op. tom. ii. p. 37.

[58] Iren. de Hær. l. iii. 4.

[59] Three, however, were preserved which expressed sounds not conveyed by the Roman alphabet, corresponding to w, th, and dh.

[60] The instruction of the people was not, however, to be limited to a knowledge of these prayers. “Let them be taught,” he says, “by what works they may please God, and from what things they must abstain; with what sincerity they must believe in Him, and with what devotion they must pray; how diligently and frequently they must fortify themselves with the holy sign of the Cross; and how salutary for every class of Christian is the daily reception of the Lord’s Body and Blood, which is, you know, the constant practice of the Church of Christ throughout Italy, Gaul, Africa, Greece, and the whole of the East.” This is a most important testimony as to the existing practice of the Church in the eighth century, and Bede goes on to say that to his knowledge there are innumerable young persons, of both sexes, who might, beyond all question, be suffered to communicate, at least, on all Sundays and festivals.

[61] “Caras super omnia gazas.” (De Pont. Ebor. Eccl.)

[62] Jamdiu optata adest dies. (Vita S. Bon. Acta SS. Ben.)

[63] “O felix collegium beatissimi Bonifacii!” exclaims the biographer of S. Sola.

[64] Dr. Campbell in his “Strictures on the Ecclesiastical History of Ireland,” observes that “this great man was degraded by Pope Zachary on conviction of _being a mathematician_.” But perhaps the most remarkable reproduction of this oft-told tale occurs in Dr. Enfield’s translation of Brucker’s “History of Philosophy,” which I give verbatim, as only to be paralleled in the “Art of Pluck.” “Boniface,” he says, “_the patron of ignorance and barbarism_, summoned _Polydore Virgil, bishop of Salisbury, to the Court of Inquisition_ for maintaining the existence of the antipodes.” (Vol. i, p. 363.) Would it be believed that a writer who is engaged in bewailing the _ignorance_ of monkish philosophers should commit himself to a statement which confuses St. Feargil, or Virgil, bishop of Saltzburg, in the eighth century, with Polydore Vergil, archdeacon of Bath (for he was never bishop of Salisbury at all), in the fifteenth? And then the Inquisition! To make it complete he should have identified Virgil with the Latin poet, and convicted him of the Albigensian heresy. Yet these are the writers who find no terms contemptuous enough in which to speak of mediæval ignorance. “Among the scholastics,” writes Dr. Enfield, in the very next sentence, “we find surprising proofs of weakness and ignorance.” The scholastics, could they speak, might find something to retort on their accusers.

[65] The doctrines attributed to Virgil, and their condemnation by Pope Zachary, have been examined by Decker, a professor of Louvain, who shows very clearly that the error lay, not in their maintaining the existence of the antipodes, but in the notion of a race distinct from that of Adam. Feller, in the account he gives of the matter in his Historical Dictionary, refers to the teaching of Bede, who, he declares, denied the spherical figure of the earth. But the work from which he quotes is not to be found among the writings of our English saint, whose real opinion on the subject may be seen from the following explicit passage: “We call the earth a globe, not that it is absolutely the perfect form of a globe, by reason of the unevenness of hills and plains, but because its whole compass, if comprehended within the circumference of lines, would make the figure of a globe.”--_De Nat. Rer._ c. xlvi. 118.

[66] This question was resolved by Pope Zachary in favour of the validity of the baptism so administered.

[67] Vita S. Liob. ap. Surium.

[68] Tradition says that they stopped at Antwerp some days, and a grotto is still shown in the ancient church dedicated to St. Walburga, where she is said to have prayed.

[69] For the ingenious arguments by which certain writers have endeavoured to show that the Council of Cloveshoe _rejected_ the authority of the Roman Pontiff (by whose command it was summoned), and for their able refutation, the reader is referred to “Lingard’s Anglo-Saxon Antiquities,” vol. i. Appendix, note G.

[70] Thorpe II. 414.

[71] Sid. Apol. Ep. iv. 3.

[72] Hist. Litt. t. iii. p. 22.

[73] Guizot, Hist. de Civil. vol. ii. lect. 22.

[74] Guizot, Hist. de Civil. vol. ii. lect. 22.

[75] According to Durandus, the circumstances under which Paul the Deacon wrote this hymn were as follows. Having to sing the blessing of the Paschal candle on Holy Saturday, he unfortunately lost his voice from hoarseness, and to recover it, invoked the aid of St. John Baptist, in whose honour he composed this hymn, in which he solicits him to restore him the use of his voice, and reminds him how at his nativity he had procured a like grace for his father Zachary. This anecdote explains the allusion in the opening lines. To avoid the tiresome confusion arising from the similarity of names, I will remind the reader that there were two persons designated as Paul the Deacon; one the contemporary of St. Gregory, and the other his historian; and moreover that he had another historian in the person of _John_ the Deacon, who lived in the ninth century.

[76] The identical copy is still preserved in the Library of Sta. Maria in Vallicella at Rome, and bears on its fly-leaf the following inscription, which many suppose to be the autograph of Alcuin:--

Pro me quisque legas versus, orare memento.
Alcuine dicor; tu, sine fine, vale.

A folio Bible now in the British Museum, and formerly the property of M. de Speyer Passavant, has also its claims to be considered the original copy of Alcuin, though commonly held to have been written in the reign of Charles the Bald.

[77] Crevier, Hist. de L’Univ. de Paris, vol. i.

[78] Vita Caroli Mon. Engol. an. 787.

[79] Vita S. Greg. Joan. Diac. lib. ii. 7.

[80] Quatuor Evangelia Christi in ultimo ante obitus sui diem, cum Græcis et Syris optime correxerat. (Thegani, Vita Ludovici Pii, printed in Pertz, _Mon. Germ._ t ii.)

[81] Vita Karoli, Eginhard, cap. 22.

[82] See Patrologie Latine, vols. xcvii. and xcviii.

[83] The interior schools were known as _claustral_, and the exterior for secular students as _canonical_. Ekhehard, in his life of B. Notker, is the first who accurately distinguishes the two sorts of schools. “Traduntur post breve tempus Marcello _scholæ claustri_ cum beato Notkero Balbulo et cæteris monachici habitus pueris: _exteriores_ vero, _id est canonicæ_, Isoni cum Salomone et ejus comparibus.” It is probable however that the law directing a total separation of the scholars under different masters, could not in all cases be carried out as rigidly as at the great abbey of St. Gall’s, where the studium was, in Notker’s time, the first in Europe; and in many monasteries both schools continued to be directed by the same scholasticus.

[84] Præfatio in IV. Sæculum, 184. Trithemius gives the names of sixteen monasteries containing these major schools; Mabillon adds eleven more, and the list might undoubtedly be yet further enlarged.

[85] He probably rested his statement on the petition presented by the Council of Paris in 829 to Louis le Débonnaire, in which they requested him, by his royal authority, to establish public schools _in three chief cities of his empire_, to the end that the troubles of the times might not quite destroy the good work set on foot by his father. But this was a suggestion and nothing more; the three cities were never named, and are merely spoken of as _in tribus congruentissimis imperii vestri locis_; and the deposition of Louis, and the civil wars that raged between his sons, effectually prevented the suggestion from being carried out. The academy founded by Charlemagne at Pavia, which was directed by the Irish Dungal, was itself attached to a monastery. This is possibly the school alluded to by Bulæus, but there is certainly nothing in its history which claims for it the least pre-eminence over the monastic schools of France and Germany. The university historians have, in general, greatly misrepresented or misunderstood the character of the monastic schools. Du Boulay talks of the _public schools_ of Charlemagne as if they were Etons or Harrows, and in one place likens them to universities. But, in fact, the term _public school_ meant simply that they were not confined to the use of the monks of that monastery, but were open to all comers. We find in them rather the germ of the _collegiate_ system, which was in some sense the counterpoise of the university idea. But Bulæus and Du Boulay always write with Paris University in their mind as the normal principle of education. They seem unable to conceive of any institution for teaching which was not either its copy or its anticipation.

[86] Mab. Vet. Analecta, i. 357.

[87] See his verses on the destruction of Lindisfarne (Acta SS. Ben.)

[88] At Aix-la-Chapelle his bones have been quite recently discovered and identified.--See _Die Eröffnung des Karlsschreines_, being No. 61 of the _Aachener Zeitung_, March 2, 1861.

[89] See Ampère, Hist. Lit. avant le xii. Siècle, t. ii.

[90] Matthew of Westminster represents him as taking refuge in England, where, according to the same authority, he was warmly received by King Alfred, and becoming scholasticus at Malmsbury abbey, was there stabbed to death by his scholars. This story was received as authentic, until Mabillon showed it to have been an incorrect version of the history of John of Saxony, who, when abbot of Ethelingay, was killed in a commotion with some of his monks. In spite of the pains taken by this writer to clear up the mistake, the narrative still finds its place in most works which treat of our old English schools, and will probably be as hard to dislodge as other traditions of the same genus. It appears certain, however, that Scotus Erigena returned to France and died there in peace, some time after the death of Charles the Bald.

[91] Many of these towns derive their names from the monks under whom the cells dependent on the abbey were first founded; thus we have Abrazell, Aichezell, Kerzell, and Edelcell, from Abraham, Haicho, Kero, and Edeling, all monks of Fulda.

[92] Nepotem meum et cum eo duo alios nobiles puerulos, quando, si Deus vult, nostro monasterio profuturos, propter Germanicæ linguæ nanciscendam scientiam, Vestræ Sanctitati mittere cupio. (Ep. xci.)

[93] He appears to have had some knowledge of Hebrew, and introduces a quotation from the Hebrew Scriptures in his Treatise _De Partu Virginis_.

[94] Rabanus, De Instit. Clericorum, lib. iii. c. 24.

[95] Tract. de Corpore Christi, printed in Martène, Vet. Script. t. 9.

[96]

Scandens et descendens inter montium confinia
Silvarum scrutando loca, valliumque concava.

(Hymn for the Procession of Relics. ap. Leibnitz.)

[97] Vita B. Notkeri. ch. ix. Acta SS. Ben.

[98] Archives of the Chapter of Rouen, ann. 1449.

[99] Spicilegium, t. ii. 311.

[100] Consuet. Clun. Spicileg. t. i. 687.

[101] Vita Ratgari. Acta S.S. Boll. t. i.

[102] D’Achery Spicileg. t. ii. p. 139.

[103] Hallam’s Middle Ages, vol. iii. p. 330, and note.

[104] Guibert de Nogent refers to his school studies of Ovid and Virgil’s Eclogues; and Peter de Blois names Suetonius and Q. Curtius, “besides the other books which are commonly used in schools.” For a full and careful enumeration of the class-books used in the monastic schools, see Bahr: _Geschichte der Römischen Literatur_; and also Prof. Pauly’s _Real Encyclopädie der Classischen Alterthumswissenschaft_.

[105] Acta SS. Ben. Præf. in Secul. iii.

[106] It is reprinted by Mai, Scrip. Vet. t. iii. p. 251.

[107] Hilduin, abbot of St. Denis in 814, was the chief supporter of this opinion. The letter addressed to him by the Emperor Louis, and his reply, are prefixed to the Areopagitica in Surius. t. v.

[108] Deut. vi. 7.