Chapter XVI: The Command of the Sea (2)

On the 13th March 1811 a Franco-Venetian squadron of four heavy frigates, two lighter frigates, and some small craft, commanded by Captain Dubourdieu, attacked an English squadron of three frigates and a 22-gun corvette, under Captain Hoste, near Lissa. The French officer was to windward, and he attacked in two divisions, a weather and a lee line, heading to cut through the English and surround the rear ships. If Hoste had been forced to remain passive with an awkward fleet, Dubourdieu would no doubt have succeeded. But a good breeze was blowing, and the English squadron was thoroughly alert. Hoste closed his line till the bowsprit of one ship was over the taffrail of the ship ahead of her, and he stood on. As he was moving ahead the Franco-Venetians were compelled to advance on slanting lines, and the lee ships masked part of the weather line. Hoste knew that a sunk rock lay across his course. He stood on in hot action with the leader of the Franco-Venetian weather line and of the lee line, which came behind, till he could not safely go any further. He then wore his line together. The leading Franco-Venetian ship, the =Favorite=, ran on the rocks, and the others wore to escape her fate. Their division into two lines became a cause of confusion. The single unhampered English line cut them to pieces, and they were beaten with the loss of three frigates. Dubourdieu would have done better if he had formed his squadron in a single line, had engaged the four English vessels to windward with four of his frigates, and had left the two others to double on one end of Hoste’s line. Even so he would probably have been beaten. When the English had turned, two French vessels assailed the =Amphion=, Hoste’s frigate, which was now the rear ship of his line. But the English officer shot from between them, and crossed the bows of the vessel on his lee quarter. Superior mobility and quality more than counterbalanced advantages of number and position or ingenuity of plan of attack.

This is the lesson which Lissa teaches, and which had been taught by every encounter in the war, great or small. But patent as it was, England might have overlooked it but for a series of actions with a new enemy which occurred at the close of the twenty-three years of war. It is not my intention to depart from my rule of not describing small ship actions or operations on lakes. Therefore I do not tell in detail the events of the war of 1812 with the United States. The single ship actions and encounters between flotillas on the American lakes, of which it was composed, have been affectionately studied by the patriotism of a great people. To us they are, but for one consequence they had, only minor events in a long and varied history. To describe how the vast numerical superiority of the English navy enabled it in the end to drive the American flag from the sea and to cover invasion of the territory of the United States, would be to tell a story which has little intrinsic interest. The consequence of the early actions of the war were, however, of extreme importance.

There was a serious risk that England would come to the end of the war in the complacent belief that she was endowed with a privilege to be superior on the sea. Her superiority was the fair reward of foresight and preparation. When looked at properly, her victories over the French and Spanish Navies afforded no guarantee that she would not be beaten if she forgot that:—

The same arts that did gain
A power must it maintain.

The rapid loss of a handful of vessels to a single opponent in the course of a few months drove that lesson home by a spasm of pain to our pride and self-confidence. The United States were not at that time able to maintain a great fleet. The rulers of the Republic very wisely decided that since they could not possess many ships, they would take care that such ships as they had should be of excellent quality and excellently handled. They won the just reward of sound judgment and timely preparation. Nor was that reward a slight one. The victories of the United States frigates and sloops taught England that there was on the other side of the Atlantic a growing power which must one day be numerous and wealthy, which would be able to maintain great fleets, and had shown that her seamen could defeat all but the best of the English Navy. Idle attempts were made to belittle these successes by insisting on the size and armament of the American frigates. The navy knew their size and armament before it fought them. It learnt only from experience that the Americans could make full use of these advantages, which they had for the rest procured for themselves and not by accident. The good sense of the navy and the country would not be blinded. Englishmen drew the very sane deduction that they could be beaten at sea if they allowed other people to surpass them in the quality of their armaments and in skill. Nothing is more striking than the sense of insecurity, the doubts about the future, the painful consciousness that there was something misleading and hollow in all our naval successes, which can be traced in the writings of seamen from the end of the great war. They all insist that we must not rest on our successes, but prepare for yet harder struggles in the future. A great work of reform and instruction began in the years immediately after the close of the war, and it began under the impulse given by the successes of the American ships. The fortune of England has been wonderful, and it never served her better than when it gave her that warning. The Americans had beaten her because they were prepared and capable, and what the Americans had done others could do if we allowed ourselves to be surpassed.

That what we needs must call fortune has had a great share in the victories of England on the sea cannot be denied by any sound-minded man who looks at the history of her navy as a whole. Fortune, and not England, has provided that from the day when Hubert de Burgh and the men of the Cinque Ports defeated Eustace the Monk, till the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1815, she has never had to meet an enemy at once strong in numbers and good in quality on the sea, except during the second half of the seventeenth century when she fought the Dutch. They, a small people occupying a little corner of land, compelled to fight on shore for very existence, were necessarily surpassed. The Spaniard was always inept at sea. The French navy, the creation of Louis XIV., has been valiant, ingenious, not seldom successful, but it was neglected, starved, misused by the monarchy, and so torn to pieces by the Revolution that it could never recover. The sound national instinct, the healthy social order, the innate love of good work which have shaped our Navy, are just subjects for pride. But they are also a lesson and a warning. Great navies are forming now, which have thoroughly learned all we have taught. We must not rely on possessing the same superiority we had in the eighteenth century without strenuous effort. And we must not forget what that superiority was. It did not lie in numbers nor in armament, nor in methods of attack, however valuable these elements of strength may be. It lay in that skill of the men who handled the weapons, in that loyalty to the service, in that readiness of resource, promptitude to decide, and firmness to act, without which, numbers, arms, and ingenious tactics are of no avail.

FOOTNOTES

[1] I have thought best to leave whatever it is needful to say about the internal history of the British Navy in these years until it can find a place in the account of the events of 1797.

[2] I omit all mention of the mutinies in single ships which began to occur about this time, thinking it more convenient, and more likely to tend to clearness, to treat them along with the general outbreak of 1797.

[3] We may stop for a moment to look at this list of accidents. Whenever an accident happens to the navy to-day there is an outcry over the decay of seamanship, and profuse assertions that such things did not occur in the good old days are made. Yet we see that, when Bridport started on his tardy pursuit of Morard de Galle, two collisions and one grounding took place in his fleet. Between the 10th December 1796 and the 12th February 1797 there were six accidents, two of them total losses in the fleet of Jervis—nine accidents in about eight weeks among the best forces we had. The losses of Villaret-Joyeuse in his disastrous winter cruise in 1794 were hardly greater. The grounding of the =St. George= was attributed to the Portuguese pilot. But the presence of a pilot does not remove the responsibility of the captain and his officers. Lisbon was as familiar to us as any English port. Would a navigating officer now need a pilot when entering or leaving Lisbon? And was the pilot responsible for blundering into the frigate?

[4] The times entered in the logs were taken from the watches of signal officers and masters. They were not chronometers, nor were the observations made by men engaged in calm scientific investigation. Discrepancies are frequent, and it is rarely, perhaps never, possible to be sure if the time at which any movement was made to within a quarter of an hour or twenty minutes. Other discrepancies are frequent.

[5] The occupation of the Dutch Colonies will be told when the ancillary services of the navy are dealt with as a whole.

[6] Though I do not undertake to give a full account of the Commissions and their Reports, I will take leave to say a few words as to the general impression an examination of them has left on me. There was waste due:—1st, to the division of responsibility between the Admiralty Board and the Navy Office; 2nd, to the survival of the old belief that a man in a Government office committed no mortal sin if he “licked his fingers”; 3rd, to the fact that while the work of the Admiralty and Navy Board had increased enormously since 1793, there had been no proportionate increase in the administering and supervising staff. Pitt, who long clung to the belief that France would be reduced to submission by financial distress, and was by nature a rigid economist, was unwilling to add to the permanent expenses of Government, and accounts remained unchecked and unbalanced for want of hands to do the work. Money was lost, because expenditure could not be followed, and checked. Fallen mankind availed itself of the opportunity. Big men kept public money lying at their bankers, who gave them interest for it. Little men drew pay for work they never did. Contractors took illegitimate profits. All this was bad, but it may all be conceded, and yet we may find that we cannot accept the wholesale denunciations of the Navy Board made by St. Vincent, and by his men, notably his sycophantic secretary, Tucker. Such a story as that of the illegal—at least the tyrannical—impressment of D. E. Bartholomew speaks very ill for the spirit prevailing in the men about St. Vincent, and for him. The notorious case of Sir Home Popham is even worse. Sir Home was accused of having wasted public money on the repair of his ship in India. He was very capable of taking care of himself, and he forced an inquiry. It was proved to demonstration that in the accounts on which the accusation brought against him was based, the same sums had been counted several times over, and some of them were given in pounds sterling, and not in the correct currency—rupees. The total was in fact multiplied by ten, and a legitimate outlay of £7000 was swollen, either by deliberate dishonesty, or by carelessness amounting to dishonest negligence, to an enormous figure. How many officials were denounced on no better grounds than Sir Home Popham? No man is so unscrupulous in accusation as a passionate reformer convinced of his own virtue, unless it be a follower eager to earn the approval of his reforming patron by a display of zeal.

[7] I give all figures _sous bénéfice d’inventaire_. Nothing is better calculated to show how hard men find it to be accurate than the discrepancies between the list of ships given by different authorities in 1804, or at any time. James does not agree with Tucker (_Life of St. Vincent_), and neither agree with Captain Desbrière (_Projets et Tentatives_). It must be remembered, too, that at any given moment a squadron might be below its establishment owing to the absence of ships in need of repair or stores, or above it because ships joined the flag as reliefs or in transit.

[8] I am not unaware that Duncan’s ships bore down on the Dutch at Camperdown from windward, and that although they suffered a greater loss of life in proportion than the ships of Trafalgar, they were not sunk, or ruined beyond repair. But at Camperdown our ships were running before a strong breeze, on a rough sea, and were on an average heavier ships than their opponents. Therefore they crossed the belt of danger during their approach more rapidly, were better able to stand hammering, and were fired at from a more unsteady platform than was afforded by the almost becalmed ships of the Franco-Spaniards. Moreover, the Dutch deliberately reserved their fire.

INDEX

Abercromby, Sir Ralph, General, in Cadiz, 419
commands troops in Mediterranean,413-414
in expedition to Egypt, 420, 421
in West Indies, 483

Aboukir, position of, 392
Turks defeated at, 409

=Achille=, at Trafalgar, 458

_Achille_, at Trafalgar, 460
on 1st June, 319
taken on 1st June, 321

=Achilles=, flagship of Rodney, 178
in blockade of Vannes, 186

Achin, Suffren winters at, 291

Acre, siege of, 409

_Actif_, action with =Nonsuch=, 263

=Active=, sent by Hood to North America,
captured, 267
sights Villeneuve, 447

=Adamant=, at battle of Camperdown, 351 _et seq._

_Admiraal de Ruiter_, flagship of Zoutman, 256

_Admirable_, burnt at Cherbourg, 43
French, La Hogue, 38

_Admiral Generaal_, in Dutch squadron, 1781, 256

=Adventure=, La Hogue, 37

=Advice=, La Hogue, 37

Affleck, Sir Edmond, Admiral, in command at New York, 267

=Africa=, at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._

_Africaine_, taken, 420, 421

=Agamemnon=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._
at Trafalgar, 458
detached by Kempenfelt, 273

_Aggershuus_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

=Agincourt=, at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Aigle_, at Trafalgar, 460
joins Villeneuve, 447

_Aigrette_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

_Aimable_, French, La Hogue, 38
in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Aix, island of, plundered, 167

=Ajax=, at Trafalgar, 458
joins Nelson, 455

_Ajax_, in squadron of Allemand, 477
in squadron of Suffren, 287

Alava, J. M. de, Admiral, at Trafalgar, 460

=Albemarle=, La Hogue, 37

Albemarle, Lord, General, at taking of Havana, 196

_Alceste_, Sardinian frigate, taken by French, 330

_Alcide_, taken by Boscawen, 142

=Alcmene= brings news of mutiny to ships off Cadiz, 380
on coast of Egypt, 401

_Alcmène_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

=Alexander=, joins Nelson, 388
at battle of Nile, 393, 397
taken by French, 324
taken by Nelson to Naples, 401

_Alexandre_, separates from fleet of D’Orvilliers, 224
taken, 327

=Alfred=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480
in battle of 1st June, 320

Algeciras, action at, 430-433

_Algesiras_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Alkmaar_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Allan, Lord, comes to Chatham, 373

Allemand, Admiral, escape of from Brest, 477
his cruise from Rochefort, 452, 455
second sortie, 477 _et seq._

Allouarn, Captain, commands _Juste_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Alms, James, Captain, commands =Monmouth=, 283 _et seq._

=Amazon=, attacks _Droits de l’homme_, 340

_Ambitieux_, French, La Hogue, 38
Tourville hoists flag in, 41

Ambrose, Captain, court-martial on, 115, 116

=Ambuscade=, capture of, 472

=Amelia=, in action of Tory Island, 400

=America=, driven to sea, 259
in action with La Clue, 180

_America_, in battle of 1st June, 319
taken on 1st June, 321

Amherst, Lord, General, at taking of Louisbourg, 171, 173

Amiens, Peace of, 435

=Amphion=, carries pennant of Sir W. Hoste, 489

_Amsterdam_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Anacreon_, her cruise to Ireland, 401

Andrews, Captain, commands =Defiance= at battle of Minorca, 152

=Andromache=, look-out ship of Rodney’s fleet, 276

=Anglesea=, taken by French, 120, 121

Angria, pirate chief, 140

=Anna=, victualler with Anson’s squadron, 108

Anson, George, Baron, his voyage round the world, 107, 109
convoys Duke of Marlborough to coast of France, 168
defeats La Jonquière and St. George, 123, 124
his political weakness, 148
is appointed to lead expedition to South Seas, 103
made a peer, 125
on Board of Admiralty, 117, 118

=Anson=, in action off Tory Island, 400

=Antelope=, Byng goes home as prisoner in, 155
takes Belliqueux, 175, 176

Antraigues, Count d’, secret service of, 442

Apodaca, Ruiz de, burns his ships at Trinidad, 483

_Apollo_, French privateer, takes =Anglesea=, 120

_Aquilon_, at the battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._
prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

Aranda, Count of, Spanish Ambassador, quoted, 254

Arbuthnot, Marriot, Admiral, action off Capes of Virginia, 260
at New York, 259
commands =Portland= at battle of Quiberon, 189
defends Channel Islands, reaches New York, 244
sent to America, 241

=Ardent=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._
at battle of Camperdown, 352
taken by Allies, 242
with Howe at New York, 230

=Arethusa=, action with _Belle Poule_, 223

_Argonanta_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Argonaute_, at Trafalgar, 460

Argumosa, T., commands _Monarca_ at Trafalgar, 460

“Armed Ship,” what was, 214

Arnold, Benedict, attacks Quebec, 218
in Virginia, 260

=Arrogant=, unfit for service, 209

Artois Count d’ (Charles X.), to command expedition, 326

Ashby, John, knighted, 20
at battle of Hogue, La, _q.v._
at Beachy Head, _q.v._
in joint commission of 1691, 32

Asiento, what was, leads to war with Spain, 99

=Atlas=, stranding of, 342, 343

_Audacieux_, joins Villaret-Joyeuse, 312

=Audacious=, at Algeciras, 431, 433
at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._
in Howe’s fleet, 311
sent to Gibraltar, 401

_Aventurier_, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

=Babet=, at action at Groix, 327

_Bahama_, at Trafalgar, 460
taken by American privateers, 219

Baird, P., Captain, commands =Portland= at battle of Minorca, 152
commands =Defiance= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Baker, John, Admiral, in command in Mediterranean, 54

Balchen, Sir John, Admiral, sent to coast of Spain, 109
his death, 121

Bâle, Peace of, 294

Balfour, George, Captain, boards _Bienfaisant_, 173, 174

Ball, Sir Alexander John, Admiral, commands =Alexander= at battle of
Nile, 394

Ballinamuck, surrender of French at, 398

Bantry Bay, battle in, 18, 19
French ships at, 338-339

=Barfleur=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._
on 1st June, 319

Barfleur Cape. _See_ Hogue, La

Bargas, J., commands _San Ildefonso_ at Trafalgar, 460

Barham, Lord. _See_ Middleton, Sir C.

Barlow, captain of =Phœbe=, 420

Barnett, Curtis, Commodore, sails to East Indies, 128
takes prizes, 129;
his death, _ibid._

Barras de Saint Laurent, Chef d’escadre, joins Grasse, 268, 269

Barrington, Samuel, Admiral, captain of =Achilles= in blockade of Vannes,
186
at Barbadoes, 237
takes Santa Lucia, beats off D’Estaign, 238

Barrow, Sir John, quoted, 133

Bart, Jean, privateer, 74

Bartholomew, D. E., Captain, pressed, 437 _note_

Basque Roads, action in, 476

Bastia, taken, 328

_Batave_, damaged, 405
in fleet of Bruix, 403 _et seq._

_Batavier_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Batticaloa, Suffren refits at, 289

Battle of 1st June 1794, 318-320

Bausset, Chef d’escadre, in capture of Moutray’s convoy, 252

Bayntun, H. W., Captain, commands =Leviathan= at Trafalgar, 458

_Bayonnaise_, takes =Ambuscade=, 472

Beachy Head, battle of, 24-29

Beaudoin, L. A., commands _Fougueux_ at Trafalgar, 460

Beauffremont, at Louisbourgh, 163
commands _Tonnant_, at battle of Quiberon, 190
sails to America, 162

Beaumont Lemaître, Captain, commands _Téméraire_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Beaver, Philip, Captain, cuts out _Prima_, 414
quoted, 419, 433, 434

Beckwith, General, takes Martinique and Guadaloupe, 484

=Bedford=, at battle of Camperdown, 352
dismasted, 259

Bedford, Duke of, at head of Admiralty, 117

Belingant, Chevalier de, commands _Northumberland_ at battle of Quiberon,
190

Bell, George, lieutenant of =Indefatigable=, 341

_Belle Poule_, action with =Arethusa=, 223
in action at Pulo Aor, 480

=Belleisle=, at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._
former French _Formidable_, 327

Belleisle. _See_ Quiberon
taken, 196

=Bellerophon=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._
at Trafalgar, 458
in Howe’s fleet, 310 _et seq._
sent to Gibraltar, 401

=Belliqueux=, at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Belliquex_, taken, Bristol Channel, 175

=Bellona=, at Copenhagen, 426
in action off Cape Ortegal, 466

_Bellone_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

Benbow, John, Vice-Admiral, commands expedition to West Indies, 53
attacks St. Malo, 49
his career and death, 91 _et seq._

Bengal, Bay of, operations in, 196, 202

Bentley, Sir John, Vice-Admiral, commands =Warspight= in battle of
Quiberon, 189

_Berceau_, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Berenger, C., commands _Scipion_ at Trafalgar, 460

Beresford, Marshal, Lord, surrenders at Buenos Ayres, 485

Berkeley, Hon. G. Cranfield, Baron, Admiral, commands =Marlborough=, 311

Berkeley, Lord, Admiral, attacks Brest, 50, 51
bombards Dieppe and Havre, 51

Bernadotte, Marshal, and King of Sweden, commands in West of France, 418

Berry, Sir Edward, Captain, carries Nelson’s despatches, 401
commands =Agamemnon= at Trafalgar, 458
Rear-Admiral, captain of =Vanguard= at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._

Bertie, captain of =Ardent= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Bertie, Lord Robert, his regiment in Byng’s squadron, 148 _et seq._

Bertie, Sir Albemarle, Admiral, commands =Thunderer= in Howe’s fleet, 311

=Berwick=, at battle of Toulon, 113
in north squadron, 1781, 255 _et seq._
La Hogue, 37
taken by French, 330

_Berwick_, at Trafalgar, 460

_Beschermer_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Bettesworth, captain of =Curieux=, 450

Bévisier. _See_ Beachy Head

_Bexhirmer_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Bexley, Lord, _see_ Vansittart, 424

_Biche_, at Louisbourg, 172

Bickerton, Sir Richard, Admiral, blockades Carthagena, 453
joins Collingwood off Cadiz, 455
Vice-Admiral, joins Hughes, 290

_Bienfaisant_, taken at Louisbourg, 173

Bigot de Morogues, commands _Magnifique_ at battle of Quiberon, 190
head of _Académie de la Marine_, 147

_Bizarre_, at battle of Quiberon, 190
in squadron of Suffren, 286 _et seq._

Blackwood, Sir Henry, Admiral, commands =Euryalus= at Trafalgar, 460
_et seq._

Blakeney, General, lieutenant-governor of Minorca, warns Ministry, 147

Blane, Sir Gilbert, physician to fleet, 275, 276

Blanquet Duchayla, Admiral, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

=Blenheim=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345-349

Bligh, General, takes Cherbourg, 168

Bligh, Sir Richard Rodney, Admiral,
captain of =Alexander=, 324

Bligh, William, Admiral, captain of =Glatton= at Copenhagen, 426
commands =Director= at battle of Camperdown, 351
in mutiny at Nore, 370 _et seq._

Blockade, methods of, 304, 305

Bloys, Rear-Admiral, at battle of Camperdown, 351

=Boadicea=, pursues Bompard, 399

Boca Chica, entry to Carthagena, 104

Boischateau, Keremar de, Captain, commands _Brilliant_ at battle of
Quiberon, 190

=Bombay Castle=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480
lost, 243

Bompard, Admiral, his expedition to Ireland, 398, 399

Bompard, M. de, cruise to West Indies, 177
in West Indies, 195
returns to Brest, 187

Bonaparte. _See_ Napoleon

=Bonaventure=, La Hogue, 37

=Bonne Citoyenne=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345
joins Nelson, 388
on coast of Egypt, 401

Boscawen, Sir Edward, Admiral, his career and character; takes command in
East Indies, 131
action with La Clue, 179-182
convoy scattered on his return home, 175
on Board of Admiralty, 148
operations in North America, 141
operations on Coromandel coast, 131, 132
returns home, 141
sails to intercept Dubois de Lamotte, 141
takes Louisbourg, 171, 173

=Boston=, attacked by French, 76

Boston, French squadron at, 235, 236

Boteler, Captain, succeeds Wren in West Indies, 52

Bott, mutineer, 369

Bouillé, Marquis de, co-operates in taking of St. Kitts, 275
retakes St. Eustatius, 271
surprises Dominica, 237
takes Tobago, 265

Boulogne, attacks on flotilla at, 434, 435

Bounties for seamen offered, 143

=Bounty= mentioned, 324

_Bourbon_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Bourgoyne_, separates from fleet of D’Orvilliers, 224

Bouvet, M. de, French officer, relieves Pondicherry, 131

Bouvet, Rear-Admiral, in expedition to Ireland, 337, 339

Bover, Lieutenant, threatened by mutineers at Spithead, 367

Bowyer, Sir George, Admiral, wounded on 1st June, 319

=Boyne=, at battle of Toulon, 115

Boys, Commodore, blockades Dunkirk, 178

Braddoch, General, his attack on Port Duquesne, and death, 141

_Brandenberg_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Brave_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Breda=, Benbow’s flagship, 92
La Hogue, 37

Brenton, Sir Edward, Captain, quoted, 377

Brereton, Major-General, misleads Nelson, 450

Brest, port of, and attack on, 51

Brett, Peircy, Admiral, commands =Lion= in action with _Elizabeth_, 122
in Downs, 178

Bridport, Lord. _See_ Hood, Alexander

_Brilliant_, at battle of Quiberon, 190
French, La Hogue, 38

=Brilliant=, in mutiny at Nore, 374
in squadron of Suffren, 286

_Brilliante_, in squadron of Tronjolly, 282

Brinley, John, mutinous seaman, 90

=Bristol=, in Anson’s fleet, 1747, 124

=Britannia=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq_.
at Trafalgar, 458
flagship of Russell, 41
La Hogue, 37

Brodrick, Thomas, Admiral, in action with La Clue, 179, 182
commands in Mediterranean, 162

Bronard, G. A., commands _Algesiras_ at Trafalgar, 460

Brookes, Cæsar, midshipman of =Milford=, 84 _et seq._

Brown, Rob. Hunter, captain of =Dorsetshire=, 480

Browning, master of =Mountjoy=, killed at Londonderry, 21

Brueys d’Aigalliers, Admiral, commands in expedition to Egypt, 389
anchors at Aboukir, the disposition of his ships, 392, 393

Bruix, Eustache, his cruise to Mediterranean, 403, 407

Brune, Marshal, subdues Italy, 417

=Brunswick=, on 1st June, 320

_Brutus_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Bucentaure_, flagship of Villeneuve, at Trafalgar, 460

=Buckingham=, flagship of Temple West at battle of Minorca, 152

Buckle, M., Captain, commands =Namur= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Buckner, Rear-Admiral, at Nore in mutiny, 370 _et seq._

Buenos Ayres, expeditions to, 485

Bullen, Sir Charles, commands =Britannia= at Trafalgar, 458

Bunker Hill, battle of, 218

Burchett, Josiah, quoted, 68

=Burford=, at battle of Quiberon, 189
La Hogue, 37

Burgess, Captain, commanded =Ardent= at Camperdown, killed, 352 _et seq._

Burgoyne, General, his advance, 218

Burke, Edmund, character of Keppel, 221
on naval estimates, 209

Burrish, Captain, court-martial on, 114

Burslem, F., Captain, commands =Coventry= at battle of Quiberon, 189

Bussy, General, in East Indies, 291 _et seq._

Butler, Captain, succeeds Wilmot;
lawsuit with Ruth Wilmot, 89

Buxton, Theophilus, steward, 89

Byard, Sir T., Captain, commands =Bedford= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Byng, Sir George, Admiral, father of John Byng, created Viscount
Torrington, 148
in taking of Gibraltar, 64 _et seq._
in command in Mediterranean, 54

Byng, John, Admiral, commands in Channel, 145
birth and early career, 147, 148
takes reliefs to Minorca;
his campaign and death, 148, 156

Byron, Captain, commands =Andromache=, 276

Byron, John, Admiral, his career and character; sails to America, 222
in North America and West Indies, 235, 240
stormy passage, 232, 233

_Ça Ira_, taken, 330

Cadiz, bombarded, 387
mutiny averted in ships off, 381-382
threatened, 419

=Cæsar=, at Algeciras, 431-433
flagship of Sir Richard Strachan, 466
in Howe’s fleet, 312 _et seq._

Cagigal, F. X., commands _San Agustin_ at Trafalgar, 460

Calder, Sir Robert, Admiral, captain of fleet with Jervis, 346 _et seq._
commands off Ferrol, 450, 452
court-martial, 460
joins Collingwood off Cadiz, 455

Caldwell, Sir Benjamin, commands =Agamemnon=, 273

Callis, Captain, burns Spanish galleys at St. Tropez, 110

Calvi, taken, 328

_Calypso_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

Camaret Bay. _See_ Brest

Camas, J. G. F., commands _Berwick_ at Trafalgar, 460

Cambon, Captain, commands _Mercure_ at the battle of the Nile, 395
_et seq._

=Cambridge=, La Hogue, 37

Campbell, John, Captain, flag-captain at battle of Quiberon, 189
takes French convoy, 169

Campbell, captain of =Blenheim=, overawes mutineers of =Marlborough=, 383

Campbell, Portuguese officer, gives information to Nelson, 449
reports position of Spaniards to Jervis, 345

Camperdown, battle of, 351, 354

Camperdown, Viscount. _See_ Duncan, Adam

=Canada=, escapes from French squadron, 323
in action off Tory Island, 400

Cape Coast-Castle attacked by French, 170

Cape Français, action off, 170, 171

Cape, mutiny at, 381
restored and retaken, 484
taken, 483

=Captain=, at battle of Minorca, 152
at Louisbourg, 172
La Hogue, 37
Nelson’s pennant in, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 344, 349

_Captain General_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Captain’s servants, 95, 96

Carkett, Robert, first lieutenant of =Monmouth=, 161

Carleton, Sir Guy, General, defends Quebec, 218

_Carlotta_, Portuguese frigate, 345

Carmarthen, Peregrine Osborne, 2nd Duke of Leeds, Marquis of, in attack
on Brest, 51

=Carnarvon=, Indiaman, taken by French, 175

Carnegie, William, Earl of Northesk, in mutiny at Nore, 377
third in command at Trafalgar, 458

Carrickfergus, taken by Thurot, 195

Carronade, by whom invented, and use of, 469, 470

Carter, Rear-Admiral, at La Hogue, _q.v._

Carthagena, English attack on, 104, 105

Casabianca, flag-captain (French), at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Casse, M. du, French naval officer, his action with Benbow, 92, 93

Castagnier, Captain, lands invaders at Fishguard, 335

_Casteel Medenblick_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Castlebar, French victory at, 398

=Castor=, taken by French, 308

Castries, Marquis de, French Minister of Marine, 296

Catamarans, failure of, 443

Catford, Captain, commands =Captain= at battle of Minorca, 152

Cathcart, Lord-General, appointed to command troops in West Indies, 103
his death, 104

Caumont, Chevalier de, Captain, commands _Inflexible_ at battle of
Quiberon, 190

Cautious Leeshore. _See_ Keppel

Cawdor, French surrender to, 335

Cayenne, taken, 484

_Censeur_, in fleet of Bruix, 403
retaken by French, 331
taken, 330

_Centaure_, in action of La Clue with Boscawen, 181

=Centurion=, 125
at Gibraltar, 1704, 65
flagship of Anson, 107-109
joins Howe at New York, 232
La Hogue, 37

_Cerberus_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

=Cerberus=, brings report of approach of Spanish fleet to Rodney, 250

_César_, action with =Isis=, 235
in squadron of Estaign, 229

Ceylon, Dutch possessions in, taken, 483

Chandernagore, taken, 198

Charles Edward, Prince, sails in _Doutelle_, 122

Charles III., King of Spain, and his navy, 217

_Charlotte Amelie_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Chartres, Duke of, at battle of Ushant, 225

Chasteloger, Captain, commands _Intrépide_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

Châteaurenault, Count of, French Admiral, brings troops to Ireland, 17
at Beachy Head, _q.v._
fails to join Tourville in 1692, 34
fights battle in Bantry Bay, 18-19
joins Tourville, 24
sails from Toulon to Brest, 58

=Chatham=, at battle of Quiberon, 189
La Hogue, 37

Chatham, fortified against mutineers, 373

Cherbourg, enlarged by Napoleon, 476
taken, 168

_Chesapeake_, taken by =Shannon=, 472

=Chester=, La Hogue, 37
taken by French, 78

=Chesterfield=, in Byng’s squadron, 151

Chézac, captain of _Soleil Royal_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Chichester=, at battle of Quiberon, 189
at battle of Toulon, 115

=Childers= sloop, brings news of war with Holland to Rodney, 261

_Chimère_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Chouans, what were, 334, 335

Christian, Sir Hugh Cloberry, Rear-Admiral, in West Indies, 483

Churruca, C., commands _San Juan Nepomuceno_ at Trafalgar, 460

Cillart, Captain, surrenders _Sévère_, 290

_Cisalpin_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Cisneros, B. H., Admiral, at Trafalgar, 460

Clarke, W. Stanley, captain of =Wexford=, 480

_Classes_, original _inscription maritime_. _See_ Navy, French Royal

Clerk, John, referred to, 315 _et seq._

Clinton, Sir Henry, General, retreats from Philadelphia to New York, 230

Clive, Lord, co-operates with Watson in taking Geriah, 140

_Clorinde_, her cruise to East Indies, 467

Clue, La. _See_ La Clue

=Clyde=, in mutiny at Nore, 356 _et seq._
leaves mutineers, 374

_Cocarde_, in expedition to Ireland, 338

Cochin, Dutch ports taken, 483

Cochrane, Lord (Earl Dundonald), taken, 431
at Basque Roads, 476

Cochrane, Sir Alexander Forrester, Admiral, in West Indies, 448
takes Martinique and Guadaloupe, 484

Codrington, Colonel, governor of Virgin Islands, 69 _et seq._

Codrington, Sir Edward, Admiral, captain of =Babet=, 327
commands =Orion= at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._
quoted, 471

Coghlan, Jeremiah, Captain, cuts out French privateer, 418

Colbert, organises French Navy, 9

Colbert de Seignelay succeeds his father, 10

Collier, Sir John, in North America, 244

Collingwood, Commodore, in West Indies, 247

Collingwood, Cuthbert, Lord, Vice-Admiral, conduct off Cadiz, 455
commands =Barfleur= on 1st June, 319
commands =Excellent= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346
misses Ganteaume, 477, 478
replaces Orde at Cadiz, 449
second in command at Trafalgar, 458 _et seq._

=Colossus=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._
at Trafalgar, 458
in collision with =Culloden=, 343
joins Jervis, 343

Colpoys, Sir John, Admiral, commands off Brest, 338
goes to Spithead, 342
mutiny in his flagship, 364 _et seq._

_Comète_, escapes from Louisbourg, 174

_Concorde_, in Savary’s squadron, 398
sent by Grasse to North America, 267

Conflans, Marechal de, commands Brest fleet, 176
at battle of Quiberon, 187, 194
blockaded by Hawke, 182, 183
his orders, 187
leaves Brest, _ibid._
plan of campaign, 183

Conn, J., Captain, commands =Dreadnought= at Trafalgar, 458

_Conquerant_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._
French, La Hogue, 38
prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

=Conqueror=, at Trafalgar, 458

Constable, captain of =Windsor=, his misconduct, 92
dismissed and imprisoned, 93

_Constitution_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

_Content_, at Battle of Minorca, 152
convoys trade, 127
French, La Hogue, 38
helps to take Northumberland, 119

_Convention_, in battle of 1st June, 319
in fleet of Bruix, 403

Convoy, act to regulate, 479
ships employed on, in 1778, 213

Cooke, Edward, Captain, at Toulon, 302

Cooke, J., Captain, commands =Bellerophon= at Trafalgar, 458

Cooper, Captain, court-martial on, 115

Copenhagen, battle of, 424, 430

_Coquille_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

Córdoba, Jose de, commands Spanish fleet at St. Vincent, 344

Cordoba, Luis de, commands allied fleet in Channel, 269
his piety, 262
Spanish admiral, in Channel, 241, 242
takes English convoy, 252, 253

Corfu, occupied by French, 402

Cornish, Sir Samuel, vice-admiral in expedition to Manilla, 196

Cornwall, Captain, commands =Intrepid= at battle of Minorca, 152
captain, killed at battle of Toulon, 113

=Cornwall=, joins Howe at New York, 232
La Hogue, 37

Cornwallis, Sir William, Admiral, action with Ternay, 251
blockades Brest, 438
divides his fleet, 454
drives back Brest fleet, 455
retreat of, 326

Cornwallis, Lord, General, takes Charlestown, 244

Corsairs, French, 73, 79

Corsica, occupation of, 328 _et seq._
evacuation of, 332

Cotgrave, Captain, in action at Boulogne, 435

Cotton, Sir Charles, Admiral, joins Keith, 408

Countess, Captain, commands =Ethalion=, 399

_Courageux_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Courageux=, lost, 343
in action off Cape Ortegal, 466

Courand, Captain, commands _Sans Pariel_, 314

_Couronne_, battle of Minorca, 152
French, La Hogue, 38

Court, M. de, French Admiral, at battle of Toulon, 112 _et seq._
supports Spaniards, 110

Court-martial, reorganisation of, by Act 22nd, George II., 136, 139

Coutance Laselle, Captain, commands _Sphinx_ at battle of Quiberon, 190

=Coutts= in action at Pulo Aor, 480

_Covadonga, Nuestra Señora de_, Spanish galleon, taken by Anson, 109

=Coventry=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

Craig, General, brings troops to Mediterranean, 449

Craven, first-lieutenant of =Northumberland=, 120

Croisic, Pointe de. _See_ Quiberon

=Crown=, La Hogue, 37

Cruikshank, Isaac, caricatures Howe, 301

Cruisers, ships employed as, in 1778, 213

Cuddalore, occupied by Suffren, 289
siege of, 291

Cullemberg, Admiral, Dutch, at Beachy Head, _q.v._

=Culloden=, at battle of Minorca, 152
grounds on Aboukir shoal, 394
in action with La Clue, 180
in attack on Santa Cruz, 387
in battle of Cape St. Vincent, 345, 349
in collision with =Colossus=, 343
lost on Long Island, 259
on 1st June, 319

Cumberland, Duke of, recommends creation of Marines, 144

=Cumberland= in action at Pulo Aor, 480
taken, 339
taken by French, 78

Cuming, Captain of =Russell= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Cumming Thomas, Quaker, advocates expedition to coast of Africa, 170
_et seq._

Cunningham, Sir Charles, Rear-admiral, his account of mutiny at Nore,
quoted 356 _et seq._,
captain of =Clyde=, _ibid._

Curaçao, occupied, 483,
restored, retaken, 484

=Curieux=, sent to England, 450

Curtis, Sir Roger, commands squadron in Channel, 337
his caution on 1st June, 321
joins flag off Cadiz, 388

Dacres, J. R., Captain, commands =Barfleur= at Battle of Cape St.
Vincent, 346

Dalbarade, Captain, commands _Conquerent_ at the battle of the Nile, 395
_et seq._

Dance, Sir Nathaniel, East India Company’s commodore, 480

Danish fleet seized, 486
Islands in West Indies taken, 483

=Daphne= taken, 325

Darby, George, Vice-Admiral, in command in Channel, 251
outmatched in Channel, 270
relieves Gibraltar, 262, 263

Darby, Captain, commands =Bellerophon= in battle of the Nile, 394
_et seq._

Dardanelles, Passage of, 487

=Dartmouth=, at Londonderry, 21

_Dauphin Royal_, at battle of Quiberon, 190
escapes Boscawen, 142

D’Aché, Count, in East Indies, 198-202

D’Aiguillon, Duke, General, to command army of invasion, 177

D’Albert de Rions, Comte, ill-treated by mob, 297

_Decatur_ captures =Dominica=, 472

Decrés, Admiral, his defence of _Guillaume Tell_, 412

=Defence=, at battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._
at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._
at Trafalgar, 458
on 1st June, 319
sent to Gibraltar, 401
unfit for service, 209

=Defiance=, at battle of Minorca, 152
at battle of Quiberon, 189
at Trafalgar, 458
flagship of Richard Graves at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._
in Anson’s fleet, 1747, 124
in Benbow’s squadron, 92
La Hogue, 37

D’Herville, Captain, commands _Fier_ at battle of Minorca, 152

D’Hocquart, Captain, French Navy, taken by Boscawen, 142

Delaval, Sir Ralph, at Beachy Head, _q.v._
in joint commission of, 1693, 45
with Smyrna convoy, 35

_Delft_, at battle of Camperdown, 351
Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Denieport, G., commands _Achille_ at Trafalgar, 460

Denis, Sir Peter, Vice-admiral, commands =Dorsetshire= at battle of
Quiberon, 189

_Denmark_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Denmark, Prince George of, husband of Queen Anne, Lord High Admiral, 59

_De Provinzen_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Deptford=, joins Byng, 149
La Hogue, 37

_Desaix_, in action at Algeciras, 430 _et seq._

Desbrière, Captain, quoted, 334

D’Estaign, Charles Henri, Théodat D’Estaign du Saillans, Comte, his
career and character, sails to America, 222 _et seq._
in West Indies and Carolina, 236, 240
passed Gibraltar, 229,
operation on coast of North America, 229, 234

Destouches, Chevalier, in command of French squadron at Newport, 259

D’Estrèes, at Beachy Head, _q.v._
brings French squadron to Portsmouth, 9

Devaux, General, commands troops in Algeciras, 431

=Devonshire=, blown up in action with French, 78
La Hogue, 37

_Devries_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

De Winter, Jan Willem, Dutch Admiral, at battle of Camperdown, 351, 354

=Diadem=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

_Diamant_, French, La Hogue, 38
taken by Boscawen, 141

Diamond Rock, English position, taken, 448

Dickson, Captain of =Veteran=, 427 _et seq._

=Didon=, joins Villeneuve, 448
taken, 453

Digby, Captain, commands =Africa= at Trafalgar, 458

Digby, Rear-Admiral, pursues La Motte Picquet, 263
commanded =Dunkirk= at battle of Quiberon, 189
sent to North America, 269

Diggs, D., Captain, commands =Maidstone= at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Diligente_, French privateer, 76

Dilk, captain, court martial on, 115

Dilkes, Captain of _Raisonable_, 427 _et seq._

Dilkes, Sir Thomas, at battle of Malaga, 65

=Director=, at battle of Camperdown, 352
at Nore, 370

Diron, captain of _Decatur_, 472

=Discovery=, deserts mutineers, 377

_Dix Août_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Dixon, captain of =Ramillies=, 427 _et seq._

Dixon, James, master of Northumberland, 138

Dixon, Manley, Captain, his humanity to his men, 359

Djezzar, Pasha of Acre, 409

Dogger Bank, battle of, 257, 258

=Dolphin=, in Byng’s squadron, 151
in North Sea squadron, 256

Domett, Sir William, Admiral, captain of fleet with Sir Hyde Parker,
426 _et seq._

Dominica, action off, on 9th April, 277
battle of, 12th April, 278, 279
taken, 483
taken from French, 196

=Dominica=, taken by _Decatur_, 472

Don, master of =Ardent=, killed at battle of Camperdown, 354

Donnidge, Mr., surgeon of Milford, 84, 85

Dordelin, captain of _Tyrannicide_, in fleet of Villaret-Joyeuse, 313
_et seq._

Dorré, lieutenant of _Revolutionnaire_, 311

=Dorsetshire=, at battle of Quiberon, 189
court-martial on lieutenants of, 115
in action at Pulo Aor, 480

D’Orves, dies at sea, 286
takes command of French naval forces in East Indies, 283

D’Orvilliers, Guillonet, Comte, at battle of Ushant, 223, 226
commands Brest fleet, 221
in channel, 241, 242

Douglas, Sir Charles, captain of fleet, with Rodney, 276;
his advice to Rodney, 278
serves on American Lakes, 218

Douglas, Sir James, Admiral, at taking of Dominica, 196

_Doutelle_, carries Prince Charles Edward to Scotland, 122

=Dragon=, money spent on, rotten, 209
with Admiral Knight’s convoy, 449

_Dragon_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

Drake, Sir Francis Samuel, Rear-Admiral, commands =Falkland= at battle
of Quiberon, 189
commands van in battle of Lynn Haven, 268
detached by Rodney, 265

Draper, Sir William, Lieutenant-General, at taking of Manila, 196

=Dreadnought=, at Trafalgar, 458
commanded by Boscawen, 141
La Hogue, 37

_Droits de l’homme_, destruction of, 339-342

Drucourt, governor of Louisbourg, 171, 173

Drury, W. O’Brien, Captain, commands =Powerful= at battle of Camperdown,
352

Dubois de Lamotte, French naval officer, takes reinforcements to Canada,
141, 142

Dubourdieu, Captain, at battle of Lissa, 488

Duchaffault de Besné, action with Boscawen, takes =Carnarvon=, reaches
France, 172
attempts to relieve Louisbourg, _ibid._
escapes British fleet, 175

=Duchess=, La Hogue, 37

Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, Admiral, at Minorca, 402
at Constantinople, 487
at Minorca, 404

Duff, G., Captain, commands =Mars= at Trafalgar, 458

Duff, Robert, Vice-Admiral, in blockade of Vannes, and battle of
Quiberon, 186 _et seq._

Dugommier, French general, retakes Toulon, 303

_Duguay-Trouin_ at Trafalgar, 460
taken off Cape Ortegal, 466

Duguay-Trouin, Réné, defeats English convoy, 78
French privateer and naval officer, 74
his birth and education, 75
prisoner at Plymouth, 76
takes Dutch convoy, 77

=Duke=, at battle of Quiberon, 189
in mutiny at Spithead, 366 _et seq._
La Hogue, 37

Dumanoir-le-Pelley, or Lepelley, Admiral, his flight from Trafalgar and
capture, 466
commands allied van at Trafalgar, 460 _et seq._

Dumourier, Captain, commands _Trajan_, 314

Duncan, Adam, Lord Camperdown, his antecedents, 350
commands in North Sea, 327
fights battle of Camperdown, 552, 554
mutiny in his squadron, 375
watches the Texel single handed, 376

Dundas, Henry, Lord Melville, in Pitt’s cabinet, 350

Dundas, Sir David, General, in Corsica, 328

Dundonald. _See_ Cochrane, Lord

=Dunkirk=, 90
at battle of Quiberon, 189
in Boscawen’s squadron, 142

Dupetit-Thouard, commands _Tonnant_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Dupleix, French governor of Pondicherry, seizes Madras, his intrigues, 139

Duquesne, captain of _Foudroyant_, 160, 161

Duquesne, Fort, attack on, 403

_Duquesne_, in fleet of Bruix, 141

Durevest, Captain, commands the _Sage_ at battle of Minorca, 152
sails to America, 158

Durham, P. C. Captain, commands =Defiance= at Trafalgar, 458

d’Urtubie, Vicomte, Captain, commands _Dauphin Royal_ at battle of
Quiberon, 190

Dutch sailors, in English ships, 414

=Eagle=, La Hogue, 37
with Howe at New York, 231

=Earl Camden=, ship of Commodore Dance, 480

=Earl of Abergavenny=, in action at Pulo Aor, 480

_Echo_, at Louisbourg, 172

=Edgar=, at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._
called in by Sir Vincent, 405
La Hogue, 37

Edgcumbe, George, Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, commands squadron in
Mediterranean, 149
commands =Hero= at battle of Quiberon, 189
in =Lancaster= at battle of Minorca, 152

Edwards, Captain Richard, defeated by Duguay-Trouin, 78

=Egmont=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._

=Egyptienne=, with Calder, 451

_Egyptienne_, reaches Alexandria, 420

Eimeriau, Captain, commands _Spartiate_
at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Ekins, Sir Charles, Admiral, quoted, 359 _et seq._

El Arish, convention of, 416-417

Elba, occupied, 332

=Elephant=, flagship of Nelson at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._

_Elephantin_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

_Elèves_, rank in French Navy, 296

=Elisabeth=, taken by French, 78

_Elisabeth_, action with =Lion=, 122

=Elizabeth=, La Hogue, 37

Elliot, John, Admiral, his action with Thurot, 195

Elliot, Sir Gilbert, Earl Minto, Commissioner in Corsica, 329 _et seq._
advises choice of Nelson to command in Mediterranean, 388

Ellis, Welbore, Treasurer of Navy, 209

Ellison, captain of =Marlborough=, rebuked by Jervis, 383
commits suicide, _ibid._

Elton, Captain, loses =Anglesea=, 120, 121

_Elven_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Embden, occupied, 169

_Embuscade_, in expedition of Bompard, 399

=Emerald=, in attack on Santa Cruz, 387
joins Nelson, 388
on coast of Egypt, 401

_Engageante_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

_Entend_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Eole_, on 1st June, 319

=Eolus=, commanded by Captain Elliot, 195

=Epervier=, taken, 471

Epron, J., commands _Argonaute_ at Trafalgar, 460

_Erste Edele_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Escaño, A., Rear-Admiral, at Trafalgar, 460

_Esperance_, taken by Byng’s Channel squadron, 145

Espiritu Santo, Cape, the _Covadonga_ taken by Anson near, 109

=Essex=, at battle of Quiberon, 189
at battle of Toulon, 115
commanded by Captain John Campbell, 169
La Hogue, 37

_Essex_, taken by =Phœbe=, 470

Essington, W., Captain, commands =Triumph= at battle of Camperdown, 352

_Ethalion_, pursues Bompard, 399

Etienne, Captain, commands _Henreux_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

=Etna=, fireship at Louisbourg, 173

_Etswont_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

=Euryalus=, at Trafalgar, 455 _et seq._

Evans, Captain, commands =Union= at battle of Quiberon, 189

_Eveillé_, at battle of Quiberon, 190

Everitt, Captain, commands =Buckingham= at battle of Minorca, 152

=Excellent=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

_Excellent_, French, La Hogue, 38

=Exeter= in action at Pulo Aor, 480
in action of 17 Feb. 1782, 288

Exmouth Lord. _See_ Pellew, Sir Edward

=Expedition=, La Hogue, 37

Fairfax, Sir William George, Vice-Admiral, commanded =Venerable= at
Camperdown, 352

=Falkland=, at battle of Quiberon, 189

Fancourt, Captain, his weakness in mutiny at Nore, 377
captain of =Agamemnon= at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Fandino, commands Spanish guarda costa, his treatment of Captain
Jenkins, 100

_Fantasque_, in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Farquharson, James, captain of =Alfred=, 480

Farrer, W. Ward, captain of =Cumberland=, 480

_Favorite_ taken at Lissa, 489

Fenwick, Sir John, his murder plot, 57

Ferdinand, King of Naples, defeated, submits to French, 416
detains Nelson at Palermo, 404

Ferguson, Colonel, surrenders Tobago, 265

Ferris, Captain, commands =Inflexible= at Nore, 370
Captain of =Hannibal=, 432

Ferrol, action off, 451
French ships at, 438 _et seq._
threatened, 419

_Fidèle_, at Louisbourg, 172

_Fier_, at battle of Minorca, 152

Fighting, instructions or orders, beginning of the, 3
their leading principles and effect, 4, 5

=Firedrake= at Bantry Bay, 19

=Firm=, in blockade of Vannes, 186

_Firme_, taken, 451

Fishguard, French land at, 335

_Flamand_, in squadron of Suffren, 286

Fleury, Cardinal, Prime Minister of France, his peace policy, 98

Flores, Luis de, commands _San Francisco de Asis_ at Trafalgar, 460

Flotilla, invasion, 1803 to 1805, constitution of, 442, 443
invasion, collected by Napoleon, 433

Foley, Sir Thomas, Admiral, captain of =Goliath=, 393 _et seq._
commands =Britannia= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346
captain of =Elephant= at Copenhagen, 425

Foligno, treaty of, 417

_Formidable_, at battle of Quiberon, 190
at Trafalgar, 460
in action at Algeciras, 430 _et seq._
in fleet of Bruix, 403
taken, 327
taken off Cape Ortegal, 466

=Formidable=, collision of, with =Ville de Paris=, 342
flagship of Palliser at Ushant, 225
Rodney’s flagship, 279

Forant, French Admiral. _See_ Bantry Bay

Forbin, Comte de, serves with Duquay Tronin, 78

Forde, Captain of _La Nymphe_, 267

Forrest, Commodore, action with Kersaint, 170, 171

_Fort_, French, La Hogue, 38

_Forte_, action with =Sybille= mentioned, 302

Fortescue, E., Captain, commands =Hercules= in battle of Quiberon, 189

=Fortitude=, in North Sea Squadron, 1784, 256

=Fortune=, Jans Byng, 149

=Foudroyant=, at capture of _Genéreux_, 412
in action of Tory Island, 400

_Foudroyant_, captured, 159, 161
flagship of La Galisonière, 152
French, La Hogue, 38

_Fougueux_, at Trafalgar, 460
damaged, 405
in fleet of Bruix, 403

Foul weather Jack, _see_ Byron, John

Foulis, Captain, at Cherbourg, 43

Fowke, General, Governor of Gibraltar, 149 _et seq._

Fox, General, commands troops, 413

=Fox=, sunk in attack on Santa Cruz, 387

Fox, Thomas, Captain, captures French convoy, 125

_François_, French privateer, 76
in Savar’s squadron, 398

_Franklin_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._
prize sent to Gibraltar, 401

Fraser, captain of =Nymphe=, 403

Fraser, General, commands troops in St. Kitts, 274

_Fraternité_, Hoche and Morard de Galle sail in, 337, 339

Frederick, T. L., Captain, commands =Illustrious=, 331
commands =Blenheim= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Fremantle, Sir Thomas Francis, Vice-Admiral, captain of =Ganges= at
Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._
commands =Neptune= at Trafalgar, 458

_Freya_ seized, 423

_Frisia_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Froger de l’Eguille, commands _Foudroyant_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Frogmore, Captain, his death, 115

Frye, lieutenant of marines, case of, 117, 137

Gabanons, Captain, commands _Couronne_ at battle of Minorca, 152

Gabaret, Louis, French Admiral, at battle in Bantry Bay, 18
at Beachy Head, _q.v._
lands James II. in Ireland, 17

_Gæsterland_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Gage, General, commands at Boston, 219

_Gaillard_, French, La Hogue, 38

Galiano, D., commands _Bahama_ in Trafalgar, 460

Galissonière. _See_ La Galissonière

Gallivats, pirate galleys of Malabar Coast, 140

Galves, Bernardo de, conquers Florida, 243

Gambier, James, Vice-Admiral, commands =Burford= at battle of
Quiberon, 189
Lord-Admiral, at action in Basque Roads, 476
succeeds Howe, superseded by Byron, 235

=Ganges=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._
in action at Pulo Aor, 480

Ganteaume, Honoré, Admiral, Captain of the Fleet (French) at the battle
of the Nile, 395, _et seq._
commands Brest fleet, 445
commands _Trente et-un Mai_, 314
his cruise to carry reinforcements to Egypt, 421, 423
relieves Corfu, 478

Garde de la Marine. _See_ Navy, French Royal

Gardiner, Captain, flag-captain with Byng at Minorca, 152
his advice to Byng, 154

Gardiner, Captain, brings about capture of _Foudroyant_;
his death, 159, 161

Gardner, Alan, Baron, Admiral, captain of =Maidstone=, 230
draws sword on mutineers, 368
in Howe’s fleet, 313 _et seq._

Gardner, Alan Hyde, Captain, commands =Hero=, 466

Gardoqui, J., commands _Santa Ana_ at Trafalgar, 460

_Gasparin_, on 1st June, 318

Gassin, Captain, of _Jacobin_, 319

Gaston, Miguel, Captain, commands _San Justo_ at Trafalgar, 460
Spanish Admiral, escorts treasure ships, 270

_Gaulois_, in fleet of Bruix, 403

Geary, Sir Francis, Admiral, commands reserve squadrons, 187
commands in Channel, 251

_Gelderland_, A, Dutch, La Hogue, 37
B, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

_Gelykeid_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

_Généreux_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._
at Corfu, 404
taken, 412
takes =Leander=, 401

Genêt, M., French diplomatic agent, 305

Gentili, General, occupies Corsica, 332

Geriah, pirate stronghold taken, 140

_Gerner_, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

Gibraltar, besieged, 254
relief of, by Howe, 280, 281
sights French squadron, 179
taken, 65
to be attacked by Allies, 64
state of fortress, _ibid._ 64

=Gibraltar=, driven on Pearl Rock, 343
on 1st June, 319

Gillet, Captain, commands _Franklin_ at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._

Gillray, James, caricatures Howe, 301

Glandève, Commodore de, at battle of Minorca, 152

=Glatton=, at Copenhagen, 426 _et seq._

_Glorieux_, at battle of Quiberon, 190
French, La Hogue, 38

=Glory=, in battle of 1st June, 320

=Gloucester=, in Anson’s squadron, 107, 108

Goes, Van der, Dutch Admiral, with Smyrna convoy, 45

=Goliath=, at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346 _et seq._
at battle of the Nile, 393 _et seq._
taken by Nelson to Naples, 401

Goree, repulse of English at, 171

Gould, Davidge, Captain, commands =Audacious= at battle of the Nile, 394
_et seq._

Gourrège, P. P., commands _Aigle_ at Trafalgar, 460

Grabs, pirate craft of Malabar Coast, 140

=Grafton=, La Hogue, 37

Graham, Sir James, his naval administration, 437 _et seq._

Grand Port, British frigates destroyed at, 467

Grands, Cardinaux. _See_ Quiberon

Grasse François Joseph Paul, Comte de, and Marquis de Grasse-Tilley,
reinforces D’Estaign, 239
action with Hood, 264
attacks Santa Lucia, takes Tobago, 265, 266
attacks St. Kitts, 273, 275
defeated by Rodney, 276, 279
leaves Brest for West Indies, 258
reaches Martinique, 262
sails from Chesapeake to Martinique, 271
sails to North America, 266;
aids in siege of Yorktown, 267-269

Graves, Samuel, Admiral, in command in North America, 219
commands =Duke= at battle of Quiberon, 189
attempts to relieve Yorktown, 267, 268

Graves Sir Thomas, Admiral, second in command at Copenhagen, 425 _et seq._

Gravina, Admiral, accompanies Villeneuve to West Indies, 447 _et seq._
at Trafalgar, 460

Graydon, John, Vice-Admiral, sails to West Indies, 53

Greenway, Captain, at Cherbourg, 43

=Greenwich=, in Benbow’s squadron, 93
La Hogue, 37

Gregory, G., Captain, commands =Veteran= at battle of Camperdown, 352

Grenada, island, taken by French, and battle of, 246
taken, 483

Grenville, Captain, of =Defiance=, 124

Grenville, George, his Act for the Encouragement of Seamen, 357

Grey, G., Captain, commands =Victory= at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 346

Grey Sir Charles, Earl Grey in West Indies, 303, 304
in West Indies, 482

Griffin, Thomas, Admiral, supersedes Peyton, his sloth, 131

Griffiths, Captain, Anselm, quoted, 473

Grindale, R., Captain, commands =Prince= at Trafalgar, 458

Grouchy, Marshal, in expedition to Ireland, 339

Guadaloupe, taken, 482;
lost, 483;
retaken, 484

_Guarda Costa_, Spanish Revenue cutter, 100

Guébriant de Budez, chef d’escadre at battle of Quiberon, 190

Guernsey, in action with La Clue, 180

_Guerrier_, at battle of Minorca, 152
at the battle of the Nile, 394 _et seq._
escapes from Boscawen, 182
in squadron of D’Estaign, 229

Guichen Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, Comte de, commands in West Indies, 247, 250
defeated by Kempenfelt, 272, 273

_Guillaume Tell_, at battle of the Nile, 395 _et seq._
at Malta, 404
taken, 412

_Haarlem_, at battle of Camperdown, 351

Haddock, Nicholas, Admiral, blockades Cadiz, 109
goes to Gibraltar for winter, 110;
does not attack United French and Spaniards, _ibid._;
goes to Minorca, _ibid._
resigns command, _ibid._

Haddock, Sir Richard, in joint commission of 1691, 32

_Haerlem_, Dutch, La Hogue, 37

Hague La, Cape, 35

Half pay, amount of, 7, 8
granted under William III., 6
of captains increased, 204

Halley, Lieutenant, helps to suppress mutiny in St. George, 382

Hallowell, Sir Benjamin Hallowell Carew, Admiral, commands =Swiftsure=
at battle of Nile, 394 _et seq._

Halsted, Captain, commands =Namur=, 466

Hamilton, Archibald, captain of =Bombay Castle=, 480
captain of =Canada=, 324

Hamilton, Lord, present in dispute on flagship, 83

Hamilton, Sir William, ambassador, 415

=Hampton Court= at taking of _Foudroyant_, 160
La Hogue, 37

=Hannibal= at Algeciras, 431, 433
taken by Suffren, 287

Hardy General (French), commands troops in expedition of Bombard, 399