Chapter VIII: ; Heck, Mental Discipline

[31] James E. Russell, “The School and Industrial Life,” _Educational Review_, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 433-450.

[32] E. L. Thorndike, “Handwriting,” _Teachers College Record_, Vol. XI, No. 2.

[33] Cubberley, _School Funds and their Apportionment_; Elliott, _Fiscal Aspects of Education_; Strayer, _City School Expenditures_.

[34] In proceeding to the part of the study that is necessarily largely composed of tables, it may be well to state the position of the author regarding the partial interpretations offered in connection with the tables. It is that the _entire tables_ give by far the best basis for conclusions; that for a thorough comprehension of the study they should be read quite as fully as any other part; and that they should be regarded as the most important source of information rather than the brief suggestive readings which are liable to give erroneous impressions, both because of the limitations of a single interpretation and the lack of space for anything like full exposition.

[35] _M_ = _Median_, which is the representation of central tendency used throughout this study. It has the advantages over the average of being more readily found, of being unambiguous, and of giving less weight to extreme or erroneous cases.

[36] For reliability of measures of reasoning ability, see Appendix, p. 100.

[37] As stated in Part I, p. 17, a _score_ is arbitrarily set at _one_. The fact that the zero point is unknown in both reasoning and fundamentals makes these scores less amenable to ordinary handling than they might at first thought seem. Hence, entire distributions are either printed or placed on file at Teachers College.

[38] For the data from which these calculations were made, see first column of table XXI, p. 52, and the first columns of tables III and IV, p. 21. The absence of known zero points makes such computations inadvisable except in connection with the more reliable evidence of the preceding table.

[39] And it is the opinion of the author that the chances are much better that one would get a school with a superior product in _education_.

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