Chapter IX: Impersonal Accounts (2)

In the afternoon two native carts full of corpses, their arms and legs dangling in the air, were all that was left of those twenty-two _cazadores_. I liked the Spanish soldiers, for they were such jolly, good fellows, fond of dancing _fandango_ and singing airs of old Spain. Many of them were mere boys seized and shipped over here from their unwilling parents. To them the only civilized and good country was Spain; and they often excited my boyish fancy with exaggerated descriptions of the wonders of Spain and extravagant tales about its people. So as the carts passed by our house and I saw the dead, I felt quite sad, wondering within my childish heart what fault they had committed to entitle them to such a sad end.

The town friar, the town tyrant and dictator, had now also come to the end of his reign. Men who formerly used to kneel to him denounced him and gave vent to all their accumulated hatred. The friar was sentenced to death and a few days afterwards was executed outside the town. The infuriated ignorant people sacked the convent, which at that time was like a palace. They were so enraged that even the library of the convent was burned and cut to pieces. A funny incident is connected with the convent. It was circulated about that on the outbreak of the disturbance the friar had dropped a large box of silver into one of the convent wells, of which there were several. A few years after the war some people began to inquire as to which of the wells the money had been dropped into; for the American soldiers, on occupying the convent, filled up some of the wells. Finally there was discovered on the trunk of a santol tree growing near one of the wells a cross carved in the wood. People said it was the sign made by the friar to mark the spot, and henceforth began to dig up the well. They worked for days and days expecting every moment to find the box, but in vain. As a result of their over-credulity they expended a good deal of hard labor.

--Marcelino Montemayor.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

=LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS=

A. B.--Ariel Booklets (G. P. Putnam's Sons).

Bohn.--Bohn's Libraries (Geo. Bell, London).

C. N. L.--Cassell's National Library (Cassell).

E. L.--Everyman's Library (Dent and Dutton).

N. U. L.--New Universal Library (E. P. Dutton).

P. W. C.--Putnam's World's Classics (G. P. Putnam's Sons).

T. C.--Temple Classics (J. M. Dent).

W. C.--World's Classics (Oxford University Press).

W. G. C.--World's Great Classics (Colonial Press).

=GENERAL REFERENCE WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF FICTION=

Dunlop, _History of Prose Fiction_, 2 vols. (Bohn, 1896).

Ticknor, _History of Spanish Fiction_, revised edition (Boston, 1866).

Raleigh, _The English Novel from its Origin to Sir Walter Scott_ (Scribner).

Cross, _The Development of the English Novel_ (Macmillan).

Simonds, _An Introduction to the Study of English Fiction_ (Heath).

Warren, _History of the Novel Previous to the Seventeenth Century_ (Holt).

Hamilton, Clayton, _The Materials and Methods of Fiction_, with introd. by Brander Matthews (The Baker and Taylor Co.)

Jusserand, _The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare_ (Putnam).

Forsyth, _Novels and Novelists of the Eighteenth Century_ (Appleton).

Matthews, _The Short-Story_ (American Book Co.)

Jessup and Canby, _The Book of the Short-Story_ (Appleton).

Canby, H. S., _The Short-Story in English_ (Holt).

Stoddard, _Evolution of the English Novel_ (Macmillan).

Tuckerman, _History of English Prose Fiction_ (Putnam).

In Lanier's _The English Novel_, Whitcomb's _The Study of a Novel_, and Barrett's _Short-Story Writing_ the criticism is analytical rather than historical.

=CHAPTER I. PRIMITIVE RELIGIOUS GROUP=

=Myth=

CRITICAL BOOKS.

Andrew Lang, _Custom and Myth_ (Longmans). Max Müller, _Chips from a German Workshop_, vol. II and IV. Max Müller, _Last Essays_, 2nd series. W. G. Wood Martin, _Traces of the Elder Faiths in Ireland_, 2 vols. E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_. Laura E. Poor, _Sanscrit and Its Kindred Literatures_. Jacob Grimm, _Teutonic Mythology_.

DICTIONARIES

Fernando Blumentritt, _Dictionario Mitológico de las Filipinas_. Isabelo de los Reyes, _La Religion Antigua de los Filipinos_. E. C. Brewer, _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_ (Altemus). A. S. Murray, _Manual of Mythology_.

COLLECTIONS OF MYTHS

Hawthorne's _Wonder Book and Tanglewood Tales_ (E. L.). The works of Jeremiah Curtin: _Creation Myths of Primitive America_; _Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland_; _Myths and Folk-tales of the Russians, Western Slavs, and Magyars_; _A Journey in Southern Siberia_ [the religion and myths of the Mongols]. The works of C. M. Skinner: _American Myths and Legends_, 2 vols; _Myths and Legends of Our New Possessions and Protectorates_; _Myths and Legends of Our Own Land_, 2 vols.; _Myths and Legends Beyond Our Borders_. Florence J. Stoddard's _As Old as the Moon_ [Folk-lore of the Antillas] (Doubleday, Page); _Myths of the Quichas_. Guerber's _Myths of Greece and Rome_; Bulfinch's _Age of Fable_; Katherine B. Judson's _Myths and Legends of the Pacific Northwest_ (McClurg); T. G. Thrum's _Stories of the Menehunes_ (1910).

=Legend and Saga=

_The Legends of St. Patrick_, by Aubrey de Vere (C. N. L.); H. A. Guerber's _Legends of Switzerland_, and _Legends of the Rhine_; Sidney Lanier's Boys' Library of Legend and Chivalry contains _The Boy's King Arthur_, _The Boy's Percy_, and _The Knightly Legends of Wales_ (Scribners); Selma Lagerlöf's _Invisible Links_; Ruskin's _King of the Golden River_ (A. B.); Canton's _W. V.'s Golden Legend_ (Dodd, Mead); _Finnish Legends_, stories from the Kalevala, told by Eivind (T. Fisher Unwin). S. Baring Gould's _Curious Myths of the Middle Ages_ (Longmans) are really legends. Hawthorne's _Twice Told Tales_ includes a number of legends. _Mediaeval Tales_ in Morley's Universal Library contains stories from the _Gesta Romanorum_ and the Faust legend. Nutt's _Legends of the Holy Grail_. Dr. Whitley Stokes has translated many of the early Irish sagas (_Revue Celtique_, 1869-1902, and in _Irische Texte_, 1880-1902). Kipling's _Puck of Pooh's Hill_ [fairy tale and legend] (Doubleday); Eleanor H. Broadus' _The Book of the Christ Child_ (Appleton); Van Dyke's _Other Wise Man_ (Harpers) is purely literary. _The Story of Grettir the Strong_, translated from the Icelandic by Magnusson and Morris (Longmans); _The Volsunga Saga_, translated by Magnusson and Morris (Scott); _Beowulf_, translated into modern English prose, by J. Clark Hall (Sonnenschein); J. Baldwin's _Story of Roland_ (Scribners); C. D. Wilson's _Story of the Cid for Young People_. _The Nibelungenlied_ is well translated in the World's Great Classics Series and contains a good introduction. _Orlando Furioso_, translated by W. S. Rose (Bohn). _The Mabinogion_, translated by Lady Charlotte Guest (Nutt); _The Stories of the Ramayana and Mahabharata_, told by Oman (Bohn). An English translation of the _Shah Nameh_ may be found in Oriental Literature (W. G. C.).

=Fairy Tale and Nursery Saga=

Collectors have not distinguished carefully between fairy tales and nursery sagas. Many of the collections cited as fairy tales contain nursery sagas. A general term often used to include both is folk-tales; Tolstoy has re-done several of the Russian folk stories, which may be found in _Twenty-three Tales from Tolstoy_, translated by L. & F. Maude (W. C.). T. G. Thrum's _Hawaiian Folk-Tales_; F. H. Cushing's _Zuñi Folk-Tales_ (Putnam); Blue, Red, Green, Gray, Yellow, Pink, Violet, Crimson, and Brown Fairy Books, edited by A. Lang (Longmans). _The Fairy Library_ (Putnam), collected and edited by Joseph Jacobs, contains English, Celtic, Indian, East Indian, Persian, Chinese, South Sea Island, African, and Japanese fairy tales. W. R. S. Ralston's _Russian Fairy and Folk Tales_ (Hurst); _English Fairy and Folk Tales_, edited by E. S. Hartland (Scott); _Scottish Fairy and Folk Tales_, edited by Sir Geo. Douglas (Scott); _Irish Fairy and Folk Tales_, edited by W. B. Yeats (Scott); Grimm's _Household Tales_ in any of the good editions (E. L., Lippincott, Bohn); Hans Christian Andersen's _Fairy Tales_ (E. L.). Burt's Fairy Library includes among others _Cossack Fairy Tales_, _Russian Fairy Tales_, _Turkish Fairy Tales_. _Fairy Gold_, stories chosen by E. Rhys (E. L.). Thomas Keightley's _Fairy Mythology_ (Bohn) is a standard reference work. Alfred Nutt's _Fairy Mythology of Shakespeare_ (1900).

=CHAPTER II. SYMBOLIC-DIDACTIC GROUP=

=Fable=

Thomas Newbigging's _Fables and Fabulists_ (New York), critical and historical discussion of writers of the type.

Fables in the Bible, Judges 9:8-15; II Kings 14:9. _Kalilah and Dimnah_, or the _Fables of Bidpai_: an historical account with a translation into English, by Keith Falconer (London, 1885); _Hitopadesa_ (The Book of Good Counsels), translated by Sir Edwin Arnold: Oriental Literature, vol. III (W. G. C.), also in N. U. L.; Aesop's _Fables_ (Astor Library, Crowell; P. W. C.); _Fables_ of Phaedrus, translated into prose and verse (Bohn); La Fontaine's _Fables_ (T. C., Bohn); Iriarte's _Literary Fables_ (first publ. 1782), English version by Rockliffe, 3rd edition, 1866; Gay's _Fables_, in Muses Library (Dutton); Richard Steele's _Mastiff and His Puppy_ (Tatler, No. 115); _Kriloff and His Fables_, translated by J. R. S. Ralston (J. S. Ogilvie, N. Y.); _Turkish Fables_ [46 in number], translated by Epiphanius Wilson: Turkish Literature (W. G. C.).

=Parable=

R. C. Trench, _Notes on the Parables of Our Lord_.

Parables of the Bible: II Samuel 12:1-4; 14:5-7; I Kings 20:39-40; Isaiah 5:1-6; 28:23-28; Matthew 13:4-7, 24-33; 18:23-35; 20:1-16; 21:33-41; 22:1-14; 25:1-13; 26:14-30, 31-46.

For a summary of _Barlaam and Josaphat_, see Dunlop's History of Fiction, vol. I, pp. 64-77.

Hamilton W. Mabie's _Parables of Life_. A number of the stories in _Twenty-three Tales from Tolstoy_ (W. C.).

=Allegory=

James Baldwin's _The Famous Allegories_ (Silver, Burdett); Olive Schreiner's _Dreams_; Oscar Wilde's _Poems in Prose_, (Fortnightly Review, 1894), also in Ideal Series of Little Masterpieces; _Everyman, and eight other Moralities_ (E. L.); Henry Van Dyke's _Blue Flower_ (Scribners); Hawthorne's _Twice Told Tales_ and _Mosses from an Old Manse_ (Houghton). Alfred de Musset's _Story of a White Blackbird_ (Brentano) is a unique and daring autobiographical allegory.

=CHAPTER III. INGENIOUS-ASTONISHING GROUP=

=Tale of Mere Wonder=

Meredith's _Shaving of Shagpat_ (Bozhill edition); Stevenson's _New Arabian Nights_, and _More New Arabian Nights_ (Scribners); H. W. Weber's _Tales of the East_, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1812); Dandin's _Hindoo Tales_ (London, 1873); S. Julien's _Nouvelles Chinoises_ (Paris, 1860). _History of the Forty Vezirs_, Turkish tales translated by Epiphanius Wilson: Turkish Literature, pp. 361-460 (W. G. C.). _Egyptian Tales_, translated by W. F. Petrie: Egyptian Literature, pp. 135-177 (W. G. C.). _Moorish Tales_, translated by Rene Basset, Chauncey Starkweather, and others: Moorish Literature (W. G. C.). _Tales of the Genii_, translated from the Persian by Sir Charles Morell (Bohn); _Arabian, Nights' Entertainments_, edited by Stanley Lane-Pool, in 6 vols. (A. B.), or in 4 vols. (Bohn); _The Golden Ass_, by Apuleius (Bohn).

=Imaginary Voyage With a Satiric or Instructive Purpose=

Lucian 's _Trips to the Moon_ (C. N. L. No. 71); More's _Utopia_ (T. C.); Bacon's _New Atlantis_ (Bohn); Barclay's _Argenis_, English translation by Sir R. Le Grys, 1629; Swift's _Gulliver's Travels_ (T. C.). For Swift's obligations to previous writers, see article by Borkowsky in "Anglia," vol. 15. F. C. Sibbern (1785-1872), a Scandinavian writer, wrote "Contents of a MS. of the year 2,135." _The Adventures of Baron Munchausen_, by Rudolphe Eric Raspe (P. W. C.); _Robinson Crusoe_, in Defoe's Works, vol. 7 (Bohn).

For summaries of the imaginary voyages of Lucian, Holberg, Cyrano de Bergerac, Berkeley, and others, see Dunlop _History of Prose Fiction_, vol. II, pp. 518-538, 588-591, 619-622 (Bohn, revised edition, 1896).

=Tale of Scientific Discovery and of Mechanical Invention=

H. G. Wells's stories and novels are good examples of the pseudo-scientific tale. His imaginary voyages are not without gentle satire on the learned theories of the day (Scribners, Harpers, Century). "With the Night Mail; a Story of 2000 A. D.," by Rudyard Kipling (Doubleday, 1909); _The Mystery_, by Stewart Edward White and Samuel Hopkins Adams. Most of the short stories of this type mentioned in the discussion can be found in the collections of short stories (see below).

=The Detective Story and Other Tales of Mere Plot=

Among the earliest detective stories and stories of crime belong Charles Brockden Brown's _Edgar Huntley_ and _Arthur Mervyn_ (Works, Philadelphia, 1877); Edgar Allan Poe's famous detective stories have been mentioned in the text. Emile Gaboriau (1835-1873) popularized the story of crime in France. M. Lecoq is a direct forerunner of Sherlock Holmes. His _Works_ are published (in English translation) in 6 vols. A. Conan Doyle's _Adventures of Sherlock Holmes_, _Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes_, _The Return of Sherlock Holmes_, _The Sign of the Four_, _A Study in Scarlet_, _The Hound of the Baskervilles_, etc., are worth reading. Anna Katherine Green surely does not lack popularity whatever else she may lack. Her earlier stories are better than her later, with the exception of _The Filigree Ball_, which is perhaps her best. Meredith Nicholson's _House of a Thousand Candles_ has a good mysterious plot. The works of Rodriguez Ottolengui (Putnam). For other stories of pure plot see writers mentioned in bibliography to Chapter VI.

=CHAPTER IV. THE ENTERTAINING GROUP=

=Tale of Probable Adventure=

_Tales of Daring and Danger_, by G. A. Henty; F. H. Spearman's _Held for Orders_; _Tales of Railroad Life_ (McClure), _Nerve of Foley and other Railroad Stories_ (Harpers); Cy Warman's _The Last Spike and Other Railroad Stories_ and _The Express Messenger_ (Scribners); Stewart Edward White's _Blazed Trail Stories and Stories of the Wild Life_ (Doubleday). Many of R. L. Stevenson's tales.

=The Society Story=

This is the type of the larger number of love tales in current periodicals. When well done under certain restrictions of length and development a narrative of this kind rises to the class of the artistic short-story.

Pastoral Romance--_Aucassin and Nicolette_, translated by Andrew Lang (Chiswick Series); _Greek Romances of Heliodorus, Longus, and Achilles_ Tatius (Bohn); Cervantes' _Galatea_ is a typical example. It is published in English translation in Bohn's Libraries. Montemayor's _Diana_ is summarized rather fully in Dunlop II, pp. 365-376. For Sidney's pastoral see E. A. Baker's edition of the _Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia_. Lodge's _Rosalind_ (C. N. L.). For historical criticism of the type, see E. K. Chambers' _English Pastorals_ (Warwick Library), W. W. Greg's _Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama_, 1906, and J. B. Fletcher's _The Pastoral_ (Types of English Literature, Houghton Mifflin & Co.).

=The Humorous Story=

As in the case of the society story, the best collections of humorous stories are the cheaper current magazines.

Fableaux--A. de Montaiglon et G. Raynaud, _Receuil général et complet des fabliaux des XIIIe et XIVe siecles_, Paris, 1872-88, 6 vols. See Dunlop, _History of Fiction_, vol. II, p. 23 et seqq.

Picaresque romances--_Romances of Roguery_, by F. W. Chandler, 2 vols., 1899, is the standard book of criticism of the type. For the picaresque romances themselves, see Petronius Arbiter's _Satyricon_, English translation (Bohn); Apuleius' _Golden Ass_, English translation (Bohn). English translations of _Lazarillo de Tormes_, by Roscoe, and _Guzman d'Alfarache_, by Brandy, can be obtained from Lemcke and Buechner (N. Y.). _Gil Blas_, 2 vols. (W. C.); Smollett's _Roderick Random_, _Peregrine Pickle_, _Ferdinand_, _Count Fathom_, in works, edited by Saintsbury (London, 1895); Fielding's _Jonathan Wild_, in works, edited by Saintsbury (London, 1893); Thackeray's _Barry Lyndon_ (Macmillan); E. W. Hornung's _Amateur Cracksman_ (Tauchnitz) and _Further Adventures of the Amateur Cracksman_.

=The Occasional Story=

_Christmas Stories from the French and Spanish_, translated by Antoinette Ogden (McClurg, 1892). E. E. Hale's _In His Name_, and _Christmas Stories_ (Library edition); Stockton's _The Christmas Wreck_ (Scribners); Dickens' _Christmas Books and Stories_, 2 vols. (Houghton); Thackeray's _Christmas Books_ (Macmillan). The source of the nineteenth century emphasis of Christmas festivities in English was Irving's _Christmas Sketches_. _Unter dem Christbaum_ (Heath) contains five Christmas stories by Helene Stökl.

=CHAPTER V. THE INSTRUCTIVE GROUP=

=The Moral Story=

Edgeworth's _Stories for Children_ (Bohn), _Moral Stories_ (Tauchnitz), _Murad the Unlucky_ (C. N. L.); _Gesta Romanorum_ (P. W. C., Bohn); _Forty Tales from the "Decameron"_ (Morley's Universal Library); _Rasselas_, by Samuel Johnson (P. W. C., A. B., Burt); Voltaire's _Tales_ (Bohn); Cervantes' _Novelas Ejemplares_, translated into English by W. K. Kelly (Bohn); _Essays and Tales_, from Addison (C. N. L.); _Essays and Tales_, from Steele (C. N. L.); _Twenty-three Tales_, from Tolstoy (W. C.); Hawthorne's _Twice Told Tales_ (Houghton). Leopoldo Alas's _Cuentos Morales_ (in Spanish), and Emilia Pardo-Bazán's _Novelas Ejemplares_ (also in Spanish).

=The Pedagogical Commentary and Story=

Pestalozzi's _Leonard and Gertrude_ (Heath); Ascham's _Scholemaster_ (Heath); Machiavelli's _Prince_ (Oxford, W. C.); Thomas Elyot's _The Boke Named the Governour_, edited by Croft, 2 vols. (London, 1883); Ascham's _Toxophilus_ (Arber's Reprints); Walton's _Compleat Angler_ (editions innumerable); Castiglione's _Courtier_; Froebel: _The Mottoes and Commentaries of Froebel's Mother Play_ (Appleton).

=The Story of Present Day Realism=

Kipling's _Life's Handicap_ and _Plain Tales from the Hills_ (Doubleday); William Carleton's _Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry_, edited by D. J. O'Donoghue, 4 vols. (London and New York, 1896); Edgeworth's _Castle Rackrent and Other Irish Tales_ (A. B.); O. Henry's _Trimmed Lamp and Other Stories of the Four Million_; B. Matthew's _Vignettes of Manhattan_ (Harper); W. D. Howells' _A Modern Instance_ (Houghton), _The Lady of the Aroostook_, _The Rise of Silas Lapham_, etc.; Israel Zangwill's _Children of the Ghetto_ (Macmillan); Upton Sinclair's _The Jungle_ (1906); Jacob A. Riis's _Children of the Tenements_; Henry James' _Daisy Miller_ (Harpers). Count Tolstoy's method is always realistic, although his types are extremely varied; see _A Russian Proprietor and Other Stories_ (Crowell). In method at least, most of the stories of Bret Harte, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, and Hamlin Garland are of this type. In his _Kriegsnovellen_ (Berlin, 1899) Detlev von Liliencron gives vigorous and sincere pictures of the Franco-German war, though he sees with the eye of the poet and selects his material.

=CHAPTER VI. THE SHORT STORY=

=Collections of Short Stories=

Stories by American Authors, 10 vols. (Scribners).

Stories by English Authors, 9 vols. (Scribners).

Stories by Foreign Authors, containing works from the French, German, Italian, Russian, Scandinavian, Spanish, Polish, Greek, Belgian, Hungarian, 10 vols. (Scribners). _Tales from "Blackwood,"_ 2 vols. (Tauchnitz). _Masterpieces of Fiction_, 8 vols. (Doubleday, Page). _American Short Stories_, edited by Charles S. Baldwin (Wampum Library of American Literature). A selection of the _World's Greatest Short Stories_, edited by Sherwin Cody (World's Best Series). _The Short Story_, by Brander Matthews (American Book Co.), contains twenty-three short stories. _The Book of the Short Story_, by Jessup and Canby (Appleton), contains eighteen representative examples. For bibliography of other collections of the short stories of the world, see lists at the ends of the chapters in Jessup and Canby.

=The Psychological Weird Tale=

E. A. Poe's _Prose Tales_, 3 vols. (Illustrated Sterling edition). The Odd Number Series contains Maupassant's _Odd Number_. Mary E. Wilkins' _The Wind in the Rose-Bush_, and other _Stories of the Supernatural_ (1903); Irving's _Tales of a Traveller_, 2 vols. (A. B.); _Modern Ghosts_, edited by G. W. Curtis (Harpers, 1890).

GOTHIC ROMANCE AS SOURCE. Horace Walpole's _Castle of Otranto_ (C. N. L. No. 10); Clara Reeve's _The Old English Baron_ (C. N. L., No. 127); Mrs. Radcliffe's _Italian, Romance of the Forest_, and _Mysteries of Udolpho_ (London, 1877); Lewis's _The Monk_ (Phila., 1884); Mrs. Shelley's _Frankenstein_ (Routledge's Pocket Library). Peacock satirized the school of terror and other forms of romance in _Nightmare Abbey_ (E. L.), and _Crotchet Castle_ (C. N. L. No. 56).

=Miscellaneous Short-Story Writers of Europe and America=

SPAIN

Pedro Antonio de Alarcon (1833-1891).
Leopoldo Alas (1852-1901).
Emilia Pardo-Bazán (b. 1851).
Gustavo Adolfo Becquer (1836-1870).
Vicente Blasco Ibañez (b. 1867).
Fernán Caballero (1796-1877).
Benito Pérez Galdós (b. 1845).
Antonio de Trueba (1819-1889).
Juan Valera y Alcalá Galiano (b. 1824).
Armand Palacio Valdes (b. 1853).
Antonio Maré.

FRANCE

Edmond About (1828-1885).
Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850).
Paul Bourget (b. 1852).
François Coppee (b. 1842).
Alphonse Daudet (b. 1840).
Gustav Droz (b. 1832).
Alexandre Dumas the Elder (1806-1870).
Alexandre Dumas the Younger (1824-1895).
Emile Erckmann (1822-1899) and Alexandre Chatrian (1826-1890).
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880).
Theophile Gautier (1811-1872).
Paul Margueritte (b. 1860).
Ludovic Halévy (b. 1834).
Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893).
Prosper Mérimée (1803-1870).
Alfred de Musset (1810-1851).
Eugene Marcel Prévost (b. 1862).
George Sand [pseud. of Mm. Dudevant] (1804-1876).
Julien Viaud ("Pierre Loti") (b. 1850).
Emile Zola (b. 1840).

GERMANY

Berthold Auerbach (1810-1882).
Rudolf Baumbach (b. 1840).
Adelbert von Chamisso (1781-1881).
Gustav Freytag (1816-1895).
Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827).
Paul Heyse (b. 1830).
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822).
Leopold Kompert [Austrian] (1822-1886).
Detlev von Liliencron (b. 1844).
Johann Karl August Musäus (1735-1787).
Joseph Victor von Scheffel (1826-1886).
Theodor Storm (1817-1888).
Hermann Sudermann (b. 1857).
J. Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853).
Johann Heinrich Daniel Zschokke (1771-1848).

RUSSIA

Alex. Bestiezheff (1797-1837).
Nicolai V. Gogol (1809-1852).
Alex. Poushkin (1802-1837).
A. Pyeshkoff ["Gorky"] (b. 1868).
A. P. Tchéhoff (1860-1904).
Lyof N. Tolstoi (1828-1910).
Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883).

SCANDINAVIA

Björastjerne Björnson (b. 1832).
Juhani Aho.
Frederika Bremer (1801-1865).
Meyer Aaron Goldschmidt [Danish] (1819-1887).
Alex. Lange Kielland (b. 1849).
Selma Lagerlöf (b. 1858).
Hans Christian Andersen [Danish] (1805-1875).

ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IRELAND, UNITED STATES

Thomas Bailey Aldrich (1836-1907).
James Matthew Barrie (b. 1860).
H. C. Bunner (1855-1896).
George W. Cable (b. 1844).
William Canton (b. 1845).
William Carleton (1794-1869).
Samuel L. Clemens [Mark Twain] (1835-1910).
Wilkie Collins (1824-1889).
Richard Harding Davis (b. 1864).
Charles Dickens (1812-1870).
A. Conan Doyle (b. 1859).
Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849).
Edward Eggleston (1837-1902).
Mary Ann Evans [George Eliot] (1819-1880).
Hamlin Garland (b. 1860).
Edward Everett Hale (1822-1909).
Joel Chandler Harris (b. 1848).
Thomas Hardy (b. 1840).
Francis Bret Harte (1839-1902).
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864).
Anthony Hope Hawkins (b. 1863).
William Dean Howells (b. 1837).
Washington Irving (1783-1859).
Henry James (b. 1843).
Sarah Orne Jewett (b. 1849).
Rudyard Kipling (b. 1865).
Charles J. Lever (1806-1872).
Jack London (b. 1876).
Samuel Lover (1791-1868).
James Brander Matthews (b. 1852).
George Meredith (1828-1909).
Mary N. Murfree [Charles Egbert Craddock] (b. 1850).
Fitz-James O'Brien (1828-1862).
Thomas Nelson Page (b. 1853).
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849).
Charles Reade (1814-1884).
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894).
F. Hopkinson Smith (b. 1838).
Frank B. Stockton (1834-1902).
Louise de la Ramée ["Ouida"] (d. 1909).
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1812-1896).
William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1862).
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (b. 1844).
John Watson [Ian Maclaren] (1850-1907).
Edith Wharton (b. 1862).
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman (b. 1862).

=CHAPTER VII=

=Incident=

Many well-told and interesting incidents are found in the correspondence of the letter-writers whose works are indicated below.

_The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson_, 2 vols. (Scribners); _The Letters of Thomas Gray_, 2 vols. (Bohn); _Cowper's Letters_, edited by E. V. Lucas (W. C.); _Lady Montagu's Letters_ (E. L.); _Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle_, by J. A. Froude, 2 vols. (Scribners); _Letters of Charles Lamb_, 2 vols. (E. L.); _Letters of Mme. de Sévigné_ (In French--Paris, 1844); _Life and Letters of George Eliot_, by J. W. Cross, 2 vols. (Crowell); _Matthew Arnold's Letters_, collected by George W. E. Russell (Macmillan); _Darwin's Life and Letters_, 2 vols. (Appleton); _Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning_, with notes by R. Barrett Browning and F. G. Kenyon, 2 vols.

=Anecdote=

Spence's _Anecdotes_: a selection (Scott Library); _Johnsoniana_, edited by J. Wilson Croker (Philadelphia, 1842); _The Percy Anecdotes_, by Reuben and Sholte Percy (Warne: London); _The Jest Book_, by Mark Lemon (Cambridge, 1865); _Anecdotes of Samuel Johnson_, by Hester Lynch Poizzi (C. N. L. No. 106); _Familiar Anecdotes of Sir Walter Scott_, by James Hogg (Harpers, 1834).

=Eye-Witness Account=

Eye-witness accounts may be found in autobiographies, memoirs, letters, travel sketches, diaries and journals, and some true relations. (See bibliography of these types.)

=Tale of Actual Adventure=

J. Burroughs's _Camping and Tramping with President Roosevelt_ (Houghton); H. W. G. Hyrst's _Adventures in the Great Deserts_; Hakluyt's _Voyagers' Tales_ (C. N. L., No. 23); _Library of Universal Adventure by Sea and Land_, including the original narratives and authentic stories of personal prowess and peril in all waters and regions of the globe from the year 79 A. D. to the year 1888 A. D., compiled and edited by William Dean Howells and Thomas Sergeant Perry (Harper, 1893).

=The Traveler's Sketch=

Mandeville's _Voyages and Travels_ (C. N. L.); Marco Polo's _Voyages and Travels_ (Bohn); Captain Cook's _Voyages of Discovery_ (E. L.); _Travels of Mungo Park_ (E. L.); Hakluyt's _Voyages_, 8 vols. (E. L.); Darwin's _Voyage of the Beagle_ (E. L.); Fielding's _Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon_ (W. C.); Smollett's _Travels through France and Italy_ (W. C.); Borrow's _Bible in Spain_ (E. L.) and _Wild Wales_ (E. L.); Bayard Taylor: _Library of Travel_, 6 vols.; W. D. Howells's _Italian Journeys and London Films_; Henry James's _Little Tour in France_; F. Hopkinson Smith's _White Umbrella in Mexico_; H. M. Stanley's _In Darkest Africa_ and _How I Found Livingstone_; Lafcadio Hearn's _Gleanings in Buddha-fields_ and _Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan_; W. E. Curtis's _Between the Andes and the Ocean_ and _Egypt, Burma, and British Malaysia_. For Western travel and adventure in America between 1748 and 1846, see _Early Western Travels_, 32 vols. (A. H. Clark & Co. Cleveland, 1904). A tour through the island of Luzon in 1800 is charmingly recorded by Joaquin Martinez y Zuñiga in his _Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas_, ed. by W. E. Retana (Madrid). An English translation under the title _An Historical View of the Philippine Islands_ was issued at London in 2 vols. 1814 (printed for J. Asperne). A breezy artist-sketch, written with the purpose only to please and to satirize, is Heine's _Die Harzreise_ (American Book Co.).

=CHAPTER VIII=

=Journal and Diary=

John Evelyn's _Diary and Correspondence_ (E. L., Bohn); Amiel's _Journal Intime_, translated by Mrs. Humphrey Ward. 2 vols. (Macmillan); Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary and Letters_, edited by her niece, with preface and notes by Austin Dobson, 6 vols. Samuel Pepys's _Diary and Correspondence_ (Globe edition); Fielding's _Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon_ (W. C.); Hesdin's _Journal of a Spy in Paris during January-July, 1794_ (Harpers, 1896); Swift's _Journal to Stella_ (N. U. L., Bohn); _Journal of the Reigns of George III and William IV_, by Charles C. F. Greville. 3 vols. (Longmans). Gideon Welles' _Diary_ (_Atlantic Monthly_, 1909-1910); John W. Audubon's _Western Journals_ 1849-1850 (A H. Clark, Cleveland).

=Autobiography and Memoirs=

J. S. Mill's _Autobiography_ (Holt); Benvenuto Cellini's _Autobiography_ (E. L.); _Autobiography_ of Franklin (P. W. C., A. B.); Helen Keller's _Story of My Life_ (Doubleday); Gibbon's _Autobiography_ (W. C.); Herbert Spencer's _Autobiography_, 2 vols. (Appleton). Joseph Jefferson's _Autobiography_. A good collection of memoirs and autobiography is the Colonial Press's _Classic Memoirs_, 3 vols. (W. G. C.). J. H. Newman's _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ (N. U. L.); De Quincey's _Confessions of an Opium-Eater_ (E. L.); St. Augustine's _Confessions_ (E. L.).

=Biography=

_Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay_, by G. O. Trevelyan (Longmans); _History of Carlyle's Life_, by J. A. Froude (Longmans); _Life of Shakespeare_, by Sidney Lee. _Life of Sir Walter Scott_, by J. G. Lockhart, 5 vols. (Macmillan); _Life of Johnson_, by James Boswell, edited by Geo. Birkbeck Hill, 6 vols. (Cambridge); _Lives of the Poets_, by Samuel Johnson, edited by G. B. Hill (Cambridge); J. Forster's _Life of Dickens_, 2 vols. (Scribners), _Life of Goldsmith_ (Stokes); Gaskell's _Life of Charlotte Bronte_ (Crowell); Goldsmith's _Biographies_, vol. IV of collected works (Bohn); Lockhart's _Life of Burns_ (E. L.); Southey's _Life of Nelson_ (Bohn); Hazlitt's _Life of Napoleon_, 6 vols. (Illust. Cabinet Ed.); Macaulay's _Life of Johnson_ (Heath); Carlyle's _Life of John Sterling_ (W. C.); Carlyle's _Life of Frederick the Great_, 8 vols. (Scribners).

=CHAPTER IX=

=Notable Histories=

Grote's _History of Greece_, 12 vols. (E. L.); Green's _Short History of the English People_ (American Book Co.). _History of the English People_, 4 vols. (Burt); Macaulay's _History of England_, 3 vols. (E. L.); Hume's _History of England_, 6 vols. (Harper); Machiavelli's _History of Florence_ (W. G. C.); Gibbon's _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, 7 vols. (W. C.); Motley's _Rise of the Dutch Republic_, 3 vols. (E. L., W. C.); Sismondi's _Italian Republics_ (E. L.); Hallam's _Middle Ages_ (W. G. C.); Prescott's _Works_, 14 vols. (Lippincott); Parkman's _Works_, 12 vols. (Library edition); J. A. Symond's _Renaissance in Italy_, 7 vols. (Holt); Carlyle's _French Revolution_, 2 vols. (E. L.).

=Annals=

Tacitus's _Annals_ (E. L.); _Annals of English History_, by Roger de Hoveden, 2 vols. (Bohn). _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, with an English translation by Richard Price: in the "Monuments Historica Britannica" (1848). Voltaire's _Annales de l'Empire_ was first published in 1753-4. It has been translated into English.

=Chronicles and True Relations=

_Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda, de rebus gestis Samsonis Abbatis Monasterii Sancti Edmundi_ (Camden Society, London, 1840). The second book of Carlyle's _Past and Present_ is based on this old chronicle. Froissart's _Chronicles_ (E. L.); William of Malmesbury's _Chronicles of the Kings of England_ (Bohn); _Old English Chronicles_, including Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Britons, Gildas's Chronicle, Nennius's Chronicle, and the spurious Chronicle of Richard of Cirencester, (Bohn); _Chronicles of the Crusades_, by Lord John de Joinville (Bohn).

Ticknor discusses in detail the origin, subjects, and character of the Spanish chronicles, in his _History of Spanish Literature_, Vol. I. pp. 166-228 (fourth American edition, Houghton, Mifflin & Co.). For account of early French chronicles see Saintsbury's _Short History of French Literature_, Book I, chapter XI (Oxford, 1907).

Blair and Robertson's _The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898_, in 55 vols. (A. H. Clark Co., 1905) contains many early Spanish relations translated into English. Among the notable ones are Loarca's _Relacion_ (vol. 5), Chirino's _Relacion_ (vols. 12-13), Morga's _Sucesos_ (vols. 15-16), Medina's _Historia de la Orden de S. Agustin_ (vols. 23-24).

INDEX

Abbott, Jacob (1803-1879), 364.

_Abou Ben Adhem_, 102.

Actual adventure, Tale of: 512-513; characteristics, 512; directions
for writing, 513.

Addison, Joseph (1672-1719), 86, 115, 347.

_Address of the Soul to the Body_, 115.

Ade, George (b. 1866), 86.

_Adventures of Sherlock Holmes_, 225.

Adventures; see Probable adventure; Actual adventure.

Aesop (619?-564 B. C.), 83-84.

Aikin, John, M. D. (1747-1822), 116.

Aitken, George, 371.

Alberich, 46.

Aldrich, T. B. (1836-1907), 301.

Alfred the Great, (848-901), 532

Alfonso the Wise (1221-1284), 627.

_Alice in Wonderland_, 67.

Allegory: 112-120, 154, 345; defined, 112, 117; combined with myth,
113-114; distinguished from myth, 6; distinguished from parable,
116; how to write, 117-118; distinguished from fable, 117.

_Amateur Cracksman_, 301.

_Ambitious Guest_, 346, 459.

_Ameto_, 275.

Amiel, Fréderic (1821-1881), 558.

_Among the Corn Rows_, 427.

Ana, 491-492; defined, 491.

_Andreas_, 24.

_Andvari_, 46.

Anecdote: 490-496, 302, 371; compared with legend, 25; defined, 490,
492; how to write an, 493.

_Anecdotes_ (Percy's), 492.

_Anecdotes_ (Spence's), 492.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 614.

Annals: 613-616; defined, 613-614; suggestions on material, 615.

_Annales Ecclesiastici_, 614.

_Annales et Historia de Rebus Legicis_, 614.

_Annals_ (Goethe's), 612.

_Annals of the Parish_, 612.

_Annals of Scotland_, 614.

_Apologia pro Sua Vita_ (Newman's), 574.

_Apology for My Life_ (Cibber's), 573.

_Apparition, The_, 401.

_Arabian Nights, The_, 129.

_Arcadia_ (Sannazaro), 274.

_Arcadia, Countess of Pembroke's_, 275.

Aristotle (383-320 B. C.), 84.

Arthur, King (500?-537?), 24-25.

_Artist's Secret, The_, 114.

Ascham, Roger (1515-1568), 361-362.

_As You Like It_, 275.

_Atlantic Monthly_, 118, 560.

_Aucassin and Nicolette_, 274.

Austen, Jane (1775-1817), 372, 456, 457.

Autobiography: 572-575; distinguished from memoirs, 572; suggestions
for writing, 574-575.

_Autobiographical Leaves_, 573.

Audubon, John James (1780-1851), 512.

_Autobiography of Cellini_, 573.

_Autobiography of De Quincey_, 574.

_Autobiography of Franklin_, 574.

Ayala, Pedro Lopez de (1332-1407), 626-627.

_Barlaam and Josaphat_, 23.

Barclay, Alexander (1475?-1552), 115.

_Baron Munchausen_, 153.

Baronius, 614.

Barrie, J. M. (b. 1860), 301.

Beast epics, 88.

_Belinda_, 430.

_Berenice_, 400.

Bergerac, Cyrano de (1619-1655), 151, 153, 154.

Berkeley, George (1685-1753), 151.

_Beowulf_, 23.

Berners, Lord (1467-1533), 626.

Bestiaries, 85, 115.

_Bible_, 3, 103, 116.

Bibliography, 648-660.

_Biographical Sketches_, 593.

Biography: 590-595; beginnings of English literary biography, 591;
great biographies in English, 591-592; special characteristics,
592-593; outline for, 594-595.

Björnson, Björnsterne (b. 1832), 456.

_Black Pearl, The_, 225.

_Blue Bird, The_, 119.

_Blue Flower, The_, 114.

Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375), 85, 275, 299, 346.

Boileau, Nicolas (1636-1711), 131.

Borrow, George (1803-1881), 531.

Boswell, James (1740-1795), 492, 591.

_Branch Road, A_, 427.

Brentano, Clemens (1778-1842), 48.

Bronté, Charlotte (1816-1855), 431.

Brooke, Henry (1703-1783), 363.

Brown, Charles Brockden (1771-1810), 399.

Browning, Robert (1812-1889), 481.

_Brut, The_, 24.

Buddha (6th century B. C.), 23.

Bunyan, John (1628-1688), 115.

Burney, Frances (1752-1840), 560.

Burton, F. R. (b. 1861), 225.

Byron, Lord (1788-1824), 456.

Cable, G. W. (b. 1844), 301.

Caesar, Julius (100-44 B. C.), 491.

_Candide_, 347.

Canton, William (b. 1845), 314.

_Captain Singleton_, 256.

_Career of Farthest North, The_, 301.

Carlyle, Jane Welsh (1801-1866), 481.

Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881), 492, 613.

Castiglione, Baldasarre (1478-1529), 362.

_Castle of Indolence, The_, 116.

_Castle of Otranto, The_, 398-399.

Catherine II (1729-1796), 572.

Caxton, William (1422-1491), 24.

_Celestial Railroad, The_, 117.

Cellini, Benvenuto (1500-1571), 573.

Cervantes (1547-1616), 275, 347.

Changelings, 47.

_Chanson de Roland, The_, 23.

"Character," The, 430.

Character-environment story: 426-432.

Character-events story: 455-460.

Charles V (1500-1558), 570.

Chatterton, Thomas (1752-1770), 513.

Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340-1400), 115, 130, 300, 346, 627.

Chesterton, G. K. (b. 1874), 67.

_Chinese Tales_, 129.

Chirino, Pedro, 629.

Chivalry, Tales of, 131.

Christmas, 314.

Chronicles: 626-629; defined, 626.

_Chronicles of the Schönberg-Cotta Family_, 612.

_Chroniques de France, etc._, 626.

Cibber, Colley (1671-1757), 573.

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B. C.), 490, 491.

_Cid, The_, 23.

Cinderella, 65, 66, 67.

Clavijo, Ruy Gonzales de (15th century), 558-559.

Clemens, Samuel Langhorne ['Mark Twain'] (1835-1910), 299.

_Cloister and the Hearth, The_, 561.

_Cockowe and the Nightingale, The_, 115.

Collins, William (1721-1759), 116.

_Complaint of Papingo, The_, 115.

_Comus_, 3.

_Confessions of an English Opium-Eater_, 574.

_Conquest of Mexico_, 613.

Coppee, Francois (b. 1842), 456.

_Country of the Pointed Firs, The_, 299.

_Court of Love, The_, 115.

_Courtier, The_, 362-363.

Cowper, William (1731-1800), 86, 481.

_Coverley Papers, de_, 430.

Craik, Dinah Maria (née Mulock) (1826-1887), 48.

_Cranford_, 430.

Croesus (fl. 560 B. C.), 83.

_Crucial Instances_, 456.

_Curse of Kehama, The_, 152.

Curtis, W. E. (b. 1850), 533.

Cynewulf, 24.

_Daisy Miller_, 372.

Dana, R. H., Jr. (1815-1882), 533.

Dante (1265-1321), 85.

Daudet, Alphonse (b. 1840), 456.

_Daphnis and Chloe_, 274.

Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882), 533.

Davis, Richard Harding (b. 1864), 274.

Day, Thomas (1748-1789), 364.

_Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, 613.

Defoe, Daniel (1660?-1731), 151, 152, 154, 371, 561.

Deities-- Egyptian, 8; Filipino, 12-13; Finnish, 11; Greek, 7;
Hindoo, 9-10; Norse, 12; Roman, 7; Russian, 11.

_De Jocis Ciceronis_, 491.

Delena (scribe to John II of Spain), 500-501.

De Quincey, Thomas (1785-1859), 574.

_Descent of Man_ (Wharton), 456.

Detective story: 225-228; relation to tales of ingenuity, 225;
suggestions for writing, 227.

Dialect, 301, 429.

_Diamond Lens, The_, 197.

_Diana_, 275.

Diary: 533, 557-561; defined, 557; distinguished from journal, 557;
great diaries and their characteristics, 560; suggestions on
writing, 561.

_Diary of Mme. D'Arblay_ [Fanny Burney], 560.

_Diary of Evelyn_, 560.

_Diary of Gideon Welles_, 560.

_Diary of Pepys_, 560.

Dickens, Charles (1812-1870), 314, 501.

_Discourager of Hesitancy, The_, 226.

_Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde_, 114.

Dodsley, Robert (1703-1764), 86.

_Domestic Annals Of Scotland_, 614.

Douglass, Frederick (1817-1895), 512.

Douglas, Gawain (1474?-1522), 115.

Doyle, A. C. (b. 1859), 225.

Drake, Alexander Wilson (b. 1843), 199.

_Dream_, 115.

_Dream of the Rood, The_, 115.

Dunbar, William (1465-1530), 115.

Easter, 314.

Edgeworth, Maria (1767-1849), 346, 364.

Elbegast, 46.

_Elder Edda_, 23.

Eliot, George (1820-1881), 456, 457.

_El Passo Honroso_, 500-501.

_Emile_, 363.

_Emma_, 430.

_England's Mourning Garment_, 275.

_Euphues_, 362.

_Evelina_, 430.

Evelyn, John (1620-1706), 560.

_Everyman_, 113.

Eye-witness account: 499-503; defined, 499; methods of writers of
the, 501-502; suggestions on writing, 502-503.

Fable, 83-89, 345; distinguishing characteristics, 87-88; kinds of
fables, 87-88; defined, 87; origin, 83-84; distinguished from
allegory, 117.

_Fables in Slang_, 86.

Fableaux, 299-300.

_Faerie Queene_, 113.

Fairies: characteristics of, 44, 45, 46, 47; Northern, 46, 50; Irish,
51; Scotch, 51; Filipino, 51-53; Russian, 53; Arabian, 54; Malayan,
46; Miscellaneous, 54-55.

Fairy tale: 43-50; characteristics of, 43; distinguished from nursery
sagas, 48; directions for writing, 49; defined, 50.

_Fall of the House of Usher, The_, 399-400.

_Father, The_, 456.

Faust, legend of, 25.

_Ferdinand and Isabella_, 613.

Fielding, Henry (1707-1754), 398, 431, 531, 533, 534, 558.

Firdousi [Abul Kasim Mansur] (c. 940-1020), 23.

FitzGerald, Edward (1809-1883), 482.

Fletcher, Phineas (1582-1650?), 115.

_Flower and the Leaf, The_, 115.

Fontaine, Jean de la (1631-1697), 85.

_Fool of Quality, The_, 363.

Forster, John (1812-1876), 592.

_Frank_, 364.

Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790), 102, 573.

Frederick the Great (1711-1786), 572.

Freeman, Mary E. Wilkins (b. 1862), 301, 372, 397, 402, 420, 427, 429.

Fremont, J. C. (1813-1890), 558.

_French Revolution_, 613.

Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1782-1852), 364.

Froissart, Jean (1337-1410), 626.

_Galatea_, 275.

Galt, John (1779-1839), 612.

Garland, Hamlin (b. 1860), 427-428.

Gaskell, Mrs. [Elizabeth Stevenson] (1810-1865), 592.

_Gate of the Hundred Sorrows, The_, 426.

_Gaudentio de Lucca_, 151.

Gay, John (1685-1732), 86.

_General Chronicle of Spain_, 628.

Geoffrey of Monmouth (12th century), 24, 628.

_Gesta Romanorrum_, 346.

Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794), 572, 613.

_Gil Blas_, 301.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832), 612.

_Gold Bug, The_, 226-227.

_Golden Legend, The_, 24.

_Golden Targe, The_, 115.

Goldsmith, Oliver (1728-1774), 86, 592.

Gondemar, 46.

Gothic romances, 398-399; characteristics of, 399.

Gray, Thomas (1716-1771), 481.

_Great Stone Face, The_, 114.

_Greater Inclination, The_, 456.

Green, J. R. (1837-1883), 612.

Greene, Robert (1560?-1592), 275.

_Grettir the Strong_, 23.

Grimm, Jacob (1785-1863), 66.

Grimm, Wilhelm (1786-1859), 66.

_Griselda_, 346.

Grote, George (1794-1871), 613.

Grotius, 614.

_Gulliver's Travels_, 151, 154.

_Guzman de Alfarache_, 300.

Hailes, Sir David Dalrymple, Lord (1726-92), 614.

Hakluyt, Richard (1553-1616), 629.

Halévy, L. (b. 1834), 456.

Hall, Bishop Joseph (1574-1656), 430.

Hallam, Henry (1777-1859), 613.

_Hand, The_, 401.

Harris, J. C. (b. 1848), 301.

Harte, Bret (1839-1902), 314, 428.

Hawes, Stephen (?-1523?), 115.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864), 3, 114, 116, 117, 346, 397, 459,
593.

Henryson, Robert (15th century), 86.

Heroes of nursery sagas: 66, 67-68; of legends, 22, 27.

Heroic romances, 131.

Hesdin, Raoul, 558.

_Hildebrand_, 23.

_Hill of Science, The_, 116.

_Historia Britonum_, 24.

_History of England_ (Macauley's), 613.

_History of Orosius_, 532.

_History of the English People_, 613.

_History of the States and Empires of the Moon_, 151.

_Hitopadesa_, 84-85.

Holberg, Ludwig (1684-1754), 151.

Holinshed, Ralph (died about 1580), 628.

Holmes, C. W. (1809-1894), 197.

Hook, Theodore (1788-1841), 591.

_House of Fame, The_, 115.

Howells, W. D. (b. 1837), 370, 371, 372, 373, 512.

Humorous story: 299-302; relation to _fableau_ 299; relation to
picaresque romance, 300; relation to comic anecdote, 302.

Hunt, Leigh (1784-1859), 102.

_Hunter, The_, 114.

Ibsen, Heinrich (1828-1906), 119.

Igorots, 3.

Imaginary voyage: 150-154; characteristics, 150; suggestions on how
to write, 153-154.

Incident: 480-482; defined, 480; distinguished from eye-witness
account, 480.

_Incident of the French Camp, An_., 481.

Ingelow, Jean (1830-1897), 48.

_Insurgent, The_, 456.

Irving, Washington (1783-1859), 26, 397.

_Italian Republics_, 613.

_Italian, The_, 398.

_Italian Renaissance_, 613.

_Ivan the Fool_, 68.

_Ivanhoe_, 227.

_Jack and the Beanstalk_, 66, 67.

_Jack the Giant Killer_, 65, 66, 67.

Jacobus de Voragine (13th century), 24.

James, Henry (b. 1843), 371, 372, 373, 533.

Jewett, Sarah Orne (b. 1849), 299.

John of Damascus (b. at end of 7th century; died c. 760?), 23.

Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784), 116, 347, 491, 492, 533, 590, 591.

Johnes, Thomas, 626.

_Jonathan Wild_, 301.

Journal: 533, 557-561; defined, 557; distinguished from diary, 557;
great journals and their characteristics, 558; suggestions on
writing, 561.

_Journal Intime_, 558.

_Journal of the Plague_, 561.

_Journal of a Spy in Paris. A_, 558.

_Journal to Stella_, 558.

_Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon, A_, 558.

_Journey of a Day, The_, 116.

_Journey to the Western Isles, A_, 533.

_Jumping Frog, The_, 299.

_Jungle Book, The_, 86.

Keats, John (1795-1821), 3, 314.

_King Hart_, 115.

Kingsley, Charles (1819-1875), 48.

Kipling, Rudyard (b. 1865), 48, 49, 86, 397, 426.

Kriloff (1768-1844), 86.

_Lady Eleanor's Mantle_, 346.

_Lady of the Aroostook, The_, 372.

_Lady or the Tiger, The_, 226.

Lagerlöf, Selma (b. 1858), 26.

Langland, W. (14th century), 114.

Laurin, 46.

Layamon (fl. 1200), 24.

_Lazarillo de Tormes_, 300.

Legend: 22-28; defined, 28; compared with myth, 6, 22; myth-legend
or saga, 22-23; saint legends, 23; legends of growth, 25; legends
of art, 26-27; legend compared with anecdote, 25; legends about
places, 26; legends about persons, 24-25, 131.

Legendary Romance, 24-25.

_Le Grand Cyrus_, 131.

_Leonard and Gertrude_, 361.

Letters, 481, 533.

Lewis, Matthew (1775-1818), 399.

_Library of Universal Adventure_, 512.

_Life of Beau Nash_, 592.

_Life of Burns_, 592.

_Life of Byron_, 592.

_Life of Charlotte Bronte_, 592.

_Life of Dickens_, 592.

_Life of Goldsmith_, 592.

_Life of Johnson_ (Macaulay's), 592.

_Life of Macaulay_, 592.

_Life Magnet, The_, 197.

_Life of Napoleon_, 592.

_Life of Nelson_, 592.

_Life of Samuel Johnson_ (Boswell's), 492, 591.

_Life of Savage_, 590, 591.

_Life of Scott_, 591.

_Lives of the Poets, The_, 590, 591.

Loarca, Miguel de, 629.

Lockhart, J. G. (1794-1854), 592.

Lodge, Thomas (1558?-1625), 275.

Loomis, Charles Battell (1861-1911), 301.

Lover, Samuel (1791-1868), 301.

Lowell, James Russell (1819-1891), 482.

Lucian (125?-210?), 84, 151.

Lyly, John (1554?-1606), 362.

Lyndesay, Sir David (1490-1555?), 115.

Mabie, Hamilton (b. 1846), 314.

Macaulay, T. B. (1800-1859), 590, 592, 613.

Machiavelli (1469-1527), 613.

Maclaren, Ian [Reverend John Watson] (b. 1850), 301.

Macpherson, James (1738-1796), 513.

_Madam How and Lady Why_, 48.

Madison, James (1751-1836), 558.

Maeterlink, Maurice (b. 1862), 119.

_Mahabharata, The_, 22.

Malory, Thomas (15th century), 24-25.

_Man Who Would be King, The_, 426.

_Man without a Country, The_, 26.

Mandeville, Sir John (14th century), 151, 532.

Märchen, 48, 65-69.

Marie de France (12th century), 84, 130.

_Markheim_, 400.

Marlowe, Christopher (1564-1593), 558.

_Mary Barton_, 430.

_Masque of the Red Death, The_, 400.

_Mateo Falcone_, 456.

Matthews, Brander (b. 1852), 396n, 401.

Maupassant, Guy de (1850-1893), 395, 397, 456, 458.

Memoirs: 572-575; distinguished from autobiography, 572; suggestions
for writing, 574.

_Memoirs of a Cavalier, The_, 256.

_Memoirs of My Life and Writings_ (Gibbon's), 572.

_Menaphon_, 275.

_Merchant of Venice, The_, 23.

Meredith, George (1828-1909), 129.

Merimée, Prosper (1803-1870), 456.

Metternich, Prince von (1773-1859), 572.

_Middle Ages_, 613.

Milton, John (1608-1674), 3.

Mirabeau, Comte de (1749-1791), 572.

_Mirror for Magistrates, A_, 115.

_Mogol Tales_, 129.

"Molière" [pseud. of John Baptiste Poquelin] (1622-1673), 131.

_Monk, The_, 399.

_Monk's Tale, The_, 627.

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem (1533-1592), 558.

_Montcalm and Wolfe_, 613.

Montemayor, Jorge de (d. 1561), 275.

Montepolitiano, Barthelemi (15th century), 491.

Moore, Thomas (1779-1852), 86, 592.

_Mopsa the Fairy_, 48.

Moral story, 345-348; distinguished from symbolic-didactic group,
345; purpose defined, 345-346.

_Morall Fables of Æsop the Phrygian_, 86.

Morga, Dr. Antonio de, 629.

_Morte d'Arthur_, 24.

_Mother Plays_, 364.

Motley, John (1814-1877), 613.

_Muhammad Din_, 426.

Mulock, Miss, _see_ Craik.

_Murad the Unlucky_, 346.

_Murders in the Rue Morgue, The_, 225.

_Mystery of Marie Rogêt, The_, 225-226.

_Mysteries of Udolpho, The_, 398.

Myths: 1-15; classes of, 1; Igorot myths, 3; how to collect, 4-5; how
to compose, 5-6; distinguished from allegory, 6; distinguished from
legend, 6, 22; defined, 7.

_Necklace, The_, 456.

Nennius, (fl. 796?), 24.

_New Atlantis_, 153.

_New Arabian Nights_, 129.

_New England Nun, A_, 426.

_New Heloise_, 363.

Newman, J. H. (1801-90), 573.

_Nibelungenlied_, 23.

_Niel Klim's Underground Journey_, 151.

_Northanger Abbey_, 457.

Novel, 430-431; manners, 430; psychological problem novel, 431.

_Novelas Ejemplares_, 347.

_Novelist's Allegory, The_, 118.

Nursery saga: 65-69; origin, 65; distinguishing elements, 66-68;
defined, 69.

_Oak and the Reed, The_, 85.

Oberon, 46.

O'Brien, Fitz-James (1828-1862), 197, 401.

Occasional story, 313-315; spirit of the, 313, 314; suggestions for
writing, 314.

Ohthere, 532.

_Old English Baron, The_, 398.

_One Hoss Shay, The_, 197.

_Orlando Furioso_, 23.

Osborne, Dorothy (1627-1695), 481.

_Other Wise Man, The_, 26.

_Outcasts of Poker Flat, The_, 428.

Overbury, Thomas (1581-1613), 430.

Page, Thomas Nelson (b. 1853), 301.

_Palace of Honor, The_, 115.

Paltock, R. (1697-1767), 152-153.

_Panchatantra_, 84-85.

_Pandosto_, 275.

_Panther, The_, 115.

_Paradise Lost_, 3.

_Paradise of Fooles_, 115.

Parable: 101-103; contrasted with fable, 101; defined, 103;
characteristics, 101-102; suggestions on writing, 103;
distinguished from allegory, 116-117.

Parkman, Francis (1823-1893), 613.

_Parlament of Foules, The_, 115.

Parnell, Thomas (1679-1718), 115.

_Passions, The_, 116.

_Pastime of Pleasure, The_, 115.

Pastoral romance, 274-276.

Pedagogical narrative: 48, 361-365; characteristics, 361, 363.

_Peer Gynt_, 119.

Pellico, Silvio (1788-1854), 572.

Pepys, Samuel (1633-1703), 560.

Percy (anecdote writers), 492.

Peri, 47.

Perry, T. S., 512.

_Persian Tales_, 129.

Pessimism, 347.

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1745-1827), 361, 365.

_Peter Schlemihl_, 114.

Petrarch, Francesco (1304-1374), 85.

Petronius Arbiter (d. 62), 300.

Phædrus (time of Nero), 85.

_Phantom 'Rickshaw, The_, 401.

Philippines, 3, 46, 629.

_Phoenix, The_, 115.

Picaresque romance, 300-301, 371.

_Piers Plowman_, 114.

_Pilgrim's Progress, The_, 113, 115.

_Pit and the Pendulum, The_, 399.

Planudes, 84.

Plasencia, Juan de la, 629.

Plato (427-347 B. C.), 3, 4, 84, 113-114, 491.

Pliny the Elder (23-79), 512.

Plot, Tales of Pure, 225-8.

Plutarch (46?-120?), 3, 84.

Poe, E. A. (1809-1849), 225-226, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400.

_Poems in Prose_, 114.

_Poems on the Naming of Places_, 481.

Poggio, Gian Francesco (1380-1459), 85, 491.

Polo, Marco (1254-1324), 151, 532.

Pope, Alexander (1688-1744), 86.

Prescott, W. H. (1796-1859), 613.

_Pride and Prejudice_, 457.

_Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries_, 629.

Prior, Matthew (1664-1721), 86.

_Prisoner of Zenda, The_, 227.

Probable adventure: tale of, 255-257; definition, 256; the writing
of, 256-257.

Procopius (6th century), 490.

Proverbs: Armenian to be used for fables, 89-90; to be used for
parables, 103-104.

_Puck of Pook's Hill_, 48, 49.

_Purloined Letter, The_, 225.

_Purple Island, The_, 115.

Pushkin, A. (1802-1837), 227, 456.

Quiñiones, Suero de, 500, 501.

Radcliffe, Anne (1764-1822), 399.

_Ramayana_, 22.

_Rasselas_, 347.

Reade, Charles (1814-1884), 458, 561.

Realism, 370, 371, 372, 373, 457.

Realism, story of present day: 370-374; elements of, 370-371;
suggestions on types to treat, 373.

Reeve, Clara (1729-1807), 398.

Religion, Primitive, 1-2.

Reporting, 501.

_Republic, The_, 113.

_Return of the Private, The_, 427.

_Revelation, The_, 116.

_Revolt of Mother, The_, 429.

_Reynard the Fox_, 85.

Rhyme in nursery sagas, 66, 67, 68.

Ribeyro, Bernardino (fl. 1500), 275.

Richardson, Samuel (1689-1761), 398, 431.

_Rise of the Dutch Republic_, 613.

_Rip van Winkle_, 26.

_Robin and Makyne_, 86.

_Robinson Crusoe_, 151, 152, 256, 481.

_Roderick Random_, 301.

_Rollo Books, The_, 364.

Romance, 114, 130-131, 227.

_Romance of the Forest, The_, 398.

_Romaunt of the Rose, The_, 115.

Roosevelt, Theodore (b. 1858), 533.

_Rosalynd_, 275.

_Rosamond_, 364.

Rostand, Edmond (b. 1862), 86.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778), 363, 574.

_Rumpelstiltskin_, 66.

Sackville, Thomas (1536?-1608), 115.

Saga: defined, 22; compared with legend, 22-23; compared with nursery
tale, 65.

St. Augustine (354-430), 574.

Saints, legends of, 23-24.

_Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories_, 299.

_Sandford and Merton_, 364.

Sannazaro, Jacopo (1458-1530), 274-275.

Sardou, Victorien (b. 1831), 225.

_Saturday Evening Post_, 301.

_Satyricon_, 300.

Saxo Grammaticus (fl. 12th century), 628.

Schiller, Johann Friedrich (1759-1805), 613.

_Scholemaster, The_, 361-362.

School of Terror, 398-399.

Scientific discovery, tale of: 194-199; origin, 194; differentiated
from imaginary voyage, 195-196; essential elements, 196;
suggestions for writing, 197-199; humor in, 199.

Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832), 456, 457.

Scrap-books, 458-459.

Schreiner, Olive (b. 1862), 114.

Scudéri, Mme. de (1607-1701), 131.

_Secret History of the Court of Justinian_, 490.

Selden, John (1584-1654), 491.

_Shah Nameh_, 22.

Shakespeare, (1564-1616), 23, 275, 628.

_Shaving of Shagpat, The_, 129.

Shaw, G. B. (b. 1856), 67, 257.

_Ship of Fooles, The_, 115.

Short-story, the artistic: 395-398; elements analyzed, 396, 497;
compared with romance and novel, 395-396; kinds of, 397.

_Shot, The_, 456.

Sidney, Sir Philip (1554-1586), 275.

_Siege of Berlin, The_, 456.

Sismondi (1773-1842), 613.

Skeat, Walter William, 115n.

Smollett, Tobias (1721-1771), 398, 531.

_Snow Storm, The_, 227.

Society story: 273-277; defined, 274; compared with pastoral romance,
274-275; suggestions for writing, 276-277.

Socrates (469-399 B. C.), 84, 491.

Southey, Robert (1774-1843), 152, 592.

Spence, Joseph (1699-1768), 492.

Spenser, Edmund (1552-1599), 115.

_Spider's Eye, The_, 197.

_Squire's Tale, The_, 130.

Staël-Holstein, Mme. de (1776-1817), 572.

Stanley, Sir Henry M. (1841-1904), 256, 533.

Steele, Richard (1672-1729), 86, 347.

Stevenson, R. L. (1850-1894), 114, 129, 256, 397, 400, 482, 533.

Stockton, F. R. (1834-1902), 197, 301.

_Stories of the Supernatural_, 402.

Stow, John (1525-1605), 614-615.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1812-1896), 299, 346, 347.

_Substitute, The_, 456.

Supernatural elements, 67-68.

_Survey of London_, 615.

Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745), 151, 558.

Symonds, J. A. (1840-1893), 613.

Taal volcano, eruption of, 512, 513n.

_Table Talk_, 491.

Tacitus, Caius Cornelius (fl. about 75-120), 6.

_Tamburlane_, 558-559.

_Tartar Tales_, 129.

Tarnkappe, 46.

Taylor, Bayard (1825-1878), 533.

_Temple of Glass, The_, 115.

_Tennessee's Partner_, 428.

Terror, School of, 398-399.

Thackeray, W. M. (1811-1863), 314, 466, 458.

Theocritus (fl. 3rd century B. C.) 275.

_Thirty Years' War_, 613.

_Thistle and the Rose, The_, 115.

Thomson, James (1700-1748), 116.

Tiberius (45 B. C.-37 A. D.), 85.

Ticknor, George (1791-1871), 500n.

Tolstoy, Count Leo (1828-1910), 26, 68, 102, 119, 347, 373.

_Tom Tit Tot_, 66.

_Toxophilus_, 362.

_Transferred Ghost, The_, 226.

Traveler's sketch, 530-534; defined, 530.

_Travels of Marco Polo_, 532.

_Treasure Island_, 256.

Trevelyan, Sir George Otto (b. 1838), 592.

_Tristram Shandy_, 430.

Trollope, Anthony (1815-1882), 431.

_True History_, 151.

_True relation of the Apparition of Mrs. Veal_, 371.

True relations, 629; distinguished from chronicle, 629.

_Turkish Tales_, 129.

Twain, Mark [pseud. of Samuel L. Clemens]. _See_ Clemens.

_Two Years Before the Mast_, 533.

_"Uncle Remus" stories_, 86.

_Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 346.

_Uplondish Mous and the Berger Mous_, 86.

_Up the Coolly_, 427.

_Utopia_, 153.

_Van Bibber, and Others_, 274.

Van Dyke, Henry (b. 1852), 26, 114, 314, 626n.

_Venetian Glass, The_, 401.

_Vicar of Wakefield, The_, 430.

_Vida del Gran Tamurlan_, 558-559.

_Views Afoot_, 583.

Virgil (70-19 B. C.), 275.

_Vision of Er, The_, 4, 113-114.

_Vision of Mirza, The_, 115.

_Volsunga Saga, The_, 23.

Voltaire, F. Arouet de (1694-1778), 347.

_Voyage and Travaille_, 532.

_Voyage in Italy, A_, 558.

_Voyage of Peter Wilkins, The_, 152.

_Voyage of the Beagle, The_, 533.

_Voyages Imaginaires_, 150, 256.

Walpole, Horace (1717-1797), 398, 491.

_Walpoliana_, 491.

_Waltharilied_, 23.

Walton, Isaac (1593-1683), 362-363.

Wandering Jew, legend of the, 26.

Waverley Novels, 456.

Weird tale: 49, 398-402; origin, 398; material and method, 402; form,
402; suggestions for writing, 401-402.

Welles, Gideon (1802-1878), 560.

Wharton, Edith (b. 1862), 456.

_What is It? a Mystery_, 401.

_What Men Live By_, 26, 102.

Wiggin, Kate Douglas (b. 1857), 301, 314.

Wilde, Oscar (1856-1900), 114.

_William Wilson_, 400.

_Wind in the Rose Bush, The_, 401, 402.

_Without Benefit of Clergy_, 426.

Wilkins, M. E.; see Freeman.

_Wonder Book_, 3.

Wonder, tales of mere: 6, 25, 128, 129-132, 346, 398; defined, 129;
suggestions for writing, 129-131; contrasted with folk tales, 129.

Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), 481.

Wulfstan, 532.

Xenophon (435 B. C.), 491.

Yeats, William Butler (b. 1865), 46, 301.

_Youth's Companion_, 256.

_Ysopet_, 84.

Zeus, 2.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] According to Skeat.

[2] Friend, don't poke your nose into another's business which you don't understand.

[3] A Tagalog word meaning husk; but here it is used as an adjective husky, and signifies a political party.

[4] The Magic Reciprocals, or Harmonic Responses, were discovered by Gustavus Frankenstein, and are properly drawn in color. The following are extracts from letters received from Mr. Frankenstein, to whom the author is indebted for the drawing which appears at the beginning of this story: "Tomorrow morning I shall send them. They are most lovely. They are halos, if ever there was a halo. So wonderfully magical are they that I think thou wilt modify thy language, and perhaps say that Frankenstein produces halos almost, if not quite, to the very perfection. Why, they seem to dazzle and bewilder like the very sun itself. They do not actually emit light, but they look like the soul of light. More like beautiful thoughts are they, spirits of loveliness, than like anything tangible." ... "I was a long time working out the mathematical problem of the perfectly balanced and completely symmetrical circular harmonic responses; and then the drawings were executed with the greatest care as to perfect precision and accuracy." ... "The little round white spot in the center imparts an animating expression to the whole Response; and now, as I write, it occurs to me very forcibly that the whole Response looks something like--and very much like--the iris of the eye, and the little round spot in the center is the pupil. If the iris were all iris, having no pupil in the center, it would appear expressionless and not vividly suggestive of the soul of life. The spot in the center may be looked upon as the tangible existence or thing which is the source of the surrounding halo. Again: The true and complete Response--the mathematical assertion--has the animating spot in the center."

[5] I follow M. Gaston Paris's spelling of the word.

[6] This is a translation of a Tagalog prose version. The episode of the story appears in metrical form as a beggar's song among the Pampangos.

[7] "Vailima Letters," I., p. 147, quoted by Matthews.

[8] _Caballos_, horses; _Caballeros_, gentlemen.

[9] See Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature--Volume 1, page 204.

[10] In the interest of the unusual I can not refrain here from personal reference. As I sit writing this notice of Pliny and old Vesuvius, my house continues being shaken every few minutes by one of the most prolonged series of earthquakes known to science, according to the report of our famous observatory chief, the Jesuit, Father Jose Algue. Taal volcano, fifty miles from Manila, is now in violent eruption, January 29. The microseismographs by 9:15 last night had already recorded one hundred and seventy-two shocks in five minutes less than twenty-four hours, and the shaking still goes on, while a party of scientists from the government bureau is preparing to visit the spot. There should surely be material for a story in that trip.

[11] The reigning _Capitan_ (town President).

[12] Van Dyke's Introduction to Froissart's Chronicles (Colonial Press).

Transcriber's Note

Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired.

Corrections

p. xvii

The Expatriation of Jonathan Trantor
The Expatriation of Jonathan Taintor

p. 9

They overturn trees, destoy whole forests
They overturn trees, destroy whole forests

p. 49

From these lists pick our the being
From these lists pick out the being

p. 81

When she was a hundred yards from the shehperd's cottage,
When she was a hundred yards from the shepherd's cottage,

p. 90

9. Before Susan had done princking, church was over.
9. Before Susan had done prinking, church was over.

p. 101

we have such statements are these:
we have such statements as these:

p. 130

or at the murmuring of a secret phase.
or at the murmuring of a secret phrase.

p. 149

Juan asked him magical ring to give him
Juan asked his magical ring to give him

p. 177

for his wife kept on retching so constanty that
for his wife kept on retching so constantly that

p. 184