Chapter XXXVI: Part XL: Responsibility and Qualifications of Locomotive Runners.119 (2)

+------------+
|_Table of |
|Hyperbolic |
|Logarithms._|
+----+-------+
| | Loga- |
|Num.|rithms.|
+----+-------+
|1.01| .0099|
|1.02| .0198|
|1.03| .0295|
|1.04| .0392|
|1.05| .0487|
|1.06| .0582|
|1.07| .0676|
|1.08| .0769|
|1.09| .0861|
|1.10| .0953|
|1.11| .1043|
|1.12| .1133|
|1.13| .1222|
|1.14| .1310|
|1.15| .1397|
|1.16| .1484|
|1.17| .1570|
|1.18| .1655|
|1.19| .1739|
|1.20| .1823|
|1.21| .1962|
|1.22| .1988|
|1.23| .2070|
|1.24| .2151|
|1.25| .2231|
|1.26| .2341|
|1.27| .2390|
|1.28| .2468|
|1.29| .2546|
|1.30| .2623|
|1.31| .2700|
|1.32| .2776|
|1.33| .2851|
|1.34| .2926|
|1.35| .3001|
|1.36| .3074|
|1.37| .3148|
|1.38| .3220|
|1.39| .3293|
|1.40| .3364|
|1.41| .3435|
|1.42| .3506|
|1.43| .3576|
|1.44| .3646|
|1.45| .3715|
|1.46| .3784|
|1.47| .3852|
|1.48| .3920|
|1.49| .3987|
|1.50| .4054|
|1.51| .4121|
|1.52| .4187|
|1.53| .4252|
|1.54| .4317|
|1.55| .4382|
|1.56| .4446|
|1.57| .4510|
|1.58| .4574|
|1.59| .4637|
|1.60| .4700|
|1.61| .4762|
|1.62| .4824|
|1.63| .4885|
|1.64| .4946|
|1.65| .5007|
|1.66| .5068|
|1.67| .5128|
|1.68| .5187|
|1.69| .5247|
|1.70| .5306|
|1.71| .5364|
|1.72| .5423|
|1.73| .5481|
|1.74| .5538|
|1.75| .5596|
|1.76| .5653|
|1.77| .5709|
|1.78| .5766|
|1.79| .5822|
|1.80| .5877|
|1.81| .5933|
|1.82| .5988|
|1.83| .6043|
|1.84| .6097|
|1.85| .6151|
|1.86| .6205|
|1.87| .6259|
|1.88| .6312|
|1.89| .6365|
|1.90| .6418|
|1.91| .6471|
|1.92| .6523|
|1.93| .6575|
|1.94| .6626|
|1.95| .6678|
|1.96| .6729|
|1.97| .6780|
|1.98| .6830|
|1.99| .6881|
|2.00| .6931|
|2.01| .6981|
|2.02| .7030|
|2.03| .7080|
|2.04| .7129|
|2.05| .7178|
|2.06| .7227|
|2.07| .7275|
|2.08| .7323|
|2.09| .7371|
|2.10| .7419|
|2.11| .7466|
|2.12| .7514|
|2.13| .7561|
|2.14| .7608|
|2.15| .7654|
|2.16| .7701|
|2.17| .7747|
|2.18| .7793|
|2.19| .7839|
|2.20| .7884|
|2.21| .7929|
|2.22| .7975|
|2.23| .8021|
|2.24| .8064|
|2.25| .8109|
|2.26| .8153|
|2.27| .8197|
|2.28| .8241|
|2.29| .8285|
|2.30| .8329|
|2.31| .8372|
|2.32| .8415|
|2.33| .8458|
|2.34| .8501|
|2.35| .8544|
|2.36| .8586|
|2.37| .8628|
|2.38| .8671|
|2.39| .8712|
|2.40| .8754|
|2.41| .8796|
|2.42| .8837|
|2.43| .8878|
|2.44| .8919|
|2.45| .8060|
|2.46| .9001|
|2.47| .9042|
|2.48| .9082|
|2.49| .9122|
|2.50| .9162|
|2.51| .9202|
|2.52| .9242|
|2.53| .9282|
|2.54| .9321|
|2.55| .9360|
|2.56| .9400|
|2.57| .9439|
|2.58| .9477|
|2.59| .9516|
|2.60| .9555|
|2.61| .9593|
|2.62| .9631|
|2.63| .9669|
|2.64| .9707|
|2.65| .9745|
|2.66| .9783|
|2.67| .9820|
|2.68| .9858|
|2.69| .9895|
|2.70| .9932|
|2.71| .9969|
|2.72| 1.0006|
|2.73| 1.0043|
|2.74| 1.0079|
|2.75| 1.0116|
|2.76| 1.0152|
|2.77| 1.0188|
|2.78| 1.0224|
|2.79| 1.0260|
|2.80| 1.0296|
|2.81| 1.0331|
|2.82| 1.0367|
|2.83| 1.0402|
|2.84| 1.0438|
|2.85| 1.0473|
|2.86| 1.0508|
|2.87| 1.0543|
|2.88| 1.0577|
|2.89| 1.0612|
|2.90| 1.0647|
|2.91| 1.0681|
|2.92| 1.0715|
|2.93| 1.0750|
|2.94| 1.0784|
|2.95| 1.0818|
|2.96| 1.0851|
|2.97| 1.0885|
|2.98| 1.0919|
|2.99| 1.0952|
|3.00| 1.0986|
|3.01| 1.1019|
|3.02| 1.1052|
|3.03| 1.1085|
|3.04| 1.1118|
|3.05| 1.1151|
|3.06| 1.1184|
|3.07| 1.1216|
|3.08| 1.1249|
|3.09| 1.1281|
|3.10| 1.1314|
|3.11| 1.1346|
|3.12| 1.1378|
|3.13| 1.1410|
|3.14| 1.1442|
|3.15| 1.1474|
|3.16| 1.1505|
|3.17| 1.1537|
|3.18| 1.1568|
|3.19| 1.1600|
|3.20| 1.1631|
|3.21| 1.1662|
|3.22| 1.1693|
|3.23| 1.1724|
|3.24| 1.1755|
|3.25| 1.1786|
|3.26| 1.1817|
|3.27| 1.1847|
|3.28| 1.1878|
|3.29| 1.1908|
|3.30| 1.1939|
|3.31| 1.1969|
|3.32| 1.1999|
|3.33| 1.2029|
|3.34| 1.2059|
|3.35| 1.2089|
|3.36| 1.2119|
|3.37| 1.2149|
|3.38| 1.2178|
|3.39| 1.2208|
|3.40| 1.2237|
|3.41| 1.2267|
|3.42| 1.2296|
|3.43| 1.2325|
|3.44| 1.2354|
|3.45| 1.2387|
|3.46| 1.2412|
|3.47| 1.2441|
|3.48| 1.2470|
|3.49| 1.2499|
|3.50| 1.2527|
|3.51| 1.2556|
|3.52| 1.2584|
|3.53| 1.2612|
|3.54| 1.2641|
|3.55| 1.2669|
|3.56| 1.2697|
|3.57| 1.2725|
|3.58| 1.2753|
|3.59| 1.2781|
|3.60| 1.2809|
|3.61| 1.2837|
|3.62| 1.2864|
|3.63| 1.2892|
|3.64| 1.2919|
|3.65| 1.2947|
|3.66| 1.2974|
|3.67| 1.3001|
|3.68| 1.3029|
|3.69| 1.3056|
|3.70| 1.3083|
|3.71| 1.3110|
|3.72| 1.3137|
|3.73| 1.3164|
|3.74| 1.3190|
|3.75| 1.3217|
|3.76| 1.3244|
|3.77| 1.3271|
|3.78| 1.3297|
|3.79| 1.3323|
|3.80| 1.3350|
|3.81| 1.3376|
|3.82| 1.3402|
|3.83| 1.3428|
|3.84| 1.3454|
|3.85| 1.3480|
|3.86| 1.3506|
|3.87| 1.3532|
|3.88| 1.3558|
|3.89| 1.3584|
|3.90| 1.3609|
|3.91| 1.3635|
|3.92| 1.3660|
|3.93| 1.3686|
|3.94| 1.3711|
|3.95| 1.3737|
|3.96| 1.3726|
|3.97| 1.3787|
|3.98| 1.3812|
|3.99| 1.3837|
|4.00| 1.3862|
|4.01| 1.3887|
|4.02| 1.3912|
|4.03| 1.3937|
|4.04| 1.3962|
|4.05| 1.3987|
|4.06| 1.4011|
|4.07| 1.4036|
|4.08| 1.4060|
|4.09| 1.4085|
|4.10| 1.4109|
|4.11| 1.4134|
|4.12| 1.4158|
|4.13| 1.4182|
|4.14| 1.4206|
|4.15| 1.4231|
|4.16| 1.4255|
|4.17| 1.4279|
|4.18| 1.4303|
|4.19| 1.4327|
|4.20| 1.4350|
|4.21| 1.4374|
|4.22| 1.4398|
|4.23| 1.4422|
|4.24| 1.4445|
|4.25| 1.4469|
|4.26| 1.4492|
|4.27| 1.4516|
|4.28| 1.4539|
|4.29| 1.4562|
|4.30| 1.4586|
|4.31| 1.4609|
|4.32| 1.4632|
|4.33| 1.4655|
|4.34| 1.4678|
|4.35| 1.4701|
|4.36| 1.4724|
|4.37| 1.4747|
|4.38| 1.4778|
|4.39| 1.4793|
|4.40| 1.4816|
|4.41| 1.4838|
|4.42| 1.4838|
|4.43| 1.4883|
|4.44| 1.4906|
|4.45| 1.4929|
|4.46| 1.4914|
|4.47| 1.4973|
|4.48| 1.4996|
|4.49| 1.5018|
|4.50| 1.5040|
|4.51| 1.5062|
|4.52| 1.5085|
|4.53| 1.5107|
|4.54| 1.5129|
|4.55| 1.5151|
|4.56| 1.5173|
|4.57| 1.5195|
|4.58| 1.5216|
|4.59| 1.5238|
|4.60| 1.5260|
|4.61| 1.5282|
|4.62| 1.5303|
|4.63| 1.5325|
|4.64| 1.5347|
|4.65| 1.5368|
|4.66| 1.5390|
|4.67| 1.5411|
|4.68| 1.5432|
|4.69| 1.5454|
|4.70| 1.5475|
|4.71| 1.5496|
|4.72| 1.5518|
|4.73| 1.5539|
|4.74| 1.5560|
|4.75| 1.5581|
|4.76| 1.5602|
|4.77| 1.5623|
|4.78| 1.5644|
|4.79| 1.5665|
|4.80| 1.5686|
|4.81| 1.5706|
|4.82| 1.5727|
|4.83| 1.5748|
|4.84| 1.5769|
|4.85| 1.5789|
|4.86| 1.5810|
|4.87| 1.5830|
|4.88| 1.5851|
|4.89| 1.5870|
|4.90| 1.5892|
|4.91| 1.5912|
|4.92| 1.5933|
|4.93| 1.5953|
|4.94| 1.5973|
|4.95| 1.5993|
|4.96| 1.6014|
|4.97| 1.6034|
|4.98| 1.6054|
|4.99| 1.6074|
|5.00| 1.6094|
|5.01| 1.6114|
|5.02| 1.6134|
|5.03| 1.6154|
|5.04| 1.6174|
|5.05| 1.6193|
|5.06| 1.6213|
|5.07| 1.6233|
|5.08| 1.6253|
|5.09| 1.6272|
|5.10| 1.6292|
|5.11| 1.6311|
|5.12| 1.6331|
|5.13| 1.6351|
|5.14| 1.6370|
|5.15| 1.6389|
|5.16| 1.6409|
|5.17| 1.6428|
|5.18| 1.6448|
|5.19| 1.6463|
|5.20| 1.6486|
|5.21| 1.6505|
|5.22| 1.6524|
|5.23| 1.6544|
|5.24| 1.6563|
|5.25| 1.6582|
|5.26| 1.6601|
|5.27| 1.6620|
|5.28| 1.6639|
|5.29| 1.6658|
|5.30| 1.6677|
|5.31| 1.6695|
|5.32| 1.6714|
|5.33| 1.6733|
|5.34| 1.6752|
|5.35| 1.6770|
|5.36| 1.6789|
|5.37| 1.6808|
|5.38| 1.6826|
|5.39| 1.6845|
|5.40| 1.6863|
|5.41| 1.6882|
|5.42| 1.6900|
|5.43| 1.6919|
|5.44| 1.6937|
|5.45| 1.6956|
|5.46| 1.6974|
|5.47| 1.6992|
|5.48| 1.7011|
|5.49| 1.7029|
|5.50| 1.7047|
|5.51| 1.7065|
|5.52| 1.7083|
|5.53| 1.7101|
|5.54| 1.7119|
|5.55| 1.7137|
|5.56| 1.7155|
|5.57| 1.7173|
|5.58| 1.7191|
|5.59| 1.7209|
|5.60| 1.7227|
|5.61| 1.7245|
|5.62| 1.7263|
|5.63| 1.7281|
|5.64| 1.7298|
|5.65| 1.7316|
|5.66| 1.7334|
|5.67| 1.7351|
|5.68| 1.7369|
|5.69| 1.7387|
|5.70| 1.7404|
|5.71| 1.7422|
|5.72| 1.7439|
|5.73| 1.7457|
|5.74| 1.7474|
|5.75| 1.7491|
|5.76| 1.7509|
|5.77| 1.7526|
|5.78| 1.7544|
|5.79| 1.7561|
|5.80| 1.7578|
|5.81| 1.7595|
|5.82| 1.7613|
|5.83| 1.7630|
|5.84| 1.7647|
|5.85| 1.7664|
|5.86| 1.7681|
|5.87| 1.7698|
|5.88| 1.7715|
|5.89| 1.7732|
|5.90| 1.7749|
|5.91| 1.7766|
|5.92| 1.7783|
|5.93| 1.7800|
|5.94| 1.7817|
|5.95| 1.7833|
|5.96| 1.7850|
|5.97| 1.7867|
|5.98| 1.7884|
|5.99| 1.7900|
|6.00| 1.7917|
|6.01| 1.7934|
|6.02| 1.7950|
|6.03| 1.7967|
|6.04| 1.7984|
|6.05| 1.8000|
|6.06| 1.8017|
|6.07| 1.8033|
|6.08| 1.8050|
|6.09| 1.8066|
|6.10| 1.8082|
|6.11| 1.8099|
|6.12| 1.8115|
|6.13| 1.8131|
|6.14| 1.8148|
|6.15| 1.8164|
|6.16| 1.8180|
|6.17| 1.8196|
|6.18| 1.8213|
|6.19| 1.8229|
|6.20| 1.8245|
|6.21| 1.8261|
|6.22| 1.8277|
|6.23| 1.8293|
|6.24| 1.8309|
|6.25| 1.8325|
|6.26| 1.8341|
|6.27| 1.8357|
|6.28| 1.8373|
|6.29| 1.8389|
|6.30| 1.8405|
|6.31| 1.8421|
|6.32| 1.8437|
|6.33| 1.8453|
|6.34| 1.8468|
|6.35| 1.8484|
|6.36| 1.8500|
|6.37| 1.8515|
|6.38| 1.8531|
|6.39| 1.8547|
|6.40| 1.8562|
+----+-------+

_Appendix III._

_Table Showing the Value and Properties of Various Kinds of Coal._

+---------------------------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | Cubic | |
| | Weight | feet | |
| | per |of space| Volatile |
| | cubic |required|combustible|
| | foot by | to stow| matter in |
| DESIGNATION OF COAL. |experiment| a ton | 100 parts |
+---------------------------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|Beaver Meadow, slope No. 3 Pa.| 54.93 | 40.78 | 2.38 |
|Beaver Meadow, slope No. 5 Pa.| 56.19 | 39.86 | 2.66 |
|Forest improvement Pa.| 53.66 | 41.75 | 3.07 |
|Peach Mountain Pa.| 53.7 | 41.64 | 2.96 |
|Lehigh Pa.| 55.32 | 40.50 | 5.28 |
|Lackawanna Pa.| 48.89 | 45.82 | 3.91 |
|Lyken’s Valley Pa.| 48.56 | 46.13 | 6.88 |
|Beaver Meadow (Navy Yard) Pa.| 55.08 | 40.65 | --- |
|Natural coke of Virginia Va.| 46.64 | 48.03 | 12.44 |
|Coke of Midlothian coal Va.| 32.70 | 68.50 | --- |
|Coke of Neff’s (Cumberland) | | | |
|coal Md.| 31.57 | 70.95 | --- |
|Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | |
|Meadow | 54.29 | 41.26 | --- |
|Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | |
|Meadow | 54.51 | 41.09 | --- |
|New York and Maryland Mining | | | |
|Company’s Md.| 53.70 | 41.71 | 12.31 |
|Neff’s Cumberland Md.| 54.29 | 41.26 | 12.67 |
|Easby’s “coal in store” Md.| 53.47 | 41.90 | 14.98 |
|Atkinson & Templeman’s Md.| 52.92 | 42.33 | 15.53 |
|Easby & Smith’s Md.| 51.16 | 43.78 | 15.52 |
|Cumberland (Navy Yard) Md.| 53.29 | 42.04 | 14.87 |
|Dauphin & Susquehanna Pa.| 50.54 | 44.32 | 13.82 |
|Blossburg Pa.| 53.05 | 42.22 | 14.78 |
|Lycoming Creek Pa.| 55.38 | 40.45 | 13.84 |
|Quin’s Run Pa.| 50.34 | 44.50 | 17.97 |
|Karthaus Pa.| 52.54 | 42.63 | 19.53 |
|Cambria County Pa.| 53.46 | 41.90 | 20.52 |
|Barr’s Deep Run Va.| 53.17 | 42.13 | 19.78 |
|Crouch & Snead’s Va.| 53.59 | 41.80 | 24.38 |
|Midlothian (900 feet shaft) Va.| 50.52 | 44.34 | 27.28 |
|Creek Company’s coal Va.| 46.50 | 48.17 | 32.47 |
|Clover Hill Va.| 45.49 | 49.25 | 32.21 |
|Chesterfield Mining Company’s Va.| 45.55 | 49.18 | 32.63 |
|Midlothian (average) Va.| 54.04 | 41.45 | 29.86 |
|Tippecanoe Va.| 45.10 | 49.67 | 34.54 |
|Midlothian (new shaft) Va.| 47.90 | 46.76 | 35.77 |
|Midlothian (screened) Va.| 45.72 | 48.99 | 34.70 |
|Midlothian (Navy Yard) Va.| 54.47 | 41.13 | 29.12 |
|Pictou (from New York) N. S.| 53.55 | 41.83 | 27.83 |
|Sidney N. S.| 47.44 | 47.22 | 23.81 |
|Pictou (Cunards) N. S.| 49.25 | 45.48 | 25.97 |
|Liverpool Eng.| 47.88 | 46.78 | 39.96 |
|Newcastle Eng.| 50.82 | 44.08 | 35.83 |
|Scotch Scotland| 51.09 | 43.84 | 39.19 |
|Pittsburg Pa.| 46.81 | 47.85 | 36.76 |
|Cannelton Ind.| 47.65 | 47.01 | 33.99 |
|Dry Pine Wood | 21.01 | 106.02 | --- |
+---------------------------------+----------+--------+-----------+

+---------------------------------+------+------+---------+---------+
| | | | | Total |
| | | | | waste |
| | | | | in the |
| | | | Pounds | state of|
| | Fixed|Earthy| of steam|ashes and|
| |carbon|matter| to 1 | clinker |
| |in 100|in 100| of coal | from 100|
| DESIGNATION OF COAL. | parts| parts|from 212°| of coal |
+---------------------------------+------+------+---------+---------+
|Beaver Meadow, slope No. 3 Pa.| 88.94| 7.11| 9.21 | 11.96 |
|Beaver Meadow, slope No. 5 Pa.| 91.4 | 5.15| 9.88 | 6.74 |
|Forest improvement Pa.| 90.75| 4.41| 10.06 | 6.97 |
|Peach Mountain Pa.| 89.02| 6.13| 10.11 | 6.97 |
|Lehigh Pa.| 89.15| 5.56| 8.93 | 7.22 |
|Lackawanna Pa.| 87.74| 6.35| 9.79 | 8.93 |
|Lyken’s Valley Pa.| 83.84| 9.25| 9.46 | 12.24 |
|Beaver Meadow (Navy Yard) Pa.| --- | 8.10| 9.08 | 8.10 |
|Natural coke of Virginia Va.| 75.08| 11.83| 8.47 | 18.46 |
|Coke of Midlothian coal Va.| --- | 16.55| 8.63 | 16.54 |
|Coke of Neff’s (Cumberland) | | | | |
|coal Md.| --- | 13.34| 9.00 | 13.34 |
|Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | |
|Meadow | --- | 8.88| 8.86 | 8.88 |
|Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | | |
|Meadow | --- | 8.18| 9.18 | 8.18 |
|New York and Maryland Mining | | | | |
|Company’s Md.| 73.50| 12.40| 9.78 | 12.71 |
|Neff’s Cumberland Md.| 74.53| 10.34| 9.44 | 10.96 |
|Easby’s “coal in store” Md.| 76.26| 8.08| 10.02 | 8.38 |
|Atkinson & Templeman’s Md.| 76.69| 7.33| 10.70 | 7.96 |
|Easby & Smith’s Md.| 74.29| 9.30| 9.96 | 9.69 |
|Cumberland (Navy Yard) Md.| 70.85| 14.98| --- | 14.53 |
|Dauphin & Susquehanna Pa.| 74.24| 11.49| 9.34 | 16.36 |
|Blossburg Pa.| 73.11| 10.77| 9.72 | 11.20 |
|Lycoming Creek Pa.| 71.53| 13.96| 8.91 | 16.92 |
|Quin’s Run Pa.| 72.79| 8.41| 10.27 | 8.94 |
|Karthaus Pa.| 73.77| 7.00| 9.09 | 7.89 |
|Cambria County Pa.| 69.37| 9.15| 9.24 | 9.75 |
|Barr’s Deep Run Va.| 67.96| 10.47| 9.02 | 11.07 |
|Crouch & Snead’s Va.| 59.98| 14.28| 8.34 | 14.34 |
|Midlothian (900 feet shaft) Va.| 61.08| 10.47| 8.58 | 10.70 |
|Creek Company’s coal Va.| 60.30| 8.57| 8.42 | 8.64 |
|Clover Hill Va.| 56.83| 10.13| 7.67 | 10.60 |
|Chesterfield Mining Company’s Va.| 58.79| 8.63| 9.00 | 9.07 |
|Midlothian (average) Va.| 53.01| 14.74| 8.29 | 14.83 |
|Tippecanoe Va.| 54.62| 9.37| 7.75 | 9.72 |
|Midlothian (new shaft) Va.| 56.40| 9.44| 8.75 | 10.26 |
|Midlothian (screened) Va.| 54.06| 9.66| 8.94 | 10.27 |
|Midlothian (Navy Yard) Va.| 56.11| 14.14| --- | --- |
|Pictou (from New York) N. S.| 56.98| 13.39| 8.41 | 13.37 |
|Sidney N. S.| 67.57| 5.49| 7.99 | 6.01 |
|Pictou (Cunards) N. S.| 60.74| 12.51| 8.48 | 12.06 |
|Liverpool Eng.| 54.90| 4.62| 7.48 | 5.04 |
|Newcastle Eng.| 57.00| 5.40| 8.66 | 5.68 |
|Scotch Scotland| 48.81| 9.34| 6.95 | 10.10 |
|Pittsburg Pa.| 54.93| 7.07| 8.20 | 8.25 |
|Cannelton Ind.| 58.44| 4.97| 7.34 | 5.12 |
|Dry Pine Wood | --- | 0.30| 4.69 | 0.30 |
+---------------------------------+------+------+---------+---------+

+---------------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+
| | | | |
| | Weight|Av. weight| |
| | of | in lbs. | |
| |clinker|of unburnt| Steam |
| | alone | coke left| from 212° |
| | from | on grate | from 1 of |
| | 100 of|after each|combustible|
| DESIGNATION OF COAL. | coal |experiment| matter |
+---------------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+
|Beaver Meadow, slope No. 3 Pa.| 1.01 | 112.4 | 10.462 |
|Beaver Meadow, slope No. 5 Pa.| 0.60 | 61.2 | 10.592 |
|Forest improvement Pa.| 0.81 | 40.2 | 10.807 |
|Peach Mountain Pa.| 3.03 | 26.6 | 10.871 |
|Lehigh Pa.| 1.08 | 36.1 | 9.626 |
|Lackawanna Pa.| 1.24 | 57.2 | 10.764 |
|Lyken’s Valley Pa.| 4.40 | 18.0 | 10.788 |
|Beaver Meadow (Navy Yard) Pa.| 1.40 | 107.1 | 9.881 |
|Natural coke of Virginia Va.| 5.31 | 60.9 | 10.389 |
|Coke of Midlothian coal Va.| 10.51 | 53.2 | 10.343 |
|Coke of Neff’s (Cumberland) | | | |
|coal Md.| 3.55 | 43.7 | 10.381 |
|Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | |
|Meadow | 4.91 | 9.5 | 9.725 |
|Mixture ¹⁄₅ Cumb. and ⁴⁄₅ Beaver | | | |
|Meadow | 3.09 | 16.0 | 9.997 |
|New York and Maryland Mining | | | |
|Company’s Md.| 5.43 | 10.1 | 11.208 |
|Neff’s Cumberland Md.| 4.53 | 6.1 | 10.604 |
|Easby’s “coal in store” Md.| 1.33 | 18.2 | 10.935 |
|Atkinson & Templeman’s Md.| 2.12 | 5.1 | 11.624 |
|Easby & Smith’s Md.| 3.04 | 5.3 | 11.034 |
|Cumberland (Navy Yard) Md.| 2.29 | 13.5 | --- |
|Dauphin & Susquehanna Pa.| 3.50 | 23.7 | 11.171 |
|Blossburg Pa.| 3.40 | 13.7 | 10.956 |
|Lycoming Creek Pa.| 3.26 | 46.2 | 10.724 |
|Quin’s Run Pa.| 1.31 | 14.7 | 11.275 |
|Karthaus Pa.| 3.66 | 52.5 | 9.887 |
|Cambria County Pa.| 3.48 | 14.8 | 10.239 |
|Barr’s Deep Run Va.| 4.78 | 6.4 | 10.142 |
|Crouch & Snead’s Va.| 5.37 | 6.0 | 9.740 |
|Midlothian (900 feet shaft) Va.| 6.47 | 5.9 | 9.611 |
|Creek Company’s coal Va.| 4.41 | 10.5 | 9.211 |
|Clover Hill Va.| 3.86 | 11.5 | 8.588 |
|Chesterfield Mining Company’s Va.| 4.19 | 10.5 | 9.896 |
|Midlothian (average) Va.| 8.82 | 6.4 | 9.741 |
|Tippecanoe Va.| 4.03 | 11.2 | 8.583 |
|Midlothian (new shaft) Va.| 4.21 | 17.1 | 9.751 |
|Midlothian (screened) Va.| 3.33 | 14.8 | 9.970 |
|Midlothian (Navy Yard) Va.| 4.42 | 43.2 | --- |
|Pictou (from New York) N. S.| 6.13 | 5.7 | 9.710 |
|Sidney N. S.| 2.24 | 5.9 | 8.497 |
|Pictou (Cunards) N. S.| 6.19 | 3.7 | 9.648 |
|Liverpool Eng.| 1.86 | 11.1 | 8.255 |
|Newcastle Eng.| 3.14 | 10.7 | 9.178 |
|Scotch Scotland| 5.63 | 5.7 | 7.719 |
|Pittsburg Pa.| 0.94 | 9.9 | 8.942 |
|Cannelton Ind.| 1.64 | 6.4 | 7.734 |
|Dry Pine Wood | --- | --- | 4.707 |
+---------------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+

_Appendix IV._

_Table of Resistances of Railroad Trains with Different Grades and Speeds._

+---------++------------++-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| || Resistance || Total | | | | | |
| || due to ||resistance,| | | | | |
| ||ascent alone|| lbs. | | | | | |
| Rise of || in lbs. || per ton, | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
|gradient,|| per ton || at rate of|miles|miles|miles|miles|miles|
| feet per||(2,000 lbs.)|| 5 miles | per | per | per | per | per |
| mile. || of train. || per hour. |hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|
+---------++------------++-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 || || 6.1 | 6.6| 7.3| 8.3| 9.6| 11.2|
| 5 || 1.8 || 7.9 | 8.4| 9.1| 10.1| 11.4| 13.0|
| 10 || 3.7 || 9.8 | 10.3| 11.0| 12.0| 13.4| 14.9|
| 15 || 5.6 || 11.7 | 12.2| 12.9| 13.9| 15.2| 16.8|
| 20 || 7.5 || 13.6 | 14.1| 14.8| 15.8| 17.1| 18.7|
| 25 || 9.4 || 15.5 | 16.0| 16.7| 17.7| 19.0| 20.6|
| 30 || 11.3 || 17.4 | 17.9| 18.6| 19.6| 21.9| 22.5|
| 35 || 13.2 || 19.3 | 19.8| 20.5| 21.5| 22.8| 24.4|
| 40 || 15.1 || 21.2 | 21.7| 22.4| 23.4| 24.7| 26.3|
| 45 || 17.0 || 23.1 | 23.6| 24.3| 25.3| 26.6| 28.2|
| 50 || 18.9 || 25.0 | 25.5| 26.2| 27.2| 28.5| 30.1|
| 60 || 22.7 || 28.8 | 29.3| 30.0| 31.0| 32.3| 38.9|
| 70 || 26.5 || 32.6 | 33.1| 33.8| 34.8| 36.1| 37.7|
| 80 || 30.3 || 36.4 | 36.9| 37.6| 38.6| 39.9| 40.5|
| 90 || 34.0 || 41.0 | 40.6| 41.3| 42.3| 43.6| 45.2|
| 100 || 37.8 || 43.9 | 44.4| 45.1| 46.1| 47.4| 49.0|
| 110 || 41.6 || 47.7 | 48.2| 48.9| 49.9| 51.2| 52.8|
| 120 || 45.4 || 51.5 | 52.0| 52.7| 53.7| 55.0| 56.6|
| 130 || 49.2 || 55.3 | 55.8| 56.5| 57.5| 58.8| 60.4|
| 140 || 53.0 || 59.1 | 59.6| 60.3| 61.3| 62.6| 64.2|
| 150 || 56.8 || 62.9 | 63.4| 64.1| 65.1| 66.4| 68.0|
| 160 || 60.6 || 66.7 | 67.2| 67.9| 68.9| 70.2| 71.8|
| 170 || 64.3 || 70.4 | 70.9| 71.6| 72.6| 73.9| 75.5|
| 180 || 68.1 || 74.2 | 74.7| 75.4| 76.4| 77.7| 79.3|
| 190 || 71.9 || 78.0 | 78.5| 79.2| 80.2| 81.5| 83.1|
| 200 || 75.7 || 81.8 | 82.3| 83.0| 84.0| 85.3| 86.9|
| 210 || 79.5 || 85.6 | 86.1| 86.8| 87.8| 89.1| 90.7|
| 220 || 83.3 || 89.4 | 89.9| 90.6| 91.6| 92.9| 94.5|
| 230 || 87.1 || 93.2 | 93.7| 94.4| 95.4| 96.7| 98.3|
| 240 || 90.8 || 96.9 | 97.4| 98.1| 99.1|100.4|102.0|
| 250 || 94.6 || 100.7 |101.2|101.9|102.9|103.2|105.8|
| 260 || 98.4 || 104.5 |105.0|105.7|106.7|107.0|108.6|
| 270 || 102.2 || 108.3 |108.8|109.5|110.5|111.8|113.4|
| 280 || 106.0 || 112.1 |112.6|113.3|114.3|115.6|117.2|
| 290 || 109.8 || 115.9 |116.4|117.1|118.1|119.4|121.0|
| 300 || 113.6 || 119.7 |120.2|120.9|121.9|123.2|124.8|
+---------++------------++-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

+---------++------------++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| || Resistance || | | | | | |
| || due to || | | | | | |
| ||ascent alone|| | | | | | |
| Rise of || in lbs. || 35 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 60 | 70 |
|gradient,|| per ton ||miles|miles|miles|miles|miles|miles|
| feet per||(2,000 lbs.)|| per | per | per | per | per | per |
| mile. || of train. ||hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|hour.|
+---------++------------++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 || || 13.1| 15.3| 17.8| 20.6| 27.0| 34.6|
| 5 || 1.8 || 14.9| 17.1| 19.6| 22.4| 28.8| 36.4|
| 10 || 3.7 || 16.8| 19.0| 21.5| 24.3| 30.7| 38.3|
| 15 || 5.6 || 18.7| 21.9| 24.4| 27.2| 33.6| 41.2|
| 20 || 7.5 || 20.6| 22.8| 25.3| 28.1| 34.5| 42.1|
| 25 || 9.4 || 22.5| 24.7| 27.2| 31.0| 37.4| 45.0|
| 30 || 11.3 || 24.4| 26.6| 29.1| 31.9| 38.3| 45.9|
| 35 || 13.2 || 26.3| 28.5| 31.0| 33.8| 40.2| 47.8|
| 40 || 15.1 || 28.2| 30.4| 32.9| 35.7| 42.1| 49.7|
| 45 || 17.0 || 30.1| 32.3| 34.8| 37.6| 44.0| 51.6|
| 50 || 18.9 || 32.0| 34.2| 36.7| 39.5| 45.9| 53.5|
| 60 || 22.7 || 35.8| 38.0| 40.5| 43.5| 49.9| 57.5|
| 70 || 26.5 || 39.6| 41.8| 44.3| 47.1| 53.5| 61.1|
| 80 || 30.3 || 42.4| 44.6| 47.1| 49.9| 56.3| 63.9|
| 90 || 34.0 || 47.1| 49.3| 51.8| 54.6| 61.0| 68.6|
| 100 || 37.8 || 51.9| 54.1| 56.6| 59.4| 65.8| 73.4|
| 110 || 41.6 || 54.7| 56.9| 59.4| 62.2| 68.6| 76.2|
| 120 || 45.4 || 58.5| 60.7| 63.2| 66.0| 72.4| 80.0|
| 130 || 49.2 || 62.3| 64.5| 67.0| 69.8| 76.2| 83.8|
| 140 || 53.0 || 66.1| 68.3| 70.8| 73.6| 80.0| 87.6|
| 150 || 56.8 || 69.9| 72.1| 74.6| 77.4| 83.8| 91.4|
| 160 || 60.6 || 73.7| 75.9| 78.4| 81.2| 87.6| 95.2|
| 170 || 64.3 || 77.4| 79.6| 82.1| 84.9| 91.3| 98.9|
| 180 || 68.1 || 81.2| 83.4| 85.9| 88.7| 95.1|102.7|
| 190 || 71.9 || 85.0| 87.2| 89.7| 92.5| 98.9|106.5|
| 200 || 75.7 || 88.8| 91.0| 93.5| 96.3|102.7|110.3|
| 210 || 79.5 || 92.6| 94.8| 97.3|100.1|106.5|114.1|
| 220 || 83.3 || 96.4| 98.6|101.1|103.9|110.3|117.6|
| 230 || 87.1 ||100.2|102.4|104.9|107.7|114.1|121.7|
| 240 || 90.8 ||103.9|106.1|108.6|111.4|117.8|125.4|
| 250 || 94.6 ||107.7|109.9|112.4|115.2|121.6|129.2|
| 260 || 98.4 ||110.5|112.7|115.2|118.0|124.4|132.0|
| 270 || 102.2 ||115.3|117.5|120.0|122.8|129.2|136.8|
| 280 || 106.0 ||119.1|121.3|123.8|126.6|133.0|140.6|
| 290 || 109.8 ||122.9|125.1|127.6|130.4|136.8|144.4|
| 300 || 113.6 ||126.7|128.9|131.4|134.2|140.6|148.2|
+---------++------------++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

INDEX.

THE FIGURES BELOW REFER TO THE NUMBERS OF THE PAGES.

=Absolute= pressure, 13.

Accidents to locomotives, 509.

Accidents and injuries to persons, 533; danger from, 535.

Actual energy, 24.

Adhesion, 62, 319; amount of, 320; proportion of to resistance, 412.

Adhesive weight, 321.

Admission, depends on, 222; how affected, 255; how equalized, 249; of
steam, 30; period of, 249.

Admission line, 236, 237.

Air, admission of to fire-box, 380; control of supply of, 384; forces
of, 8; method of admitting to the fire-box, 382; pressure of, 8, 9;
quantity necessary for combustion, 381, 388; quantity needed for
dilution of gases, 389; quantity to be admitted through the grate and
above the fire, 391; weight of, 8.

Air chamber, 117.

Alarm check, 126.

Algebra, x.

Algebraic symbols, x.

Allen valve, 224.

American locomotive, 429; engraving of, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563.

American Railway Master Mechanics’ Association, 260, 288.

Angular advance, 251.

Animal oil, 504.

Anthracite coal, 112, 152, 403; firing with, 503.

Aquafortis, 368.

Argand-burner, 336.

Arterial bleeding, 536.

Artery, 536; injury to, 537, 539; position of, 537.

Ash-pan, 67; construction of, 81.

Ash-pan dampers, 81; operation of, 153.

Atmospheric line, 48.

Automatic brakes, 442; management of, 495.

Axle, adjustment of, 475; breaking of, 509, 523; how made to assume a
radical position, 278, 282; main driving, 63.

Axle box, arrangement of, 296; bearing of, 290; driving, 290; for
tenders, 355; wear of, 297.

=Babbitt’s= metal, 173, 175, 180.

Back elevation, xiv.

Back pressure, 56, 163; line of, 236, 243.

Back view, xiv.

Backward motion or gear, 187.

Baldwin Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 555, 565, 567.

Ball joint, 160.

Bearings, brass, 177; for driving axles, 290; for tender axles, 354;
for truck axles, 292; proportions of, 362; wear of, 179.

Bearing-bars, 152.

Bed-casting, 164.

Bed-plate, 146.

Bell, 335; use of, 479.

Bissell truck, 432.

Bituminous coal, 368; composition of, 369, 388; use of, 503.

Blast orifice, 71; (see also exhaust nozzle).

Bleeding, danger from, 535; stopping of, 537, 540.

Blower, 149; use of, 480.

Blower cock, 149.

Blow-off cock, 148.

Block, link, 185; (see link block).

Boiler, 66, 71; advantages of large size, 422; calculations of,
419; capacity of, 71, 418; cleaning of, 147, 505; emptying of, 147;
expansion of, 90, 295, 478; explosion of, 509, 514; feeding of, 483;
filling of, 506; inspection of, 461; irregular action of, 421; organs
of, 66; operation of, 420; proportions of, 419; size of, 417, 420;
strains on, 85, 478; testing of, 461.

Boiler attachments, 115; examination of, 465.

Boiler plate, fastenings of, 90; resistance of, 95; strength of, 89,
95; unequal strain on, 92.

Boiler pressure, 223; difficulty of maintaining in cylinders, 223.

Boiler seams, form of, 103; strength of, 93, 106.

Boiling, 10.

Boiling point, 11.

Bones, injury to, 542.

Books, list of, 550.

Boss, 207.

Boxes, for driving axles, 290; for tender axles, 355; for truck
axles, 292.

Braces, 80, 107; for frames, 292; proportions of, 108.

Brakes, continuous train, 442; for tenders, 356; inspection of, 475;
reliance on, 494.

Brass bearings, 177; (see bearings).

Brasses, 177.

Breaking joints, 173.

Bridges, 31; width of, 260.

Buchanan, William, see preface, 402.

Bumper-timber, 292.

Bunsen burner, 374.

Burns, treatment of, 542.

Bushing, 174, 180.

Butt-joints, 106.

=Cages=, 116.

Candle, 375; flame of, 375.

Carbon, 369, 371; air required for combustion of, 388; total heat of
combustion, 380.

Carbonic-acid gas, 378.

Carbonic dioxide, 378.

Carbonic oxide, 378.

Carburetted hydrogen, 369.

Carrying wheels, 268.

Cars, resistance of, 406.

Casing, for cylinders, 170.

Caulking, 106; effect of, 107.

Caulking edge, 106.

Centre bearing, 356; lubrication of, 475.

Centre of gravity, calculation for, 329, 330, 331.

Centre-pin, 269, 271, 316.

Centre-plate, lower, for truck, 316; lubrication of, 475; upper, 316.

Check-chains, 340, 350.

Check-valve, failure of, 509, 518; for injector, 120; for pump, 117.

Chemical element, 365; combination of, 366.

Chemical equivalent, 367.

Chilling, 291.

Chimney, 66; construction of, 112.

Clearance, of piston, 221; effect of, 228; of valve, 42.

Coal, amount of water evaporated by, 73, 394; condition of when put
on fire, 387; value and properties of, 594.

Cock, blower, 149; blow-off, 148; cylinder, 171; feed, 119; frost,
119; gauge, 130; heater, 149; oil, 169; pet, 118; try, 130.

Co-efficient of friction, 359.

Coke, 379; air needed for combustion of, 392.

Cold weather, 496.

Color blindness, 493.

Collision, 509; prevention of, 510.

Combustion, 365; air required for, 380, 388; chemical process of,
379; effect on of enlarging the grate, 392; how explained, 370; in
locomotive fire-box, 377; intensity of, 393; in tubes, 386; products
of, 378; rate of, 73, 365; total heat of, 380, 393; when complete,
373.

Compression, 44, 221; calculation of, 243; effected by, 228; effect
of, 247; line or curve of, 236.

Compressive strain, 89.

Combining tube, 31.

Condensation, 17.

Conduction, 18; of heat through heating surfaces, 395.

Cone, 112; cone of wheel, effect of, 274, 277; advantage of, 285.

Connecting-rod, 5, 164; angularity of, 45, 175; breaking of, 509;
construction of, 177; effect of, 44; inspection of, 467, 471; main,
177; pressure of, 174; wear of, 177.

Consolidation locomotive, 430, 569.

Continuous train brakes, 442.

Convection, 111, 118.

Counterbalance weights, (see counterweights.)

Countersunk joint, 156.

Counterweights, 289, 328; calculation for, 328, 331, 333;
construction of, 333.

Coupling, breaking of, 510, 531; engine to tender, 480.

Coupling-pin, 350.

Coupling-rod, 177; why taken down, 523.

Covering strip, 100, 103.

Cow-catcher, 294, 338.

Crank, 5, 63.

Crank-pin, 64; breaking of, 509, 522; construction of, 288; how
fastened, 288; inspection of, 468; pressure on, 244.

Creamer’s brake, 442.

Crow-feet, 107.

Cross-head, 174; accident to, 509; inspection of, 471.

Crossing, approach to, 493, 511.

Crown-bars, 80.

Crown-sheet, or crown-plate, 75, 80.

Crushing, 95, 98; treatment of, 542.

Curve, degree of, 410; resistance on, 410; running through, 489.

Curve of compression, 236.

Curve of expansion, 236.

Cut-off, 16, 41; advantage of, 483; effect of link on, 217; effect of
throw of eccentric on, 252.

Cushion, 38, 230.

Cylinder, 163, 164; breaking of, 509, 521; construction of, 164;
distance between, 69; inspection of, 63; location of, 63; protection
of, 170; size of, 69, 413.

Cylinder capacity, 414; calculation for, 415, 416.

Cylinder casing, 170.

Cylinder cocks, 171; use of, 479.

Cylinder-heads, 165; breaking of, 521.

Cylinder-head covers, 170.

Cylinder lagging, 170.

=Dampers=, for ash-pan, 81, 153.

Danforth Locomotive and Machine Co., 429; locomotive by, 559, 569.

Dangers to which locomotive runners are exposed, 544.

Dead-point, 5.

Dead-grate, 387.

Deflector, for fire-box door, 400; for sparks, 112.

Delivery-tube, 120.

Diaphragm, 140.

Different kinds of locomotives, 427.

Dilution of gases, air needed for, 389.

Distribution of steam, 220; defects of, 248; effect of, 231.

Distribution of weight, on driving wheels, 413.

Dome, 110; location of, 110.

Double-end tank locomotive, 571, 573, 581.

Double poppet valve, 155.

Double truck locomotive, 435, 577, 579.

Draft, 67, 72.

Draw-bar, 334.

Draw-bridge, approach to, 493; running into, 509, 511.

Drawings, xiii.

Drilled holes, 92, 96, 98, 103.

Drilling cars, 427.

Drip-pipe, 132.

Driving-axle, breaking of, 523; main, 70; (see also axle).

Driving-axle boxes, 290; bearing of, 290.

Driving-wheels, 70, 268; action of, 323; adhesion of, 62, 319;
breaking of, 523; construction of, 285; distance between, 68; effect
of their size on combustion and evaporation, 424; friction of, 62,
319; how fastened, 288; motion of around curves, 284; relation
between size of and that of boiler, 425; size of, 68, 413, 425;
weight on, 69.

Drop-door, 153.

Dry-pipe, 111.

Duplicate parts, 477.

Dust guard, 356.

=Ebullition=, 11, 485.

Eccentric, 6; effect of throw of, 252, 255; how set, 182, 528; motion
how communicated to valve, 185; motion same as that of crank, 31;
slipping of, 526, 528; throw of, 31, 251; with varying lap, 258.

Eccentric-rod, 7; breaking of, 527, 529.

Eccentric-strap, 6; breaking of, 529.

Effective pressure, 14.

Eight-wheeled American locomotive, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563.

Ejector, 446.

Elasticity, limit of, 89, 302; of spring, 302.

Elastic strength, of spring, 302.

Elementary substances, 365.

Energy, 22, 23; actual, 24, 29; of repulsion, 28; possible or
potential, 28.

Endurance, 545.

Equalizing lever, 309; advantages of, 313; breaking of, 509, 525;
construction of, 310; distribution of weight by, 310; of truck, 316.

Evaporation, amount required, 72; latent heat of, 26.

Exhaust of steam, 30, 67; how affected by link, 217, 249.

Exhaust line, 236, 242.

Exhaust-nozzle, 68, 71.

Exhaust passage, 165.

Exhaust pipe, 162.

Exhaust-port, 5; width of, 260.

Exhaust steam, action of, 71, 72.

Expander, 84.

Expansion, 16, 221; advantages of, 55, 60, 482; limits of economy, 60.

Expansion clamps, 294.

Expansion curve or line, 51.

Experiments with locomotives, 450.

Explosion of boiler, 509; cause of, 514; prevention of, 516.

=Fairlie= engine, 435.

Feed-cock, 119, 149.

Final pressure, 56, 482.

Fire, depth or thickness of, 383; management of, 500; method of
feeding, 383; method of starting, 478.

Firing, 499, 501.

Fire-box, 66, 67; construction of, 75; expansion of, 479; form of,
397; size of, 69.

Fire-brick arch, 397.

Flame, length of, 376; nature of, 371, 375.

Flange of wheel, 278; friction of, 281.

Flue, 66, 67; arrangement of, 81; bursting or collapse of, 509, 516;
fastening of, 83.

Flue expander, 84.

Flutter of water, 487.

Fly-wheel, 5.

Foaming, 484; cause of, 486; effect of, 488; prevention of, 486.

Follower bolts, 172.

Follower plate, 172.

Foot-board or plate, 261, 338; effect of weight of, 339.

Foot pound, 23.

Force-pump, 115.

Forney locomotive, 434, 575.

Forward motion or gear, 187.

Four-wheeled locomotive, 428; disadvantages of, 428; engraving of,
553.

Frames, 65, 292; attachment to the fire-box, 295; breaking of, 510,
526; fastening of, 294.

Franklin Institute, system of screw threads, 342.

Freezing of water in boiler, 507; in pumps, 119, 507, 532.

Freight locomotive, 429.

Freight traffic, 427, 429.

Friction, 358; depends on, 358; co-efficient of, 359; effect of
pressure and velocity of surfaces on, 361; effect of area of surfaces
in contact, 364; law of, 363; of wheel flanges, 281; of wheels, 62,
319.

Front view, xiv.

Front elevation, xiv.

Frost-bite, treatment of, 543.

Frost-cock, 119.

Fuel, value of, 404.; waste of, 394.

Fulcrum of driving wheel, 312.

Furnace door, 67, 80, 149.

=Gas=, 368; combustion of, 376.

Gas-light, 371.

Gauge of road, 75.

Gauge-cocks, 130.

Gibs, 175.

Gland, 173.

Glass water-gauge, 130; inspection of, 465.

Grades, effect of on water level, 491; resistance on, 408; running
on, 490.

Grant Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 557.

Grate, 67, 73, 81, 149; dead, 387; inspection of, 465; management of,
504, 506; rocking, 152; shaking, 152; surface, 419; water, 152.

Grate-bars, 150.

Greenwich Street Elevated Railroad, 441.

Guide-blocks, 176.

Guide-rods or bars, 164; inspection of, 467; object of, 174; wear of,
176.

Guide-yoke, 175.

=Half-gear=, 195.

Hand-holes, 148.

Hand-rails, 337.

Head-light, 336; inspection of, 476; use of, 495.

Heat, conduction of, 74; convertible into work, 25; equivalent of,
24; latent, 26; loss of, 395; mechanical equivalent of, 22; total of,
steam, 29, 585; transmission of, 381, 395, 423; waste of, 18, 395.

Heater-cocks, 149; use of, 486.

Heating surface, 67; amount needed, 73, 419, 420.

Heat of evaporation or gasification, 369.

Helper, 497.

Henderson’s brake, 442.

Hinkley Locomotive Works, 429; locomotive by, 553, 563.

Hood for fire-box door, 400.

Horizontal section, xiv.

Hose, 350.

Hudson River Railroad, locomotives used on, 440.

Hydrogen, 369, 371; air required for combustion of, 388.

Hyperbolic curve, 51, 237.

Hyperbolic logarithms, 54; table of, 590.

Hyponitrous acid, 368.

=Igniting= temperature, 370, 376; of coal gas, 387.

Incrustating substances, 454.

Indicator, steam, 47, 231; method of attaching, 234.

Indicator, diagram, 51, 233; form of, 235, 240, 241, 247.

Induced current, 374.

Initial pressure, 60.

Injector, 120; action of, 120; action of fixed nozzle injector, 123;
action of hot water on, 123; fixed nozzle, 120; failure of, 509, 518;
inspection of, 465; location of, 127; self-regulating, 124.

Injuries to persons, 533.

Insensibility, treatment of, 541.

Inside pipe, 113.

Inspection of locomotives, 461.

Intensity of combustion, 393.

Internal disturbing forces, 328.

Introduction, ix.

Inverted plane, xv.

=Jauriet, C. F.=; water tables, 399.

Jaws, 292.

Johnson, Walter B., experiments on coal, 405.

Journal, 177; effect of increased diameter, 362; heating of, 504;
oiling of, 179; of driving axle, 290; of truck axles, 292.

Journal bearing, of driving axle, 290; of tender axles, 351; of truck
axles, 354.

=Keys=, 179.

=Lagging=, 111; for cylinders, 169.

Lamp, 373; for head-light, 336, 376.

Lap, 40, 251; inside, 40; effect of, 41; outside, 40; effect of, 41,
44; effect of reducing, 255; effect of varying, 258.

Latent heat, 26; of evaporation, 26, 29.

Lateral motion, 317, 430.

Laughing gas, 368.

Lead, 38, 220, 249, 253; cause of, 218; effect of, 44; how affected
by link, 218; how equalized, 249; inside, 38; necessity for, 221.

Lift of pump valves, 117.

Lifting arm, 66; breaking of, 529.

Lifting shaft, 185; breaking of, 530; position of, 250.

Limit of elasticity, 89; of spring, 302.

Line and line, 237.

Linear advance, 252.

Line of back-pressure, 236, 243.

Line of compression, 236.

Line of expansion, 236.

Liners, 175.

Link, 66, 185; motion of, 189; radius of, 200.

Link-block, 185.

Link-hanger, 185, 250; breaking of, 529.

Link motion, 181, 196, 248.

Link-saddle, 187; breaking of, 529.

List of books, 550.

Live steam, 229.

Locomotive, 62; advance of, 323; capacity of, 421; cleaning and
repairing of, 505; cost of operating, 448; different kinds, 427;
dimensions of, 68, 429; escape of, 509, 511; experiments with, 450;
general description of, 62; how turned around, 455; inspection of,
461; list of parts of, 69; number of miles run to a ton of coal, 449;
principal parts of, 62; proportions of, 412; resistance of, 62; speed
of, 419; starting of, 480; weight of, 67.

Longitudinal section, xv.

Lost motion, 180.

Loughridge’s brake, 442.

Lubricant, 360; manner of applying, 360.

Lubrication, 358; effect of pressure and velocity of surfaces on,
361; method of, 477.

=Man-hole=, 349.

Mason Machine Works, 429, 436; locomotive by, 561, 577, 579.

Mason, William, 435.

Master Mechanics’ Association, 260, 288.

Mechanical equivalent of heat, 22.

Metropolitan railroads, 427, 437; locomotives for, 436, 438, 440.

Mid-gear, 195.

Miles run to ton of coal, 449.

Mineral oil, 504.

Miscellaneous, 335.

Model of valve-gear, 204.

Modulus of propulsion, 415.

Mogul locomotive, 430, 567.

Molecular activity, 376.

Momentum of piston, 230, 244; creates resistance to turning of crank,
246.

Motion, reciprocating, 5; rotary, 5.

Motion curves, 34, 196; how drawn, 197, 204, 208.

Motion diagram, 213, 214.

Mud-drum, 148.

Mud-holes, 148.

=New York= elevated railroad, 441; locomotive for, 583.

Nitric acid, 368.

Nitrogen, 368.

Nitrous acid, 368.

Nitrous oxide, 368.

Nuts, 341; proportions of, 348.

=Oil=, 360; animal, 504; manner of applying, 360; mineral, 504.

Oil boxes, for tender, 354.

Oil cellars, 179, 290.

Oil-cock, 169.

Oil-cup, 176.

Open-road, 428; running on, 489.

Operating locomotives, cost of, 448.

Outside shell of fire-box, 75.

Overflow, 120.

Overflow-nozzle, 121.

Oxalate of ammonia, 454.

Oxygen, 368, 370.

=Packing=, 173.

Packing-bolts, 173.

Packing-nuts, 132, 173.

Packing-rings, 172; inspection of, 468; setting out, 469.

Packing-springs, 172.

Parabolic reflector, 337.

Parallel motion, 233.

Parallel-rods, 177.

Passenger traffic, 427; locomotive for, 436.

Perforated pipe, 488.

Performance and cost of operating locomotives, 448.

Periods of distribution of steam, 220.

Periphery of wheel, 277.

Pet-cock, 118, 149.

Petticoat-pipe, 113.

Pile-driving machine, 28.

Pilot, (see cow-catcher,) 294, 338.

Piston, 1; accident to, 509, 522; diameter of, 69, 164, 416;
construction of, 172; how oiled, 169; inspection of, 467; momentum
of, 38, 230, 244; stroke of, 416.

Piston-head, 172.

Piston-rod, 2; action of, 174; breaking of, 509; construction of, 171.

Pitch of screw-threads, 341, 343.

Plan, xiv.

Plates, 551.

Potential energy, 24, 28.

Pre-admission, 197, 220, 237, 240.

Preface, iii.

Pre-release, 221, 226, 249.

Pressure-valve, 115.

Priming, 170, 484; cause and prevention of, 486; effect of, 488.

Properties of saturated steam, table of, 585.

Proportions of locomotives, 412.

Prosser’s expander, 84.

Pump, 115; construction of, 115; failure of, 509, 518; freezing of,
120, 507, 532; inspection of, 466; location of, 119; regulation of,
119; working of, 176; in a snow storm, 532.

Pump-barrel, 115.

Pump-lug, 177.

Pump-plunger, 155, 177.

Pump-valve, 115.

Punched holes, 9, 93, 103.

Punching holes, 91, 93.

Pushing-bar, 338.

Pyrometer, 397.

=Quadrants=, 261.

=Radiation=, 18, 111; from boiler, 397.

Rain storm, running in, 497.

Receiving-tube, 120.

Reciprocating motion, 5.

Reflector, 337.

Release of steam, 41, 221; governed by, 227; how affected by link,
217.

Repulsion of particles, 28.

Requirements and duties of locomotive runners, 547.

Reserve engine, 497.

Resistance of trains, 406; on curves, 410; on grades, 408; table of,
407, 596.

Responsibility and qualifications of locomotive runners, 544.

Reverse-lever, 66, 187; breaking of, 530; construction and location
of, 261; length of, 263.

Reverse-rod, 187, 261; breaking of, 530.

Reversing gear, 264.

Richardson safety valve, 140.

Richard’s steam engine indicator, 231.

Riveted seams, 91; strength of, 93, 95, 106.

Riveting, chain, 100; double, 100; machine, 97; single, 95; strength
of, 103; strongest form of, 99.

Rivets, 90; arrangement of, 91; crushing of, 95, 98; diameter of, 98;
proportions of, 91; shearing of, 94; staggered, 101; strength of, 94;
zigzag, 101.

Rocker, 7; accident to, 529.

Rocker-arm, breaking of, 529; length of, 204.

Rocker-pin, 185.

Rocking grate, 152.

Rogers Locomotive Works, 402, 571, 573.

Rotary motion, 5.

Running-board, 337.

Running-gear, 268; inspection of, 473.

Running locomotives, 478.

Running off the track, 509, 512.

Russia iron, 111.

=Saddles=, 296.

Safety chains, 340, 350.

Safety-valve, 134; effect of blowing off, 485; inspection of, 465;
pressure on, 136; Richardson’s, 140.

Safety-valve lever, 135.

Safety-valve seat, 139.

Sand box, 335; use of, 481.

Saturated steam, 13; properties of, 585.

Scalds, treatment of, 542.

Scale, 453.

Screw-threads, 341; form of, 343; proportions of, 345; system of,
342; table of, 348.

Seams, riveted, 91; strength of, 95.

Section, xiv.

Sectional view, xiv.

Sectors, 261; arrangement of notches in, 263.

Sellers, William, 342; system of screw-threads, 342, 344.

Sellers, William & Co., turn table by, 456.

Setting out packing, 469.

Set-screws, 179.

Shaking grate, 152.

Shearing, 94, 98.

Shock, treatment of, 541.

Shoes, 297.

Shunting, 427.

Side-bearing, 356.

Side elevation, xiv.

Side rods, 177.

Side view, xiv.

Signals, 447; observance of, 481, 489, 493.

Slack of the train, 481.

Slides, 174; how oiled, 176; wear of, 175.

Slide-valve, 6, 30; advance of, 38; conditions which it must fulfill,
30; disadvantages of first form of, 37; first form of, 30; how made
steam tight, 169; inspection of, 472; lap of, 40; middle position
of, 184; motion of modified by the proportions of link motion, 248;
oiling of, 169, 492; proportions of, 260; setting of, 264; travel of,
38.

Smith, A. F., 441.

Smith’s vacuum brake, 442.

Smoke, 368; cause of, 372; prevention of, 503.

Smoke-box, 66, 111; temperature in, 396.

Smoke-stack, 66; construction of, 112; inspection of, 465;
proportions of, 112; size of, 69.

Snow, 497; melting of, 532.

Snow storm, blockade by, 532; running in, 497.

Sobriety, importance of, 545.

Soot, 371.

Spacing rivets, 96, 98.

Spark deflector, 112.

Speed of locomotives, 450.

Spherical joints, 160.

Spider, 172.

Spread of wheels, 285.

Spring, 295, 297; breaking of, 509, 525; construction of, 297;
curvature of, 301, 307; elasticity of, 297, 303, 306; necessity for,
295; number of plates of, 306; proportions of, 304; span of, 306;
strength of, 303.

Spring balance, 137.

Spring balance lever, 138.

Spring hanger, 297; attachment of, 308; breaking of, 509.

Spring strap, 300.

Staggered rivets, 101.

Starting-valve, 126.

Stations, running into, 494; running past, 492; stop at, 503.

Stay-bolts, 76; breaking of, 79, 463; strain on, 78.

Steam, 10; absolute pressure of, 13, 585; admission of, 30, 155;
advantages of using expansively, 55; application of, 1; condensation
of, 17; cut-off, 41; effective pressure of, 14; exhaust of, 30;
expansion of, 14, 41, 47; expansive force of, 1; generation of
greatest amount of, 500; pressure in cylinders, 47, 52, 53, 223;
pressure, limit of, 134; pressure of, 11; pressure of after
expansion, 16; properties of, 56, 585; quantity required, 420;
release of, 41; saturated, 13; superheated, 13; total heat of, 29,
57, 585; temperature of, 585; weight of, 585; volume of, 14, 163,
585; wire drawn, 59.

Steam-dome, 110; location of, 110.

Steam-chest, 6; bursting of, 509, 522; construction of, 169;
protection of, 170.

Steam-chest cover, 169.

Steam-gauge, 140; connection of, 145; inspecting of, 465; testing of,
145.

Steam indicator, 231; method of applying, 234.

Steam line, 236.

Steam passage, 165.

Steam pipes, 111, 155; bursting of, 509, 522; construction of, 158.

Steam ports, 5; opening of, 217.

Steam space, 109.

Steam ways, 5, 122; effect of, 228.

Steam whistle, 146.

Steel plates, 479.

Straps, 177.

Stroke, 16.

Stub-end, 179.

Studies for mechanics, locomotive runners, &c., 549.

Stuffing-box, 173; inspection of, 470.

Suburban railroads, 427; locomotives for, 436, 438.

Suction-pipe, 115.

Suction-valve, 115.

Sun stroke, treatment of, 543.

Superheated steam, 13.

Surface-cock, 487.

Suspending-link, 250.

Suspension, point of, 249.

Suspension-links, 318.

Switch, 269.

Switching locomotive, 427, 428; running of, 499; engraving of, 553.

=Tangent=, 209.

Tank, 68, 349; capacity and weight of, 69, 346, 359; how
strengthened, 350.

Tank locomotive, 428, 432, 571, 573, 575, 577, 579, 581, 583.

Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company, 428.

Temperature in fire-box, 387; necessary to ignite coal gas, 387.

Tender, 68; capacity and weight of, 69, 349, 357; construction of,
349.

Tender trucks, 350, 356.

Tender-valve, 350.

Tensile strain, 89.

Ten-wheeled locomotive, 430, 565.

Testing of boilers, 461; of steam gauges, 145.

Threads (of screws); see screw-threads, 341.

Three-legged principle, 317.

Throttle-pipe, 111.

Throttle-valve, 155; failure of, 510, 530; inspection of, 466;
operation of, 158; use of, 481.

Throttle-valve lever, 158.

Throw of eccentric, 31.

Thumb tool, 84.

Tires, 63, 285; breaking of, 509, 524; how fastened, 286; standard
size of, 288.

Tools for engine, 476.

Top view, xiv.

Total heat of combustion, 380, 393; of steam, 29, 57.

Total pressure of steam, table of, 585.

Tourniquet, 537.

T pipe, 159.

Traction, 319.

Tractive power, 321.

Traffic, freight and passenger, 427.

Trailing wheels, 65; breaking of, 524.

Train, protection of, 514.

Transverse section, xv.

Travel of valve, 38; effect of changing, 42, 195, 214, 216; how
changed, 187.

Tread of wheel, 277.

Truck, 268; construction of, 314; effect of on movement of locomotive
around curves, 273; for tender, 356; lateral motion of, 317;
resistance to rolling, 280; use of, 269; with single pair of wheels,
271, 430.

Truck axle, 280; breaking of, 524.

Truck boxes, 292, 314.

Truck frame, 314.

Truck springs, 314.

Truck wheels, 65, 268; breaking of, 524; construction of, 291; size
of, 68; slip of, 273; weight on, 69; why two are used, 269.

Truss-bars, 316.

Try-cocks, 130.

Tubes, 66; arrangement of, 81; bursting or collapse of, 509, 516;
fastening of, 83; number and size of, 69, 74.

Tube-expander, 84.

Turn-table, 451; construction of, 455.

=Unguent=, 360.

Ultimate strength, 90; of springs, 302.

Unit of heat, 58.

Unit of work, 23.

United States standard for screw-threads, 343.

=Vacuum= brake, 442; construction of, 446.

Vacuum line, 48.

Valve, slide, 6. (See slide-valve).

Valve, Allen’s, 224.

Valve-face, 40.

Valve-gear, 181; construction of, 181; dimensions of, 216; injury to,
510; inspection of, 472; model of, 250.

Valve-rod, 7.

Valve-seat, 5.

Valve-stem, 7; accident to, 529.

Vapor, 10.

Variable exhaust, 163.

Venous bleeding, 536.

Vertical section, xiv.

Volume, 14.

=Wagon= top, 109.

Waist of boiler, 67.

Ward’s air brake, 442.

Water, amount evaporated per pound of coal, 73, 394; freezing of,
507; height of in boiler, 130, 484; muddy, 486; “solid,” 487; supply
exhausted, 531.

Water crane, 452.

Water gauge, 130, 132.

Water grate, 152.

Water space, 67; size of, 69, 75.

Water supply, 453.

Water table, 399.

Water tank, effect of carrying weight of on driving-wheels, 433, 451.

Wedges, 294, 297; bolts for, 475.

Weight, distribution of, 413.

Welt, 100, 103.

Westinghouse brake, 442.

Wheels, driving, 268; adhesion of, 62; breaking of, 509, 524;
carrying, 268; size of, 68; trailing, 65; truck, 65, 268.

Wheel-base, 69, 285.

Wheel centres, 63, 286.

Wheel guards, 340.

Wild engine, 498.

Wire drawn, 59, 197, 482.

Wire netting, 465; method of cleaning, 466.

Work, 22; convertible into heat, 25.

Working water, 170.

Wrist-pin, 175.

Wyman, D. W., locomotive by, 583.

=Y=, 460.

=Zigzag= rivets, 101.

Transcriber’s Notes

Inconsistencies in spelling, lay-out, hyphenation, etc. have been
retained, except as mentioned under Changes below.

Some reference letters’ case in the text does not correspond to that
shown in the illustration, and some of the reference letters are
used inconsistently in different illustrations; this has not been
rectified unless mentioned below. The not always numerical order of
the illustrations in this e-text is the order of the source document.
Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their
settings, not all elements may display as intended. The scale as
indicated in the illustrations in this e-text is not necessarily
correct.

Several characters as used in this text are used to represent the
shape of the symbol or letter rather than the symbol’s (e.g., ⟂) or
letter’s (e.g., ~U~) actual meaning.

Page 47, ... a spiral spring, s s, fig. 31, which is compressed ...:
the letters s are not visible in the illustration (the spring is).

Page 52, ... if we construct a scale S, S, fig. 38, ...: the
printing quality of the source document was not sufficient to make
this entirely visible in the illustration; the text and fig. 39 may
provide clarity. The parts that were legible have been enhanced.

Page 77: Fig. 41 contains different reference letters h: two in the
smoke stack (left-hand side of the illustration), one underneath the
steam whistle. Both are referenced in the text.

Page 102, ... the distance d f will then be the centre ...: one or
more words may be missing (... which will then be ... or similar).

Page 154, ... with two handles, l, l, fig. 71, which are raised ...:
reference letters l do not occur in the illustration (nor are they
listed in the parts list following the illustration).

Page 166, Fig. 93: the right-most reference letter is an upside-down
W, not an M.

Page 181, ... and the other two the reverse way: possibly an error
for ... and the other the reverse way.

Page 258, caption with fig. 145: Scale ³⁄₁₆ in. = 1 foot is probably
an error for Scale ³⁄₁₆ in. = 1 inch.

Page 269, ... and y, plate II, and fig. 40, the centre-pin ...: the
centre-pin is indicated by Y in Plate II.

Page 337, The running-boards are planks, i i, plate I, ...: the
reference letters i i are not visible in Plate I.

Page 430, Sentence starting For this reason a truck consisting of a
single pair of wheels, ...: as printed in the source document; some
text may be missing.

Page 448/449, Table and paragraph starting From this table it will
be seen ...: probably the last two columns of the table list decimal
fractions rather than percentages (e.g., fuel is probably 0.3 of
operating costs of locomotives rather than 0.3%).

Page 544: Part XL should have been called Part XXX.

Appendices: unless mentioned under Changes below the tables are given
here as printed, although they may contain (minor) errors.

Changes made

Footnotes and illustrations have been moved out of text paragraphs.
Some of the illustrations have been rotated. Figure numbers and scale
indicators have been removed from within some illustrations and have
been transcribed as (top or bottom) captions.

Where they were missing, periods have been added to illustration
captions. Numbered questions have (where relevant) been standardised
to end in a question mark. Reference letters in the text have been
standardised to italics.

Some obviously missing punctuation has been inserted; some minor
obvious typographical errors were corrected silently. In some tables
and lists ditto marks have been replaced with the dittoed text.

Page iv: Die Schule des Locomotivfuhrers ... changed to Die Schule
des Locomotivführers ....

Page xvi: ... as shown in the sections of the apple at A and B.
changed to ... as shown in the sections of the apple at C and D.

Page 1: The steam, if admitted at c ... changed to The steam, if
admitted at C ....

Page 40: ... those portions of the face h, i, and p, q, which cover
the steam-ports, ... changed to ... those portions of the face h, i,
and h′, q, which cover the steam-ports ....

Page 56: ... conditions which were used in the answer to Question
60 ... changed to ... conditions which were used in the answer to
Question 57 ....

Page 58: It was shown in answer to Question 56 ... changed to It was
shown in answer to Question 57 ....

Page 102: ... we will step off the distance d f f ... changed to ...
we will step off the distance d f ....

Page 111: ... (shown also in fig. 43,) ... changed to ... (shown also
in fig. 40,) ....

Page 129: first comma deleted from a, a′, Heater Pipe.

Page 135: Fig. 74: reference letter J changed to j.

Page 162: ... flanges, f f, cast on the pipes. changed to flanges, f,
f, cast on the pipes.

Page 165: ... _heads_, A and _B_, ... changed to ... _heads_, _A_ and
_B_, ....

Page 176: ... the tops guides are usually ... changed to ... the top
guides are usually ....

Page 179: ... the journals of the coupling-rods, the brasses at m, m,
... changed to ... the journals of the coupling-rods, the brasses at
n, n, ....

Page 195: Thus the line -o -o, ... changed to Thus the line -0 -0 ....

Page 216, table, row 4, column Point of release, Backward stroke
20¹¹⁄₁₅ changed to 20¹¹⁄₁₆.

Page 220: ... the slide-valve and ink motion? changed to ... the
slide-valve and link motion?

Page 234 and 236: The first illustration with caption Fig. 136 has
been renumbered Fig. 136a, the second one Fig. 136b.

Page 236, Fig. 136b: reference letter e (top centre) changed to c.

Page 261: The reverse-rod l′ k, which connects the lever with the
vertical arm k ... changed to The reverse-rod e k, which connects the
lever with the vertical arm k ....

Page 281: ... if two pairs of wheels, a, a′, b, b′, fig. 151, ...
changed to ... if two pairs of wheels, a a′, b b′, fig. 151, ....

Page 292: ... a heavy timber, called a bumper-timber, E E, plates
I, II and III, ... changed to ... a heavy timber, called a
bumper-timber, E′ E′, plates I, II and III, ....

Page 297: These plates are of different lengths, as shown at B, B, in
fig. 169, ... changed to These plates are of different lengths, as
shown at B, B′, in fig. 169, ....

Page 308, answer to question 299: references to Fig. 178 changed to
Fig. 177 (three times).

Page 327: ... the end of a longer lever E G′ B, fig. 192, ... changed
to ... the end of a longer lever E G B, fig. 192, ....

Page 337: The hand-rails, m m′ m′, are brass or iron pipes ...
changed to The hand-rails, m′ m′ m′, are brass or iron pipes ....

Page 345: closing quote mark inserted after formula.

Page 346, first formula: 1,266 changed to 1.266 as elsewhere.

Page 366: the source has two footnote anchors for a single footnote;
the footnote has been copied.

Page 423: ... 649,725 units of heats, ... changed to ... 649,725
units of heat, ....

Page 432, answer to question 435: quote marks inserted around
Consolidation as elsewhere.

Page 499, footnote 111: Katechismus der Einrichtung und Betriebes der
Locomtive changed to Katechismus der Einrichtung und des Betriebes
der Locomotive.

Page 544, footnote119: Katechismus der Einrichtung und Betriebes der
Locomotive changed to Katechismus der Einrichtung und des Betriebes
der Locomotive.

Page 561, Plate VIII: Scale, ¹⁄₈ in. = ft. changed to Scale, ¹⁄₈ in.
= 1 ft.

Appendices: chapter headings Appendix I, Appendix II, Appendix III
and Appendix IV have been inserted.

Index: some page numbers were corrected. Minor spelling differences
between the text and the index have not been changed.