Chapter I: Front Matter

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

* Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_, and small caps
are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.

* Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected.

* Original spelling was kept, but variant spellings were made
consistent when a predominant usage was found.

* To aid referencing places and names in present-day maps and
documents, outdated and current spellings of some proper names
follow:

Aguilar del Campo, now Aguilar de Campoo,
Albalete, now Albalat,
Albaracin, now Albarracín,
Albuquerque, now Alburquerque,
Alemtejo, now Alentejo,
Almanza, now Almansa,
Arroyo dos Molinos, now Arroyomolinos, Cáceres,
Arzobispo, now El Puente del Arzobispo,
Baccelar (Manuel), now Manuel Pinto de Morais Bacelar,
Ballasteros, now Ballesteros,
Barba del Puerco, now Puerto Seguro,
Bussaco, now Buçaco,
Caçeres, now Cáceres,
Calvarisa de Abaxo, now Calvarrasa de Abajo,
Calvarisa de Ariba, now Calvarrasa de Arriba,
Canizal, now Cañizal,
Cordova, now Córdoba,
Corunna, now La Coruña,
Douro, now Duero (in Spain),
Douro (in Portugal),
Ernani, now Hernani,
Estremadura, now Extremadura (in Spain),
Estremadura (in Portugal),
Estremos, now Estremoz,
Fascinas, now Facinas,
Gibalfaro, now Gibralfaro,
Guadalaviar (river), now Turia (río),
Guarena, now Guareña,
Junialcon, now Gimialcón,
La Baneza, now La Bañeza
La Bispal, now La Bisbal,
Las Rosas, now Las Rozas,
Majalahonda, now Majadahonda,
Majorca, now Mallorca,
Montanches, now Montánchez,
Mozencillo, now Mozoncillo,
Niza, now Nisa,
Pampeluna, now Pamplona,
Peniscola, now Peñíscola,
Puzzol, now Puçol,
Requeña, now Requena,
Ruvielos, now Rubielos de Mora,
Saguntum, now Sagunto,
Sanguessa, now Sangüesa,
Saragossa, now Zaragoza,
Senabria, now Sanabria,
Tagus (river), now Tajo (Spanish), Tejo (Portuguese),
Talarubia, now Talarrubias,
Truxillo, now Trujillo,
Vincente, now Vicente,
Villa Real, now Vila Real,
Villafanes, now Villafamés,
Vittoria, now Vitoria,
Xeres, now Jerez,
Xiloca, now Jiloca,
Zamorra, now Zamarra.

* Chapter headers and Table of contents have been made consistent.

* Footnotes have been renumbered into a single series. Each footnote
is placed at the end of the paragraph or the table that includes its
anchor.

_from the portrait by Girardet_]

A HISTORY OF THE
PENINSULAR WAR

BY
CHARLES OMAN

M.A. OXON., HON. LL.D. EDIN.

FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE REAL ACADEMIA
DE LA HISTORIA OF MADRID, OF THE ACADEMY OF LISBON
AND OF THE ACADEMY OF SAN LUIS OF SARAGOSSA

VOL. V

OCT. 1811-AUG. 31, 1812

VALENCIA CIUDAD RODRIGO BADAJOZ
SALAMANCA MADRID

WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1914

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY

HUMPHREY MILFORD M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY