Chapter XVIII: Introduction

During the latter part of 1911 I had the opportunity of visiting Togo. Since August 1914 it has been in the occupation of British and French troops, administered as a co-dominion.

Forest Station work has been the main work of the Forest Department since the inception, both under the District Officer and subsequently under the trained officer. There is only 1 per cent. of forests in the whole country.

Lome, the capital of Togo, formed my starting-point, and there His Excellency the Governor and the Secretary of the Colony advised me as to the best route and supplied me with many interesting details as to the system of taxation, etc.

_Taxation._—In Lome every man above sixteen years of age has the choice of paying 6s. per year or working twelve days for the Government. On the coast it is found that the natives prefer to pay the tax, but inland the twelve days’ work is usually given. This Government work consists of plantation and road making, bridge-building, erecting rest-houses, and many other kinds of public work.

The subject may be divided into three sections:

(1) _The Forests between or at the Stations_.

(2) _The Forest Department Plantations_.

(3) _District Plantations_.

I. THE FORESTS BETWEEN OR AT THE STATIONS.

Near Lome the ground is very sparsely covered with thorny shrubs and occasional Baobabs, _Adansonia digitata_, but on nearing the valley of the Schio the soil improves and small plantations of sugar-cane appear. Though no attempt has been made here to develop this industry, the natives of Tagblekovke and other places sell large quantities of the cane. Oil palms are seen on both sides of the line, chiefly, however, on the river banks, owing to the annual grass fires. Scattered silk cotton- trees also occur along the river banks, otherwise only the normal dry- zone vegetation is found.

The rainfall, however, is quite sufficient for the growth of a deciduous forest. The remains of fringing forests on the banks of the Rivers Schio, Lili and Haho consist of _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Erythrophlœum Guineense_, _Terminalia Togoensis_ and a few specimens of Afzelia or Cynometra.

FIG. 17.—=One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to ten-year-old Trees, 1911.=]

FIG. 18.—=Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]

FIG. 19.—=Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]

FIG. 20.—=Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode.=]

To face p. 116.

Passing on to the Haho-Baloë district, plantations occur at the junction of these rivers in an open plain of scanty dry-zone forest. A fringing mixed forest of the normal type, varying from 200 to 500 yards in width, was found on the banks of each river, and as it formed a complete fire protection, was left untouched. In the open forest the most common trees are the Pseudocedrelas, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Butyrospermum Parkii_ and Terminalia.

The rainfall varies at this spot from 28 to 39 inches annually. The higher rainfall is probably the true average, if considered in conjunction with the natural vegetation. A great change in the vegetation was noticeable between Nuatjä and Atakpame; the typical dry- zone trees, such as _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, Shea Butter, Lophira and others, were soon left behind, and on nearing the hilly country of Atakpame a more flourishing condition was evident. Oil palms were growing in profusion both on the banks of the rivers and also on the sides. Large cotton-trees, _Triplochiton Nigericum_, Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_, _Sterculia cordifolia_ and other trees of this kind were seen. The rainfall is much higher here, averaging from 58 inches, spread over the months of April, May, June, July, August and September, and a little in October. This rises to 58 inches, falls to 52, 105 miles to the north of Atakpame, in the Sokode District. This is spread over the usual rainy season of West Africa; more rain, however, falls in September than in the northern part of Southern Nigeria during the same month. After leaving the hills of Atakpame behind, we took the road to Sokode, and between the Rivers Tagbadja and Au the following dry-zone trees were most prevalent: _Lophira alata_, Shea Butter, _Terminalia Togoensis_ and _Pterocarpus erinaceus_. As we advanced the Shea Butter Tree ceased, but more Terminalia were seen; Pterocarpus in groups and _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_ became very prevalent. Fringing forests were seen in the level country which followed along the banks of the Ana River.

On the third day’s march I found a large specimen of _Khaya Senegalensis_ and several smaller ones at a place just above the eighth parallel of latitude, below which the _Khaya Senegalensis_ is rarely found. Beyond this were _Paradaniella thurifera_, _Borassus flabelliformis_, Fan Palm, _Afzelia Africana_ and Shea Butter, and less of the species already mentioned.

These were succeeded by small pure forests of _Berlinia Kerstingii_, Afzelia, _Ormosia laxiflora_, _Bauhinia reticulata_, _Erythrina Senegalensis_, _Parinarium polyandrum_ and _Parkia Africana_, syn. _filicoidea_. Nearing Blita rest-house, bamboos appeared, _Agave rigida_, and also a Ceara-rubber plantation.

It was interesting to find on inquiry that this plantation was the result of 1,000,000 Ceara seeds distributed to the natives in 1907. The vegetation on the banks of the rivers and streams consisted mostly of deciduous forest, with typical dry-zone trees at the edges. In addition, _Pentadesma Kerstingii_ and _Dalbergia melanoxylon_ were seen.

The last-named species has, according to German botanists, been confused with _Diospyros mespiliformis_, so far as the timber is concerned. The last two miles before reaching Sokode were covered with extensive plantations.

_Dry-zone Trees._—Between Sokode and Bassari, a distance of 37 miles, are the Malfakassa Mountains, of which the summits are mostly bare, owing to the annual grass fires, but a dense growth of _Berlinia Kerstingii_, Terminalia and _Afzelia Africana_ grow in the moister valleys.

On the more open ground the usual dry-zone trees were seen, and the _Khaya Senegalensis_ on the banks of each of the four rivers.

The rainfall is the same as that of Sokode, about 52 inches, although the atmosphere is moister, which is partly due to the higher altitude.

The somewhat cooler temperature of the air causes heavy dews, and these also, in their turn, increase the moisture of the air. The differences are thus very marked between Sokode and Bassari as to the atmospheric moisture, and also as to the variation in the growth of the trees at the two stations.

After a short visit of two days I left Bassari for Jendi, 70 miles to the north-west. One range of hills on the way is noticeable for the pure formation of iron ore which “crops out” and causes the tree-growth to be small.

The vegetation becomes very sparse towards the valley of the Oti, 30 miles distant from Bassari, and this is owing to a great change in the climatic conditions as compared with Bassari, as well as the annual grass fires. The sole representatives of the dry-zone vegetation, which, near Bassari, had originally consisted of _Khaya Senegalensis_, Afzelia and Shea Butter trees, are the Baobabs, _Adansonia digitata_.

The rainfall is only 43 inches per year. The poor vegetation found near Jendi gradually gives way, between that station and Kete-Kratschi, to more typical dry-zone trees, such as Shea Butter, Lophira, Afzelia and _Berlinia Kerstingii_.

Oil palms were found on the third day growing near the banks of the streams, and more Afzelia in the open country. _Mimusops multinervis_ and Diospyros were found near the River Volta, at the edge of a wide belt of evergreen forest.

The dry season is much prolonged in most years. On the average the rainfall is 46·8 inches. At the next station on the tour, Pfandu, the rainfall rises to 55 inches per year. Near the summit of the station hill the soil is poor, but excellent on the lower slopes.

The climatic conditions of Pfandu, a substation to Misahöhe, are unfavourable, and labour is less obtainable. The road between these two stations passes through very poor dry-zone forest, but on entering the Misahöhe mountainous region we came upon a fine evergreen forest. The most common trees noticed were _Khaya Klainii_, Mahogany, Iroko and _Terminalia superba_, the shingle-wood tree, also Triplochiton, _Sterculia cordifolia_, _Carapa procera_, _Piptadenia Africana_, _Pentaclethra macrophylla_, _Detarium Guineensis_, _Brachystegia spicæformis_, _Berlinia acuminata_, _Afrormosia laxiflora_, Satinwood, _Alstonia Congensis_, _Ricinodendron Africanum_ and _Eriodendron Nigericum_. The mahoganies of this district were remarkably fine trees, mostly over 10 feet in girth.

A written permit, costing 3s. per tree, has to be obtained for cutting trees, and also permission from the Commissioner, before forest land may be cleared.

The high rainfall of Misahöhe, which is 62 inches per year, produces a very moist atmosphere.

After a visit of three days to the Misahöhe Station, I left for Palime, the terminus of the Lome Railway. On the way down the mountain, the contrast between the eastern and western slopes was very noticeable, a deciduous forest covering the eastern slope and an evergreen forest the western. For the first 10 miles from Palime on the way to Lome, mahoganies, oil palms and other trees abounded, but gradually gave way to the same drier type of forest as that seen on the Nuatjä railway- line.

This condition of vegetation continued until Lome was reached, a distance of 75 miles.

II. THE FOREST DEPARTMENT PLANTATIONS.

During 1907 there was a Forestry Conference in Berlin with regard to the afforestation of the Colony of Togo (which is wooded only to the extent of 1 per cent.), with the result that the area of Haho-Baloë was first chosen, and the plantation started at the junction of the rivers.

A fringing mixed forest on each bank of the river was left untouched, as they formed a fire protection for the plantation. Pseudocedrelas, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_, _Butyrospermum Parkii_ and Terminalia were the most common trees found in the open forest between the rivers.

The altitude of this area above sea-level is about 480 feet. It slopes slightly from north to south and is triangular in shape.

Seedlings were first tried, but did not survive the first season, and since that time seeds have been sown, and this proved a great success. Eight species of trees have been used to form these plantations:

(1) Teak, _Tectona grandis_.

(2) _Afzelia Africana_, also called Rhodesia Mahogany or Apa.

(3) Sasswood, _Erythrophlœum Guineense_.

(4) African Mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_.

(5) _Khaya Klainii_, Mahogany.

(6) Iroko, _Chlorophora excelsa_.

(7) Kapok, _Ceiba pentandra_.

(8) _Anogeissus Leiocarpus_, Chew-stick Tree.

One-sixth of the total area, however, has been planted with teak; in all, 491,300 seedlings. The Erythrophlœum seedlings are most numerous, the wood of this species being hard, durable and termite resisting. It has been used with great success for piles and trestles in bridge- building.

Afzelia and the two mahoganies will be valuable and useful timbers, especially the mahoganies, as they are indigenous to the country, and there is not the element of speculation attending introduced trees.

In addition to the eight chief species named above, a few specimens of _Detarium Guineense_ (the Dita fruit of Sierra Leone) and Cynometra were planted, but their growth is slow. A mixed crop, consisting of _Parkia filicoidea_, the Locust Tree, _Prosopis oblonga_, _Anogeissus leiocarpus_ and _Detarium Guineense (Senegalense)_, has also been planted.

The mixture is a good one, but the growth has been slow. The general appearance of the area where teak has been planted, in spite of the fact that the bush was left standing, is that of a teak plantation, for the teak has outgrown all the indigenous trees and formed a complete thicket.

Owing to the lack of drainage in the soil, as well as attacks of the borer, the _Khaya Senegalensis_ has grown slowly. Slow growth is noticed also in the Apa, _Afzelia Africana_, but that seems to be typical of the tree.

During the first year the cost of planting (including building and labour) worked out at £4 4s. an acre, but by the third year this amount was reduced to £1 2s. The valuation of the whole plantation is at least £10,000.

The second Forest Department’s afforestation area is Mo-Kamaa, which is being planted in a similar manner and with similar planting methods to the area situated near the Haho-Baloë. Tax labour has been used to a large extent in these plantations. The situation is particularly suitable for planting operations, owing to its being protected on two sides by the rivers from the annually recurring fires of this locality. The altitude is about 500 feet above sea-level.

As in the case of Haho, nurseries were made for oil palms only, various species being sown in lines, between which the forest growth was left standing, so as to form shade for the seedlings. Approximately 600,000 seedlings have survived, about 400,000 Khayas and 200,000 teak.

Dry-zone mahogany, _Khaya Senegalensis_, and teak have been planted in addition to the oil palm. The Khaya, even up to 12 feet in girth, is found all over the locality, and near the bank of the Kamaa a few oil palms.

The teak has grown much faster than the Khaya, the average height of the former being 6 feet and that of the latter only 2 feet. The teak seedlings are beginning to outstrip the indigenous trees in the locality.

The mixture of these two trees, as far as can be judged, has been a great success. For, by the persistent foliage of the Khaya falling to the ground at a different period to that of the teak, the necessary protection to the soil, when the teak-trees are leafless, is thus given, and the Khaya (Mahogany) benefits by being drawn up by the quickly growing teak, and in both cases there is less tendency to form strong side branches.

With the advent of the proposed railway, the timber in this locality will be of great value; but even without this advantage the present value is at least £1,000.

The planting scheme contemplated is enormous, and includes an area of 96,000 acres. An actual start has been made with 295 acres.

It is an interesting fact that the mixed plantations in the afforestation areas have nearly all been made by the Forest Department, and the pure plantations by the Commissioners at the District Stations.

Approximately 300 acres are composed of mixed plantations and 256 of pure plantations.

The following mixed plantations are found in the Haho-Baloë afforestation area:

(1) Sasswood and Teak.

(2) Sasswood, Teak and Mahogany, _Khaya senegalensis_.

(3) Sasswood, Teak and _Khaya Klainii_.

(4) Sasswood, Afzelia and _Cynometra Afzelia_.

(5) Sasswood and _Afzelia Africana_.

(6) Sasswood, _Khaya Senegalensis_ and _Afzelia Africana_.

(7) Sasswood and _Khaya Klainii_.

The most profitable mixture of all these is the teak, _Khaya Klainii_ and Sasswood, though all have something in their favour.

These mixed forests need much attention, as one species frequently outgrows another, one suppressing the other, and the mixture consequently no longer existing. More European supervision is required to remove suppressed or crooked trees.

III. DISTRICT PLANTATIONS.

Avenues of trees suitable for street-planting have been largely made in Lome. The _Terminalia catappa_ (almond-tree) is one of the most useful trees for this purpose; at least 12 feet of the stems are quite free from branches, and thus the trees cannot harbour many insects.

The coconut, though made use of for this purpose, is not so suitable, as it lacks height-growth; the Dracæna also, which does not improve the roadside, and a species of Ficus, probably _platyphylla_, which loses its foliage in the dry season, are neither of them a success. Near the Government House a large number of _Casuarina equisitifolia_ have been planted; these have flourished well, as they can stand the ocean wind blowing almost continuously at Lome.

In the Experimental Gardens, which are situated 80 feet above sea-level, there are many interesting varieties.

The soil, a mixture of very poor sand with a great deal of iron, is not favourable to height-growth of the teak (_Tectona grandis_); the seeds, though in great quantities, are small and ill-developed. The mahogany, too, showed poor height and girth growth, the locality was evidently not suitable for it. Other trees that did not seem to thrive were _Cedrela odorata_, the Cigar-box Cedar Tree, _Pithecolobium dulcis_, _Funtumia elastica_, Bread-fruit, _Artocarpus incisa_, _Ficus Vogelii_, _Borassus flabellifer_, _Bixa orellana_, _Acacia catechu_, _Casuarina equisitifolia_, _Manihot Glaziovii_ and _Manihot dichotoma_; but the oil palms, _Elæis Guineensis_, and _Ficus elastica_ were doing exceeding well and were of a healthy green colour. Bamboos and the usual tropical fruits had also been planted. The Kapok tree (_Ceiba pentandra_ according to German botanists, and _Eriodendron Nigericum_ according to Kew botanists), which has been planted too far apart, has made very little growth.

Under the guidance of the Director I visited the Agricultural School at Nuatja, 50 miles from Lome. Experimental work of all kinds was carried on here. In the nurseries were to be found Kapok, _Ceiba pentandra_, cotton and oil palms. In a machinery shed were a cotton gin and press, and husking machines for other seed. Lectures are given early in the year, and as the season advances practical work takes their place.

A great drawback to the extension of the Atakpame District plantations (95 miles from Lome) is the shortness of labour, as the natives pay their tax instead of working.

The main plantations have been made on the east side of the station, on a slope facing south. Teak has been very largely planted here, no less than 25,400 seedlings since 1901, when the work was started. Others are _Treculia Africana_, African Bread-fruit, Sasswood, _Mimusops multinervis_, the hard red wood of the Olokomeji Reserve, Kapok, _Ceiba pentandra_, and Cashew Nuts. A new Piptadenia, named _Kerstingii_ after Dr. Kersting, was tried, but most of the plants died. An avenue of _Eucalyptus citrifolia_, with its delicate foliage, has developed well and fully deserves mention.

The teak has grown well everywhere, except in a small swampy area, where the trees look unhealthy. The very large crops of seeds during the last three years have caused the height-growth to fall off in comparison with earlier years.

Most of the trees are planted too far apart, but nevertheless, seeing the whole hillside, east of the station, covered with a teak forest produces a very wonderful effect on the mind.

If the teak alone is taken as a basis of valuation, the total value cannot be less than £2,500.

The Sokode District plantations have a great advantage over those at Atakpame, as tax labour has been used almost entirely and the population is much larger than elsewhere. As soon as an experiment with regard to agricultural crops, fruit and forest trees proved satisfactory, plantations were at once made.

The orchards, farms and plantations begin on the south-east slope of the hillside, round the station to the south, finishing to the west and north-west of the office building. The plantations occur between the altitude of 1,000 and 1,260 feet. The variations of soil are very remarkable, from poor laterite to rich loam, from sand to swamp; but it is not to be wondered at, when the large area is taken into account.

As at nearly all the other stations, teak has been the most extensively planted tree, some 81,000 seedlings having been set out on an area of 115·9 acres. Oil palms have also been planted in great numbers. These are set some distance apart to get the full benefit of the sun and develop large crowns and stems. Some of the other species planted are: _Khaya Senegalensis_, Iroko, _Funtumia elastica_, _Ficus elastica_, Ceara Rubber, _Para_, _Hevea Braziliensis_, _Manihot dichotoma_, _Manihot heptaphylla_ and _Manihot Pianhyensis_. Three or four species only of the following trees: _Albizzia Cæsalpinia_, including _Sappan_, _Cassia florida_, _Cedrela odorata_, _Berlinia Kerstingii_, _Ceiba pentandra_, _Detarium Senegalense_, _Diospyros mespiliformis_, _Anogeissus leiocarpus_, Eucalyptus, _Melia azedarach_, _Morinda citrifolia_, _Ormosia laxiflora_, _Parkia Africana_, _Pentadesma Kerstingii_, _Poinciana regia_, _Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_, _Pterocarpus erinaceus_ and _Aspidosperma Quebracho_.

The mixed plantations are not very plentiful, but teak and oil palms have been planted together, though not systematically, and have proved a very profitable mixture, which is worthy of notice here. In its early years the oil palm is a shade-bearing tree, so that the shade of the teak does not hinder its growth. In the oil-bearing season the teak is leafless, which is beneficial to the formation of fruit in the oil palm. The dense foliage of the oil palm kills the adventitious shoots or side branches of the teak, so rendering pruning unnecessary. In the dry season the soil is protected most thoroughly by the evergreen foliage of the oil palm, and its masses of small roots conserve the moisture of the soil, while the wide-spreading roots of the teak allow the surface water to run away. For instance, teak and Iroko are not so suitable a mixture, as they both cast their leaves at the same time, though when planted together the teak tends to accelerate the height-growth of the Iroko, and also keeps it freer from the attacks of the gall bug.

If space permitted, many more instances of the advantage and disadvantage of these mixtures might be given.

Orchards have been largely planted at Sokode too. Oranges, limes, tangerines and _Cola vera_ have done well, and the _Spondias dulcis_ yields very large fruit. The date palms have not yet fruited. Fibre plants, including sisal hemp, and the Panama palms seem to be growing well; fibre for Panama hats is obtained from this palm.

A substation of Sokode, Bassari, was my next stopping place. The station is situated on the northern side of the mountain, overlooking the valley of the River Kamaa. The plantations, with the exception of the _Ficus elastica_, which is 200 feet higher up, are all planted below the station. The approximate altitude is 1,350 feet above sea-level.

The following species have been most extensively planted: Teak, Oil Palms, Afzelia, _Khaya Senegalense_, Iroko, Ebony, Kapok, _Funtumia_, _Ficus elastica_, _Manihot heptaphylla_, _Manihot Pianhyensis_, _Aspidosperma Quebracho_, _Cæsalpinia Sappan_ and _Cassia florida_. Large orchards had been made, and these contained tangerines, lemon and many other kinds of tropical fruits; and very fine specimens of Eucalyptus trees showed how suitable this locality was for them.

About 200,000 trees have been planted here within ten years.

Funtumia, when planted with teak, grows well in this area, as the shade of the teak is beneficial to it; but planted alone, the leaves become a poor colour and drop prematurely. The same thing is noticeable when planted with mahogany.

In the case of Ebony, one of the knottiest forestry problems of Europe, viz. that of finding suitable trees for admixture, has been solved. Many of them died when planted pure, but the gaps being filled with teak, the ebony seedlings, put into competition with this fast-growing tree, have been “drawn” up quicker than they would have otherwise grown, and have done remarkably well.

The most northerly station that I visited was Jendi, approximately on latitude 9·30, at an altitude of 640 feet above sea-level. The method of planting was slightly different at Jendi, agricultural crops being grown for three years between the rows of forest-tree seeds, only the oil palms and teaks being planted out as one-year seedlings from the nursery.

Besides these two species, _Khaya Senegalensis_, _Afzelia Africana_, Date Palms, Ceara Rubber, and Rambong Rubber have also been planted. Altogether 457,200 seedlings are growing.

As firewood alone is worth 3d. a bundle, timber of all kinds is very valuable in this locality, the teak plantation alone being worth £200.

Kete-Kratschi, the station adjoining Jendi and overlooking the Volta Valley, is a specially interesting one, because it was started by Graf Zech, the late Governor of Togo, who was so desirous of seeing plantations made everywhere. At this station the plantations were first made half a mile away, and these have done better than the later ones planted to the east of the station.

Teak has been largely planted, and considering the poor soil and low rainfall, has done remarkably well. For the first time a parasite in the shape of a species of Loranthus was found growing on the upper branches of two large teak-trees, but no diminution in the growth of the teak was noticeable. Afzelia, _Khaya Klainii_ and _Khaya Senegalensis_ have been planted in large numbers, and experiments made with _Albizzia lebbek_, _Poinciana regia_, _Acacia catechu_ and _Ceiba pentandra_. A few oil palms and Casuarinas have found a place in the plantations. Eight miles from the Volta Valley is the station of Pfandu, situated on an open, isolated hill with a sheer cliff to the east and sloping gradually away to the north-west and south.

The only variation here in the planting system was that Cassada was largely used as an agricultural crop between the rows of tree seedlings, which were put in the year after the Cassada had been planted. Though the Cassada afforded a shade for the young seedlings, the latter did not seem to show sufficient growth to warrant a further trial of the system. The teak especially thrives here, the tree having reached a height of 36 feet and a girth of 14 inches, and these trees have already been felled for house-building purposes. The plantation is valued at £550.

Ceara rubber is now being tapped on a large scale. Sasswood, _Erythrophlœum Guineense_, Iroko, Oil Palms, and _Funtumia elastica_ have been planted in large numbers, and a few Afzelias, _Diospyros mespiliformis_ and Kapok trees.

The hill station of Misahöhe overlooks the valley of the Chedscho and Agu, with the highest mountain in Togo opposite. The people have means to pay the tax here, so labour is scarce and prisoners are employed in keeping the plantations clean. The altitude of the highest plantation is 1,800 feet above sea-level. _Manihot Glaziovii_ has been planted in greater numbers than any other tree; next comes Teak, then Para Rubber, of which one had been tapped with satisfactory results, _Funtumia elastica_, Oil Palms, _Khaya Klainii_, Sasswood and _Cola vera_. Small plantations of _Ficus elastica_, Cocoa and _Anogeissus leiocarpus_ have also been made. One curious mixture was seen, Teak and _Cola vera_; the teak-trees tended to grow much faster, and the Cola benefited by the shade.

The most northerly and the driest stations are Sansane Mangu and Kalangasshi, where I was told 1,037 acres had been planted with Teak, _Khaya Senegalensis_, Ceara Rubber and Afzelia. It is proposed to form the third afforestation area of 15,000 acres at Kalangasshi.

In smaller quantities are to be found the Locust Bean, _Parkia filicoidea_, _Manihot Glaziovii_, Shea Butter, Iroko, _Ficus elastica_, Oil Palms, _Funtumia elastica_, _Afzelia Africana_ and Kapok. Some teak and a few other trees had been planted at Bismarckburg, an old substation to Kete-Kratschi, and the same varieties at Ho, a substation to Misahöhe.

I was unable to obtain figures as to the number of trees planted at the above three stations, but teak is reported to be doing well at them all.

In addition to the species of indigenous trees planted, and also introduced, species such as Teak, _Tectona grandis_, and many others have been planted on a small scale.

To face p. 126.

IV. NOTES ON INDIGENOUS TREES

=Pandanaceæ.=

_Pandanus Togoensis_. Kpa (Ewe).

6½ feet in height.

_Pandanus Kerstingii_. Abá (Tschaudjo).

32½ feet in height.

=Gramineæ.=

_Oxytenanthera Abyssinica_.

Bamboo. 19½ feet to 26 feet in height.

_Andropogon Sorghum_. Wo (Ewe).

Used in broom-making and roof-covering.

=Palmæ.=

_Raphia vinifera_. Ala (Ewe); Taro (Tschaudjo); Kpakó (Anago); Ollo (Akposso).

Leaves used for brooms and brushes, mats, baskets, weaving, etc.

_Phœnix spinosa_ or _Phœnix reclinata_.

32½ feet high. Leaves, weaving nets, etc.

_Elæis Guineensis_.

Oil palm. Covering for roofs from leaves.

Weaving of all kinds, coco fibre, carpets, brushes. Nuts.

_Borassus flabelliformis_ or _Hyphæne Togoensis_, _Hyphæne coriaceæ_.

Plaiting for hats, nets, etc.

_Carludovica palmata_.

=Flagellariaceæ.=

_Flagellaria indica_ L.

The tough outer stems used as ropes.

=Bromeliaceæ.=

_Ananas_. Atóto (Ewe).

An attempt has been made to bring the Togo pineapple into the markets,
but without success. Fibre much used in weaving, etc.

=Liliaceæ.=

——: Dzogbeblôbe (Ewe).

_Sansevieria Guineensis_. Baugbaningbamu (Tschaudjo).

Long, flat leaves, 4⅞ feet long. Fibres useful in commerce. Bowstring
hemp.

_Sansevieria cylindrica_.

6½ feet long. Fibres useful in commerce. Bowstring hemp.

_Aloe Barteri_.

_Aloe Buettneri_.

Fibre from leaves of both Aloes.

=Amaryllidaceæ.=

_Agave Sisalana_.

_Mauritius hemp_.

Both have been introduced into Togo. Fibre used in weaving.

=Taccaceæ.=

_Tacca pinnatifida_. Dzogbenyabo (Ewe); Ludjŭ́ (Tschaudjo); Bōti (Dyakossi).

Used as a vegetable, having tubers like a potato, about the size of
the fist. Leaves much divided. Fibres used in weaving all sorts of
articles.

=Musaceæ.=

_Wild bananas_.

Mohammedan rosaries are made from the seeds.

_Musa textilis_.

Fibre much used.

=Marantaceæ.=

_Aframomum_.

Leaves for roofs.

_Clinogyne flexuosa_. Fita (Haussa); dworom (Asante).

Leaves used in paper-making.

=Ulmaceæ.=

_Celtis Prantlii_.

Dwarf variety. Bark fibre very much used.

_Celtis integrifolia_. Tyentyem (Mangu); Diki (Haussa); Kokojắ (Losso); Patakli (Atakpame).

130 to 162½ feet high. Wood not very good.

=Moraceæ.=

_Chlorophora excelsa_. Logo asagu (Ewe); Ssäre (Tschaudjo); Ukloba (Akposso); Odum (Asante); Sserre (Kratschi); Roco (Dahomey).

130 to 195 feet high. From 39 to 65 feet in circumference. One of the
highest trees in the Colony. One of the most useful trees of West
Africa for building purposes and furniture.

_Musanga Smithii_.

65 feet in height. The wood very light, sometimes takes the place of
cork. Wood used for cigar boxes, also sometimes in cellulose
factories.

_Myrianthus arboreus_. Avogolo or awogolu (Ewe).

_Myrianthus serratus_.

Like horse chestnut in appearance; orange flowers. Wood brittle, used
for fences.

_Antiaris Africana_ (syn. _Antiaris toxicaria_). Logo (Ewe); Ssäre (Tschaudjo).

Fruit fig-like.

_Ficus grandicarpa_. Furu (Tschaudjo).

Milky juice oozes from bark when cut. 65 feet in height. Bark smooth;
regular branching. Figs gathered in March.

_Ficus vallis choudæ_.

_Ficus exasperata_. Fola (Tschaudjo).

_Ficus bembicicarpa_. Kedā (Tschaudjo).

There are about 30 varieties of figs.

_Ficus lutea_.

_Ficus rokko_. Kedā (Tschaudjo).

_Ficus tiliifolia_. Adyokŭkola (Tschaudjo).

_Ficus umbrosa_. Tisemu (Tschaudjo).

_Ficus djurensis_. Tura (Tschaudjo).

_Ficus brachypus_. Ebö (Ewe); Bauri (Haussa).

Reddish bark. Wood heavy.

_Ficus tesselata_.

_Ficus dusenoides_.

_Ficus Togoensis_.

_Ficus sokodensis_.

=Proteaceæ.=

_Faurea speciosa_.

_Protea Bismarckii_. Düdürede (Tschaudjo).

Wood yellowish-red in colour, used for furniture. Height 32½ feet.

=Olacaceæ.=

_Ximenia Americana_.

Yellow heartwood resembles the scented white sandalwood.

=Anonaceæ.=

_Uvaria chamæ_. Agbana (Ewe); Pereng (Kabure); Liasá (Atakpame); Padiivīn (Difale).

Small tree with edible fruit. Wood greyish-brown, fairly heavy.

_Cleistopholis patens_. Baledia or Welengéle (Tschaudjo); Nuso or Aru (Atakpame).

Height 32½ feet to 65 feet. Wood light—used for barrels and drums—of a
grey colour.

_Hexalobus monopetalus_. Tschabola buanda (Tschaudjo); Tumbalaka (Atakpame).

Grows to large tree in Gallery Forests—small in Savannah. No trial of
wood made yet.

_Xylopia æthiopica_. Tso (Ewe); Ssosi (Tschaudjo).

Light yellow wood of flexible nature, used for masts of boats.

_Xylopia parviflora_. Tschabolabunda (Tschaudjo).

Root wood takes place of cork.

_Xylopia Eminii_. Akatapuressosi (Tschaudjo).

Fairly large tree, wood reddish, used for furniture.

_Anona sp._

Root wood of all the species forms a substitute for cork.

=Myristicaceæ.=

_Pycnanthus Kombo_. Óbala (Atakpame).

Soft wood. Used in box-making.

=Capparidaceæ.=

_Cratæva religiosa_. Anamolum (Tschaudjo); Dengma (Mangu); Tschengunga (Asante). Wood can be turned easily—like boxwood in appearance.

=Rosaceæ.=

_Parinarium curatellifolium_. Molemṓle (Tschaudjo); Insofaniwŏche (Mangu); Pótepote (Kratschi); Yafo (Kpedyi).

Trees of stunted appearance in Savannah, but growing higher in better
soil. Wood is oak-like and very hard—uniform texture. Used for wooden
pegs or pins, and other purposes in building, when durability is
important.

_Parinarium subcordatum_. Bende noso (Tschaudjo); Insuopangi (Mangu); Pekĭre (Losso).

Used for rafters in roofs by the natives of Mangu.

_Parinarium polyandrum_. Bende noso (Tschaudjo).

_Parinarium mobola_.

Never attains any great height.

_Parinarium Kerstingii_.

Attains much greater height than the last, a tree worthy of notice.

=Leguminosæ.=

_Albizzia Brownii_. Pangalan (Tschaudjo); Kokpara (Atakpame).

Large, handsome forest tree, with greyish-green cracked bark. Wood
fairly hard. Light sapwood, dark brownish heartwood.

_Albizzia Angolensis_. Atikuzẽ (Ewe). Kŭpaussŭto (Tschaudjo).

Height 97½ feet. Diameter 4⅞ feet.

_Albizzia fastigiata_. Asihuë (Atakpame).

The Albizzias are all proof against the termites on account of their
hardness. Wood of _A. fastigiata_ used for the felloes of wheels.

_Acacia catechu_.

_Acacia Arabica_. Magarua or Bagarua (Hausa).

About 19½ feet in height. Characteristic tree of the Steppe north of
Oti. Numerous.

_Acacia suma_. Gudjápūpŭ or Gudzawuwu (Ewe); Chrinika (Atakpame).

Height 32½ feet. Yellowish-white wood, heavy and very hard; used for
agricultural implements.

_Dichrostachys nutans_. Ssossōsi (Tschaudjo); Beniti (Agome).

Hard wood—dark heartwood, almost black—used for making walking-sticks.

_Prosopis oblonga_. Akä́ka (Ewe); Pato (Tschaudjo); Pangi (Mangu); Kaki (Atakpame); Kpánenã (Kratschi).

Hard wood—termite-proof. Young branches used for handles of axes and
hatchets.

_Tetrapleura Thoningii_. Prékese (Ewe).

A stately tree, only known in Akposso at present. The wood not yet
much used.

_Piptadenia Kerstingii_. Kapaussuto (Kabure).

Huge tree—stands singly. Blossoms in January, when it is leafless.
Fruit appears in April.

_Piptadenia Africana_. Alagbáta (Atakpame).

Wood doubtless of great value.

_Entada Abyssinica_. Ondutu (Tschaudjo); Kiria (Hausa); Ketschikantscha (Kratschi).

Tree stunted, leafless in the dry season. Wood spongy, not of much
value.

_Entada scandens_. Klokpakpa (Ewe).

The well-known Liana, with husks 3¼ feet long, growing abundantly in
the coast provinces. The fibre is much used in the making of nets,
ropes, etc.

_Parkia Africana_. Wo (Ewe); Ssuto (Tschaudjo); Dorana (Haussa) Soroño (Asante); Gotschö́ne (Kratschi).

Height 65 feet. The hard, heavy, pale yellowish wood, locustwood of
Sierra Leone. In commerce known as Caindah wood.

_Parkia filicoidea_. Ena (Atakpame).

Grows plentifully on the coast of Atakpame.

_Parkia biglobosa_.

Height 97½ feet. Bark from a clear grey to dark brown, much furrowed.

_Erythrophlœum Guineense_. Tsa (Ewe); Kekëū (Tschaudjo).

Wood much valued for its heartwood and because of its rarity.
Withstands the attacks of termites, and therefore much used in house
and ship building, wheels for gun-carriages, etc. Takes a foremost
place in export of wood.

_Burkea Africana_. Tschĭ́sili (Tschaudjo); Kiriandutschi (Haussa); Esseresu opĭrimú (Asante); Atakpla (Atakpame); Kinkiri (Kratschi).

Height 78 feet. Broad crown. Leaves covered with silky hairs; wood
used by the natives for sword handles.

_Cynometra megalophylla_. Agumuắ (Tschaudjo).

Found in the coast forests.

_Cynometra Afzelii_.

_Cynometra sp._

_Detarium microcarpum_. Depapātē (Tschaudjo); Naparli (Mangu); Kökpakpa (Kratschi); Záklu (Misahöhe).

A very heavy wood of a brown colour. Used in boat-building.

_Detarium Senegalense_.

Has a larger fruit than the _D. microcarpum_. A beautifully marked
hard wood. Grows to a great height. Found exclusively on the coast.

_Detarium Guineense_.

_Tamarindus indica_. Keditia (Tschaudjo); Samia (Haussa); Tamarese (Asante); Kö́pu (Kratschi).

Grows near farms and in the prairies. A clear-coloured wood—very heavy
to work; will not float in water; used for mill-wheels, powder coal,
etc.

_Afzelia Africana_. Papac (Ewe); Welu (Tschaudjo); Apakka (Anago); Ukpami (Akposso); Kao (Haussa); Papau (Asante); Kebarre (Kratschi); Kpakpa (Fõ).

Height 48¾ feet. A very beautifully marked wood. Proof against attacks
of termites; much valued in building and for table-making, also
mortars for crushing yams.

_Daniellia thurifera_. Lipiti or Dsati (Ewe); Tschato (Tschaudjo); Orokpo (Anago); Auwolo (Akposso); Masche (Haussa); Saingja (Asante); Kenjang (Kratschi); Sa (Fõ).

Height from 65 to 97½ feet. Common in the prairies. The sapwood is
white, and the heartwood reddish and very hard. Barrels are made from
it.

_Berlinia Heudelotiana_. Ademá or Baba (Ewe); Buda͡u (Tschaudjo); Kochoá (Kratschi).

Large tree with white showy flowers, growing on banks of rivers. Heavy
wood of light brown colour. Only of secondary importance.

_Berlinia Kerstingii_. Tau (Tschaudjo).

65 to 97½ feet high, grows on open prairie. Wood used for rafters in
house-building.

_Berlinia acuminata_.

_Berlinia tomentosa_.

_Bauhinia reticulata_. Klo (Ewe); Bākū (Tschaudjo); Nyama (Mangu); Okokotaka (Asante); Tamenasi (Atakpame); Aklō (Anecho).

Fairly heavy wood of dirty brown colour, easily worked. Very plentiful
in the prairies.

_Dialium Guineense_. Zigbli or Toë (Ewe); Madŭ́ (Atakpame).

32½ to 48¾ feet high, valued as a wood for building, known as Black
Tumbler or Velvet Tamarind on the market.

_Distemonanthus Benthamianus_.

One of the hardest woods of Togo, a gigantic tree.

_Cassia Sieberiana_. Gagamagati (Ewe); Tschamanu (Tschaudjo).

Grows best on dry, stony parts of the prairie. Light brown wood,
extraordinarily hard, proof against termites. When burnt it causes
headache.

_Swartzia Madagascariensis_. Subando (Tschaudjo).

A small tree growing by river banks and on the prairies. Heartwood
reddish black.

_Cordyla Africana_. Kessing (Tschaudjo).

Wood used in table-making.

_Ormosia laxiflora_. Kedeleā or Kodoleā (Tschaudjo); Kokoro or Golloklo (Mangu); Obri (Asante); Kekpili (Kratschi); Akũgre (Kpedyi).

Beautiful clear brown wood, used by the natives for building. It is
termite-proof.

_Baphia nitida_.

A small slender tree. Tons of the wood are sent yearly to England as
red dye-wood.

_Milletia atite_. Atite (Ewe); Sso abalu (Tschaudjo).

Spread through all the colonies. Wood very uniformly marked of clear
yellowish-white.

_Pterocarpus erinaceus_. Doti (Ewe); Tim (Tschaudjo); Segbe (Mangu); Keleyu (Kratschi).

Used as a red dye. Height 65 feet. Very heavy wood of reddish-brown
colour. Sold as teak—one of the best woods of commerce.

_Pterocarpus esculentus_. Keruwowo (Tschaudjo); Futu (Kirikiri).

Smaller tree than the last, found in prairies. Wood fairly heavy and
yellowish-white.

_Lonchocarpus sericeus_. Lo (Ewe); Bäbäle (Atakpame); Alobla (Kpedyi).

Found in prairies and terrace woods. Flowers reddish-violet. Wood not
well known.

_Derris Stuhlmanii_. Tschaloware (Tschaudjo); Bembu (Mangu).

Height 32½ feet. Hard, yellowish-white wood.

_Andira inermis_.

Fairly large mountain tree. The Cabbage Tree of the W. Indies. Hard,
yellowish-white wood. The partridge wood of commerce.

_Erythrina Senegalensis_. Yrewo (Ewe); Nyimu (Mangu); Baklesu (Atakpame).

Slender tree 32½ feet in height. Bark deeply cleft, cork-like, and thorny. Wood very light and useful in many ways.

_Dalbergia melanoxylon_. Atiyi (Ewe).

The heartwood is almost hard as iron, proof against attacks of
insects. Used for pillars and piles, also in the making of musical
instruments.

_Brachystegia spicæformis_.

_Macrolobium stipulaceum_.

_Pentaclethra macrophylla_.

=Zygophyllaceæ.=

_Balanites Ægyptiaca_. Kunjanapcule (Mangu); Gushiocho (Kratschi).

Height 19½ to 26 feet. A beautiful golden brown wood, used in the
making of ploughs, clubs, sticks.

=Rutaceæ.=

_Fagara zanthoxyloides_. Eché or Alãfe (Ewe); Kelengma͡u (Tschaudjo); Polu-Dyenye (Mangu); Tigu Schirafinsa (Mangu); Ata (Anago); Uche (Akposso); Che (Fõ); Klongbaŭ (Tim).

A fairly large tree of the prairie. In appearance like an apple-tree.
Bark rough and knotty.

_Limonia Warneckei_. Kugŏ́nu (Tschaudjo); Nguni (Kabure); Tyanka or Hogogo (Atakpame).

Wood light yellow, uniform, hard, and very heavy.

_Limonia Preussii_.

=Simarubaceæ.=

_Hannoa undulata_. Dikbere (Tschaudjo); Yayabé (Mangu); Kelantori (Kratschi).

The wood is of a light greyish-white colour, fairly heavy.

=Meliaceæ.=

_Khaya Senegalensis_. Frimu (Tschaudjo).

A large tree sometimes attaining a height of 130 feet and over. 13¼
feet in diameter. Has a beautiful surface; is most useful in commerce
for furniture, carriages, cases for microscopes, etc. The fruit is
about the size of an apple, with four valves and four rows of flat
seeds.

_Khaya Klainii_.

The seed vessel has five valves, and the fruit is larger than the
last. Known as the African or Gambia mahogany of commerce.

_Pseudocedrela Kotschyi_. Alu (Ewe); Dituturi (Tschaudjo); Krŭbete (Asante); Kedemponasi (Kratschi).

65 feet in height. The wood is of a greyish colour, serviceable in
building and furniture industry. The natives use it for drums and
barrels.

_Carapa procera_.

Not much known, though used in Senegambia as a building mahogany.

_Melia Azedarach_.

A small, much cultivated tree; the purplish blue flowers are like the
Spanish elder. The sapwood whitish, the heartwood reddish. Easy to
work; used in the making of furniture.

_Ekebergia Senegalensis_. Frimŭabalŭ́ (Tschaudjo).

A large tree growing in the mountainous districts. Wood light yellow
and fairly heavy, and uniform texture.

_Trichilia emetica_. Adyanyapesō (Tschaudjo).

_Trichilia Prieuriana_. Dilifū (Tschaudjo).

These two are small trees, fairly easy to work, of a light yellowish-
coloured wood.

=Polygalaceæ.=

_Securidaca longepedunculata_. Foji (Tschaudjo); Dyōro (Dyakossi); Ua magungŭ́na (Haussa); Atakpati (Atakpame).

Small tree. A strong useful fibre obtained from the small branches.

=Euphorbiaceæ.=

_Phyllanthus discoideus_. Kongkonga (Tschaudjo); Dantivi (Atakpame); Kamfuắ (Bagu).

A tall primeval forest tree—occasional clumps in the villages. Hard
heavy wood of a beautiful red colour.

_Hymenocardia acida_. Adudze (Ewe); Atidje (Atakpame).

The wood is fairly hard, light brown, with the year-rings clearly
marked. Very brittle, so only fit for firewood.

_Hymenocardia ulmoides_. Taboia (Atakpame); Bälä (Afem).

Height 130 to 162½ feet.

_Uapaca Togoensis_. Egba (Ewe); Kidgeling (Tschaudjo); Nagudi (Atakpame).

A prairie tree of medium size. Beautiful brown-coloured wood; used for
firewood.

_Uapaca Heudelotii_. Oli (Atakpame).

Grows in the terraced woods. Useful in building.

_Alchornea cordifolia_. Tschufṓu (Tschaudjo); Awowlo (Atakpame).

A small prairie tree. The hollow twigs are used in pipe-making.

_Sapium Guineense_.

_Sapium Kerstingii_.

_Sapium Mannianum_.

These three trees are not of much importance.

_Ricinodendron Africanus_.

Vegetable oils and fats obtained from this tree. The wood is soft and
used for fuel.

=Anacardiaceæ.=

_Mangifera Indica_.

Mango tree. A greyish wood, useful for building purposes.

_Anacardium occidentale_. Atisiā (Ewe).

Reddish, fairly hard wood, used in boat-building, also for charcoal.

_Spondias lutea_. Kinyelu (Tschaudjo); Akiko or Agliko (Atakpame); Nayile (Konkomba).

Tall, slender tree. The fruit is edible, yellow, and downy. Abundant
in the prairies, now introduced in many localities. Bright-coloured
wood, fairly hard and heavy.

_Pseudospondias microcarpa_. Onyangba (Atakpame).

Stately tree, 65 feet in height. Nothing is known of the wood.

_Lannea acida_. Eknalokpoe (Ewe); Käla (Tschaudjo); Tyĕtĕbu (Mangu); Asogedaka (Atakpame).

A common tree in the prairies. The greyish hard wood is used by the
natives for arm-rings, chairs, etc.

_Lannea Barteri_. Tingbatau or Patandeu (Tschaudjo); Bēnature (Mangu); Akú (Atakpame.)

This tree has a characteristic spiral bark. It grows to a height of 65
feet, with reddish edible fruit.

_Hæmatostaphis Barteri_.

Has a beautiful fruit of a delicious flavour, the blood-plum of Sierra
Leone. The wood has not yet been tried.

To face p. 136.

_Heeria insignis_.

The wood is much valued in the making of specially good furniture.

=Sapindaceæ.=

_Blighia sapida_. Adza or Adja (Ewe); Peso (Tschaudjo); Aki (Asante); Keká (Kratschi).

The wood is light yellow, not of any value. Planted near houses as an
orchard tree, and also for its shade. 97½ feet in height.

_Eriocœlum Kerstingii_. Nimwau Pesō (Tschaudjo); Yevo-Gboma (Atakpame).

97½ feet in height in the coast forests. A good furniture and building
wood.

_Talisiopsis oliviformis_. Waogbŭ́m (Tschaudjo).

Perhaps identical with _Zanha golungensis_. 65 to 97½ feet high, with
reddish bark. Wood used for furniture and building. The fruit is
downy, of an orange colour, and edible.

_Allophyllus Africanus_. Weti (Atakpame); Kōtīa (Yendi).

A small bushy tree. The wood used for cleaning the teeth. Useful for
working in many ways.

=Melianthaceæ.=

_Bersama Doeringii_.

This tree has aerial roots. The blossoms in long bunches of white
flowers.

=Rhamnaceæ.=

_Zizyphus Jujuba_.

A small shrub-like tree with edible berries. The wood is used in
saddle-making and for agricultural implements.

_Zizyphus mucronatus_. Pangbaïngu (Tschaudjo); Sausanyebui (Mangu).

The wood is used in wagon-building.

=Tiliaceæ.=

_Grewia gigantiflora_. Adzadze (Ewe); Tolábŭ (Atakpame).

_Grewia villosa_. Adzadze (Ewe); Yumba (Mangu).

The natives use the wood for handles of spears.

=Malvaceæ.=

_Thespesia populnea_.

The sap-wood is a bright red, and the hard heartwood a dark red; used
for carriage-building and furniture.

=Bombacaceæ.=

_Bombax Buonopozense_. Fulṓ or Folṓ (Tschaudjo); Sanbúgo (Mangu).

Grows on high ground and also by the streams. Height about 162½ feet.
A marvellous sight when covered with its crimson blossoms. The bark is
smooth and bright grey, with rough cracked appearance. Of small
account in commerce.

_Adansonia digitata_. Adido (Ewe); Kuka (Haussa); Dádie (Asante); Kelle (Kratschi).

Called also bread-fruit tree.

_Ceiba pentandra_. Wu (Ewe); Komu (Tschaudjo); Ogu (Anago); Ju (Akposso); Huti (Fõ).

Wood little used, though it should be valuable in the cellulose
factories.

_Eriodendron Nigericum_.

=Sterculiaceæ.=

_Sterculia tragacantha_. Akplẽ or Loloẽ (Ewe); Kaderabobo (Tschaudjo).

_Sterculia tomentosa_. Akpoklo or Bofuti (Ewe); Modetu (Tschaudjo); Bolusila (Mangu); Oduduku (Atakpame); Kelipotu (Kratschi); Apokpo (Anecho).

_Sterculia oblonga_.

The wood of these three trees is soft and of little value. The fibre
strong and tough. Tree medium height.

_Cola cordifolia_. Uuti (Ewe); Dagbongbore (Tschaudjo); Nutssunutssu (Anago); Anwolo (Akposso); Eussŭ́ (Misahöhe).

A huge tree of the Gallery Forests, also found singly near villages.
The leaves are a foot long. The wood hard and heavy, used in
Senegambia for strengthening the coast and for rafters.

_Cola acuminata_.

The tree resembles the poplar. Proof against the attacks of insects;
useful for carriage and furniture-making, and ship-building.

_Cola laurifolia_. Jojau (Kabure).

The wood is very pliable and used in the making of bows (for
shooting).

_Cola caricifolia_. Alensuneku (Atakpame).

_Cola astrophora_.

_Cola supfiana_.

_Cola Afzelii_.

_Triplochiton Johnsonii_.

_Triplochiton Nigericum_.

_Pterygota Schumanniana_.

The wood of these five trees is little known.

_Firmiana Barteri_. Tschingbelika (Tschaudjo).

From 130 to 162½ feet high. The regular, pyramidal-shaped trunk ends
in plank-like roots. The natives make cups and bowls and floats from
the wood. The flowers are a beautiful scarlet, appearing before the
leaves.

=Ochnaceæ.=

_Ochna Afzelii_. Tanam (Tschaudjo).

Moderately high tree, with hard, beautifully-marked bright brown wood.
Used in turning and table-making.

_Lophira alata_. Parapára (Tschaudjo); Akpakpla (Anago); Otugba (Akposso); Kekrefunde (Asante); Belengbe (Kratschi); Kotublassu (Fõ).

A very common tree of the prairies, so much like the Shea butter as to
be frequently mistaken for it. The wood is hard, heavy, and dark,
reddish-brown, and sold as African oak.

=Guttiferæ.=

_Pentadesma Kerstingii_. Budyonū (Tschaudjo).

Grows on the wooded banks of streams. A tall, slender tree with
lightish brown wood, very similar in texture to that of the Ochnaceæ
family. Used by the natives in various ways.

=Dipterocarpaceæ.=

_Monotes Kerstingii_. Kesáng (Tschaudjo).

Height about 48¾ feet. It is found frequently in the prairies. Easily
recognized by the likeness of its leaf to a curved hollow of a hand.
The wood is only useful for burning.

=Flacourtiaceæ.=

_Oncoba spinosa_. Kpoe (Ewe); Krutū (Tschaudjo); Kongowura (Kotokoli).

A tall, thorny shrub, with white rose-like flowers. The wood is
capable of taking a good polish, used in inlaying.

_Caloncoba Gilgiana_. Efiohlĕ (Ewe).

A fair-sized tree. The wood is also used for inlaying.

=Rhizophoraceæ.=

_Rhizophora mangle_. Woto or Atrati (Ewe).

_Rhizophora mucronata_.

Little is yet known of the mangroves of Togo. The _Rhizophora
mucronata_ of East Africa has a reddish brown wood, hard and heavy,
but easily worked; used in building.

=Combretaceæ.=

_Combretum sokodense_. Ssissiku (Tschaudjo).

Flourishes in pasture land and by streams. The bark is cork-like and
deeply corrugated, the wood brownish and very hard. Height, 35 ft.

_Combretum Kerstingii_. Alembole (Tschaudjo).

Hard, greyish-brown wood, used for firewood.

_Terminalia dictyoneura_. Ssua (Tschaudjo).

_Terminalia macroptera_. Ssua dau (Tschaudjo).

These two Terminalia both have a beautiful glossy brown wood, useful
for many purposes. Both are about 48¾ feet in height.

_Terminalia Baumannii_. Opäti (Atakpame).

A beautiful prairie tree, the wood not yet tried.

_Terminalia superba_.

_Terminalia Togoensis_.

_Pteleopsis Kerstingii_. Ssissinā (Tschaudjo).

A fair-sized tree in the Bassari savannah. The natives say it has
neither flowers nor fruit, but this naturally cannot be the case.

_Anogeissus leiocarpus_. Tsetse or Echéché (Ewe); Kodelia (Tschaudjo); Anyi (Anago); Ogo (Akposso); Kánnâ (Asante); Kakanla (Kratschi); Chlehó (Fõ).

A tree 97½ feet high, growing on the river banks and on the moist
savannahs, very widespread. The fruit is much like that of our alder.
The wood very hard, proof against attacks of the termites, with a
black heartwood like ebony, and used as such. The most valuable wood
of the Colony.

=Myrtaceæ.=

_Syzygium Guineense_. Tschapēa (Tschaudjo).

A fair-sized tree on the shore slopes. A white, easily-worked wood.
Used by the natives for making tools, images of their gods, chairs,
etc. In some parts for building purposes.

=Araliaceæ.=

_Cussonia Barteri_. Fegblo (Ewe); Kongolu (Tschaudjo); Indoabaka (Mangu); Digo (Anago); Obbŏ (Akposso); Bōnugŭ́ (Misahöhe); Gotti (Fõ).

A characteristic tree of the Baobab savannahs near Misahöhe. The wood
is spongy and cannot be worked, but the ashes are of use in making a
blue dye.

=Umbelliferæ.=

_Peucedanum araliaceum_, var. _fraxinifolium_. Ländo (Tschaudjo).

A tree under medium height, of the pasture lands. The bark of the
young shoots is used for squirts and syringes. The wood is easy to
cut.

=Sapotaceæ.=

_Butyrospermum Parkii_. Yotsa or Yo (Ewe); Ssomū (Tschaudjo); Káde (Hausa); Krangkú (Asante); Kedempo (Atakpame); Aiomiti (Kirikiri).

The Shea butter tree. Height 48¾ to 65 feet. The tree is so plentiful
that it is a rare thing not to find one in any district. The fruit is
soft and edible; the wood a beautiful brownish-red of even texture,
and capable of taking a good polish. Much used in furniture-making.

_Pachystela cinerea_.

An immense tree growing along the coast. Wood unknown in the market.

_Chrysophyllum obovatum_. Katumbulia (Tschaudjo).

A tree of medium height with edible fruit. Its wood not known in
commerce. It should be of use, as are most of those belonging to this
family.

_Malacantha Warneckeana_. Akara (Atakpame); Pusum (Lamatessi).

A large tree found among the mountain streams, and also in the plains
of the coast regions. The trunk has on the outside wavy cross-lines
that look like a border, and give it a very curious appearance. The
hard wood is made into shuttles, shovels, scoops, etc., by the
natives.

_Mimusops multinervis_. Ewelisomū (Tschaudjo); Bräkrankū (Asante); Gjira (Kratschi); Ewäti (Anecho).

_Mimusops Kerstingii_. Ewelisomu (Tschaudjo).

The wood of both these two Mimusops is like that of the Butyrospermum
in colour and structure. Rarely found higher than 32½ feet.

_Mimusops lacera_. Wueti (Ewe).

The tallest and most beautiful tree in the immediate neighbourhood of
the sea. Its hard red wood is made into walking-sticks, also for
inlaying and veneering of furniture and parquets.

=Ebenaceæ.=

_Diospyros mespiliformis_. Dongke or Jeti (Ewe); Tingalō (Tschaudjo).

A semi-cultivated tree growing to the height of 81¼ feet. The trunk is
often from 3¼ to 4¹⁄₁₆ feet in diameter. A widely spreading shady
tree. Its height in the prairies is much less. Found very abundantly
and takes a high place as in copses and park lands. The fruit is
edible, round, and of a bright red colour. The heartwood is hard and
durable, and black as ebony. The tree is of great value commercially
for many purposes as ebony.

_Diospyros mombuttensis_. Liä-nuwasaure (Tschaudjo); Etjannaka (Akposso).

A tree growing only from small to moderate size on the hill slopes,
with a bright-red fruit—a thorn-bearing tree. The wood is durable and
hard, used for shovels, walking-sticks, rafters, etc., and the
flexible branches in the making of traps.

_Diospyros tricolor_.

One of the most frequent trees on the shore and prairies of the coast
region, growing only to the height of a man. It has a yellowish-red
three-sided fruit; the stem seldom attains more than the thickness of
the finger. It is used for walking-sticks. A hard white wood.

_Maba Warneckii_.

A fair-sized noticeable tree, rarely found, and little known.

=Oleaceæ.=

_Linociera nilotica_.

A small, unimportant tree. The wood is light brown, of even texture,
and great durability.

=Loganiaceæ.=

_Strychnos Buettneri_. Kongofura (Tschaudjo).

_Strychnos laxa_. Wagbebĕ (Ewe); Naprámpŏgo (Dyakossi); Egbo (Atakpame); Go͠ngóvi (Kpedyi); Yokharaúgu (Dagomba).

Both these trees have a strong stem of bright-coloured wood, with a
fine grain, and should be of value. The fruit of the Buettneri is
edible, something like an orange.

_Strychnos pubescens_. Kongŏ (Tschaudjo).

The natives only use it as firewood.

_Anthocleista Kerstingii_. Kuwondëü (Tschaudjo); Egu (Atakpame).

Height 97½ feet, growing in the terraced or gallery woods, and also in
small groves. The trunk is very straight at first, then widely
branched. The trunk of the young trees is marked with leaf-scars; the
leaves attain the length of feet, and are used by the natives as
quivers for their arrows. The white, easily-worked wood is used for
many purposes.

=Apocynaceæ.=

_Holarrhena Wulfenbergii_.

A tall tree of the Agome Mountains and the coast forests of Sokodé-
Bassari, also found singly near villages and farms. The white wood is
fairly heavy and easily worked, used in carving figures, etc.

_Conopharyngia crassa_.

A tree of varying height, with drooping branches. Found only in
Misahöhe.

_Voacanga Africana_. Kongkong (Tschaudjo).

A fair-sized, widely-spread tree in copses and by the streams. The
wood is like that of the Holarrhena, only of a deeper shade. The round
white-coloured fruit, growing two together, look like spots on the
dark foliage.

_Kickxia Africana_ (syn. _Funtumia elastica_).

Reaches the height of 65 feet. Growing in Misahöhe and Kete-Kratschi.
The wood is little known. All the trees of this family are
distinguished by a rich milky juice in bark, leaves, and fruit.

_Alstonia congensis_.

=Borraginaceæ.=

_Cordia Gharaf_.

A fair-sized tree known only in one locality. A hard, durable wood
used in building. There is no doubt that there are other species in
Togo, and so far as the Cordia has been used, it has proved to be a
most useful tree.

_Ehretia cymosa_. Okoni (Kratschi).

Found in the coast regions, growing to the height of 13 to 16¼ feet.
Seldom met with. It has masses of white blossoms; the fruit is a berry
about the size of a pea. The wood has not yet been proved.

=Verbenaceæ.=

_Vitex Cienkowskii_. Fõ (Ewe); Panyero (Tschaudjo); Orli (Anago); Uoli (Akposso); Koto (Dyakossi); Gidjiko (Kratschi); Fõjiti (Anecho); Narenga (Dagomba).

A large barkless tree, with spreading crown. Leaf with five divisions
in the form of a hand, the flowers in large clusters of white
blossoms. Ink is made from the shiny black, edible fruit and the young
leaves. This tree is widely spread over the hill slopes and forest
prairies. The wood is moderately hard and useful for inlaying; the
natives make ribs of boats from it.

_Vitex Camporum_. Panyerōbuda (Tschaudjo); Insuakoto (Mangu); Idjawli (Akposso).

Leaves with three divisions, the underside hairy. Flowers blue, in
clusters like the last. The fruit is more like an acorn, and the tree
shrub-like. The natives make fishing-tackle from the wood.

_Vitex cuneata_.

_Premna Zenkeri_.

A tall tree growing on the mountain slopes of Bassari. Leaves simple
and broad; the small, white flowers are in panicles a foot long. The
wood is entirely like the _V. Cienkowskii_.

_Avicennia Africana_. Amu-ati (Ewe).

A broad-spreading leafy tree from 39 to 48¾ feet in height, and about
7 inches in diameter; leaves dark green, the underside grey, and
flowers a smudgy white. Its wood is used for boat-building in Gabun,
but little known elsewhere. It is closely allied to the _Avicennia
officinalis_ of East Africa, which has a beautiful, violet-coloured
wood; is very hard and heavy.

=Bignoniaceæ.=

_Spathodea campanulata_. Adadasé (Ewe); Gbetschigbetschi (Atakpame).

A wonderful leafy tree, 97½ feet in height, with wide-spreading crown
of foliage, and greyish-green warty trunk. In the flowering time the
tree is a mass of crimson flowers—a beautiful sight in the coast woods
and on the hill slopes. In Europe it goes by the name of tulip-tree.
The buds are filled with a sweet, watery fluid, which the children use
as squirts. The wood should be of great service, but does not seem to
be used.

_Newbouldia lævis_. Lifui (Ewe); Akinale (Tschaudjo); Aboboë (Atakpame).

A medium-sized prairie tree, found plentifully also near the villages,
where the small branches are used as material for fences. When the
tree is young, it stands very erect, but later the remarkably long
branches bend to the ground. The flowers are either rose-coloured,
violet, or bright blue. The bright-coloured wood is fairly heavy,
uniform in texture, very similar to the _V. Cienkowskii_.

_Markhamia tomentosa_. Tschitschíñe (Atakpame).

Appears to grow only among the mountains. The flowers are yellow, with
red stripes; the leaves and husks both yellowish brown. Children use
the flower buds as playthings. The wood is like that of the
_Newbouldia lævis_.

_Markhamia lutea_.

Usually found as a shrub, but occasionally to the height of 19½ to 26
feet high, with rough or warty, blackish bark, and yellow flowers in
great quantities.

_Stereospermum Kunthianum_. Essobelīa (Tschaudjo); Eké-deká (Atakpame).

A small tree seldom found taller than 32½ feet, a greenish-grey bark,
divested of leaves. When in bloom it has much the appearance of a
peach-tree. The flowers, which appear before the leaves, are pink,
edged with white and reddish-brown, with striped and spotted lip.
Found frequently in the forest savannahs, and occasionally on the
highlands. The brownish dye from the bark is used by the girls for
their lips, and chewed as Kola. The wood is much the same as the last
three species.

_Kigelia Africana_. Nyakpekpe (Ewe); Abilū (Tschaudjo); Njãkpokpo (Anecho); Njãkpẽ (Anlo).

Found in damp places in the prairies and on the banks of rivers. The
well-known liver-sausage tree. The wood is suitable for small
buildings.

_Kigelia pinnata_.

Rubiaceæ.

_Hymenodictyon Kurria_.

All belonging to this family have simple leaves in pairs. Found as a
shrub and a small tree in the terraced woods and mountains. The solid
wood, of a clear mahogany colour, is much used in India for
agricultural implements, but little known here in Togo.

_Crossopteryx Africana_. Tyenyeṓlo or Pasau (Tschaudjo).

_Crossopteryx Kotschyana_.

Found to the height of 32½ feet in the prairies of the coast zone and
a few scattered inland. According to the opinion of an importer, this
wood is one of the best of Togo. It is clear brown, very hard and
heavy, and of fine texture. The natives make shuttles and tablets for
the Koran from it.

_Adina microcephala_. Barā (Tschaudjo).

A tree of 97½ feet in height, growing on the river banks of Sokodé-
Bassaris. The wood takes a very high place as to value, but it has a
peculiar odour and an oily feeling to the touch. The fibres from the
twigs are made into tooth-brushes.

_Mitragyne macrophylla_. Yŏwi or Togba (Atakpame).

A gigantic tree growing on the swampy banks of streams, with an
excellent wood used by the natives for making doors, drums and
barrels.

_Mitragyne inermis_. Intyú (Dyakossi); Shero (Dagomba).

Smaller than the last, found on ground which is occasionally under
water. Its yellowish-white wood is used for beams and rafters. It
forms also a beautiful, easily-worked furniture wood.

_Mitragyne Africana_. Séssëu (Atakpame).

A small tree which flourishes in swampy places and parts overflowed by
the streams. Its blossoms are used as hay. The particularly valuable
wood is proof against attacks of the termite, very hard, and much used
in building. The wood of all the Mitragyne species are valued in
Tropical Africa on account of their durability and being proof against
weather and easily worked.

_Sarcocephalus sambucinus_. Akukobasa (Ewe); Kedjetjelo (Tschaudjo); Nyimo (Atakpame).

A small shrubby tree, with long, tendril-like branches, white fragrant
flowers, and strawberry-coloured fruit. The wood is used considerably
for mosaic work and inlaying.

_Gardenia Thunbergia_. Fifei (Ewe); Kau kutoku (Tschaudjo); Lángan͠a (Kratschi); Fifäti (Anecho).

A small tree or shrub with rigid branches, fragrant white flowers, and
yellow, spindle-shaped fruit, tasting like a crab-apple, scattered in
small clumps over the prairie. Spoons and similar articles are made
from the white, fairly hard wood.

_Gardenia ternifolia_. Kau këure (Tschaudjo); Nassarlĭ or Nabuli (Dyakossi).

Similar to the preceding tree in appearance, etc., but the fruit is
cylindrical in form, like a small cucumber.

_Gardenia medicinalis_. Kau belia or abalia (Tschaudjo).

The same characteristics as the last; the fruit is much smaller,
round, and furrowed.

_Gardenia assimilis_.

_Gardenia Abeokutā_.

These trees are all found in the higher forests as undergrowth, and
are very similar in every respect.

_Plectronia vanguerioides_. Dädäfunde (Atakpame).

Medium-sized tree. Occasionally found as a shrub in the coast and
mountain forests. The wood is only useful as firewood.

_Pavetta Baconiana_. Genferrebiesó (Mangu).

_Pavetta crassipes_.

Used as firewood.

_Morinda citrifolia_. Amakḗ (Ewe); Ketyĕlenga (Tschaudjo); Aké (Atakpame); Maticki (Ho).

A tree 32½ feet in height, with a broad, shady crown, seems to be
bearing blossoms or fruit all the year round. The flowers are in the
form of little round bunches; the fruit is greenish-yellow, spongy,
and growing together in large masses—each fruit about the size of a
pear. The white wood is not of much value, but the rootwood is sold in
the native markets for making yellow dye. Two species of this tree
seem to be known in Togo, one found frequently on the coasts, the best
known, and another variety in North Togo, less common and with a much
smaller fruit.

=Compositæ.=

_Vernonia Senegalensis_. Avenya (Ewe); Tusima or Tingma (Tschaudjo).

The only one of the family which attains a height of 19½ feet, and
stem of 6 or 7 inches in diameter. The leaves are a greyish-green; the
flowers, a yellowish-white, appear in great masses. The wood is fairly
heavy, light brown in colour, and very easy to work. Of the many
varieties from which the twigs and roots are used for brushes, this
one is the most valuable.

APPENDIX I

LIST OF INTRODUCED SPECIES PLANTED

1. Terminalia catappa.

2. Casuarina equisetifolia.

3. Tectona grandis.

4. Swietenia bijuga.

5. Cedrela odorata.

6. Pithecolobium dulcis.

7. Artocarpus incisa.

8. Cassia florida.

9. Bauhinia Krughii.

10. Eucalyptus marginata.

11. Eucalyptus citriodora.

12. Eucalyptus robusta.

13. Cæsalpina arborea.

14. Cæsalpina sappan.

15. Cæsalpina rostrata.

16. Cæsalpina coriaria.

17. Cæsalpina regia.

18. Poinciana regia.

19. Poinciana drepanophylla.

20. Melia azedarach.

21. Manihot glaziovii.

22. Manihot dichotoma.

23. Manihot pyanhyensis.

24. Manihot heterophylla.

25. Aspidosperma quebracho.

26. Phœnix dactylifera.

27. Cola vera.

28. Ficus elastica.

29. Ficus Schlechteri.

30. Albizzia amara.

31. Albizzia stipulata.

32. Acacia Arabica.

33. Cynometra megalophylla.

34. Detarium Senegalense.

35. Parinarium intermedia.