Chapter XLII: Appendix: A. a Postscript on Mythology in Beowulf (4)

A closer Russian parallel is that of _Ivashko Medvedko_[847]. "John Honey-eater" or "Bear." John grows up, not by years, but by hours: nearly every hour he gains an inch in height. At fifteen, there are complaints of his rough play with other village boys, and John Bear has to go out into the world, after his grandfather has provided him with a weapon, an iron staff of immense weight. He meets a champion who is drinking up a river: "Good morning, John Bear, whither art going?" "I know not whither; I just go, not knowing where to go." "If so, take me with you." The same happens with a second champion whose hobby is to carry mountains on his shoulder, and with a third, who plucks up oaks or pushes them into the ground. They come to a revolving house in a dark forest, which at John's word stands with its back door to the forest and its front door to them: all its doors and windows open of their own accord. Though the yard is full of poultry, the house is empty. Whilst the three companions go hunting, the river-swallower stays in the house to cook dinner: this done, he washes his head, and sits at the window to comb his locks. Suddenly the earth shakes, then stands still: a stone is lifted, and from under it appears Baba Yaga driving in her mortar with a pestle: behind her comes barking a little dog. A short dialogue ensues, and the champion, at her request, gives her food; but the second helping she throws to her dog, and thereupon beats the champion with {373} her pestle till he becomes unconscious; then she cuts a strip of skin from his back, and after eating all the food, vanishes. The victim recovers his senses, ties up his head with a handkerchief, and, when his companions return, apologizes for the ill-success of his cooking: "He had been nearly suffocated by the fumes of the charcoal, and had had his work cut out to get the room clear." Exactly the same happens to the other champions. On the fourth day it is the turn of John Bear, and here again the same formulas are repeated. John does the cooking, washes his head, sits down at the window and begins to comb his curly locks. Baba Yaga appears with the usual phenomena, and the usual dialogue follows, till she begins to belabour the hero with her pestle. But he wrests it from her, beats her almost to death, cuts three strips from her skin, and imprisons her in a closet. When his companions return, they are astonished to find dinner ready. After dinner they have a bath, and the companions try not to show their mutilated backs, but at last have to confess. "Now I see why you all suffered from suffocation," says John Bear. He goes to the closet, takes the three strips cut from his friends, and reinserts them: they heal at once. Then he ties up Baba Yaga by a cord fastened to one foot, and they all shoot at the cord in turn. John Bear hits it, and cuts the string in two; Baba Yaga falls to the earth, but rises, runs to the stone from under which she had appeared, lifts it, and vanishes. Each of the companions tries in turn to lift the stone, but only John can accomplish it, and only he is willing to go down. His comrades let him down by a rope, which however is too short, and John has to eke it out by the three strips previously cut from the back of Baba Yaga. At the bottom he sees a path, follows it, and reaches a palace where are three beautiful maidens, who welcome him, but warn him against their mother, who is Baba Yaga herself: "She is asleep now, but she keeps at her head a sword. Do not touch it, but take two golden apples lying on a silver tray, wake her gently, and offer them to her. As soon as she begins to eat, seize the sword, and cut her head off at one blow." John Bear carries out these instructions, and sends up the maidens, two to be wives to his companions, and the youngest to be his own wife. This leaves the third companion wifeless {374} and, in indignation, he cuts the rope when the turn comes to pull John up. The hero falls and is badly hurt. [John has forgotten, in this version, to put his iron club into the basket instead of himself--indeed he has up to now made no use of his staff.] In time the hero sees an underground passage, and makes his way out into the white world. Here he finds the youngest maiden, who is tending cattle, after refusing to marry the false companion. John Bear follows her home, slays his former comrades with his staff, and throws their bodies on the field for the wild beasts to devour. He then takes his sweetheart home to his people, and weds her.

The abstract given above is from a translation made by one of my students, Miss M. Steine, who tells me that she had heard the tale in this form many times from her old nurse "when we were being sent to sleep, or sitting round her in the evening." I have given it at this length because I do not know of any accessible translation into any Western language.

Panzer enumerates two hundred and two variants of the story: and there are others[848]. But there is reason in the criticism that what is important for us is the form the folk-tale may have taken in those countries where we must look for the original home of the _Beowulf_-story[849]. The Mantuan folk-tale may have been carried down to North Italy from Scandinavia by the Longobards: who can say? But Panzer's theory must stand or fall by the parallels which can be drawn between the _Beowulf-Grettir_-story on the one hand, and the folk-tales as they have been collected in the countries where this story is native: the lands, that is to say, adjoining the North Sea.

Now it is precisely here that we do find the most remarkable resemblances: in Iceland, the Faroes, Norway, Denmark, Jutland, Schleswig, and the Low German lands as far as the Scheldt.

An Icelandic version exists in an unprinted MS at Reykjavik[850] which can be consulted in a German translation[851]. In this {375} version a bear, who is really an enchanted prince, carries off a princess. He resumes his human form and weds the princess, but must still at times take the bear's form. His child, the Bear-boy (Bjarndreingur), is to be kept in the house during the long periods when the enchanted husband is away. But at twelve years old the Bear-boy is too strong and unmanageable, bursts out, and slays a bear who turns out to be his father. His mother's heart is broken, but Bear-boy goes on his adventures, and associates with himself three companions, one of whom is Stein. They build a house in the wood, which is attacked by a giant, and, as usual, the companions are unable to withstand the attacks. Bear-boy does so, ties the giant's hands behind his back, and fastens him by his beard. But the giant tears himself free. As in _Beowulf_, Bear-boy and his companions follow the track by the drops of blood, and come to a hole. Stein is let some way down, the other companions further, but only Bear-boy dares to go to the bottom. There he finds a weeping princess, and learns that she, and her two sisters, have been carried off by three giants, one of whom is his former assailant. He slays all three, and sends their heads up, together with the maidens and other treasures. But his companions desert the rope, and he has to climb up unaided. In the end he weds the youngest princess.

The story from the Faroe Islands runs thus:

Three brothers lived together and took turns, two to go out fishing, and one to be at home. For two days, when the two elder brothers were at home, came a giant with a long beard (Skeggjatussi) and ate and drank all the food. Then comes the turn of the despised youngest brother, who is called in one version Oeskud['o]lgur--"the one who sits and rakes in the ashes"--a kind of male Cinderella. This brother routs the giant, either by catching his long beard in a cleft tree-trunk, or by branding him in the nose with a hot iron. In either case the mutilated giant escapes down a hole: in one version, after the other brothers come home, they follow him to this hole by the track of his blood. The two elder brothers leave the task of plunging down to the youngest one, who finds below a girl (in the second version, two kidnapped princesses). He finds also a magic sword hanging {376} on the wall, which he is only able to lift when he has drunk a magic potion. He then slays the giant, rescues the maiden or maidens, is betrayed in the usual way by his brothers: in the one version they deliberately refuse to draw him up: in the other they cut the rope as they are doing so: but he is discreetly sending up only a big stone. The hero is helped out, however, by a giant, "Skraeddi Kj['a]lki" or "Snerkti risi," and in the end marries the princess[852].

In the Norwegian folk-tale the three adventurers are called respectively the Captain, the Lieutenant and the Soldier. They search for the three princesses, and watch in a castle, where the Captain and Lieutenant are in turn worsted by a strange visitor--who in this version is not identical with the troll below ground who guards the princesses[853]. When the turn of the Soldier comes, he seizes the intruder (the man, as he is called).

"Ah no, Ah no, spare my life," said the man, "and you shall know all.
East of the castle is a great sandheap, and down in it a winch, with
which you can lower yourself. But if you are afraid, and do not dare to
go right down, you only need to pull the bell rope which you will find
there, and up you will come again. But if you dare venture so far as to
come to the bottom, there stands a flask on a shelf over the door: you
must drink what is in it: so will you become so strong that you can
strike the head off the troll of the mountain. And by the door there
hangs a Troll-sword, which also you must take, for no other steel will
bite on his body."

When he had learnt this, he let the man go. When the Captain and the
Lieutenant came home, they were not a little surprised to find the
Soldier alive. "How have you escaped a drubbing," said they, "has not
the man been {377} here?" "Oh yes, he is quite a good fellow, he is,"
said the Soldier, "I have learnt from him where the princesses are,"
and he told them all. They were glad when they heard that, and when
they had eaten, they went all three to the sandheap.

As usual, the Captain and the Lieutenant do not dare to go to the bottom: the hero accomplishes the adventure, is (as usual) betrayed by his comrades, but is saved because he has put a stone in the basket instead of himself, and in the end is rescued by the interposition of "Kloeverhans."

What is the explanation of the "sandheap" (_sandhaug_) I do not know. But one cannot forget that Grettir's adventure in the house, followed by his adventure with the troll under the earth, is localized at Sandhaugar. This may be a mere accident; but it is worth noting that in following up the track indicated by Panzer we come across startling coincidences of this kind. As stated above, it can hardly be due to any influence of the _Grettis Saga_ upon the folk-tale[854]. The likeness between the two is too remote to have suggested a transference of such details from the one story to the other.

We find the story in its normal form in Jutland[855]. The hero, a foundling, is named Bjoernoere (Bear-ears). There is no explanation offered of this name, but we know that in other versions of the story, where the hero is half bear and half man, his bear nature is shown by his bear's ears. "Bear-ears" comes with his companions to an empty house, worsts the foe (the old man, _den gamle_) who has put his companions to shame, and fixes him by his beard in a cloven tree. The foe escapes nevertheless; they follow him to his hole: the companions are afraid, but "Bear-ears" is let down, finds the enemy on his bed, and slays him. The rest of the story follows the usual pattern. "Bear-ears" rescues and sends up the princesses, his comrades detach the rope, which however is hauling up only the hero's iron club. He escapes miraculously from his confinement below, and returns to marry the youngest princess. In another Danish version, from the South of Zealand[856], the hero, "Strong Hans" (nothing is said {378} about his bear-origin), comes with his companions to a magnificent but empty castle. The old witch worsts his comrades and imprisons them under the trap-door: but Hans beats her and rescues them, though the witch herself escapes. Hans is let down, rescues the princesses, is betrayed by his comrades (who, thinking to drop him in drawing him up, only drop his iron club), and finally weds the third princess.

A little further South we have three versions of the same tale recorded for Schleswig-Holstein[857]. The hero wins his victory below by means of "a great iron sword" (_en grotes ysernes Schwaeert_) which he can only wield after drinking of the magic potion.

From Hanover comes the story of Peter Baer[858], which shows all the familiar features: from the same district came some of Grimm's variants. Others were from the Rhine provinces: but the fullest version of all comes from the Scheldt, just over the Flemish border. The hero, Jean l'Ourson, is recovered as a child from a bear's den, is despised in his youth[859], but gives early proof of his strength. He defends an empty castle _un superbe ch[^a]teau_, when his companion has failed, strikes off an arm[860] of his assailant _Petit-P[`e]re-Bidoux_, chases him to his hole, _un puits vaste et profond_. He is let down by his companion, but finding the rope too short, plunges, and arrives battered at the bottom. There he perceives _une lumi[`e]re qui brillait au bout d'une longue galerie_[861]. At the end of the gallery he sees his former assailant, attended by _une vieille femme [`a] cheveux blancs, qui semblait [^a]g['e]e de plus de cent ans_, who is salving his wounded arm. The hero quenches the light (which is a magic one) smites his foe on the head and kills him, and then rekindles the lamp[862]. His companion above seeks to rob him of the two princesses he has won, by detaching the rope. Nevertheless, he escapes, weds the good princess, and punishes his faithless companion by making him wed the bad one.

The white-haired old woman is not spoken of as the mother {379} of the foe she is nursing, and it may be doubted whether she is in any way parallel to Grendel's mother. The hero does not fight her: indeed it is she who, in the end, enables him to escape. Still the parallels between Jean l'Ourson and Beowulf are striking enough. Nine distinct features recur, in the same order, in the _Beowulf_-story and in this folk-tale. It needs a more robust faith than I possess to attribute this solely to chance.

Unfortunately, this French-Flemish tale is found in a somewhat sophisticated collection. Its recorder, as Sainte-Beuve points out in his letter introductory to the series[863], uses literary touches which diminish the value of his folk-tales to the student of origins. Any contamination from the _Beowulf_-story or the _Grettir_-story is surely improbable enough in this case: nevertheless, one would have liked the tale taken down verbatim from the lips of some simple-minded narrator as it used to be told at Cond['e] on the Scheldt.

But if we take together the different versions enumerated above, the result is, I think, convincing. Here are eight versions of one folk-tale taken as representatives from a much larger number current in the countries in touch with the North Sea: from Iceland, the Faroes, Norway, Jutland, Zealand, Schleswig, Hanover, and the Scheldt. The champion is a bear-hero (as Beowulf almost certainly is, and as Bjarki quite certainly is); he is called, in Iceland, _Bjarndreingur_, in Jutland, _Bjoernoere_, in Hanover, _Peter Baer_, on the Scheldt _Jean l'Ourson_. Like Beowulf, he is despised in his youth (Faroe, Scheldt). In all versions he resists his adversary in an empty house or castle, after his comrades have failed. In most versions of the folk-tale this is the third attack, as it is in the case of Grettir at Sandhaugar and of Bjarki: in _Beowulf_, on the contrary, we gather that Heorot has been raided many times. The adversary, though vanquished, escapes; in one version after the loss of an arm (Scheldt): they follow his track to the hole into which he has vanished, sometimes, as in _Beowulf_, marking traces of his blood (Iceland, Faroe, Schleswig). The hero always ventures down alone, and gets into {380} an underworld of magic, which has left traces of its mysteriousness in _Beowulf_. In one tale (Scheldt) the hero sees a magic lamp burning below, just as he sees the fire in _Beowulf_ or the _Grettis Saga_. He overcomes either his original foe, or new ones, often by the use of a magic sword (Faroe, Norway, Schleswig); this sword hangs by the door (Norway) or on the wall (Faroe) as in _Beowulf_. After slaying his foe, the hero rekindles the magic lamp, in the Scheldt fairy tale, just as he kindles a light in the _Grettis Saga_, and as the light flashes up in _Beowulf_ after the hero has smitten Grendel's mother. The hero is in each case deserted by his companions: a feature which, while it is marked in the _Grettis Saga_, can obviously be allowed to survive in _Beowulf_ only in a much softened form. The chosen retainers whom Beowulf has taken with him on his journey could not be represented as unfaithful, because the poet is reserving the episode of the faithless retainers for the death of Beowulf. To have twice represented the escort as cowardly would have made the poem a satire upon the _comitatus_, and would have assured it a hostile reception in every hall from Canterbury to Edinburgh. But there is no doubt as to the faithlessness of the comrade Stein in the _Grettis Saga_. And in Zealand, one of the faithless companions is called _Stenhuggeren_ (the Stone-hewer), in Schleswig _Steenkloewer_, in Hanover _Steinspieler_, whilst in Iceland he has the same name, _Stein_, which he has in the _Grettis Saga_.

The fact that the departure home of the Danes in _Beowulf_ is due to the same cause as that which accounts for the betrayal of his trust by Stein, shows that in the original _Beowulf_-story also this feature must have occurred, however much it may have become worn down in the existing epic.

I think enough has been said to show that there is a real likeness between a large number of recorded folk-tales and the _Beowulf-Grettir_ story. The parallel is not merely with an artificial, theoretical composite put together by Panzer. But it becomes equally clear that _Beowulf_ cannot be spoken of as a version of these folk-tales. At most it is a version of a portion of them. The omission of the princesses in _Beowulf_ and the _Grettis Saga_ is fundamental. With the princesses much else falls away. There is no longer any motive for the betrayal of trust {381} by the watchers. The disguise of the hero and his vengeance are now no longer necessary to the tale.

It might be argued that there was something about the three princesses which made them unsatisfactory as subjects of story. It has been thought that in the oldest version the hero married all three: an awkward episode where a _scop_ had to compose a poem for an audience certainly monogamous and most probably Christian. The rather tragic and sombre atmosphere of the stories of Beowulf and Grettir fits in better with a version from which the princesses, and the living happily ever afterwards, have been dropped. On the other hand, it might be argued that the folk-tale is composite, and that the source from which the _Beowulf-Grettir_-story drew was a simpler tale to which the princesses had not yet been added.

And there are additions as well as subtractions. Alike in _Beowulf_ and in the _Grettis Saga_, the fight in the house and the fight below are associated with struggles with monsters of different sex. The association of "The Devil and his Dam" has only few and remote parallels in the "Bear's-son" folk-tale.

But Panzer has, I think, proved that the struggle of Beowulf in the hall, and his plunging down into the deep, is simply an epic glorification of a folk-tale motive.

* * * * *

I. THE DATE OF THE DEATH OF HYGELAC.

Gregory of Tours mentions the defeat of Chochilaicus (Hygelac) as an event of the reign of Theudoric. Now Theudoric succeeded his father Chlodoweg, who died 27 Nov. 511. Theudoric died in 534. This, then, gives the extreme limits of time; but as Gregory mentions the event among the first occurrences of the reign, the period 512-520 has generally been suggested, or in round numbers about 515 or 516.

Nevertheless, we cannot attach much importance to the mere order followed by Gregory[864]. He may well have had no means of dating the event exactly. Of much more importance than the order, is the fact he records, that Theudoric did not {382} defeat Chochilaicus in person, but sent his son Theudobert to repel the invaders.

Now Theudobert was born before the death of his grandfather Chlodoweg. For Gregory tells us that Chlodoweg left not only four sons, but a grandson Theudobert, _elegantem atque utilem_[865]: _utilem_ cannot mean that, at the time of the death of Chlodoweg, Theudobert was of age to conduct affairs of state, for Chlodoweg was only 45 at death[866]. The Merovingians were a precocious race; but if we are to allow Theudobert to have been at least fifteen before being placed in charge of a very important expedition, and Chlodoweg to have been at least forty before becoming a grandfather, the defeat of Hygelac cannot be put before 521; and probability would favour a date five or ten years later.

There is confirmation for this. When Theudobert died, in 548, he left one son only, quite a child and still under tutelage[867]; probably therefore not more than twelve or thirteen at most. We know the circumstances of the child's birth. Theudobert had been betrothed by his father Theudoric to a Longobardic princess, Wisigardis[868]. In the meantime he fell in love with the lady Deoteria[869], and married her[870]. The Franks were shocked at this fickleness (_valde scandalizabantur_), and Theudobert had ultimately to put away Deoteria[871], although they had this young son (_parvulum filium_), who, as we have seen, could hardly have been born before 535, and possibly was born years later. Theudobert then married the Longobardic princess, in the seventh year after their betrothal. So it cannot have been much before 530 that Theudobert's father was first arranging the Longobardic match. A king is not likely to have waited to find a wife for a son, upon whom his dynasty was to depend, till fifteen years after that son was of age to win a memorable victory[872].

* * * * *

{383}

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF _BEOWULF_ AND _FINNSBURG_

I remember it was with extreme difficulty that I could bring my master
to understand the meaning of the word _opinion_, or how a point could
be disputable; because reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we
are certain; and beyond our knowledge we cannot do either. So that
controversies, wranglings, disputes, and positiveness in false or
dubious propositions are evils unknown among the _Houyhnhnms_.... He
would laugh that a creature pretending to reason should value itself
upon the knowledge of other people's conjectures, and in things, where
that knowledge, if it were certain, could be of no use....

I have often since reflected what destruction such a doctrine would
make in the libraries of Europe.

_Gulliver's Travels._

The following items are (except in special cases) not included in this bibliography:

(_a_) Articles dealing with single passages in _Beowulf_, or two
passages only, in cases where they have already been recorded under the
appropriate passage in the footnotes to the text, or in the glossary,
of my revision of Wyatt's edition.

(_b_) Articles dealing with the emendation or interpretation of single
passages, in cases where such emendations have been withdrawn by their
author himself.

(_c_) Purely popular paraphrases or summaries.

(_d_) Purely personal protests (e.g., _P.B.B._ XXI, 436), however well
founded, in which no point of scholarship is any longer involved.

Books dealing with other subjects, but illustrating _Beowulf_, present a difficulty. Such books may have a value for _Beowulf_ students, even though the author may never refer to our poem, and have occasionally been included in previous bibliographies. But, unless _Beowulf_ is closely concerned, these books are not usually mentioned below: such enumeration, if carried out consistently, would clog a bibliography already all too bulky. Thus, Siecke's _Drachenkaempfe_ does not seem to come within the scope of this bibliography, because the author is not concerned with Beowulf's dragon.

Obviously every general discussion of Old English metre must concern itself largely with _Beowulf_: for such treatises the student is referred to the section _Metrik_ of Brandl's Bibliography (_Pauls Grdr._); and, for Old English heroic legend in general, to the Bibliography of my edition of _Widsith_.

Many scholars, e.g. Heinzel, have put into their reviews of the books of others, much original work which might well have formed the material for independent articles. Such reviews are noted as "weighty," but it must not be supposed that the reviews not so marked are negligible; unless of some value to scholarship, reviews are not usually mentioned below.

The title of any book, article or review which I have not seen and verified is denoted by the sign ++. {384}

SUMMARY

s. 1. Periodicals.

s. 2. Bibliographies.

s. 3. The MS and its transcripts.

s. 4. Editions.

s. 5. Concordances, _etc._

s. 6. Translations (including early summaries).

s. 7. Textual criticism and interpretation.

s. 8. Questions of literary history, date and authorship. _Beowulf_ in the light of history, archaeology[873], heroic legend, mythology and folk-lore.

s. 9. Style and Grammar.

s. 10. Metre.

s. 1. PERIODICALS

The periodicals most frequently quoted are:

_A.f.d.A._ = Anzeiger fuer deutsches Alterthum. Berlin, 1876 _etc._

_A.f.n.F._ = Arkiv foer nordisk Filologi. Christiania, Lund, 1883 _etc._ _Quoted according to the original numbering._

_Anglia._ Halle, 1878 _etc._

_Archiv_ = Herrigs Archiv fuer das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Litteraturen. Elberfeld, Braunschweig, 1846 _etc._ _Quoted according to the original numbering._

_D.L.Z._ = Deutsche Literatur-Zeitung. Berlin, 1880 _etc._

_Engl. Stud._ = Englische Studien. Heilbronn, Leipzig, 1877 _etc._

_Germania._ Wien, 1856-92.

_I.F._ = Indogermanische Forschungen. Strassburg, 1892 _etc._

_J.(E.)G.Ph._ = Journal of (English and) Germanic Philology. Bloomington, Urbana, 1897 _etc._

_Lit. Cbl._ = Literarisches Centralblatt. Leipzig, 1851 _etc._

_Literaturblatt_ fuer germanische und romanische Philologie. Heilbronn, Leipzig, 1880 _etc._

_M.L.N._ = Modern Language Notes. Baltimore, 1886 _etc._ _Quoted by the page, not the column._

_M.L.R._ = The Modern Language Review. Cambridge, 1906 _etc._

_Mod. Phil._ = Modern Philology. Chicago, 1903 _etc._

_Morsbachs Studien_ zur englischen Philologie. Halle, 1897 _etc._

_P.B.B._ = Beitraege zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur. Halle, 1874 _etc._

_Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer._ = Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. Baltimore, 1889 _etc._

_Z.f.d.A._ = Zeitschrift fuer deutsches Alterthum. Leipzig, Berlin, 1841 _etc._

_Z.f.d.Ph._ = Zachers Zeitschrift fuer deutsche Philologie. Halle, 1869 _etc._

_Z.f.oe.G._ = Zeitschrift fuer die oesterreichischen Gymnasien. Wien, 1850 _etc._

The titles of other periodicals are given with sufficient fulness for easy identification.

{385}

s. 2. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Bibliographies have been published from time to time as a supplement to _Anglia_; also in the _Jahresbericht ueber...german. Philologie_; by Garnett in his _Translation_, 1882 _etc._; and will be found in

Wuelker's _Grundriss_ (with very useful abstracts), 1885, pp. 245
_etc._

Clark Hall's _Translation_, 1901, 1911.

Holthausen's _Beowulf_, 1906, 1909, 1913, 1919.

Brandl's _Englische Literatur_, in _Pauls Grdr._(2), II, 1015-24 (full,
but not so reliable as Holthausen's).

Sedgefield's _Beowulf_, 1910, 1913 (carefully selected).

An excellent critical bibliography of _Beowulf_-translations up to 1903 is that of Tinker: see under s. 6, _Translations_.

s. 3. THE MS AND ITS TRANSCRIPTS

_Beowulf_ fills ff. 129 (132)_a_ to 198 (201)_b_ of the British Museum MS _Cotton Vitellius A. XV._

_Beowulf_ is written in two hands, the first of which goes to l. 1939. This hand was identified by Prof. Sedgefield (_Beowulf_, _Introduction_, p. xiv, footnote) with that of the piece immediately preceding _Beowulf_ in the MS, and by Mr Kenneth Sisam, in 1916, with that of all three immediately preceding pieces: the _Christopher_ fragment, the _Wonders of the East_, and the _Letter of Alexander on the Wonders of India_. The pieces preceding these, however (the _Soliloquies of S. Augustine_, the _Gospel of Nicodemus_, _Salomon and Saturn_), are certainly not in the same hand, and their connection with the _Beowulf_-MS is simply due to the bookbinder.

From l. 1939 to the end, _Beowulf_ is written in a second hand, thicker and less elegant than the first. This second hand seems to be clearly identical with that in which the poem of _Judith_, immediately following _Beowulf_, is written. This was pointed out by Sievers in 1872 (_Z.f.d.A._ XV, 457), and has never, I think, been disputed (cf. Sisam, p. 337; Foerster, p. 31). Nevertheless the two poems have probably not always formed one book. For the last page of _Beowulf_ was apparently once the last page of the volume, to judge from its battered condition, whilst _Judith_ is imperfect at the beginning. And there are trifling differences, e.g. in the frequency of the use of contractions, and the form of the capital H.

This identity of the scribe of the second portion of _Beowulf_ and the _Judith_ scribe, together with the identity (pointed out by Mr Sisam) of the scribe of the first portion of _Beowulf_ and the scribe of the three preceding works, is important. A detailed comparison of these texts will throw light upon the characteristics of the scribes.

That the three preceding works are in the same hand as that of the first _Beowulf_ scribe was again announced, independently of Mr Sisam, by Prof. Max Foerster, in 1919. Sievers had already in 1871 arrived at the same result (see Foerster, p. 35, note) but had not published it.

It seems to me in the highest degree improbable that the _Beowulf_-MS has lost its ending, as Prof. Foerster thinks (pp. 82, 88). Surely nothing could be better than the conclusion of the poem as it stands in the MS: that the {386} casual loss of a number of leaves could have resulted in so satisfactory a conclusion is, I think, not conceivable. Moreover, the scribe has crammed as much material as possible into the last leaf of _Beowulf_, making his lines abnormally long, and using contractions in a way he does not use them elsewhere. The only reason for this must be to avoid running over into a new leaf or quire: there could be no motive for this crowded page if the poem had ever run on beyond it.

There is pretty general agreement that the date of the _Beowulf_-MS is about the year 1000, and that it is somewhat more likely to be before that date than after.

The _Beowulf_-MS was injured in the great Cottonian fire of 1731, and the edges of the parchment have since chipped away owing to the damage then sustained. Valuable assistance can therefore be derived from the two transcripts now preserved in the Royal Library of Copenhagen, made in 1787, when the MS was much less damaged.

A. Poema anglosaxonicum de rebus gestis Danorum ... fecit exscribi
Londini A.D. MDCCLXXXVII Grimus Johannis Thorkelin.

B. Poema anglosaxonicum de Danorum rebus gestis ... exscripsit Grimus
Johannis Thorkelin. Londini MDCCLXXXVII.

The first description of the _Beowulf_-MS is in 1705 by H. WANLEY (_Librorum Septentrionalium ... Catalogus_, pp. 218--19, Oxoniae, forming vol. II of Hickes' _Thesaurus_). Two short extracts from the MS are given by Wanley. He describes the poem as telling of the wars _quae Beowulfus quidam Danus, ex regio Scyldingorum stirpe ortus, gessit contra Sueciae regulos_. The text was printed by THORKELIN in 1815, and the MS was collated by CONYBEARE, who in his _Illustrations_ (1826) issued 19 pages of corrections of Thorkelin. These corrections were further corrected by J. M. KEMBLE in 1837 (Letter to M. Francisque Michel, in Michel's _Biblioth[`e]que Anglo-Saxonne_, pp. 20, 51-8). Meantime Kemble's text had been issued in 1833, based upon his examination of the MS. The MS was also seen by THORPE (in 1830: Thorpe's text was not published till 1855) and by GRUNDTVIG (pub. 1861). A further collation was that of E. KOELBING in 1876 (Zur Be['o]vulf-handschrift, _Archiv_, LVI, 91-118). Koelbing's collation proves the superiority of Kemble's text to Grundtvig's. Line for line transcripts of the MS were those of Holder, Wuelker and Zupitza:

1881 HOLDER, A. Beowulf. Bd. I. Abdruck der Handschrift. Freiburg u.
Tuebingen. (++1881, from collation made in 1875.) Reviews: Koelbing,
_Engl. Stud._ VII, 488; Kluge, _Literaturblatt_, 1883, 178; Wuelker,
_Lit. Cbl._ 1882, 1035-6.

1882. 2 Aufl.

1895. 3 Aufl. Reviews: Dieter, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, VI, 260-1;
Brandl, _Z.f.d.A._ XL, 90.

1881 WUELKER, R. P. Beowulf: Text nach der handschrift, in Grein's
_Bibliothek_, I, 18-148.

1882 ZUPITZA, J. Beowulf. Autotypes of the unique Cotton MS. Vitellius
A XV; with a transliteration and notes. _Early English Text Society_,
London. Reviews: Trautmann, _Anglia_, VII, _Anzeiger_, 41; Koelbing,
_Engl. Stud._ VII, 482 _etc._; Varnhagen, _A.f.d.A._ X, 304; Sievers,
_Lit. Cbl._ 1884, 124.

{387}

Further discussion of the MS by

1890 DAVIDSON, C. Differences between the scribes of Beowulf. _M.L.N._
V, 43-4; MCCLUMPHA, C., criticizes the above, _M.L.N._ V, 123; reply by
DAVIDSON, _M.L.N._ V, 189-90.

1910 LAMB, EVELYN H. "Beowulf": Hemming of Worcester. _Notes and
Queries_, Ser. XI, vol. I, p. 26. (Worthless. An assertion, unsupported
by any evidence, that _both_ the hands of the Beowulf MS are those of
Hemming of Worcester, who flourished c. 1096.)

1916 SISAM, K. The Beowulf Manuscript. _M.L.R._ XI, 335-7. (Very
important. Gives results of a scrutiny of the other treatises in _MS
Vitellius A. XV_ (see above) and shows, among other things, that the
Beowulf MS, before reaching the hands of Sir Robert Cotton, was (in
1563) in those of Lawrence Nowell, the Elizabethan Anglo-Saxon
scholar.)

1919 FOERSTER, MAX. Die Beowulf-Handschrift, Leipzig, _Berichte der
Saechs_. _Akad. der Wissenschaften_, Bd. 71. (An excellent and detailed
discussion of the problems of the MS, quite independent of that of Mr
Sisam, whose results it confirms.) Review: Schroeder, _Z.f.d.A._ LVIII,
85-6.

1920 RYPINS, S. I. The Beowulf Codex. _Mod. Phil._ XVII, 541-8
(promising further treatment of the problems of the MS).

The MS of Finnsburg has been lost. See above, p. 245.

s. 4. EDITIONS OF BEOWULF AND FINNSBURG

1705 HICKES, G. Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesaurus. Oxoniae.
(Vol. I, 192-3, text of Finnsburg Fragment.)

1814 CONYBEARE, J. J. The Battle of Finsborough, in Brydges' _British
Bibliographer_, vol. IV, pp. 261-7; No. XV (Text, Latin translation,
and free verse paraphrase in English: some brief notes).

1815 THORKELIN, G. J. De Danorum rebus gestis secul. III et IV. Poema
Danicum dialecto Anglo-Saxonica. (Copenhagen, with Lat. transl.)
Reviews: See s. 7, _Textual Criticism_, 1815, Grundtvig; also _Dansk
Litteratur-Tidende_, 1815, 401-32, 437-46, 461-2 (defending Thorkelin
against Grundtvig); _Iduna_, vii, 1817, 133-59; _Monthly Review_,
LXXXI, 1816, 516-23; ++_Jenaische Literatur-Zeitung_, 1816,
_Ergaenzungsblaetter_, 353-65 (summary in Wuelker's _Grundriss_, p.
252); Outzen in _Kieler Blaetter_, 1816, see s. 8, below.

1817 RASK, R. K. Angelsaksisk sproglaere. Stockholm (pp. 163-6 contain
Beowulf, ll. 53-114, with commentary).

1820 Text of Finnsburg, given by GRUNDTVIG in _Bjowulfs Drape,_ pp.
xl-xlv.

1826 Text of Finnsburg, and of large portions of Beowulf, given in
CONYBEARE'S _Illustrations_. See s. 5, _Translations_.

1833 KEMBLE, J. M. Beowulf, the Travellers Song, and the Battle of
Finnesburh, edited with a glossary ... and an historical preface.
London.

1835. Second edit.

1847 SCHALDEMOSE, F. Beo-wulf og Scopes Widsidh ... med Oversaettelse.
Kjoebenhavn. (Follows Kemble's text of 1835: Text and transl. of
Finnsburg also given, pp. 161-4.) 1851, Reprinted.

1849 KLIPSTEIN, L. F. Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. New York. (Selections
from Beowulf, II, 227-61: Text of Finnsburg, 426-7.)

1850 ETTMUELLER, L. Engla and Seaxna scopas and b[=o]ceras. Quedlinburg
u. Leipzig. (Text of large portions of Beowulf, with Finnsburg, pp.
95-131.)

1855 THORPE, B. The A.S. poems of Beowulf, the scop or gleeman's tale,
and Finnesburg, with a literal translation ... Oxford. ++1875,
Reprinted.

{388}

1857 GREIN, C. W. M. Bibliothek der angelsaechsischen Poesie, I.
Goettingen (pp. 255--343, Be['o]vulf, Ueberfall in Finnsburg).

1861-4. Bd. III, IV. Sprachschatz.

1861 RIEGER, M. Alt- u. angelsaechsisches Lesebuch. Giessen. (Der Kampf
zu Finnsburg, pp. 61-3: aus dem Beovulf, 63-82.)

1861 GRUNDTVIG, N. F. S. Beowulfes Beorh eller Bjovulfs-Drapen.
Kioebenhavn, London. (The Finnsburg Fragment is inserted in the text of
Beowulf, after l. 1106.)

1863 HEYNE, M. Beovulf, mit ausfuehrlichem Glossar. Paderborn. (Anhang:
Der Ueberfall in Finnsburg.) Reviews: Grein, _Lit. Cbl._ 1864, 137--8;
Holtzmann, _Germania_, VIII, 506-7.

1868. ++2 Aufl. Review: Rieger, _Z.f.d.Ph._ II, 371-4.

1873. 3 Aufl. Review: Sievers, _Lit. Cbl._ 1873, 662-3, brief but
severe.

1879. 4 Aufl. [in this, Koelbing's collation of 1876 was utilized;
see p. 82]. Reviews: Brenner, _Engl. Stud._ IV, 135-9; Gering,
_Z.f.d.Ph._ XII, 122-5.

1867 GREIN, C. W. M. Beovulf, nebst den Fragmenten Finnsburg u.
Valdere. Cassel u. Goettingen.

1875 ETTMUELLER, L. Carmen de Be['o]vulfi, Gautarum regis, rebus
praeclare gestis atque interitu, quale fuerit antequam in manus
interpolatoris, monachi Vestsaxonici, inciderat. (Zuerich. University
Programme. The additions of the "interpolator" being omitted, the
edition contains 2896 lines only.) Reviews: Schoenbach, _A.f.d.A._ III,
36-46; ++Suchier, _Jenaer Literatur-Zeitung_, XLVII, 1876, 732.

1876 ARNOLD, T. Beowulf, with a translation, notes and appendix.
London. Reviews (unfavourable): Sweet, _Academy_, X, 1876, 588;
Wuelker, _Lit. Cbl._ 1877, 665-6, and _Anglia_, I, 177-86.

1879 WUELKER, R. P. Kleinere angelsaechsische Dichtungen. Halle,
Leipzig. (Finnsburg, pp. 6-7.)

1883 MOELLER, H. Das altenglische Volksepos in der urspruenglichen
strophischen Form. I. Abhandlungen. II. Texte. Kiel. (Containing only
those parts of the Finn-story and of Beowulf which Moeller regarded as
"genuine," in strophic form.) Reviews: Heinzel, _A.f.d.A._ X, 215-33
(important); Schoenbach, _Z.f.oe.G._ XXXV, 37-46.

1883 WUELKER, R. P. Das Beowulfslied, nebst den kleineren epischen ...
stuecken. Kassel. (In the second edit. of Grein's _Bibliothek der ags.
Poesie._) Review: Koelbing, _Engl. Stud._ VII, 482 _etc._

1883 HARRISON, J. A. and SHARP, R. Beowulf. Boston, U.S.A. (++1883, on
the basis of Heyne's edition; with Finnsburg.) Reviews: York Powell,
_Academy_, XXVI, 1884, 220-1; reply by Harrison, 308-9; by York Powell,
327; Koelbing, _Engl. Stud._ VII, 482; Bright, _Literaturblatt_, 1884,
221--3.

1892. Third edit.

1894. Fourth edit. Reviews: Wuelker, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, V, 65-7;
Gloede, _Engl. Stud._ XX, 417-18.

1884 HOLDER, A. Beowulf, II. Berichtigter Text u. Woerterbuch. Freiburg
u. Tuebingen. Reviews: York Powell, _Academy_, XXVI, 1884, 220-1;
Wuelker, _Lit. Cbl._ 1885, 1008-9; Krueger, _Literaturblatt_, 1884,
468-70.

1899. 2 Aufl. [with suggestions of Kluge and Cosijn]. Reviews:
Trautmann, _Anglia, Beiblatt,_ X, 257; Wuelfing, _Engl. Stud._
XXIX, 278-9; Holthausen, _Literaturblatt_, 1900, 60-2 (important
corrections).

1888 HEYNE, M. and SOCIN, A. [Fifth edit. of Heyne's text.] Paderborn
u. Muenster. Reviews: Koeppel, _Engl. Stud._ XIII, 466-72; Heinzel,
_A.f.d.A._ XV, 189-94; Sievers, _Z.f.d.Ph._ XXI, 354-65 (very important
corrections); Schroeer, _Literaturblatt_, 1889, 170-1.

{389}

1898. 6 Aufl. Reviews: Trautmann, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, X, 257;
Holthausen, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, X, 265; Sarrazin, _Engl. Stud._
XXVIII, 408-10; Jantzen, _Archiv_, CIII, 175-6.

1903. 7 Aufl. Reviews: Holthausen, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XVIII,
193-4; Klaeber, the same, 289-91; Kruisinga, _Engl. Stud._ XXXV,
401-2; v. Grienberger, _Z.f.oe.G._ LVI, 744-61 (very full); E.
Kock, _A.f.n.F._ XXII, 215 (brief).

1894 WYATT, A. J. Beowulf, edited with textual footnotes, index of
proper names, and glossary. (Text of Finnsburg.) Cambridge. Reviews:
Bradley, _Academy_, XLVI, 1894, 69-70; Wuelker, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, V,
65-7; Brenner, _Engl. Stud._ XX, 296; Zupitza, _Archiv_, XCIV, 326-9.

1898. Second edit. Reviews: Trautmann, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, X, 257;
Sarrazin, _Engl. Stud._ XXVIII, 407-8.

1902 KLUGE, F. Angelsaechsisches Lesebuch. 3 Aufl. Halle. (XXX. Der
Ueberfall von Finnsburuh, pp. 127-8.)

1903 TRAUTMANN, M. Finn u. Hildebrand. _Bonner Beitraege_, VII. (Text,
translation and comment on the Episode and Fragment.) Reviews: Binz,
_Z.f.d.Ph._ XXXVII, 529-36; Jantzen, _Die Neueren Sprachen_, XI, 543-8;
_Neue philol. Rundschau_, 1903, 619-21 (signed -tz- ? Jantzen). Some
additional notes by Trautmann, "Nachtraegliches zu Finn u. Hildebrand"
appeared in _Bonner Beitraege_, XVII, 122.

1904 TRAUTMANN, M. Das Beowulflied ... das Finn-Bruchstueck u. die
Waldhere-Bruchstuecke. Bearbeiteter Text u. deutsche Uebersetzung.
_Bonner Beitraege_, XVI. Reviews: Klaeber, _M.L.N._ XX, 83-7 (weighty);
Eckhardt, _Engl. Stud._ XXXVII, 401-3; Schuecking, _Archiv_, CXV,
417-21; Barnouw, _Museum_, XIV, 96-8; _Neue philologische Rundschau_ (?
by Jantzen), 1905, 549-50.

1905-6 HOLTHAUSEN, F. Beowulf nebst dem Finnsburg-Bruchstueck. I.
Texte. II. Einleitung, Glossar u. Anmerkungen. Heidelberg. Reviews:
Lawrence, _J.E.G.Ph._ VII, 125-9; Klaeber, _M.L.N._ XXIV, 94-5;
Schuecking, _Engl. Stud._ XXXIX, 94-111 (weighty); Deutschbein,
_Archiv_, CXXI, 162-4; v. Grienberger, _Z.f.oe.G._ 1908, LIX, 333-46
(giving an elaborate list of etymological parallels); Barnouw,
_Museum_, XIV, 169-70; Wuelker, _D.L.Z._ 1906, 285-6; ++Jantzen, _Neue
philologische Rundschau_, 1907, 18.

1908-9. 2 Aufl., nebst den kleineren Denkmaelern der Heldensage,
Finnsburg, Waldere, Deor, Widsith, Hildebrand. Reviews: Eichler,
_Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXI, 129-33; XXII, 161-5; Schuecking, _Engl.
Stud._ XLII, 108-11; Brandl, _Archiv_, CXXI, 473, CXXIV, 210; Binz,
_Literaturblatt_, XXXII, 1911, 53-5: see also Koeppel, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_, XXIII, 297.

1912-13. 3 Aufl.

1914-19. 4 Aufl. Reviews: Binz, _Literaturblatt_, XLI, 1920,
316-17; Fischer, _Engl. Stud._ LIV, 404-6.

1908 SCHUECKING, L. L. Beowulf [8th edit. of Heyne's text]. Paderborn.
Reviews: Lawrence, _M.L.N._ XXV, 155-7; Klaeber, _Engl. Stud._ XXXIX,
425-33 (weighty); Imelmann, _D.L.Z._ 1909, 995 (contains important
original contributions); v. Grienberger, _Z.f.oe.G._ LX, 1089; Boer,
_Museum_, XVI, 139 (brief).

1910. 9 Aufl. Reviews: Sedgefield, _Engl. Stud._ XLIII, 267-9; F.
Wild, _Z.f.oe.G._ LXIV, 153-5.

1913. 10 Aufl. Reviews: Klaeber, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXIV, 289-91;
_Engl. Stud._ XLIX, 424; ++Degenhart, _Blaetter f.
gymnasialschulwesen_, LI, 130; E. A. Kock, _A.f.n.F._ XXXII, 222-3;
Holthausen, _Z.f.d.Ph._ XLVIII, 127-31 (weighty).

1918. 11, 12 Aufl. Reviews: Bjoerkman, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXX,
121-2, 180; Fischer, _Engl. Stud._ LIII, 338-9.

{390}

1910 SEDGEFIELD, W. J. Beowulf, edited with Introduction, Bibliography,
Notes, Glossary and Appendices. Manchester. Reviews: Thomas, _M.L.R._
VI, 266-8; Lawrence, _J.E.G.Ph._ X, 633-40; Wild, _Anglia, Beiblatt_,
XXIII, 253-60; Klaeber, _Engl. Stud._ XLIV, 119-26; Brandl, _Archiv_,
CXXVI, 279.

1913. Second edit. Reviews: _M.L.R._ IX, 429; Lawrence, _J.E.G.Ph._
XIV, 609-13; Klaeber, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXV, 166-8.

1912 Text of the Finn episode given in MEYER, W., Beitraege zur
Geschichte der Eroberung Englands durch die Angelsachsen.

1914 CHAMBERS, R. W. Beowulf with the Finnsburg Fragment, ed. by A. J.
WYATT. New edition, revised. Cambridge. Reviews: Jones, _M.L.R._ XI,
230-1: Lawrence, _J.E.G.Ph._ XIV, 609-13; Bright, _M.L.N._ XXXI, 188-9;
Schuecking, _Engl. Stud._ LV, 88-100.

1915 DICKINS, B. Runic and Heroic Poems (Text of Finnsburg with Notes).
Cambridge. Review: Mawer, _M.L.R._ XII, 82-4.

1917 MACKIE, W. L. The Fight at Finnsburg (Introduction, Text and
Notes). _J.E.G.Ph._ XVI, 250-73.

1919 SCHUECKING, L. L. Kleines angelsaechsisches Dichterbuch. [Includes
Finnsburg Fragment, Finnsburg Episode and "Beowulf's Return" (ll.
1888-2199).] Reviews: Binz, _Literaturblatt_, XLI, 1920, pp. 315-16;
Imelmann, _D.L.Z._ XL, 1919, 423-5; Fischer, _Engl. Stud._ LIV, 1920,
302-3.

1920 Text of Finnsburg Fragment and Episode, with commentary, in
IMELMANN'S "Forschungen zur altenglischen Poesie."

An edition of Beowulf by Prof. F. KLAEBER is in the press.

s. 5. CONCORDANCES, etc.

1896 HOLDER, A. Beowulf, vol. II_b_, Wortschatz. Freiburg. Review:
Brandl, _A.f.d.A._ XXIII, 107.

1911 COOK, A. S. Concordance to Beowulf. Halle. Reviews: Klaeber,
_J.E.G.Ph._ XI, 277-9; Garnett, _Amer. Jnl. Philol._ XXXIII, 86-7.

s. 6. TRANSLATIONS (INCLUDING EARLY SUMMARIES)

1881 WUELKER, R. P. Besprechung der Beowulfuebersetzungen, _Anglia_,
IV, _Anzeiger_, 69-80.

1886 GUMMERE, F. B. The translation of Beowulf, and the relations of
ancient and modern English verse, _Amer. Jour. of Phil._ VII, 46-78. (A
weighty argument for translation into "the original metre.")

1891 GARNETT, J. M. The translation of A.S. poetry, _Pub. Mod. Lang.
Assoc. Amer._ VI, 95-105. (Agreeing in the main with Gummere.)

1897 FRYE, P. H. The translation of Beowulf, _M.L.N._ XII, 79-82.
(Advocating blank verse.)

1898 FULTON, E. On translating A.S. poetry, _Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc.
Amer._ XIII, 286-96. (Recommending an irregular four-accent line.)

1903 GARNETT, J. M. Recent translations of O.E. poetry, _Pub. Mod.
Lang. Assoc. Amer._ XVIII, 445-58.

1903 TINKER, C. B. The translations of Beowulf. A critical
bibliography. _Yale Studies in English_. New York. Reviews: Klaeber,
_J.E.G.Ph._ V, 116-8; Binz, _Anglia, Beiblatt,_ XVI, 291-2.

1909 CHILD, G. C. "Gummere's Oldest English Epic," _M.L.N._ XXIV,
253-4. (A criticism advocating prose translation.)

1910 GUMMERE, F. B. Translation of Old English Verse, _M.L.N._ XXV,
61-3. (Advocating alliterative verse.) Reply by CHILD, _M.L.N._ XXV,
157-8. See also reviews of Gummere, under year 1909, below.

{391}

1918 LEONARD, W. E. Beowulf and the Niebelungen couplet, _Univ. of
Wisconsin Studies in Language and Literature_, II, 99-152.

1805 TURNER, SHARON. History of the manners ... poetry ... and language
of the Anglo-Saxons. London. (From p. 398 to p. 408 is a summary, with
translations, of Beowulf, Prol.-VIII. Turner was misled as to the
subject of the poem, because a leaf had been misplaced in the MS, so
that the account of the fighting between Grendel and Beowulf (ll.
740-82) occurred immediately after l. 91. The struggle between Beowulf
and an (unnamed) adversary being thus made to follow the account of
Hrothgar's court at Heorot, Turner was led to suppose that the poem
narrated the attempt of Beowulf to avenge _on Hrothgar_ the feud for a
homicide he had committed. "The transition," Turner not unreasonably
complains, "is rather violent." The correct placing of the shifted leaf
is due to Thorkelin.)

1815 THORKELIN, G. J. [Latin version in his edition, q.v.] The
reviewers gave summaries of the poem, with translations of portions of
it: English in the _Monthly Review_, LXXXI, 1816, 516-23 (less
inaccurate than Turner's summary); Danish in the _Dansk
Litteratur-Tidende_, 1815, 401-32, 437-46, and by Grundtvig in the
_Nyeste Skilderie_ (see below, s. 7); Swedish in _Iduna_, VII, 1817,
133-59.

1819 GRUNDTVIG, N. F. S. Stykker af Skjoldung-Kvadet eller Bjovulfs
Minde, _Dannevirke_, IV, 234-62.

1820 GRUNDTVIG, N. F. S. Bjowulfs Drape, Kjoebenhavn. (Free rhymed
translation of Beowulf: Finnsburg rendered into short lines, unrhymed:
Introduction and most important critical notes.) Review: J. Grimm in
_Goett. Anzeigen_, 1823 = _Kleinere Schriften_, IV, 178-86. For second
edit., see 1865.

1820 TURNER, SHARON. History of the Anglo-Saxons ... third edit.
London. (Vol. III, pp. 325-48, contains a summary, with translations,
of the earlier part of the poem, much less inaccurate than that of
1805.)

1826 CONYBEARE, J. J. Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon poetry. London. (Pp.
35-136 contain a summary of Beowulf, with blank verse transl. and the
corresponding text in A.S. and Latin; pp. 175-82, Finnsburg, text with
transl. into Latin and into English verse.)

1832 GRUNDTVIG, N. F. S. Nordens mythologi. Anden Udgave. Kioebenhavn.
(Pp. 571-94 give a summary of the Beowulf-stories. This was, of course,
wanting in the first edit. of 1808.)

1837 KEMBLE, J. M. Translation ... with ... glossary, preface and
notes. London. (The "postscript to the preface" in which Kemble
supplemented and corrected the "Historical Preface" to his edition of
1833, is the basis of the mythological explanations of Beowulf as an
Anglian god, Beowa.)

1839 LEO, H. [Summary with translation of extracts.] See s. 8, below.

1840 ETTMUELLER, L. Beowulf, stabreimend uebersetzt, mit Einleitung und
Anmerkungen (Finnsburg, pp. 36-8). Zuerich.

1845 LONGFELLOW, H. W. The Poets and Poetry of Europe. Philadelphia.
(Pp. 8-10 contain transl. of extracts from Beowulf.)

1847 SCHALDEMOSE, F. [Danish transl. of Beowulf and Finnsburg, in his
edit., q.v.]

1849 WACKERBARTH, A. D. Beowulf, translated into English verse. London.
(Imitation of Scott's metre.)

1855 THORPE, B. [In his edit., q.v.]

1857 UHLAND, L. [Prose transl. of Finnsburg.] _Germania_, II, 354-5.

{392}

1857 GREIN, C. W. M. Dichtungen der Angelsachsen, stabreimend
uebersetzt. Goettingen. (Vol. I, pp. 222--308, Beowulf, trans. into
alliterative verse.)

1883. 2 Aufl. [Incorporating Grein's manuscript corrections, seen
through the press by Wuelker.] Cassel. Review: Krueger, _Engl.
Stud._ VIII, 139--42.

1859 SIMROCK, K. Beowulf uebersetzt u. erlaeutert. Stuttgart u.
Augsburg. (Alliterative verse: Finnsburg Fragment inserted after l.
1124.)

1859 SANDRAS, G. S. De carminibus anglo-saxonicis Caedmoni adjudicatis.
Paris. (Pp. 8--10 contain extract from Beowulf and Latin transl.)

1861 HAIGH, D. H. (Prose transl. of Finnsburg.) In _Anglo-Saxon Sagas,_
pp. 32--3, q.v.

1863 HEYNE, M. Beowulf uebersetzt. Paderborn. (Blank verse.) Review:
Holtzmann, _Germania_, VIII, 506--7.

1897--8. 2 Aufl. Paderborn. Reviews: Holthausen, _Archiv_, CIII,

373--6; Wuelker, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, IX, 1; Jantzen,_ Engl.
Stud._ XXV,

271--3; Loehner, _Z.f.oe.G._ XLIX, 563.

1915. 3 Aufl. Paderborn.

1865 GRUNDTVIG, N. F. S. Bjovulfs-Drapen. Anden Udgave.

1872 VON WOLZOGEN, H. Beovulf aus dem ags. Leipzig. (Verse.)

1876 ARNOLD, T. [In his edit., q.v.]

1877 BOTKINE, L. Beowulf traduite en francais. Havre. (Prose: some
omissions.) Review: Koerner, _Engl. Stud._ II, 248--51.

1881 ZINSSER, G. Der Kampf Beowulfs mit Grendel [vv. 1--836] als Probe
einer metrischen Uebersetzung. Saarbruecken. Reviews: _Archiv_, LXVIII,
446; Krueger, _Engl. Stud_. VII, 370--2.

1881 LUMSDEN, H. W. Beowulf ... transl. into modern rhymes. London.
(Some omissions.) Reviews: _Athenaeum_, April 1881, p. 587; Garnett,
_Amer. Jour. of Phil._ II, 355--61; Wuelker, _Anglia_, IV, _Anzeiger_,
69--80.

1883. ++Second edit. Review: York Powell, _Academy_, XXVI, 1884,
pp. 220--1.

1882 SCHUHMANN, G. Beovulf, antichissimo poema epico de' popoli
germanici. _Giornale Napoletano di filosofia e lettere_. Anno IV, vol.
7, 25--36, 175--190. (A summary only.)

1882 GARNETT, J. M. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg, translated.
Boston, U.S.A. Reviews: _Nation_ (New York), No. 919, 1883; Harrison,
_Amer. Jour. of Phil._ IV, 84--6, reply by Garnett, 243--6; Schipper,
_Anglia_, VI, _Anzeiger_, 120--4; Krueger, _Engl. Stud_. VIII, 133--8,
and (second edit.) IX, 151; Bright, _Literaturblatt_, 1883, 386--7.

1885. Second edit., revised.

1900. Fourth edit.

1883 GRION, GIUSTO. Beovulf, poema epico angl[`o]sassone del VII
secolo, tradotto e illustrato. In the _Atti della reale Accademia
Lucchese_, XXII. (First Italian translation.) Review: Krueger, _Engl.
Stud._ IX, 64--77.

1889 ++WICKBERG, R. Beowulf, en fornengelsk hjaeltedikt oeversatt.
Westervik.

1914. ++Second edit. Upsala. Review: Kock, _A.f.n.F._ XXXII,
223--4.

1892 HALL, JOHN LESSLIE. Beowulf translated. (Verse, with notes.)
Boston, U.S.A. Reviews: _M.L.N._ VII, 128, 1892 (brief mention);
Miller, _Viking Club Year Book_, I, 91--2; Holthausen, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_, IV, 33--6; Gloede, _Engl. Stud._ XIX, 257--60.

1893. ++Student's edit.

1892 (1891) EARLE, JOHN. The deeds of Beowulf. Oxford. (Prose
translation, somewhat spoilt by its artificial and sometimes grotesque
vocabulary; very valuable introduction, with summary of the controversy
to date, {393} and notes.) Reviews: _Athenaeum_, 1 Oct. 1892; Koeppel,
_Engl. Stud._ XVIII, 93-5 (fair, though rather severe).

1893 HOFFMANN, P. Be['o]wulf ... aus dem angelsaechsischen uebertragen.
Zuellichau. (In the measure of the Nibelungenlied; ind. Finnsburg.)
Reviews (mostly unfavourable): Shipley, _M.L.N._ IX, 121-3, 1894;
Wuelker, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, V, 67; Wuelker, _Lit. Cbl._ 1894, p. 1930;
Gloede, _Engl. Stud._ XIX, 412-5; ++Detter, _Oester. Literaturblatt_,
V, 9; ++Marold, _Deut. Literaturblatt_, XXIII, 332.

1900. ++Second edit. Hannover.

1895 MORRIS, W. and WYATT, A. J. The Tale of Beowulf. Kelmscott Press,
Hammersmith. (Verse: archaic vocabulary.)

1898. New edit. Review: Hulme, _M.L.N._ XV, 22-6, 1900.

1896 SIMONS, L. Be['o]wulf ... vertaald in stafrijm en met inleiding en
aanteekeningen. Gent (_Koninklijke vlaamsche Academie_). Reviews:
Gloede, _Engl. Stud._ XXV, 270-1; Uhlenbeck, _Museum_ (Groningen), V,
217-8.

1898 STEINECK, H. Altenglische Dichtungen (Beowulf, Elene, u.a.) in
wortgetreuer Uebersetzung. Leipzig. (Prose, line for line.) Reviews:
Binz, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, IX, 220-2; Holthausen, _Archiv_, CIII, 376-8
(both very unfavourable).

1901 HALL, J. R. CLARK. Beowulf and the fight at Finnsburg. A
translation into modern English prose. London. Reviews: _Athenaeum_,
1901, July, p. 56; _Academy_, LX, 1901, 342; Stedman, _Viking Club Year
Book_, III, 72-4; Tinker, _J.E.G.Ph._ IV, 379-81; Holthausen, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_, XIII, 225-8; Dibelius, _Archiv_, CIX, 403-4; Vietor, _Die
neueren Sprachen_, XI, 439; Wuelker, _Lit. Cbl._ 1902, 30-1 ("sehr zu
empfehlen").

1911 (q.v.). New edit., with considerable additions.

1902 TINKER, C. B. Beowulf translated out of the Old English. New York.
(Prose.) Reviews: Klaeber, _J.E.G.Ph._ V, 91-3; Holthausen, _Anglia,
Beiblatt_, XIV, 7.

1903 ++BJOERKMAN, E. Swedish transl. (prose) of Beowulf, Part II (in
Schueck's _Vaerldslitteraturen_, with introd. by Schueck).

1903-4 TRAUTMANN, M., in his editions, q.v.

1904 CHILD, C. G. Beowulf and the Finnesburh Fragment translated.
London and Boston. Reviews: Grattan, _M.L.R._ III, 303-4 ("a good prose
translation which steers an even course between pseudo-archaisms and
modern colloquialisms"); Miller, _Viking Club Year Book_, I, 91-2;
Klaeber, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XVI, 225-7; Brandl, _Archiv_, CXXI, 473.

1904 ++HANSEN, A. Transl. into Danish of Beowulf, ll. 491-924, _Danske
Tidsskrift_.

1905 VOGT, P. Beowulf ... uebersetzt. Halle. (Text rearranged according
to theories of interpolation: Finnsburg Fragment translated, following
Moeller's text.) Reviews: Binz, _Anglia, Beiblatt_, XXI, 289-91;
Eichler, _Z.f.oe.G._ LVII, 908-10; Klaeber, _Archiv_, CXVII, 408-10:
Jantzen, _Lit. Cbl._ 1906, 257-8.

1906 GERING, H. Beowulf nebst dem Finnsburg-Bruchstueck uebersetzt.
Heidelberg. (Verse.) Reviews: Lawrence, _J.E.G.Ph._ VII, 129-33
("thoroughly scholarly"); Jantzen, _Lit. Cbl._ 1907, 64-5; Ries,
_A.f.d.A._ XXXIII, 143-7; Binz, _Literaturblatt_, XXXI, 397-8
("Fliessend und ungezwungen, sinngetreu ..."); ++Zehme,
_Monatsschrift_, XIV, 597-600; v. Grienberger, _Z.f.oe.G._ 1908, LIX,
423-8.

1914. 2 Aufl.