Chapter XIII (2)

_Cabul._ See _Kabul_. 35.
_Cadaturuti_, a place on the coast of Malabar which produces
abundance of ginger. 123, 163.
_Cagnarapalli_, a town celebrated for its trade with the province
of _Madura_. In the neighbouring districts of the _Gauts_,
mountain-snakes thirty or forty feet in length are found. 55,
118, 248.
_Calapada_, a place between _Pondichery_ and _Sadras_. 71.
_Calianatur_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. Its name
signifies the town of joy. 28, 63.
_Calianapuri_, a maritime city on the coast of Malabar near Mount
_Illy_. Foreign ships obtained here cargoes of the productions
of the country. 56.
_Calicurici_, a fortified city in _Carnate_. 63.
_Calicut_, a maritime city on the coast of Malabar, destroyed by
Tippoo Sultan. 8, 103, 140.
_Calcutta_, the capital of the province of Bengal, where the English
have established the seat of their chief presidency. 39.
_Calini_ (_Caliny_), a river, at the influx of which into the Ganges
lies the city of _Canoaschi_, in lat. 27°. 38.
_Callare_, a city which the river _Collam_ flows past. 117.
_Callupare_, a place on the coast of Malabar inhabited by Jacobite
Christians. 118.
_Catturiàda_, a place on the coast of Malabar, where, on account of
its wet situation, a great deal of rice is cultivated. It is
therefore called the storehouse of Malabar. 118, 186.
_Camanaichenpalti_, one of the places in the kingdom of _Madura_
where the Jesuits formerly established considerable
congregations. 65.
_Cambam_, a city in the interior part of _Madura_, which, like
many other cities, sent merchandise formerly to the coast of
Malabar. 56.
_Canarà_, a principality on the coast of Malabar, which, towards the
south, borders on Mount _Illy_, 103.
_Canantora_, a town in the kingdom of _Travancor_. 113.
_Cannanùr_, a maritime city in Malabar, which exports merchandise
sent thither from the interior parts. It has a fortress
belonging to queen _Collatiri_, called by the Europeans
_Collastri_. 56, 144.
_Canatur_, a place in the _Jaghire_ of the British on the coast of
Coromandel, or what the English possess in the neighbourhood of
Madras. 73.
_Candenàda_, a place which belongs to the king of _Cochin_, a petty
prince on the coast of Malabar. It is called also _Candanale_.
135.
_Cangimaram_ (_Congimaram_), a place called in the English maps
_Congimer_, lying on the sea-coast between Pondichery and
Sadias. 71.
_Cangipuri_, or _Congipuram_, a place in _Carnate_; called also
_Cangivaron_, which signifies the city of gold. 28.
_Caniarata_, a place on the coast of Malabar, not far from _Angenga_.
114.
_Canigia_, the seat of the governor of _Coahin_. 192.
_Canudi._ See _Calini_. 38.
_Cariapatnam_, one of the many rivers by which the coast of Malabar
is intersected. 103.
_Caricattur_, a city in the interior part of _Madura_, which formerly
sent merchandise to the coast of Malabar. 56.
_Carimbanàda_, a place in the kingdom of _Travancor_, which is
inhabited by Pagans and Christians, and carries on a great
trade in pepper and cardamoms. 117.
_Carnada_ (_Carnate_), a kingdom or province on the coast of Malabar,
which is under the government of a nabob. 8, 59.
_Carpuncolam_, a place between _Pondichery_ and _Sadras_. 71.
_Caschemir._ See _Kaschemir_. 35.
_Cattur_, a fishing village on the coast of Malabar, near Cochin.
119, 121.
_Caveri_, one of the most considerable rivers on the coast of
_Coromandel_, which, by a number of mouths, discharges itself
into the sea, in the kingdom of Tanjaur. 48, 54, 231.
_Caveripac_, a fortified town in _Carnate_, 63.
_Cayamcollam_ (_Cayancollam_), a city on the coast of Malabar. 8.
_Celicotam_, a place in the kingdom of _Tanjaur_, called by the
Europeans _Celicolon_. 30.
_Cencotta_, a city in _Madura_, which formerly sent merchandise to
the coast of Malabar. 56.
_Cennòtta_, a place on the river _Alangatta_, which belongs to the
king of _Cochin_. 104, 135.
_Cerenga_, a place on the coast of Malabar, which the river
_Modelaposcha_ flows past. 103.
_Certele_, a town on the coast of Malabar, with a celebrated temple
of _Bhagavadi_, the spouse of _Shiva_. 121.
_Ceruvatti_, a city in _Madura_, which formerly sent merchandise to
the coast of Malabar. 56.
_Cettiyatti_, a place on the coast of Malabar with a Christian
church. 129.
_Cettupeli_, a fortified place in _Carnate_, 63.
_Cettur_, a fortified place in the interior part of _Madura_. 56.
_Cettuva_, one of the numerous rivers which flow from the _Gauts_
through Malabar into the sea. 104, 138.
_Ceylon_, one of the largest islands in the Indian ocean, the coasts
of which were formerly in the possession of the Dutch; at
present they are in the hands of the British. 57.
_Chidàcolam_, a place on the coast of Malabar, which the river _Paru_
flows past. 103.
_Chonenbar_ (_Chonanbar_), the name of a river called properly
_Chiovanàru_, on the coast of Coromandel, which flows to the
south of Pondichery. 26.
_Ciacrapuri_ (_Ciacrapuram_), a city in _Carnate_, the name of which
has been corrupted into _Cacrapur_. 28.
_Cialembron_, _Cilamburam_, _Cillumlaram_, _Cilumbrum_, a celebrated
pagoda between _Porto-nuovo_ and _Devycotta_. 61.
_Ciandrapati_, a place in the kingdom of _Maïssur_. 33.
_Ciangaceri_, the residence of a petty prince, who, in 1746, was
defeated and taken prisoner by _Vira Martanda_ the king of
_Travancor_, and several other petty sovereigns. 115.
_Cianganacèri_, a village surrounded by rice fields on the coast of
Malabar. 120.
_Ciangracoil_, a temple in the kingdom of _Madura_. 31.
_Ciangucotta_, a city in the province of _Marava_, on the coast of
Coromandel. 45.
_Ciavacàda_, a maritime place on the coast of Malabar. 138.
_Cinnabellapuram_, a city in the kingdom of _Maïssur_. 33.
_Cinnapatnam_, a small city on the coast of Coromandel, which the
English, in the year 1645, obtained from king _Narsinha_, or
_Bisnagari_, and on the spot where it stood built Fort St.
George at Madras. 77.
_Ciòlaburam_, a city in the province of _Marava_. 45.
_Ciòlamandala_ (_Coromandel_), signifies the land of millet; because
that grain (_Holcus sorghum_, and _Durra_), are cultivated
there in abundance. 3.
_Ciovanàru._ See _Chonenbar_. 26.
_Ciovare_, a place on the coast of Malabar, which the _Feira D’Alva_
runs past. 104, 134, 135.
_Cirangam_ (_Cheringam_), in the kingdom of _Tanjaur_, not far from
_Tricinnapali_. 29, 61.
_Cirangapatnam_ (_Seringapatam_), the capital of the kingdom of
_Maïssur_, where Tippoo Saib resided. 32, 114.
_Cirumuttu_, a very fruitful district, which belonged to the old
kingdom of _Cottaracare_, and is situated near Cape _Comari_,
not far from _Collam_. 117.
_Ciuncam_, a place between _Maïssur_ and _Cochin_, which carries on
trade with both. 125.
_Ciundrapandi_, a city in the interior part of the kingdom of
_Madura_, which formerly sent merchandise to the coast of
Malabar. 56.
_Cocci_, a city on the coast of Malabar, which exports merchandise
obtained from the inland parts. Not far from this city there is
a river of the same name. 56.
_Cochin_, a place with a citadel on the coast of Malabar, lying
nearly under 10 degrees of north latitude. It belonged to the
Dutch; but is now in the possession of the British. 103, 104,
121, 126, 130.
_Cochinchina_, a kingdom on the eastern side of India, beyond the
Ganges, towards China. 21.
_Codamalur_, a place on the coast of Malabar, where ginger grows.
_Codamangalam_, one of the Malabar cities which still carry on trade,
as formerly, with Madura. 56, 220.
_Codolur_ lies in the large forests of the Gauts. 220.
_Codungalur_ (_Cudungalur_, _Cranganor_), a fortress on the river
_Allangatte_, which was demolished, in 1790, by Lally, Tippoo
Saib’s general. 56, 104, 120, 136.
_Cognur_, a place not far from _Cochin_, which is washed by the river
_Feira D’Ava_. 104.
_Colarru_ (_Colaru_), that is the river of swine; it is commonly
written _Coleroon_. It flows through the kingdom of _Tanjaur_.
See _Caveri_. 48, 231.
_Collam_ (_Collamedu_), a place where the merchandise of the coast of
Malabar is shipped. 56, 147.
_Còlanàda_, the capital of the kingdom of _Cannanur_, in 11° 50′ N.
Lat. 144.
_Coleci_, a place not far from Cape _Comari_, or _Comorin_, with a
small but safe harbour, which by Strabo is called _Colias_. 56,
103, 112.
_Colicòtta_, a place not far from Cape _Comari_, which sends on board
foreign ships the merchandise of the country. 56.
_Comari_ (_Canyamuri_), the extreme point of India, on this side the
Ganges, where the ridge of mountains called the _Gauts_ ends.
3, 103, 110, 111.
_Concao_, a kingdom in the neighbourhood of Bombay, on the eastern
bank of the Ganges, called properly _Concan_. 8.
_Congimaram._ See _Cangimaram_.
_Conoam_, a place in the neighbourhood of the kingdom of _Travancor_.
139.
_Corolongatta_, a town in _Travancor_, where a bishop of the
Jacobites has his residence. 121, 123.
_Còttàracare_, formerly a principality conquered by the king of
_Tranquelar_. 115, 117.
_Cottàram_ (_Cottàte_), a place in _Travancor_, which in the time of
the Greeks and the Romans was called _Cottana_, or _Cottiara_.
8, 112.
_Covalam_, called also _Coulam_, was the _Colis_ or _Colias_ of the
ancients. 56, 57, 74, 94, 110.
_Coytòtta_, a place lying east from _Cochin_, which carries on a
considerable trade. 117.
_Cudnegalur_ (_Crangalor_, _Cranganor_), a place on the sea-coast, to
the north of _Cochin_. 46.
_Cudur_, one of the places in Madura which formerly sent merchandise
to Malabar. 56.
_Curiapalli_, the magazine and arsenal of the king of _Travancor_.
137.
_Curumpana_, a place on the sea-coast, nearly in the latitude of 8°
North. 112.

D.

_Dakshima_, or _Dekam_, a kingdom situated in the southern part of
Indostan. 42.
_Dely_ (_Delhi_), formerly the residence of the emperor of India. 38,
42, 43.
_Dèva_ (_Devi_), a river formerly called also _Gagra_. It is known
likewise by the names _Vipascha_ and _Vipal_. 37, 39, 232.
_Dharàburam_ (_Dharapuram_), a city in the kingdom of _Maïssur_, at
the bottom of the _Gauts_, and in the district of _Coimbetur_.
32.
_Dhermapuri_, a city in _Maïssur_, called also _Dhermapura_. 32, 60.
_Divicotta_ (_Divyacotta_), a castle at the mouth of the _Coleroon_
or _Colaru_. 29, 48.
_Douletabad._ See _Aurungabad_. 38.

E.

_Edapalli_, a place in the kingdom of _Travancor_, called also
_Rambali_ and _Rapolim_. There is a temple and palace here of
the king of the Brahmans. 124, 137.
_Elagnïl_, a place in the Gauts, with a Christian church. 125.
_Elephantis_ (_Elephanta_), an island near Bombay, which contains one
of the oldest Indian temples. 22.
_Eloura (Ellur)._ See _Aurungabad_. 38.
_Elluvancotta_, a city in the province of _Marava_. 45.
_Ettumanur_, a celebrated temple of _Vishnu_, on the coast of
Malabar. 121.

F.

_Faizabad._ See _Ayedhya_. 37.
_Feira D’Alva_, a stream on the coast of Malabar, which falls into
the sea near _Cochin_. 104.

G.

_Ganga_ (the _Ganges_). 39.
_Gauts_, a ridge of mountains which divides the peninsula of India
from north to south. 3, 12.
_George_ (St.). See _Cinnapasnam_. 77.
_Gingi_, a fortified city in the territories of the nabob of
_Carnate_, lying on a river of the same name north-west from
Pondichery. 10, 64.
_Golconda_, formerly a kingdom in India, conquered by _Shah Geban_.
42, 60.
_Gocula._ See _Modhura_. 38.
_Goculator_, a place in the kingdom of _Maïssur_. 32.
_Govalam_, called also _Covalam_, the _Colis_ or _Colias_ of the
ancients. 28, 32.
_Gudelùr_, or _Kudalor_, a place on the coast of _Coromandel_,
between _Porto-nuovo_ and _Pondichery_. 60.

H.

_Harani_, a fortified city in _Carnate_. 63.
_Hastinapuri_, in the Samscred _Hastinagari_, called at present
_Aschnagur_, one of the oldest cities of India, lying under the
latitude of 32°. 35.
_Hima_ (_Himala_), the name of a mountain where the river
_Sarayouva_, which is probably the _Imaus_ of the ancients, has
its source. 232, 233.

I.

_Jamunà_, a river called also the _Jumma_. It has several other
names; and, in all probability, is the _Jomanes_ of the
ancients. 231.
_Illi_, a mountain which separates the kingdom of _Canara_ from
Malabar. 103, 145.
_Illoura._ See _Elloura_. 38.
_Ilpiur_, a place in the kingdom of _Madura_, where the Jesuits
established formerly a Christian congregation. 64.
_Iratuge_ (_Iratùshe_), a city in Malabar, at the bottom of the
_Gauts_, which carries on trade with _Madura_. 55, 121.

K.

_Kabul_, the capital of a province on the eastern boundaries of
Persia, near the river _Behat_ or _Sirbin_. 35.
_Karincalla_, called also _Carical_, a place which the French
obtained from the king of Tanjaur in 1638, but which at present
is in the hands of the English. 49.
_Kaschemir_ (_Cachemir_), a province surrounded by mountains, which
was formerly subdued by the Mogul conquerors, and taken from
its own princes. The capital is called also _Kaschemir_. At
present it is named _Sirinegur_ or _Sirinagar_. 35.
_Kasi._ See _Benares_. 37.
_Kavaricotta_, a city in _Marava_. 45.
_Kidacolam_, a place on the coast of Malabar. 222.
_Koledimalà_, a mountain in the neighbourhood of the _Gauts_. 141.
_Kottàracare_, the name of a very ancient small kingdom on the coast
of Malabar. 117.
_Krishnapuram_, a town on the coast of Malabar, which carries on a
great trade. 117.
_Krishnavaram_, a town in _Carnate_, which on the maps is called
_Quichenavaron_. 28.

L.

_Lahor_, a province in the north-west extremity of India, with a
capital of the same name. 43.

M.

_Mabalicarè_ (_Mavelicarè_), a populous city in the kingdom of
_Travancor_. 118.
_Màdèvipatnam_, a considerable city in the kingdom of _Travancor_. 47.
_Madraspatnam_, the present seat of the British government on the
eastern coast of India. 5, 12, 27, 60, 76.
_Madura_, an ancient kingdom, with a capital of the same name, called
formerly _Methora_. 25, 31, 44, 46, 65, 103.
_Magnapre_, a place in the _Gauts_, where the author saw wild
elephants tamed. 213.
_Mahe_ (_Mahi_), the name of a river, and of a fortress not far from
_Calicut_, in Malabar, which formerly belonged to the French,
but is now in the hands of the English. 104, 143.
_Mailacomba_, a place in the forests at the bottom of the _Gauts_.
125.
_Mailapuram_ (_Maïlapuri_), called also _Mailiapur_, or St. Thomas,
near Madras. 27, 60, 65, 75.
_Mainàda_, a town on the coast of Malabar which the river _Paru_
flows past. 103.
_Maïssur_, the name of a kingdom, with its capital, lying between the
coast of _Malabar_, _Carnate_, and _Madura_. 8, 32, 64.
_Malabar_, called properly _Malayalam_, the land of mountains. 102.
_Malanàda_, _Malangàra_, other appellations for Malabar. 102.
_Maleatur_, a place in Malabar which the _Feira D’Alva_ flows past.
104.
_Maleyalam (Malayala)._ See _Malabar_. 3, 102.
_Mampulli_, a town on the coast of Malabar, not far from _Angenga_.
114.
_Mannacòri_, a place on the coast of Malabar. 121.
_Mannacodam_, the same. 121.
_Mannacudi_, a place on the coast of Malabar, where there are still
to be seen the ruins of a palace belonging to the king of
_Travancor_. 112.
_Mannapara_, a place on the coast of _Pescaria_, not far from
_Tutucurim_. 31.
_Manclùr_, a town in the kingdom of _Madura_. 31.
_Mangalur_, a city in _Carnate_. 28.
_Manimàla_, one of the places in _Madura_ which formerly sent
merchandise to the coast of Malabar. 56.
_Mantòpo_ (_Mantòpu_), a town in _Madura_. 31.
_Marava_, a province on the coast of Coromandel. 44.
_Mattanceri_ (_Mattincèra_), not far from _Cochin_, belongs to a
small kingdom of the same name. 130, 134.
_Modelacodata_, a province in the forests of the Gauts, where wild
elephants are found. 212.
_Modelaposha_, a river in Malabar, which flows past _Angenga_. 103.
_Modhura_ (_Moturapuri_), on the river _Yaume_, the _Modura Deorum_
of Pliny, called also _Moturapuri_. On the map by La Rochette
and Mannert it is called _Mathra_, and on that of Rennel
_Matura_. It lies in the latitude of 27°, and is known by the
names likewise of _Gocùla_ and _Ambàdi_. 37, 54, 55.
_Mohatugè_ (_Mohatushe_), one of the places in the interior part of
Malabar which still continue to carry on trade with _Madura_
and _Maïssur_. 55, 126.
_Molicolam_, a Christian congregation in the interior part of the
_Gauts_. 201.
_Monguiri_ (_Monghir_), a place in the possession of the English, on
the Ganges, in the province of _Bahar_. 39.
_Mont-Grand_, a fortified garden belonging to the East-India
Company’s government at Madras, not far from St. Thomas. 49.
_Mullaventurutti_, one of the places which the Dutch suffered to
remain in the hands of the king of _Cochin_. 135.
_Multan_ (_Moltan_), one of the eastern provinces of the ancient
kingdom of _Hindostan_, on both sides of the _Sind_ or
_Hindus_, the capital of which is called _Multan_ also. 43.
_Muttam_, one of the places on the coast of Malabar which procured
the productions of the inland parts for foreign ships. 56.
_Muttiera_, a place in the kingdom of Cochin, where there is a church
belonging to the Christians of St. Thomas. 123.

N.

_Nàgapatnam_ (_Nagapatana_, _Nègapatnam_), called by the Greeks
_Nigamos_ and _Nigama Metropolis_, a city in the kingdom of
_Tanjaur_, at the mouth of an arm of the _Coleroon_; belonged
formerly to the Dutch, but is now in the possession of the
English. 29, 48, 49.
_Naidshadabur._ See _Allakandara_. 36.
_Narasinha._ See _Bisnagari_. 60, 63.
_Naur_, _Nàvur_, and _Nagur_, a place between _Negapatnam_ and
_Carical_, at the mouth of an arm of the _Coleroon_. 29, 53.
_Nerenam_, a considerable town in the kingdom of _Cochin_, where the
bishop of the Jacobites resides. 120.
_Nharakel_, a place in the kingdom of _Cochin_, with a Christian
congregation. 127.
_Nhàrica_, one of the places which the Dutch have left in the
hands of the king of _Cochin_. On the maps it is called also
_Gnàrica_. 135.
_Nishadabury._ See _Naishadabur_. 36.

O.

_Odeaguiri_, a fortified place and arsenal of the king of
_Travancor_. 113.
_Orixa_ (_Orissa_), a large province to the south-west of Bengal. 54.
_Ottocutta_, that is, the solitary city. It is situated in _Carnate_.
47.

P.

_Padmanàburam_, a castle not far from _Travancor_ or _Tiruvancoda_,
where the king resides and keeps his treasure. 8, 113.
_Palacaticieri_, a celebrated city and fortress on the river
_Paniani_ in the _Gauts_, called also _Policat_. 139, 175.
_Palancotta_, a fortified place in _Tanjaur_. 30, 63.
_Palarru_ (_Paler_), a river which flows through _Carnate_ from the
_Gauts_, and falls into the sea near _Sadras_. 60, 89, 97.
_Paliacata._ See _Valiacadà_. 60.
_Paliamcotta_, a strong fortified place in the kingdom of _Madura_,
near _Tinivelly_, and on the river _Tunmerbury_. 58.
_Palipuram_, a place with a Christian congregation, not far from
_Cochin_. 137.
_Pallibothra_, a place known to the Greeks and Romans; at present a
town called _Palipatur_, at the confluence of the _Ganges_ and
the _Jamuna_, near _Allahabad_. 37.
_Pallicaré_, a place which the Dutch left in the hands of the king of
_Cochin_. 135.
_Palur_, a fortified Town in _Carnate_, on the sea-coast. 63, 138.
_Pandi_, one of the names formerly given to the kingdom of _Madura_;
and for this reason it was called also _Pandimandala_, from
king _Pandi_, (in Pliny, _Pandion_.) 45.
_Paniani_, one of the small streams which fall down from the
mountains. 104, 138.
_Paravur_, a considerable town not far from _Cochin_, which was
destroyed by the troops of Tippoo Sultan. 137.
_Paru_, a river, and a place situated on it, not far from Cochin.
103, 115.
_Patna_ (_Patnam_), a celebrated city on the Ganges, in the province
of _Bahar_. 39.
_Pattucòtta_, a city in _Tanjaur_. 47.
_Pegu_, a kingdom on the coast of India, beyond the Ganges. 57.
_Penatur_, one of the fortified places in _Carnate_. 63.
_Periaculam_, one of the placed which formerly sent merchandise from
Madura to the coast of Malabar. 56.
_Perimanur_, a place like _Pallicaré_. 135.
_Perimatorà_, a place on the coast of Malabar, not far from
_Angenga_. 114.
_Perumaculam_, one of the fortified places in _Carnate_. 63.
_Perumanel_, one of the places which formerly sent merchandise from
_Madura_ to the coast of Malabar. 56.
_Perumnàda_, a place to the east of _Collam_, which belonged to the
very ancient kingdom of _Cottaracara_. 117.
_Pescaria._ The coast of _Pescaria_ lies between Cape _Mannapàr_ and
Adam’s Bridge, where the pearl islands are. 103.
_Pondamala_ (_Pondamalay_), a high mountain with a fortress, called
by the Europeans _Mont Grand_, not far from _Mailiapur_. 27, 93.
_Ponnaru_ (_Pannar_), that is, the gold river. It takes its rise in
the Gauts, not far from _Dhermapuri_ in _Maïssur_, and falls
into the sea near _Cudalur_. 60.
_Porca_ (_Porrocada_), one of the places which send inland
merchandise to the coast of Malabar. 56, 81, 115, 118.
_Porolta_, a small river on the coast of Malabar. 104.
_Porto-nuovo_, a place in _Carnate_, at which the river _Velarru_
discharges itself into the sea. 60.
_Pucòtta_, a place which the Dutch left in the hands of the king of
_Cochin_. 135.
_Puduceri_, called commonly _Pondicheri_, lies on the coast of
_Coromandel_, and was the capital of the French possessions in
India: at present it is in the hands of the English. 1, 7, 12,
18, 24, 25, 64.
_Puducurici_, a place on the coast of Malabar, not far from
_Angenga_. 114.
_Pugnoda_, one of the places on the coast of Malabar which still
carry on trade with _Madura_. 55.
_Pugnatil_, a place where formerly, according to the account of
Ptolemy, beryls were found. 118.
_Pullingunne_, a considerable town on the coast of Malabar, where
there are a great many rice-fields. 120.
_Pulluvalley Bingiam_, a new harbour caused to be constructed by the
king of _Travancor_. 113.
_Puntora_, a place on the coast of Malabar,. 113, 120.
_Puradacudi_, one of the Christian congregations established by the
Jesuits in the kingdom of _Madura_. 64.
_Puttencara_ (_Puttencèra_). See _Pallicaré_. 117, 135, 138.
_Puttenpalli_, a place lying at a great distance in the forests
of the _Gauts_, where there are a great many Christian
congregations. 201.
_Puttentopo_, a place on the coast of Malabar not far from _Angenga_.
114.

Q.

_Quichenavaron._ See _Krishnavaram_. 28.

R.

_Rajacolla mangalam_, a city where there are still to be seen the
remains of a palace belonging to the king of _Travancor_. 112.
_Ràmanàthapuram_, on the coast of _Pescaria_. 31, 45.
_Ràmapurata_, a place in the Gauts. 125.
_Rèva_, a river which takes its rise in the mountain _Vindhia_. It is
called also _Ravi_. 232.
_Rotasgar_, a place on the river _Son_. 39.

S.

_Sadras_, a place with a castle in the British _Jaghire_, on
the coast of _Coromandel_, at the mouth of the _Palir_ or
_Palarru_. 60, 72, 73, 96.
_Sanhya_, the name of a mountain where the _Deva_ has its rise. 233.
_Sarasvadi_, the name of a river. 231.
_Sarayouvà_, the name of a river. See _Déva_. 39.
_Satara_, a province on the coast of Coromandel. 42.
_Saude_, a place on the coast of Malabar, not far from _Cochin_. 121.
_Sharavadi_, the name of a river. 231.
_Shelon_, a fortified place in _Carnate_. 63.
_Shivagari_, a place in _Madura_. 56.
_Shrinagari._ See _Allakandara_. 36.
_Siam_, a kingdom in the peninsula beyond the Ganges. 21.
_Sina_, or China. 21.
_Sindacalla_, a place in _Madura_. 56.
_Sindhu_, the western great river of India, which is commonly, but
improperly, called the Indus. 231.
_Sirgani_, a place in _Tanjaur_. 65.
_Son_, a river in Hindostan, which discharges itself into the Ganges.
39.
_Sultanpatnam_, a place on the coast of Malabar which Tippoo Sultan
caused to be spared. It is called also _Vaypur_ or _Baypur_.
139.
_Suran_, a place in _Tanjaur_. 65.
_Sushindram_, a town with a celebrated temple of the god _Kámadèva_,
on the coast of Malabar. 112.

T.

_Tacaculam_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Taliceri_, a city on the coast of Malabar, a mile north from _Mahe_.
It belongs to the English, and is an arsenal for the coast of
Malabar. 143.
_Tanghi_, a place on the sea-coast not far from _Cochin_. 121.
_Tangut_, a kingdom in the interior part of Asia, lying north-west
from China, which was conquered in 1202 by Gengis Khan. 40.
_Tanjaur_, the name of a kingdom with its capital lying between the
two arms of the _Caveri_. 7, 12, 29, 48, 65.
_Tannur_, a place on the coast of Malabar, called also _Tanor_,
between _Paniani_ and _Calicut_. 138.
_Tatagari_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Tatta_ (_Taitanagur_), a city at that part of the _Sindhu_ where
it divides itself into several branches, called formerly
_Pattalone_ or _Pattala_. 35.
_Tèdanàda_, a place in the interior part of _Madura_. 56.
_Tengacetti_, a place on the coast of Malabar, not far from _Sadras_.
72.
_Terpunatre_, the residence of the nominal king of _Cochin_. 134.
_Tevàram_, a place in _Madura_. 56.
_Tevelacare_, a place on the coast of Malabar which exports a great
deal of pepper and cardamoms. 117.
_Timeri_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Tindacalla_ (_Tinducalla_), in _Madura_, probably the _Tindis_ of
Arrian and Ptolemy. 31.
_Tindivanam_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Tirucolur_, the same. 63.
_Tirumala_, the same. 63.
_Tirumaladùvasam_, that is, the temple of the god of the holy
mountain. The Europeans call it _Tiremalevasen_. It lies in
_Tanjaur_. 29.
_Tirumanur_, called also _Tremmanur_, lies in _Tanjaur_. 29, 47.
_Tirunamalà_, corrupted into _Tirnemalet_, a place in _Carnate_. 28,
61.
_Tirunaveli_ (_Tirnaveli_), a place in the interior part of _Madura_.
31, 56, 58, 65.
_Tirupati_ (_Tirapati_), a fortified place in the kingdom of
_Carnate_. 28, 61, 63.
_Tirupalur_, a place on the coast of Coromandel, not far from
_Sadras_. 73.
_Tiruvalur_, a place with a beautiful pagoda in the kingdom of
_Tanjaur_. 47, 61.
_Tiruvananganur_, a fortress on the borders of _Tanjaur_, belonging
to _Marava_. 47.
_Tiruvamatur_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Tiruvancàda_ (_Tiruvancor_, _Travancor_), a place on the coast of
Malabar. 45, 58, 112.
_Tiruvandaburam_ (_Tiruvandaram_), the summer residence of the king
of _Travancor_. 113.
_Tiruvandapuram_, a place on the coast of Malabar. 8.
_Tiruvanelur_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Tiruvatur_, a fortified place in the same kingdom. 63.
_Tovàla_, a fortified place in Travancor, on the boundaries of
_Marava_. 59, 103, 111.
_Tremanour._ See _Tirumanur_. 29.
_Tricinnapalli_, a city on the _Caveri_. 47.
_Triciur_, a town and district on the Malabar coast, where the
_Brahmans_ have a celebrated seminary. 138.
_Tricolur_, that is, the town of the three ponds, in _Tanjaur_. 30,
60.
_Trividi_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Tshandranagar_ or _Schandranagor_, lying to the north of _Calcutta_
in _Bengal_; belonged formerly to the French, but at present is
in the hands of the English. 39.
_Tumbanur_, a place on the coast of Malabar, which exports a great
deal of pepper and cardamoms. 117.
_Tumbòli_, a fishing village on the coast of Malabar, inhabited by
Catholic Christians. 119, 121.
_Tunquin_, a kingdom in the peninsula beyond the Ganges. 21.
_Turangaburam_ (_Toràngapuri_, also _Tranquebar_), the water-city,
or horse-city; the factory of the Danes on the coast of
Coromandel, and the chief place of the Danish missions. 29, 48,
65.
_Tutucuri_ (_Tùtucudi_), a place on the coast of _Pescaria_. 31.
_Tuvàrencurici_, a place in the kingdom of _Madura_. 56.
_Tuyam_, a place washed by a river which flows into the sea on the
coast of Malabar near _Cybika_. 117.

U.

_Udiamper_ (_Diemper_), a place where the celebrated synod was held
in the year 1599 against the Indian Nestorians. 123.
_Uttamalùr_, corrupted into _Utmalar_, a place in _Carnate_. 28.
_Uttampàleam_, a place in _Madura_. 31, 56.
_Uttamatur_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.

V.

_Vadakencolam_, a city in _Pescaria_. 31.
_Vaikam_ (_Vaikatta_), a place and district belonging to the Brahmans
near _Cochin_, with a seminary and a celebrated temple. 122.
_Vaitravadi_ (_Vetravadi_), one of the largest rivers in India. 231.
_Valavaley_, the name of a river and place on the coast of Malabar,
not far from Cape Comari. 103, 112.
_Valdur_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Valiacada_ (_Paliacate_), a place lying on the sea-coast to the
north of Madras. 60.
_Valiapatnam_, a place on the coast of Malabar. 144.
_Valiotora_, a town on the coast of _Travancor_. 113.
_Vallam_, a considerable city in _Tanjaur_, called also _Vellum_. 47.
_Vandavagi_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Varugápatti_, a place in _Tanjaur_. 65.
_Vayparra_, that is, the three great rocks, a town near these rocks
in _Pescaria_. 31.
_Vaypi_, a small island formed on the north side of _Cochin_ in 1341
by an eruption of the sea. 126, 127.
_Vaypur_ (_Baypur_). See _Sultanpatnam_. 104, 118, 138.
_Velarru_, a river in _Carnate_, which falls into the sea near
_Portonuovo_. 59.
_Veli._ See _Canantora_. 113.
_Velùr_, a city in _Carnate_. 28, 42, 60.
_Veluváracotta_, a place in the kingdom of _Madura_. 56.
_Venares._ See _Benares_. 37.
_Vencàttiguiri_ (_Vencàtighiri_), a place in _Carnate_, where the
Jesuits formerly had a residence. 28, 64.
_Vepur_, an insignificant place not far from _Sadras_. 72.
_Verapole_ (_Verapoli_), a town with a monastery on the coast of
Malabar. 15, 128, 137.
_Vettiacòtta_, an inland fortress in the kingdom of _Travancor_. 138.
_Veyarru_, a large river which flows through the kingdom of Madura
and _Marava_. 44, 54.
_Vicravandi_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Villamur_, a fortified place in the kingdom of _Carnate_. 63.
_Villanur_ (_Villenur_), in _Carnate_. 28.
_Vindhia_ (_Vindhya_), a mountain in which the river _Rèvà_ has its
source. 232, 234.
_Virapatnam_, a town not far from _Pondicheri_. 18.
_Visapur_ (_Visiapur_, _Betjapur_), formerly a kingdom which,
together with _Velur_ and _Golconda_, was conquered by
Aureng-Zeb in 1686. 42.

Y.

_Yamuna_, a river which takes its rise in _Sirinagur_, and falls into
the Ganges near _Allahabad_. It is called also the _Jumna_ and
_Dschumna_. 37.
_Yindacalla_, a place in _Madura_. 64.

THE END.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY J. DAVIS, CHANCERY-LANE.
1800.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The title of it is: _Viaggio alle Indie Orientali,
umiliato alla Santità di N. S. Papa Pio Sesto,
Pontefice Massimo, da Fra Paolino da S. Bartolomeo,
Carmelitano Scalzo. Roma presso Antonio Fulgoni.
L’anno 1796._

[2] _Sidharùbam, seu Grammatica Samscredamica._ Romæ,
1790.--He is the author also of the following works:
_Systema Brahmanicum_; and, _India Orientalis
Christiana, continens fundationes ecclesiarum,
seriem episcoporum, missiones, schismata,
persecutiones, viros illustres_. Romæ, 1794.

[3] Pondichery--Respecting the author’s orthography of
names I have said a few words in the preface, to
which the reader is referred. _F._

[4] The passage, from England or France, to India is
commonly reckoned to be six months; but it depends
upon circumstances whether the voyage will be longer
or shorter, and particularly on the season of the
year and the situation of the place to which the
ship is bound. As the monsoons, or _mussongs_,
change every half year in the Indian seas, vessels
bound to a certain place must often take a long
circuitous course in order to fall in with the wind
proper for conducting them to it. The change of the
monsoons is always attended with violent storms,
by which ships in the open sea often sustain great
damage. The passage to India must, of course, be
often prolonged. I, however, know instances of ships
going thither from Europe in five months. _F._

[5] In the original there is here an error, either of
the author or of the press; for throughout the
whole work this coast is always called afterwards
_Ciòlamandala_ (_Tscholamandala_). _F._

[6] The southern extremity of India is, in all the
European maps, called Cape _Comorin_; the author,
however, gives it the proper Indian name, _Comari_.
_F._

[7] The eastern part is, without doubt, called the _land
of millet_, because the Indians cultivate, in their
fields, various kinds of that grain, such as the
_Holcus Sorghum_, _Holcus Durra_, &c. _F._

[8] When Bougainville returned from his voyage round
the world, some conceited Parisian ladies asked him
how the Chinese women were dressed. On his replying
that he had never been in that country, they were
much astonished, and could not comprehend how it
was possible to sail round the globe without being
in China. Questions have been asked me and my son
George, at which we could not help laughing, at
least afterwards. _F._

[9] On the flat coast of Coromandel there are no
harbours; and, for that reason, neither people nor
goods can be conveyed on shore from ships, but in
these _shilingas_. This labour is very dangerous
even for such small vessels, as the flatness of the
coast for so great an extent renders the breakers
extremely violent. The English, in all their
wars, have lost many of their ships for want of a
harbour on the eastern coast; and therefore it is
of the utmost importance to them to have possession
of the excellent, safe, and spacious harbour of
_Trinconomale_, on the east side of the island of
_Ceylon_. _F._

[10] See _Sonnerat, Voyages aux Indes_, vol. i. p. 1.
p. 13. Sonnerat, who was an excellent draftsman,
and possessed some knowledge of natural history,
came very young to India, and was hotheaded because
he conceived himself to be a man of importance on
account of these talents.--Law de Lauriston was a
descendant or relation of Law who made himself known
by his speculations under the regency of the Duke of
Orleans. _F._

[11] We have here a striking instance of the truth of the
observation, that travelling in distant countries,
among people of different manners, customs, and
religious opinions, tends to inspire men with
more liberal sentiments, and to render them more
tolerant. _F._

[12] The fiction respecting Hayder Aly’s mean extraction,
&c. has been long ago refuted. See _Sprengel’s Hyder
Ali_, in the preface, p. 6. _F._

[13] The most modern and authentic history of India shews
that all the European East India Companies followed
the example of the Dutch, and of merchants became
warriors. _F._

[14] See on this subject Guyon’s _Histoire de
l’Indostan_, vol. iii. p. 220-224, and _Recherches
hist. et geograph._ par Anquetil du Perron, part i.
p. 174.--The author here delineates the state of
the French trade with strong and ugly colours; but,
it cannot be denied, with a considerable degree of
truth. _F._

[15] These animals are called improperly _white ants_.
The appellation _termites_, from the Latin
systematic name _termes_, is better. There are
various kinds of them, but only in warm countries,
which are all equally destructive, and occasion
great devaluation, not only in sugar plantations,
but also among furniture and clothes in habitations.
_F._

[16] About 2s. 6d. sterling.

[17] It is certain that the religion of Brahma has
not the least similarity to the true Christian
religion; it is also of such antiquity that it
could not have borrowed any thing from it. Both
are essentially different from each other: the
principal object of the Christian religion is the
moral formation and improvement of man, and it is
totally spiritual; the doctrine of Brahma renders
the first ideas of religion familiar to the senses
by images, and allows to its followers a number
of things which Christianity forbids. It cannot,
however, be denied, that many of the old doctrines
and practices generally adopted, particularly in
the East, were received into the Catholic religion;
such, for example, as the worshipping of images,
solemn processions, monachism, the pretended great
sanctity and the different degrees of the clergy,
external pomp and magnificence, &c. The idea of the
Pagan Indians, therefore, mentioned in the text, is
extremely natural. _F._

[18] It has been remarked by English travellers, who
resided in India, that these falsehoods have been
believed and taught by ignorant missionaries. But
are there not people, even at Rome, who consider
the Indians as Manicheans, and their religion as
corrupted Christianity? It may, however, be readily
comprehended, that such hypothesis-mongers never saw
India, or studied the religion of the Indians. See,
on this subject, the _Asiatic Researches_, printed
at Calcutta in 1788, vol. I. p. 127, and _Herbelot_,
_Bibl. Orient._, p. 203, where such ridiculous
assertions are sufficiently refuted. _A._

[19] They bear such marks in honour of _Brahma_, on the
forehead; in honour of _Vishnu_, on the breast;
and in honour of _Shiva_, on the arms. These are
the three rulers of the elements--earth, water,
and fire. In commemoration of the earth having
been created by these three deities, and by means
of these three elements, the Indians, in their
lustrations, besprinkle themselves with three
fingers. They take water also in the hollow of the
hand, raise it upwards, and, in honour of the eight
superior protecting spirits, sprinkle it towards
the eight quarters of the world: they then throw it
towards the heavens in honour of the Sun, whom they
consider as the supreme divinity. These ablutions,
with the marks on the forehead, are called
_Shudhamayaga_; that is, purification, purity. The
_Bhasma_, or colour with which the sacred marks are
made, is supposed to represent the earth, from which
the whole world, and consequently these colours,
were produced. In this respect, however, the systems
differ. _A._

[20] The latitude is not always accurately determined,
even by the moderns. Thus John Hamilton Moore, in
his _Practical Navigator_, places _Puduceri_, or
Pondichery, in 11° 56′ N. lat.; but M. De la Tour
places it in 12° N. lat. and 68° of E. lon. De
l’Isle and D’Anville also differ from each other in
their maps. This difference arises partly from the
expertness requisite in determining the latitude by
means of a quadrant, partly from the greater or less
acuteness of the observer’s eye, and partly from
the perfection or imperfection of the astronomical
instruments employed. _A._

[21] See, on this subject, the second volume of
_Nieubuhr’s Travels_, where the idols in the pagoda
on the island of Elephanta are described.

[22] Responsa privatis dat (Apis) e manu consulentium
cibum capiendo. Germanici Cæfaris manum aversatus
est, haud multo post extincti.

[23] Whether the worship of the Egyptian Apis came from
India, or the sacred ox of the Indians was carried
from Egypt, cannot, as far as I am able to judge, be
determined. The mode of worship in both countries
has without doubt a great deal of similarity,
though in many things different. The sacred ox of
the Indians, for example, remains only three years
in life; whereas that of the Egyptians, according
to Plutarch, remained twenty-five, after which
he was drowned, then embalmed and deposited in a
subterranean burying-place destined for that purpose
near the village of _Abusir_, the ancient _Busiris_,
not far from Memphis. The coffin of the Apis ox was
found there by Paul Lucas and Wortley Montague, the
latter of whom carried away a stone with sculpture
on it representing the embalming of Apis. This stone
may be seen in the British Museum, to the keepers of
which I first explained it. _F._

[24] The temple at _Cirangam_, in the island _Ciranga_,
which lies in the river _Colaru_, or _Colram_, and
in M. De la Tour’s map is placed in 10° 45′ N. lat.
and 76° 45′ E. lon. is a real master-piece of Indian
architecture. This temple is surrounded by seven
walls, each of a square form, which together inclose
the whole edifice. They are entirely constructed
of hewn stone; are twenty-five feet in height,
and each is 350 feet distant from the other in a
parallel direction. Each wall has four gates, and
over each gate is a _gobura_, or high tower, which
rests on the middle of the wall, and is at an equal
distance from both ends. These gates and towers,
which stand exactly opposite to each other, looking
towards the four cardinal points, are ornamented
with columns thirty-five feet in length, and five in
thickness. In the centre of this temple, that is the
sanctuary, stands the image of _Vishnu_, to whom it
is dedicated. On the gates, towers, and walls may be
seen various figures of men and animals, which all
have a symbolical meaning. This temple is at least
2000 years old, and serves to shew how far advanced
the ancient Indians were in the arts of architecture
and sculpture. The learned Chevalier d’Agincourt
at Rome has in his possession a drawing of this
magnificent edifice, which was presented to him by
M. Law de Lauriston, the governor of Pondichery. As
this temple has been already described by English
travellers, I shall say nothing further of it at
present, than to call the reader’s attention to the
mystic number seven, which is signified by the seven
inclosures. _A._

[25] The Egyptians, however, assert, that their king
Sesostris, who lived about the time of Moses, or
1500 years before the birth of Christ, penetrated as
far as India; but this is not probable. _F._

[26] _Cachemir_ is a beautiful province or lordship
conquered by the Moguls. The capital, at the time
Bernier was in India, between 1663 and 1668, was
known also by the name of _Cachemir_; but at present
it is called, as well as the whole province,
_Siri-Negor_. The old _Caspirus_ is not _Cachemir_,
but a city lying nearer to Persia; perhaps _Ghazna_
or _Ghazmin_. _F._

[27] _Cabul_, one of the most northern cities of India,
probably the old _Argyræum_. _F._

[28] _Hastinapuri_, or _Hastinagari_, at present
_Ashnagur_, was formerly the chief city of the
_Assakani_, an ancient people of India. It is not
improbable that the Assyrian and Persian kings may
have extended their dominions thither. _F._

[29] In the eighth part of his works, p. 210-218,
according to the Venetian edition.

[30] The Greeks were accustomed to compare with their
own all the divinities of the most distant foreign
nations; and a similarity in the name, or in
any thing else, made them immediately find in
them Grecian deities. Thus the _Deva-Nishi_ was
_Dionysius_; the _Neith_ of the Egyptians, _Minerva_
or _Athene_; their _Serapis_, _Jupiter_; their
_Horus_, _Apollo_, &c.--The river _Allakantara_ in
La Rochette’s map of 1788 is called _Allaknanda_,
and in Mannert’s map _Allaknandra_. _F._

[31] The village of _Pallipatur_ lies quite close to
_Allahabad_, the name of which is Persian, and which
is of a much later origin. _F._

[32] A description of this observatory may be found in
the _Philosophical Transactions_.

[33] Above three millions sterling.

[34] It can, however, be proved, that the English draw
much more from their Indian possessions than the
author says. For, in the first place, oppression is
not so general as the author pretends; and besides,
many abuses were rectified by the marquis of
Cornwallis. 2dly, In Bengal, from which the English
derive their greatest incomes, there has properly
been no war for a long time. 3dly, The East India
Company has issued orders and formed regulations
for reviving agriculture and manufactures. 4thly,
The monopoly is not very prejudicial, as it extends
only to a few articles. 5thly, The specie exported
to China and England has been in part made good by
the large sums which Tippoo Saib has been obliged
to pay to the East India Company. In a word, the
English, by their late conquests in India, _Ceylon_,
_Malacca_, _Amboina_, _Banda_, &c. have considerably
enlarged their revenue. _F._

[35] Sir William Jones, in one of his anniversary
discourses, says, “It seems agreed that the singular
people called Egyptians, and by corruption Gypsies,
passed the Mediterranean immediately from Egypt:
and their motely language, of which Mr. Grellman
exhibits a copious vocabulary, contains so many
Sanscrit words, that their Indian origin can hardly
be doubted. The authenticity of that vocabulary
seems established by a multitude of Gypsy words; as
_angár_, charcoal; _cásth_, wood; _pár_, a bank;
_bhû_, earth; and a hundred more, for which the
collector of them could find no parallel in the
vulgar dialect of Hindostan, though we know them
to be pure Sanscrit, scarcely changed in a single
letter. A very ingenious friend, to whom this
remarkable fact was imparted, suggested to me that
those very words might have been taken from old
Egyptian, and that the Gypsies were Troglodytes from
the rocks near Thebes, where a race of banditti
still resemble them in their habits and features;
but, as we have no other evidence of so strong an
affinity between the popular dialects of old Egypt
and India, it seems more probable that the Gypsies,
whom the Italians call _Zingaros_ and _Zinganos_,
were no other than _Zinganians_, as M. D’Anville
also writes the word, who might, in some piratical
expedition, have landed on the coast of Arabia or
Africa, whence they might have rambled to Egypt, and
at length might have migrated or been driven into
Europe.” _Asiatic Researches_, vol. iii. p. 8. _E.
Trans._

[36] See Montesquieu’s Works. London 1777, vol. i. p. 180.

[37] This nabob of _Arcate_ or _Arcot_, is merely a
nominal prince. His whole territories are beset with
English troops; and he is suffered to exist, as is
the case with many others, merely that it may appear
as if the country were actually ruled by native
Indian or at least Oriental princes. _F._

[38] The author here means, without doubt, Mr. Christian
Frederick Schwarz, missionary at Tanjaur, sent
thither by the English Society for promoting
Christian knowledge. This missionary, in the
51st part of the _New History of the Evangelic
Missionary Establishments in India_, p. 275-284,
has defended the newly-converted Christians there
against the illiberal accusations of Secretary
Montgomery Campbell, and clearly shewn that
the avaricious British commissaries, by their
oppression and extortion, are the cause of the
poverty of the country and of the wretched state
of agriculture.--The author calls Mr. Schwarz a
Dane. He has probably been led into this mistake
by his connection with the Danish missionaries at
Tranquebar; for, as far as I know, Mr. Schwarz is a
German. _F._

[39] _Tapissendis_ is a general name given to the cotton
stuffs procured from India. They are partly painted
and partly printed with wooden blocks. _Gingam_ is
properly the name given to those cotton stuffs which
come from Bengal and the coast of Coromandel. They
are distinguished by this particular circumstance,
that a thread made from the bark of a tree is
interwoven with the cotton. _A._

This information respecting the difference between the
_Tapissendis_ and _Gingams_ is new. It is, however,
a pity that the author did not give the name of
the tree which produces the bark employed in
manufacturing the latter. Had he made it known, he
would have deserved thanks from all naturalists and
technologists.--In Madagascar, the inhabitants of
the sea-coast manufacture, from the long leaves of
a tree called by them _Vattulala_, but which is no
farther known to botanists, a kind of very strong
stuffs, sometimes as fine as the best camblet, and
frequently employed by the women at the Cape of Good
Hope to make under-petticoats. _F._

[40] _Tirunaveli_, near the fortress _Palamotta_, is
called also, on the modern maps, _Tinivelly_. _F._

[41] It was a part of the political system of the
ancient Indian kings, that they never entered the
territories of their neighbours in a hostile manner
but upon the most urgent occasions. If they could
not possibly avoid it, they at least suffered
the people employed in agriculture to remain at
peace, and molested neither their temples nor their
priests. We are told so by Strabo, and by Adrian in
his History of Alexander’s Expedition to India. The
policy of the Mahometan conquerors and their allies
in India has, on the contrary, been, as far as they
were able, to reduce the mightiest sovereigns and
kingdoms to obedience, and to endeavour to govern
the latter themselves; to leave on the throne only
the weakest princes, and to render them tributary;
to foment quarrels between them, or bring about
a reconciliation according as it suited their
interest; never to undertake more than one war at a
time; to allow religious liberty in its full extent
only to their allies, and to suffer them alone to
retain their ancient usages and customs; to take
part always with one or other of two contending
parties, and in that manner to increase their power;
lastly, to furnish their allies with officers to
command their troops. _Ossa vides regum vacuis
exhausta medullis._ In this manner they suck the
very marrow from the bones of kings, says Juvenal in
his eighth satire. _A._

[42] The kingdom of _Carnate_ must certainly have enjoyed
a long state of peaceful prosperity under its native
kings. This we have reason to conclude from the
extensive pagodas, regularly built with art and a
sort of magnificence, which are found in it; and
also from the many old castles and fortified towns
on the borders of the kingdom, and in the passes
which conduct through the mountains called the
Gauts. The duration of the ancient buildings, for so
many centuries, may be explained by the nature of
the mortar used in India, which is a mixture of oil
and viscous substances, and by the dry warm climate.
The Mahometan princes first brought poverty into
this country, formerly so fortunate; and what they
began the Europeans completed, by carrying thither
as soldiers the refuse of all nations. _F._

[43] See the bull of Clement VIII. of the year 1600,
which begins thus: _In supremo militantis ecclesiæ
solio_. Also that of Clement X. issued on the 7th of
June 1674. _A._

[44] This estimation of the number of the Roman Catholic
Christians (48,000) is certainly too high, even
if we should forget how the missionaries of the
Romish church behave in regard to their so called
converts. They insinuate themselves as physicians
into the houses of the Indians; draw a wet cloth
over the head and forehead of a sick person, even
when at the point of death; mutter privately to
themselves the baptism service; and think they have
then made one Christian more, who is immediately
added to their list.--The protestant missionaries
have in the course of nineteen years baptised 19,340
persons. See _Neuere Geschichte der evangelischen
Missions-anstalten_, 51st part, Halle 1797, 4to. p.
187. _F._

[45] In warm countries sensuality is more active, and the
imagination more lively; and therefore the usages
of the Catholic church must have greater effect on
the Indians, who, when they become members of it,
imagine that they only leave one idolatrous worship
to embrace another. _F._

[46] The _Tschuderies_, or resting-places in India, are
indeed beneficent establishments, but not to be
compared with the large and elegant caravanseries
in Persia and Turkey. Each, however, are suited to
the nature of the country in which they are found.
India is extremely populous, whereas in Persia and
Turkey there are immense wilds and deserts, totally
destitute of inhabitants. In the latter countries,
merchants, for the sake of security, must travel in
large bodies, and therefore require for themselves,
their merchandize and cattle, resting-places of
greater extent. _F._

[47] I must, however, confess that I have been sometimes
robbed: but the _Kuli_, or other poor Indians,
never took any thing else from me than liquor or
provisions, which they found necessary for their
support. As they are always satisfied with little,
it may be readily comprehended that what they
purloined was of no great value. During a residence
of thirteen or fourteen years in India I never heard
of any traveller being robbed or murdered on the
highway. _A._----Travelling is not equally secure in
every part of India. In the peninsula on this side
the Ganges, Bengal and Oude, as far as the power of
the English extends, there is nothing to be feared;
but in the mountains, and farther towards the
north-west, the same safety does not prevail. _F._

[48] The _Caida_, or _Kayda_, is the _Kenra_ of Forskäl,
or the _Pandamùs odoratissima_ of Linnæus. On
account of the similarity in the leaves, it has been
called also _Bromelia_. The natives of Otaheite
cover their houses with it. The farina of the male
flowers is used as a perfume. _F._

[49] The Indians divide good works into _Gnana_ and
_Karma_: Under the former appellation they
comprehend wisdom, meditation, and internal
spiritual employment. _Karma_, on the other hand,
signifies practice, external exercise. Meditation
and spiritual works are the occupation of the
philosophers, particularly the _Budhists_. The
_Karma_, however, or external good works, such as
prayer, lustrations, offerings, and the like, are
confined by the Brahman priests merely to the common
people. _A._

[50] According to Stevens the Tical is equal to a Rupee.
_E. T._

[51] This sovereign died 56 years before the birth of
Christ. _A._

[52] A Paolo is worth about 6d. sterling; and ten
Bajocchi make a Paolo.

[53] The author’s information respecting the coins,
measures and weights in the different parts of India
is without doubt useful, and of great importance
to those who wish to be acquainted with the Indian
trade; but a fuller account of them may be found in
Stephen’s _Guide to the Trade of India_, and, if I
am not mistaken, in a volume of the _Transactions of
the Batavian Society_. _F._

[54] It is very singular to find people in the eighteenth
century bringing forward evidence to prove that the
apostle Thomas was stoned to death and interred,
seventeen hundred years ago, at _Mailapuri_ or
St. Thomas. The Mar Thomas, of whom there are so
many traditionary accounts in India, was probably
Thomas Cana, an Armenian, who must have gone to
India before the sixth century, and have there
diffused the doctrines of Christianity among his own
followers. In the year 822 two Nestorian priests
from Syria, called Mar Sapor and Mar Parges, went
from Babylon to India, and landed at Coulan. The
Indian princes granted extensive privileges to the
Christians of Mar Thomas, and to the two priests
from Babylon, by which they were raised above the
Nairs, or Malabar nobility. These privileges were
engraven on plates of copper, and it is believed
were not long ago extant somewhere in India. The
archbishop of Goa, Alexis de Menezes, a despotic
enthusiast, endeavoured, in 1599, in a synod at
Diamper, to unite the Nestorian Christians with
the Romish church, and burnt all their books and
papers; but they still exist as a distinct sect.
See La Crozes _View of the State of the Church in
India_. The German translation is fuller than the
French original, because the author supplied the
translator with a great many important improvements
and additions. _F._