Chapter II: Section I

I begin with the Division of Serpents, which I distribute into _Terrestrial_, that live upon Land only; _Aquatick_, that live in Water; and _Amphibious_, that inhabit both Elements. Under these I comprehend all the Relatives to the venomous Tribe. But how can Land-Serpents live in Water? I answer, their Bodies are equally formed for both Places.

Among Animals, some breathe by _Lungs_, and others by _Gills_, as all sanguineous Fish, (excepting the _Whale_.) By _Gills_, I mean those membranous cartilaginous Parts on both sides the Head, whereby they hear and respire: What we call _Gills_ in Fish, are properly their _Lungs_. Respiration (which is an involuntary Motion of the Breast, whereby Air is alternately taken in and thrown out) is as necessary to Fish as to Land-Animals: In Water, is a great Quantity of Air inclosed, and it is that Air they respire, and by their _Gills_ they separate the Air from the Water, and present it to the _Blood_, after the same manner as ’tis presented to the Lungs of Land-Animals.

The _Gills_ of Fish have an alternate Motion of Dilatation and Compression; when they _dilate_ their _Gills_, the Water is taken in; when they _contract_ them, ’tis expelled again. Thus the Water is carried in by the Mouth, and carried off again (stript of its Air) by the _Gills_, which perform the Office of Lungs. Their sucking Water is Breathing, and their Food as little of Water, perhaps, as other Creatures use.

_SERPENTS_ will swim in all Liquids; this appears in the Experiment made by a _learned Italian_, who put a Serpent into a large Glass-Vessel of Wine, where it lived swimming about six Hours: and when it was by force immersed and kept under that Liquid, it lived only about an Hour and a half. He put another in common Water, where it lived three Days; but when it was kept under Water, it lived only about twelve Hours[2].

Footnote 2:

_Fr. Redi Exper. circa res nat._ p. 170.

Some Serpents are reptitious, creep on the Belly, and some have Feet; the Form of their Legs is peculiar and different in divers Species, whence the slow Motion of some, and wonderful Agility and Swiftness in others: Their Feet are some cloven (as it were) into Hoofs, others divided into Claws, with Variety of different Nails to answer the several Purposes of Life; among them are _Flying Serpents_: for which purpose, they are furnished with Wings to buoy themselves up in the fluid Air, whereby they keep their Bodies on a due Balance in their Motion.

Serpents are provided with Tails of different Length and Size; these also are necessary to adjust their Motion, and guard them against Stimulation of Flies. In winged Serpents, the Tail serves as a Rudder to govern them in flying through the Air; and, in the marine Serpents, they serve as Oars. But another says, the flying of a Bird, in effect, is quite a different Motion from the sailing of a Ship: Birds don’t vibrate their Wings towards the Tail, as Oars are struck towards the Stern, but waft them downward; nor does the Tail of the Bird cut the Air at right Angles as the Rudder does the Water, but it is disposed horizontally, and preserves the same Situation what way soever the Bird turns[3].

Footnote 3:

_Borelli._

They are painted with variety of Colours, as red, black, white, brown, green; the Composition of these, in some of their Garnitures, forms Beauties exquisitely fine. Some of them have very little Eyes, others large ones: Some wound with their Teeth, others with the Tail that terminates in a Sting, which is an Apparatus in the Body of certain Insects like a little Lance, serving them as a Weapon of Offence. Mention is made by Historians of harmless Serpents, and of Persons who have tamed Serpents, and whose Hair has been kissed by a tame Dragon, and which, with its Tongue, gently lick’d its Master’s Face[4].

Footnote 4:

_Raii Synopsis. Ælian. Hist._

The Serpent seems to be one of the distinguished Favourites of the Air, seeing it subsists by aerial Food all Winter; that is, in those Regions where it dare not turn Ranger. Sleep is the Nurse of Nature, a Nurse that greatly indulges the animal Spirits, and, by arresting voluntary Motion, prevents their daily Consumption, and, at the same time, allows the perpetual Motion of the Arteries, Veins, Heart. We know but little of the real peculiar Nature of what we call Air, only that it is the most heterogeneous Body in the World, a kind of secondary Chaos, being a Compound of minute Particles of various Kinds, Earth, Water, Minerals, Vegetables, Animals, _&c._ collected either by solar or artificial Heat.

These Particles together constitute an Appendage to our Earth, called Atmosphere; or that thin, elastick, fluid Mass, wherein we live, move, and have our being; which Air we continually receive, and expel by Respiration, and no Animal can live, or Vegetable grow without it.

Thus Serpents inclosed in the Receiver, are immediately (I may say) starved when deprived of Air, which is their only Winter-Food.—_N. B._ Whatever is put in a Receiver so exhausted, is said to be put _in Vacuo_: Animals that have two Ventricles, and no _Foramen Ovale_, as Birds, Dogs, Cats, Mice, die in it in less than half a Minute; a Mole died in one Minute; a Bat lived seven or eight; Insects, as Wasps, Bees, Grashoppers, seem dead in two Minutes[5].

Footnote 5:

_Derham._

Nor will any Vegetation proceed _in Vacuo_, or without Air: Seeds planted will not grow. OBJECTION. _Beans grow in Vacuo._ I answer, they grow a little tumid, but that kind of Vegetation is only owing to the Dilatation of the Air within them; they swell a little by the Expansion of the Air, but they never bud.

Among the Ancients were very strange Notions about the _Original_ of Serpents, and other Animals: _Bees_, says a certain Orator, Historian, and Philosopher, were bred from the Carcass of Oxen; _Wasps_ from the Corruptions of Horses; _Beetles_ from Asses; and _Serpents_ from human Marrow: Hence they consecrated a Dragon to Kings and Princes, as a Creature peculiar to Man[6].

Footnote 6:

_Plutarch_’s Lives of _Cleomenes_ and _Agis_.

I don’t know how to form an Apology for the old Philosophers, whose Account of spontaneous Generation is perfectly romantick: What can be more so, than to say Frogs are engendered of Slime, or in the Clouds, and dropt down in the Showers of Rain? So the _Egyptians_ said, that Mice were produced from the Mud of _Nilus_, and Insects from putrified Matter animated by the Sun. The Principle of this equivocal Generation, was the old Doctrine of _Egypt_, and now justly exploded, as contrary to Reason and common Sense, as well as to the Design of the Creator in making Animals Male and Female; the End of which Difference in Sexes, all Animals exactly answer, as if they were endued with human Reason. No Woman more tender of her Babe, or careful in providing for it, than Animals are of their Young Ones.

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