Chapter XV: Section 10: of 1901. Under this section, guards, automatic as well as

fixed, are required for dangerous machinery. Other dangerous parts—
_e.g._, “mill gearing”—if not safe by position must be securely
fenced.

Footnote 8:

Report quoted Cd. 9239, p. 61.

Footnote 9:

Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1912, p. 113.

Footnote 10:

Under the chairmanship of Mrs. H. J. Tennant.

Footnote 11:

A carding engine in a cotton mill.

Footnote 12:

Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1895, p. 112.

Footnote 13:

Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1913, pp. 70, 89.

Footnote 14:

_Yorkshire Factory Times_, September 11, 1896. Article by Julia
Varley.

Footnote 15:

Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1895, p. 119.

Footnote 16:

_I.e._, in textile factories from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. or 7 a.m. to 7
p.m., with two hours, which must be specified, taken off for meals;
and on Saturdays 6 a.m. to 1.30 p.m., with an hour for a meal. In non-
textile factories a period, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., was also permissible.

Footnote 17:

Act of 1878, sect. 53, and third schedule, part three; amended by Act
of 1895, sect. 14, and Act of 1901, sect. 49, second schedule.

Footnote 18:

And even thirteen-year-old workers, when they were qualified by an
educational certificate to rank as a young person.

Footnote 19:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1903, p. 223.

Footnote 20:

_Ibid._, 1910, p. 155. Section 31 of the Factory Act, 1901,
restricting employment inside and outside the factory or workshop on
the same day, had but a limited effect.

Footnote 21:

_Ibid._, 1914, p. 54.

Footnote 22:

See Special Order, dated September 11, 1907.

Footnote 23:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1896, p. 67.

Footnote 24:

_Ibid._, 1903, p. 223.

Footnote 25:

The late Miss Wyatt Papworth, whose constant help I desire gratefully
to record.

Footnote 26:

The legal period closed at 4 p.m.

Footnote 27:

Annual Report, 1902, p. 153; 1903, p. 224.

Footnote 28:

_Ibid._, 1911, p. 152.

Footnote 29:

_Ibid._, 1912, pp. 142, 145.

Footnote 30:

Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1900, p. 367.

Footnote 31:

Unsuitable, insanitary, not separate for the sexes, or totally
lacking.

Footnote 32:

Annual Report, 1902, p. 154.

Footnote 33:

Annual Report, 1903, p. 203.

Footnote 34:

Annual Report, 1903, p. 203.

Footnote 35:

_Ibid._, 1902, p. 154.

Footnote 36:

Included in Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1911, p. 239.

Footnote 37:

Departmental (Home Office) Committee on Lighting in Factories and
Workshops, 1915, Cd. 8000; 1921, Cd. 118.

Footnote 38:

See Annual Report of the Chief Inspector for 1920, chap. ix., for a
résumé by Miss Squire of the recent advances and parallel delays, in
progress, in this vital matter in factories.

Footnote 39:

Factory and Workshop Act, 1878, sects. 3 and 36.

Footnote 40:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1911, p. 136.

Footnote 41:

For example, neglect to present seventeen little girls for examination
as to physical fitness by the certifying surgeon, of whom five were
subsequently rejected by him and sent for medical treatment; sanitary
conveniences not separate for boys and girls.

Footnote 42:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1912, p. 121.

Footnote 43:

_Ibid._, 1902, p. 153.

Footnote 44:

“The Jeopardy of a Department,” by Gertrude M. Tuckwell. Published by
the Women’s Trade Union League, 1897, p. 7.

Footnote 45:

“The Modern Factory System,” by Whateley Cooke-Taylor, late His
Majesty’s Superintending Inspector of Factories.

Footnote 46:

These words are in a statute of Edward IV.

Footnote 47:

A Franco-Scottish word meaning _barter_ that appeared in a statute of
George I., after the Act of Union. The Act of 1831 was “to prohibit
the payment, in certain trades, of wages in goods or otherwise than in
current coin of the realm.”

Footnote 48:

Extended at this date to Ireland also.

Footnote 49:

Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1897, p. 109.

Footnote 50:

Report of Committee on Truck, 1908, vol. i., appendix iv., Cd. 4442.

Footnote 51:

Report from the Select Committee on Homework ordered by the House of
Commons to be printed July 22, 1908.

Footnote 52:

Compare figures given in “Labour and Capital after the War,” edited by
S. J. Chapman, C.B.E., iv., p. 80. London, John Murray, 1918.

Footnote 53:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1898, p. 185.

Footnote 54:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1897, p. 112.

Footnote 55:

_Ibid._, 1901, p. 190.

Footnote 56:

_Ibid._, 1914, p. 49.

Footnote 57:

_Op. cit._ (1915, G. Bell and Sons), p. 127.

Footnote 58:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1908, p. 155.

Footnote 59:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1911, p. 161.

Footnote 60:

_Ibid._, 1912, p. 157.

Footnote 61:

Report of the Committee on Truck, 1908, Cd. 4442. QQ. 7716–8, 8192,
8204, 8234, 17892, etc., and Report, vol. i., p. 25.

Footnote 62:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1898, p. 185.

Footnote 63:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1902, p. 190.

Footnote 64:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1911, p. 162; and 1914, p. 50.

Footnote 65:

_Ibid._, 1905, p. 328.

Footnote 66:

_Ibid._, 1906, p. 239.

Footnote 67:

_Ibid._, 1901, p. 191.

Footnote 68:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1901, p. 190.

Footnote 69:

Report of the Committee on Truck, 1908, vol. i., pp. 28, 89.

Footnote 70:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1897, p. 110; 1906, p. 240; 1908, p.
160.

Footnote 71:

See below, Chapter VI.

Footnote 72:

Truck Act, 1831, sect. 25.

Footnote 73:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1898, p. 182.

Footnote 74:

_Ibid._, 1902, p. 191.

Footnote 75:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1907, p. 200.

Footnote 76:

_Ibid._, 1907, p. 200.

Footnote 77:

The _Donegal Vindicator_, June 29, 1900.

Footnote 78:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1899, pp. 275–7.

Footnote 79:

_Ibid._, 1900, pp. 29–30.

Footnote 80:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1900, pp. 352, 359, 404.

Footnote 81:

_Ibid._, 1907, p. 196.

Footnote 82:

Factory Act, 1895, sect. 40.

Footnote 83:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1896, p. 74.

Footnote 84:

Act of 1891, sect. 24.

Footnote 85:

_Ibid._, 1895, sect. 40 (6).

Footnote 86:

_Ibid._, 1901, sects. 114 and 116.

Footnote 87:

Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1898, p. 182.

Footnote 88:

_E.g._, cutting, piercing, marking, raising, grinding, bending,
polishing, etc.

Footnote 89:

Annual Report, 1902, p. 189.

Footnote 90:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1904, p. 279.

Footnote 91:

Miss Slocock in Annual Report, 1907, p. 193.

Footnote 92:

Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, sect. 79.

Footnote 93:

Such as white lead manufacture, lucifer match making, paint and colour
making, hollow ware enamelling.

Footnote 94:

For examination of children and young persons under sixteen years as
to physical fitness for working in a factory, and enquiry into certain
grave and fatal accidents.

Footnote 95:

See especially Fourth Report of the Medical Officer to the Privy
Council, 1861, pp. 29, 31, etc.

Footnote 96:

In “Occupational Diseases,” by T. M. Legge, C.B.E., M.D., etc., p. 68,
and in “Lead Poisoning and Lead Absorption,” by T. M. Legge and
Kenneth W. Goadby, 1912, pp. 98–102.

Footnote 97:

Later amended and in 1911 developed into special regulations under the
Principal Act of 1901.

Footnote 98:

Reports on Enamelling of Metals, 1903 (Cd. 1610), and on Tinning of
Metals, 1907 (Cd. 3793), especially pp. 23 and following.

Footnote 99:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1920, p. 53.

Footnote 100:

“Observations on Ventilation of Potteries and Removal of Dust,” by C.
R. Pendock, 1913, Stoke-on-Trent.

Footnote 101:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1893, pp. 194–5.

Footnote 102:

_Ibid._, 1898, pp. 162–4. See also Annual Reports, 1919 and 1920.

Footnote 103:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1898, pp. 135 and 163.

Footnote 104:

_Ibid._, 1908, p. 144.

Footnote 105:

The Committee reported in 1910, Cd. 5219, Cd. 5278, and Cd. 5385.

Footnote 106:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1898, pp. 135, 171–2.

Footnote 107:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1906, p. 220, and 1920, p. 75.

Footnote 108:

_Ibid._, 1906, p. 221; 1907, p. 173.

Footnote 109:

_Ibid._, 1902, pp. 171–2.

Footnote 110:

_Ibid._, 1909, p. 146.

Footnote 111:

_Ibid._, 1910, p. 129.

Footnote 112:

Which produces the effect of gilding by application of very finely
divided metallic dust (copper, zinc, tin, antimony, being various
ingredients).

Footnote 113:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1911, pp. 150–7. The form of card
record used can be seen on p. 219 of “Lead Poisoning and Lead
Absorption,” by Drs. Legge and Goadby.

Footnote 114:

A vivid description of women’s work in blue beds before conversion
into white lead was given by Miss Sadler in the Annual Report for
1913.

Footnote 115:

Comprising twenty-one factories registered in 1920, as compared with
639 for pottery manufacture and decoration.

Footnote 116:

Regulations for Manufacture of Electric Accumulators, 1903, No. 1004.

Footnote 117:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1897, p. 101.

Footnote 118:

_Ibid._, 1906, p. 214.

Footnote 119:

_Ibid._, 1900, p. 369.

Footnote 120:

Appointed 1908 by Mr. Herbert Gladstone, reported 1910, Cd. 5219, Cd.
5278, and Cd. 5385.

Footnote 121:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1913, p. 89.

Footnote 122:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1913, pp. 137–8.

Footnote 123:

_Ibid._, 1913, pp. 88, 89.

Footnote 124:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1911, p. 145.

Footnote 125:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1920, p. 84, and Report of War
Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, 1919; Memorandum by Dr. Janet
Campbell on Health of Women in Industry, p. 293, regarding urgent need
for Women Medical Inspectors of Factories.

Footnote 126:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1911, p. 147. The old Special Rules
have been converted into more modern Regulations in 1921.

Footnote 127:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1912, p. 138.

Footnote 128:

_Ibid._, 1913, p. 87.

Footnote 129:

_Ibid._, 1902, p. 168; and Factory Act, 1901, sect. 136.

Footnote 130:

The varnishing was to make the wings impervious to moisture and air.
For the interesting story of the changed methods, see Annual Report of
the Chief Inspector for 1914, chapter xii., and further, regarding
methods of ventilation, the Annual Report for 1917, pp. 18–20.

Footnote 131:

See Medical Research Committee Annual Report for 1916 and 1917 for
experiments in laboratories and studies in factories.

Footnote 132:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1897, p. 104.

Footnote 133:

_Ibid._, 1910, p. 130.

Footnote 134:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1900, p. 375.

Footnote 135:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1901, p. 175.

Footnote 136:

_Ibid._, 1902, p. 173.

Footnote 137:

A small boy was once found by Miss Vines carrying a weight greater
than his own weight.

Footnote 138:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1903, pp. 221–2.

Footnote 139:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1909, p. 147.

Footnote 140:

_Ibid._, 1909, p. 147.

Footnote 141:

Final Report of the Departmental Committee on Dangerous Trades, 1899,
pp. 31–3 (Cd. 9509).

Footnote 142:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1912, p. 142, and for 1913, p. 90.

Footnote 143:

_Ibid._, 1903, pp. 222–3.

Footnote 144:

See explanation in Introduction, p. 12.

Footnote 145:

The figures are given below in Chapter VI., p. 196.

Footnote 146:

Annual Reports of the Chief Inspector, 1896, p. 66; 1900, p. 377;
1901, p. 170, etc.

Footnote 147:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1900, pp. 377–9.

Footnote 148:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1902, pp. 162–7.

Footnote 149:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1913, pp. 82–3.

Footnote 150:

Published as Form 414, price 1d.: “Memorandum on Fencing of Machinery
and Prevention of Accidents in Laundries.” Second edition issued in
1913. No revision has been found necessary since that date.

Footnote 151:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1913, pp. 84 and 110.

Footnote 152:

By 1911 the attention directed to the matter at last produced “an
apparently satisfactory finger guard for the needle,” and in 1912 two
more guards were devised. Such guards had their main effect where
young machinists were trained to their use from the beginning. For
adult trained workers their effectiveness was slight.

Footnote 153:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1909, p. 142.

Footnote 154:

_Ibid._, 1906, pp. 207–8, and 1909, p. 140.

Footnote 155:

Factory Act, 1891, sect. 17; later sect. 61 of the Act of 1901.

Footnote 156:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1897, pp. 96 and 107.

Footnote 157:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1898, p. 181.

Footnote 158:

_Ibid._, 1897, p. 107.

Footnote 159:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1904, pp. 273–4.

Footnote 160:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1907, p. 184.

Footnote 161:

See Annual Report of the Chief Inspector for the years named.

Footnote 162:

See Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1909, p. 159.

Footnote 163:

See above, Chapter II., p. 57.

Footnote 164:

“Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century,” by Professor William
Stuart, 1910, Preface, p. vii.

Footnote 165:

The Factory Act, 1891, sect. 18, raised the age of entry from ten to
eleven years, but the change took effect only in January, 1893, and
even then not for any children lawfully employed before January 1. The
age was raised to twelve by the Elementary Education Act Amendment
Act, 1899, in England and Wales. The Act of 1901 made the obligation
general.

Footnote 166:

Cd. 849.

Footnote 167:

Annual Reports of Chief Inspector, 1896, p. 69; for 1900, p. 396; for
1902, p. 184.

Footnote 168:

Such as delicate eyes of girls of twelve and fourteen becoming
inflamed and suffering from conjunctivitis when exposed to dust from
rabbit skins dressed with mercury solution in fur-pulling works. See
Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1899, pp. 273–4.

Footnote 169:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1901, pp. 186–7.

Footnote 170:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1905, pp. 319–20.

Footnote 171:

In this ancient industry the feature of sub-employment by working
potters obtained, and gave a distinctive quality to the workplace as
compared with that of other more modern industries.

Footnote 172:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1905, p. 314.

Footnote 173:

She had been working there and presenting living pictures of
conditions in industry for several years, and the accompanying Annual
Report for 1906 should be specially studied to see what she did.

Footnote 174:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1908, pp. 154–5.

Footnote 175:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1908, p. 154.

Footnote 176:

_Ibid._, 1906, pp. 230–1.

Footnote 177:

See Annual Reports of Chief Inspector, 1911, pp. 156–7; 1912, p. 149;
1913, p. 98.

Footnote 178:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1917, p. 16.

Footnote 179:

Annual Reports of Chief Inspector, 1901, p. 152, and 1902, pp. 147 and
194–205.

Footnote 180:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1905, p. 258.

Footnote 181:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1913, p. 94.

Footnote 182:

_Ibid._, 1914, pp. 46–7.

Footnote 183:

Annual Reports of Chief Inspector, 1879, p. 98.

Footnote 184:

_Ibid._, 1921, pp. 9 and 10.

Footnote 185:

See footnote, Introduction, p. 12.

Footnote 186:

Debates on Home Office Estimates, August 5, 1901, and June 29, 1903.

Footnote 187:

In 1910 the figures were: Males, 118,822 (fatal 1,049); females 10,728
(fatal 31). The rates of the two do not vary widely.

Footnote 188:

Report published 1919, Cmd. 135. See especially pp. 170 and 253.

Footnote 189:

“Science of Labour,” by Dr. Josefa Joteyko. George Routledge and Sons,
Ltd., 1919.

Footnote 190:

This assertion appears to be supported by the summaries I made for the
Annual Reports for 1894, pp. 33–4, on French laws and orders, and for
1895, pp. 136–219, on German and Austrian industrial codes, and in
various other places, before public interest in comparative labour
legislation had been awakened.

References by Women Inspectors, and particularly by Miss Squire to law
and administration in other industrial countries, appear in my Annual
Reports over and over again, generally where our laws were inadequate
to remedy complaints. For instance, complaints on defective light in
the factory, lack of washing conveniences, on heavy weight carrying
and dangerous processes (see Annual Reports of Chief Inspector for
1897, pp. 103–5; 1898, p. 169; 1899, p. 239; 1904, p. 243).

I also visited continental countries to inspect factories with the
Inspectors of the country, and to study their office methods (see
Annual Reports, 1899, 1901, and 1902), and to take part in Congresses
and International Exhibitions (see Annual Reports, 1903, 1911, and
1920).

I began to study fatigue prevention after conferring with Dr. Josefa
Joteyko in Brussels in 1903.

Footnote 191:

_Women’s Industrial News_, January, 1915; article by Dorothy Haynes,
p. 313.

Footnote 192:

In a few instances, where men and boys were jointly concerned with
women in contraventions—_e.g._, in Truck cases, fencing of machinery
in laundries, or illegal employment of children—a Woman Inspector
would take proceedings for both.

Footnote 193:

Factory Act, 1878, sect. 81; later Factory Act, 1901, sect. 135 (2).

Footnote 194:

From shorthand notes of the case quoted in Annual Report of the Chief
Inspector for 1901, pp. 278–9.

Footnote 195:

See Annual Report of the Chief Inspector for 1900, pp. 360 and 363.

Footnote 196:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1899, p. 249.

Footnote 197:

See Annual Report of the Chief Inspector for 1899, p. 247.

Footnote 198:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1901, p. 161.

Footnote 199:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1912, pp. 142–4.

Footnote 200:

_Ibid._, 1913, pp. 70–3, 100–1.

Footnote 201:

Article on “Women and Industrial Changes,” by Sir Clement Kinloch-
Cooke, M.P., in the _Nineteenth Century and After_, for December,
1915, p. 1405.

Footnote 202:

In 1907, _textiles_ employed 690,834 women and girls and 410,743 men
and boys; _clothing_ employed 487,167 women and girls and 181,862 men
and boys; _laundries_ employed 103,635 women and girls and 11,466 men
and boys; _fish curing_ and _fruit preserving_ 29,677 women and girls
and 11,440 men and boys.

Footnote 203:

See Memorandum on War Office Contracts, Cd. 8447, and “Labour and
Capital after the War,” by S. J. Chapman, C.B.E., pp. 73–6.

Footnote 204:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1914, p. 45.

Footnote 205:

See Annual Reports of Chief Inspector for 1915, 1916, and 1917;
collection of Pamphlets on “Substitution of Women in Industry,” 1917,
and Home Office Memorandum on Substitution of Women in non-Munition
Factories, 1919.

Footnote 206:

These were made under Section 150 of the Act of 1901, providing for
public emergency.

Footnote 207:

See “Labour and Capital after the War,” by S. J. Chapman, C.B.E.,
1919; “Women’s War Work,” issued by the War Office, Chiswick Press;
and Various Reports on Dilution issued by the Ministry of Munitions.

Footnote 208:

See Annual Reports of the Chief Inspector for 1916, p. 9, and for
1918, p. 31.

Footnote 209:

“Rightly unsuccessful are some experiments in unsuitable
directions ... in operating the tilting furnaces in brass casting ...
it was too exhausting even for short spells, and very few men coming
fresh to the work can stand it for long at a time.”—Annual Report of
Chief Inspector, 1917, p. 12.

Footnote 210:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1917, p. 12.

Footnote 211:

_Ibid._, 1917, p. 13.

Footnote 212:

Home Office Memorandum on Substitution of Women, 1919, pp. 7 and 48.

Footnote 213:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1920, p. 16, and the Restoration of
Pre-War Practice in Industry Act, 1919.

Footnote 214:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1917, pp. 11 and 14.

Footnote 215:

_Ibid._, pp. 9 and 13.

Footnote 216:

Who increased until they numbered 900,000 women and girls.

Footnote 217:

Ten and a half hours net and sixty hours weekly maximum.

Footnote 218:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1914, pp. 40–41.

Footnote 219:

Such as two daily 8-hour shifts, three 8-hour shifts in the twenty-
four hours, and two 10 or 10½-hour shifts in the twenty-four hours.
See Annual Report of the Chief Inspector for 1915, p. 9; for 1917, p.
7; and 1918, pp. 2–12.

Footnote 220:

In 1915 a woman working daily in a munition factory from 7 a.m. to
8.30 p.m., on Saturdays from 7 a.m. to 8.45 p.m., and Sundays from 8
a.m. to 5 p.m., besides spending two hours daily in transit to and
from her work, informed an Inspector that she was able to work these
long hours chiefly because of the good food she was able to obtain as
the result of increased wages. She had an invalid husband and six
children under twelve years to support. Although she paid a woman 8s.
a week to mind her children and spent 2s. 6d. on tram fares weekly,
still her wages allowed her to feed better than she had ever done
before.

Footnote 221:

See “Labour and Capital after the War,” already cited, p. 85.

Footnote 222:

See above, p. 198, and “Science of Labour,” by Dr. Josefa Joteyko,
1919 (G. Routledge and Sons, Ltd.).

Footnote 223:

Appointed in the summer of 1915 “to consider and advise on questions
of industrial fatigue, hours of labour, and other matters affecting
the permanent health and physical efficiency of workers in munition
factories.”

Footnote 224:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1919, p. 10.

Footnote 225:

The word “work” appears to be the root in the diverse words “energy,”
“liturgy.”

Footnote 226:

See the Sayings of the Vicar of Morwenstowe in the first number of the
_Beacon_.

Footnote 227:

See Chapter IV., p. 94.

Footnote 228:

Police Factories, etc., (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1916, sect. 7
(1).

Footnote 229:

From France, Belgium, Italy, and Germany; see Annual Report of Chief
Inspector, 1903. In 1913 the Home Office appointed Professor Stanley
Kent to make physiological investigation into fatigue in industry.

Footnote 230:

For textbooks and pamphlets it may suffice to refer readers to the
“Health of the Munition Worker,” a handbook prepared by the Health of
Munition Workers Committee, published in 1917, and to the “Welfare”
pamphlet series issued by the Home Office, 1917–21.

Footnote 231:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1899, p. 258, and for 1904, p. 243.

Footnote 232:

As may be seen in the literary use of the word by Chaucer and in the
Authorized Version.

Footnote 233:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1900, p. 356.

Footnote 234:

_Ibid._, 1907, p. 188.

Footnote 235:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1907, p. 161.

Footnote 236:

_Ibid._, 1911, pp. 138–9.

Footnote 237:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1908, p. 134.

Footnote 238:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1907, p. 173.

Footnote 239:

_Ibid._, 1909, p. 148.

Footnote 240:

“Hygiene and Industrial Employment,” by Hilda Martindale. Address read
at the Congress of the Royal Sanitary Institute in Belfast, January,
1911.

Footnote 241:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1912, pp. 150–1.

Footnote 242:

_Ibid._, 1909, p. 122.

Footnote 243:

At Bedford College for Women and the London School of Economics.

Footnote 244:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1913, p. 100.

Footnote 245:

_Ibid._, 1913, p. 101.

Footnote 246:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1914, p. 52.

Footnote 247:

_Ibid._, 1915, p. 15.

Footnote 248:

6 & 7 Geo. V., c. 31, A.D. 1916.

Footnote 249:

And have with great benefit to the workers been made compulsory in the
fish-curing industry in Yarmouth and Lowestoft.

Footnote 250:

The provisions were for suitable protective clothing, accommodation
for clothing of women and girls under charge of a responsible person,
a suitable messroom separate from the cloakroom, furnished with
sufficient tables and seats with back rests, adequate means of warming
food and boiling water and washing facilities, and the messroom has to
be sufficiently warmed for use during meals and to be placed under the
charge of a responsible person and be kept clean.

Footnote 251:

Since August, 1921, an order has been made regarding welfare
conditions in an individual factory.

Footnote 252:

Annual Report of Chief Inspector for 1916, p. 10. The following and
many more examples can be seen in subsequent Annual Reports, and in an
account of works’ committees issued by the Ministry of Labour, and in
the organ of the Welfare Workers’ Institute.

Footnote 253:

Published by H.M. Stationery Office: (1) Protective Clothing; (2)
Messrooms and Canteens; (3) Welfare Supervision; (4) First-Aid and
Ambulance; (5) Ventilation; (6) Seats for Workers; (7) Lighting in
Factories and Workshops; (8) Cloakrooms, Washing Facilities, Drinking
Water, and Sanitary Accommodation.

Footnote 254:

See Annual Report of the Chief Inspector, 1919, chapter viii., and
Annual Report of Chief Inspector, 1920, chapter vi.

Footnote 255:

See footnote to p. 290.

Footnote 256:

These Chemical Regulations were confirmed on July 11, 1922, and in
consequence the Benzine (No. 3) and Chromate (No. 10) Regulations were
revoked.

Footnote 257:

Under the Anthrax Prevention Act, 1919, provision has been made and of
all wool and animal hair from Egypt. (See also Nos. 37 and 38.)

Footnote 258:

The Women and Young Persons (Employment in Lead Processes) Act, 1920,
prohibits altogether their employment in certain processes connected
with lead manufacture and in any process involving the use of lead
compounds and causing dust and fumes, or in which the workers are
liable to be splashed with a lead compound, subject to medical
examination, provision of exhaust ventilation to remove dust or fumes,
protective clothing, messroom and cloakroom, and cleanliness of tools,
apparatus, and workrooms.

Footnote 259:

See footnote, p. 296.

Footnote 260:

Total cases in factory and workshop.

Footnote 261:

All the female cases in coach painting were due to painting
perambulators, except the one in 1917.

Footnote 262:

All due to heading of yarn.

Footnote 263:

Of these cases four were due to heading of yarn and twelve to bullet
and shrapnel making.

Footnote 264:

In 1913 eighteen cases among women were due to heading of yarn.

Footnote 265:

In 1908 seven cases among women were due to heading of yarn.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Page Changed from Changed to

27 grew steadily and rapidly, until grew steadily and rapidly, until
in 1819 a in 1919 a

124 of mercury to assist felting in of mercury to assist felting in
hatters’ furriers hatters’ and furriers

297 for the disinfection, on arrival [This line was removed because
in Great Britain, of goat hair there is no related content on
from India, this page or on the pages
immediately before or after it.]

● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed bold or blackletter font in =equals=. ● The caret (^) is used to indicate superscript, whether applied to a single character (as in 2^d) or to an entire expression (as in 1^{st}). ● Subscripts are shown using an underscore (_) with curly braces { }, as in H_{2}O. ● Images without captions use HTML alt text.