Chapter VII: Introduction (5)

Everywhere in _Los intereses creados_ we find =vos= instead of =usted= and, consequently, =vuestro= etc. instead of =su= or =de usted=. With =vos= the verb must of course be in the true second person plural (_e.g._ =llamáis=). See the note on =la antigua farsa=, page 39, note 2. See Bello-Cuervo, §§ 234, 235.

[44.3] =fue= is intentionally archaic and is used for emphasis. See page 8, note 1.

[44.4] =llamáis.= See note 2 (just above).

[44.5] =se.= The reflexive makes =estar= connote stopping or delaying or standing.

[45.1] =que.= This =que= is elliptical. A natural English rendering is made possible if we use 'or.'

[45.2] =a lo que.= See page 10, note 3.

[46.1] =soy con vosotros= 'I'll attend to you presently.' A special locution; for, in general, we should expect =estoy=; but for this meaning =soy= is the correct living form. This phrase has usually a future sense. Here, the exact time expressed by =soy= may be present and may be future. This idiom must not be confused with =estar con= denoting locality.

[46.2] =¡Buena la hicisteis!= (Ironically) 'That's a fine thing you've done!' For the feminine, see page 32, note 3.

[46.3] =Ordenanzas.= Ordinances or police regulations that required (and still require) Spanish innkeepers to report to the authorities within twenty-four hours of the arrival of a guest, his name, the place from which he comes, his business, and other details. A satisfactory statement of the law is to be found in the _Novísima recopilación, Lib. III, Tit. XIX, Ley XXVII, 4_. The _Novísima recopilación_ is published in fairly convenient form in Alcubilla's _Códigos antiguos de España_ (page 1011). Of course the date assigned to the action of _Los intereses creados_ is anterior to 1805, the year of the formulation of the code just mentioned; but the legal requirement was approximately the same in the earlier time.

[46.4] =¡Veníos!= The reflexive with intransitive verbs of motion is borrowed from a similar construction with transitive verbs (_e.g._ =moverse=, =arrojarse=, etc.) and does not appreciably change the meaning of the verb; it is probably to be regarded as a mere sign of spontaneity. See Bello-Cuervo, note 102.

[47.1] =Aretino.= Pietro Aretino (1492-1566), the most notorious literary blackmailer of the Italian Renaissance; also an author of ability. He was born in Arezzo (whence Aretino), but is more closely associated with Venice.

[48.1] =¡Pobres de ellos...!= "When adjectives are used as interjections before personal pronouns =de= is interposed." Ramsey, § 1431. Translate 'Woe to them...!' Cf. page 15, note 2.

[48.2] =por melancólico.= Supply =ser= and translate 'because it is sad.'

[48.3] =¿Sois vosotros?= In English the verb is in the third person singular: 'Is it you?'

[49.1] =hagan merced.= An archaism corresponding to the modern =hagan (ustedes) el favor=.

[49.2] =tengo dedicado.= =Tener= and =llevar= are sometimes used instead of =haber= with the past participle, after the manner of auxiliaries; but they are not true auxiliaries, because the participle is treated as an adjective and therefore agrees with the object in gender and number. =Tener= really denotes possession and is more emphatic than =haber=.

[49.3] =he menester.= This expression, with =haber= as principal verb, is not unknown even in modern prose. In general, however, the use of =haber= as an independent verb is archaic.

[50.1] =¡No miraré nada!= 'I shall not stop at anything!' Cf. page 22, note 2.

[50.2] =ha= (=más de un mes=). In this sense =hace= is much more common than =ha= in modern Spanish.

[50.3] =un.= Very commonly used for =una= before a feminine word beginning with stressed =a= or =ha=; for this apocopation see Bello-Cuervo, § 156.

[51.1] =mírese.= Cf. page 22, note 2; the reflexive adds nothing that can be rendered into English; it is scarcely more than an ethical dative.

[51.2] =¿Cómo conocidos?= 'How known?' 'What do you mean by known?' An elliptical expression, not impossible in colloquial English.

[51.3] =Olvidados los tengo.= Note agreement of =olvidados= with =los= and see page 49, note 2.

[52.1] =vos.= The conventional form of address; see page 44, note 2.

[52.2] =¿Cómo si sabemos?= 'What do you mean by asking if we know?' See page 51, note 2.

[52.3] =vosotros... vos.= An illustration of the distinction between the two pronouns; =vosotros=, the real plural, refers to the company attacking, while =vos=, the artificial plural, refers to the captain; for the singular form =espada=, see page 4, note 3.

[52.4] =hará que se os trate= 'he will have you treated.' =Hacer= followed by =que= and the subjunctive, meaning literally 'make that,' 'bring it about that,' is translated like =hacer= with the infinitive; =que= is suppressed.

[53.1] =No he librado de mala= 'I've had a narrow escape.' =Librarse de buena= means 'escape from danger.' The omission of the reflexive makes the expression briefer and more forceful. For the feminine =mala= (originally followed, perhaps, by =ventura=), see page 32, note 3.

[53.2] =Agradeceros.= Supply some verb such as =puedo= before the infinitive; the construction is permissible in English in certain cases; it makes it appear that the infinitive replaces the indicative. The statement thereby seems less personal.

[55.1] =hay para.= See vocabulary under =haber= (=hay=).

[55.2] =¡Que una dama se vea!= 'To think that a lady should see herself!' Another elliptical sentence dependent upon some such expression as =es posible=.

[56.1] =hasta emplearlo yo= 'until I employed him.' Note that =emplear= is governed by =hasta= and that =yo= is its subject.

[56.2] =Triste de.= See page 48, note 1.

[56.3] =ser llegado.= A relic of the auxiliary =ser= with intransitive verbs of motion. This construction is common in Old Spanish, rare in Cervantes, and almost non-existent now. A few survivals occur even in prose, and of such survivals =es llegado= is perhaps the most common. See Bello-Cuervo, § 1119.

[56.4] =no sería= 'could not have been.' Conditional of probability in the past.

[56.5] =la doña Sirena de mis veinte= 'the doña Sirena that I was at the age of twenty.' =Años= must be supplied, as is clear from the succeeding speeches. Colombina pretends to suppose that some other word (_e.g._ =amantes=) might be intended.

[57.1] =creyera.= Imperfect subjunctive, substituted occasionally for the pluperfect when negation is strong.

[59.1] =Con ser tal.= Equivalent to 'although' and a dependent clause. With the infinitive =con= denotes means, cause, condition, or concession. In translating we use sometimes the present participle, and sometimes a dependent clause.

[59.2] =no anduviera= 'would not be.' When substituted for =ser=, =andar= usually implies continuance or permanence, and strengthens the statement.

[59.3] =a no fiar tanto= 'if he did not rely so much.' =A= + infinitive is commonly equivalent to a conditional clause.

[60.1] =Ya me iréis conociendo= 'you will learn to know me gradually.' See page 7, note 2.

[61.1] =con ser= 'being.' See page 59, note 1.

[61.2] =¡Si así fuera siempre!= 'If it were only always thus!'--a wish that cannot be realized.

[62.1] =referidos= 'if told,' 'if they were told.' See page 3, note 6.

[64.1] =se entró.= For the reflexive see page 46, note 4.

[65.1] =anduvimos.= See page 59, note 2.

[66.1] =Ya se me tarda en verle.= This idiom has a very archaic flavor. See vocabulary, under =tardar=.

[66.2] =vendríais.= An unusual construction; the subjunctive is the normal form after =temer=. It would appear that in this instance the verb has lost its emotional character, and has become almost equal to a verb of believing. The Dictionary of the Spanish Academy admits =sospechar= ('suspect') as a secondary meaning of =temer=.

[66.3] =cómo vengo de sofocada= 'how out of breath I come.' The use of =cómo= causes the insertion of =de=.

[66.4] =con que.= See page 3, note 1.

[68.1] =habéis.= This is a real plural, referring to Silvia and Leandro. =Que= may be taken as a conjunction meaning 'so that' or 'for.' If we consider =que= a relative pronoun, there is no proper antecedent for it; such a construction, however, would not be impossible in conversation.

[68.2] =jorobas.= Punch is usually represented as a hunchback.

[68.3] =por esos mares= (freely translated) 'on the high seas.' =Ese= at times assumes a peculiar meaning that defies literal translation. It refers in a vague way to something on a large scale familiar to everybody, but particularly familiar to the person addressed. Note the expression =por esas calles de Dios= and the name of the periodical =Por esos mundos=.

[69.1] =haciéndole que mire= 'making him look.' See page 52, note 4.

[70.1] =llevo remado.= Note the use of =llevar= as an auxiliary. See page 49, note 2.

[71.1] =lo que me hago.= Ethical dative. See page 15, note 1.

[72.1] =no me importó menos perderme= 'I cared less about being lost,' 'I didn't even mind being lost.' The preceding clause is in itself negative; =menos= makes the succeeding negative even stronger. Cf. the English 'I don't know and care less.'

[72.2] =algo que fuera.= Subjunctive in a relative clause with an indefinite antecedent.

[74.1] =que= 'until.' A conversational use of =que= for the full =a que= (_i.e._ =hasta que=).

[75.1] =sigo.= This verb frequently means 'follow,' but when used with the present participle, it should be translated 'continue' or 'go on.' In this use it emphasizes, even more strongly than ir, continuity of action.

[76.1] =decirme.= See page 53, note 2.

[79.1] =como.= Note the use of =como= with the subjunctive in a conditional sense; see vocabulary.

[80.1] =hayas.= Archaically and poetically used for =tengas=. See page 49, note 3.

[80.2] =Decidme lo que sea.= 'Tell me what has become.' The subjunctive is due to the indefiniteness of the relative clause (cf. English 'what may have become'), because Colombina is uncertain as to Leandro's fate. When followed by =de= the verb =ser= often takes the meaning 'become of.'

[83.1] =todo lo enamorado y lo fiel y lo noble que tú quieras y ella pueda desear= 'just as much in love and just as faithful and noble as you like and she can desire.' =Lo= is used idiomatically before an adjective followed by a clause with =que=; the adjective agrees with a following noun or pronoun. The usual translation ('how') is impossible here. =Todo= intensifies =lo=. For examples see Ramsey, § 1358.

[84.1] =me acusó más de torpe.= If, after =de=, we supply =ser=, the sentence becomes clear.

[85.1] =¿Piensas... son para olvidarlas?= 'Do you think that the deeds of Mantua and Florence are (of a nature) to be forgotten?' Note that Spanish has the active infinitive (literally 'to forget them') where the passive is used in English. =Las= is superfluous in translation.

[85.2] =Bolonia.= The Italian city of Bologna, especially famous as a center of legal studies.

[85.3] =considerandos... resultandos.= Typical terms in legal documents (cf. the Doctor's speech, page 104, lines 1-7). Crispín, making fun of lawyers' language, uses the words as substantives and in the plural.

[89.1] =haceos del doliente.= An archaism; the modern idiom is =hacerse el doliente=.

[89.2] =sabré.= Supply =hacer=.

[93.1] =summum jus, summa injuria.= A Latin saying found in Cicero, _De Officiis_, 1, 10, 33, where it is quoted as proverbial. It means literally "extreme law (justice) is extreme injustice," and refers to cases where law is rigorously applied without regard to equity or to circumstances. As Cicero puts it (in _De Officiis_, just before the proverb quoted): "Injuries often exist through a certain chicanery and an over-adroit but malicious interpretation of the law." A similar phrase is found in Terence, _Heauton Timoroumenos_, vs. 796: =jus summum saepe summa est malitia=.

[93.2] =Barbara, Celare, Dario, Ferioque, Baralipton.= Terms invented by medieval scholastic logicians to help in remembering the various forms (technically, moods) of syllogisms. The words in themselves are meaningless. Their vowels represent different types of logical propositions. This jargon (possibly familiar to a few university graduates) is put in the Doctor's mouth for humorous effect; he is depicted as fond of displaying learning. A similar legal speech occurs in _le Bourgeois gentilhomme_ by Molière, Act 2, Scene 6.

[94.1] =¡Ésta es buena!= 'That's a good one!' As to this feminine see page 32, note 3.

[94.2] =las doce tablas.= The twelve tables constituting the first written compilation of Roman Law, said by Livy and others to have been prepared in two sections (first ten tables, then two) in the fifth century B. C. (452 and later) by a decemvirate of which the principal member was Appius Claudius.

[94.3] =Justiniano.= Justinian (483-565) the best known of the rulers of the Eastern Roman Empire; he ordered the compilation of the great code _corpus juris civilis_ ('body of the civil law').

=Triboniano.= Tribonian, a famous jurist, minister under Justinian and one of the leading compilers of the _corpus juris civilis_.

=Emiliano y Triberiano.= These names are used humorously. Benavente may have invented them, or he may have meant them as mistaken references of the Doctor to eminent jurists. Thus Emiliano might be Aemilius Papinianus, a Roman jurist who lived about 200 A.D., while Triberiano might relate to the _senatusconsultum Trebellianum_, ascribed to Trebellius Maximus, a consul in Rome under Nero.

[97.1] =Quedaron suspensos...= This speech, which may or may not be taken as incomplete, seems to refer to the accusers of Crispín and Leandro, and to mean 'They are taken aback.' It might also refer to the suspension of court proceedings. For the preterit, see page 8, note 1.

[98.1] =Ved.= A slight change has to be made in the translation, as is sometimes the case when =ver= is semi-exclamatory; translate 'look out' or 'be careful about'; cf. the English 'see to.'

[98.2] =hayáis.= See page 80, note 1.

[100.1] =talión.= A word existing also in English; it comes from the Latin _talio_ and means 'retaliation,' or more precisely a penalty that consists in making a guilty man suffer the same injury that he caused.

[100.2] =Equitas justicia magna est.= The Latin form of the Spanish sentence immediately preceding.

[100.3] =las Pandectas= 'the Pandects.' The name given to the compendium or digest, the most important part of the _corpus juris civilis_, compiled by Justinian's orders.

[100.4] =Triboniano con Emiliano Triboniano.= The Doctor does not seem particularly clear in his references. He is, however, true to his dictatorial and showy character; see page 94, note 3.

[104.1] =¿De ley?=--=Oro de le=y is gold approved by law and therefore standard; cf. 'legal tender.' Crispín makes a joke by assuming knowledge of such a thing in a man versed in the law.

_Attention is called to the following remarks_

1. The vocabulary is meant to give English equivalents of words and locutions as found in this book, and its scope is therefore limited. Only meanings actually encountered in the text are given except when the definition illustrates a rare or perplexing usage from which the student might be led to infer a general usage.

2. The aim has been to combine clearness and consistency, but when a choice between them has been necessary clearness has been preferred. Thus, if two or more parts of speech are represented by the same word, they are sometimes noted separately, and sometimes put under one heading.

3. When a word found in the text is used both as an adjective and as a substantive the meanings are placed under one heading (the adjective) if the English translation can be made by adding such a word as 'man' or 'person' to the adjective. Otherwise separate headings are allotted. If the word occurs only in the substantive sense, though ordinarily employed in Spanish as a well-known adjective, both meanings are stated.

4. Where abstract nouns are used in the plural an effort has been made to indicate possible translations both in the singular and in the plural if the literal translation does not admit a plural in English.

5. If the same word is used as an adjective and as an adverb separate entries are generally made. But in the case of such words as =más=, =mucho=, =poco=, =tanto= and =todo= the meanings are grouped under one heading, because the distinction between the parts of speech in idiomatic phrases is at best a shadowy one, and because the list of idioms is lengthy.

6. Proper nouns are translated only when the same or similar names exist in English.

7. The language to which a foreign word belongs is indicated by an abbreviation unless a reference to the notes follows.

8. References to the notes are limited to certain stage directions and to cases where for special reasons the meaning is not given in the vocabulary.

9. Reflexive verbs are treated variously. If a verb occurs both in its simple and in its reflexive form the translation of the simple form alone is given if the reflexive can be rendered by the English reflexive or by the passive. Otherwise both forms are translated. If a verb occurs only in the reflexive the simple form is not indicated unless it is essential to comprehension of the real meaning or to the avoidance of misunderstanding.

10. Idioms and phrases of various kinds are grouped in alphabetical order varied only in a few cases where one expression seems to belong naturally near another. Under verbs, forms containing the simple infinitive are given first; then come forms with the infinitive and reflexive, and last those where the verb is conjugated.

11. Wherever the word 'to' is merely 'a sign of the infinitive,' it is omitted.

VOCABULARY

A

=a= to, at, after, by, on, upon, according to, in, for, with, from;
_not translated before personal direct object_;
=-- no fiar tanto= if he did not rely so much;
=al= + _inf._ = in, on, upon, while, _etc._ + _pres. part.
or a dependent clause with finite verb_;
=al pasar= in passing, when you pass;
_for meanings of numerous phrases and expressions containing_
=a=, _see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary_

=abatido, -a= dejected, downcast

=abatimiento= _m._ dejection

=abdicación= _f._ renunciation

=abierto, -a= (_from_ =abrir=) open;
=--a= opening into;
=-- de par en par= wide open

=ablandarse= be softened, relent

=abrazado, -a= embracing;
_see_ =abrazar=

=abrazar= embrace;
_see_ =abrazado=

=abrir= open

=abstenerse de= refrain from

=abstuviera= _see_ =abstener=

=abuelo= _m._ grandfather

=abusar= abuse;
=-- de= abuse, presume upon

=acabar= end, finish;
=-- por= end by;
=acabo de= + _inf._ I have just...

=Academia= _f._ Academy

=acampar= take quarters, take lodgings

=acariciar= caress

=acaso= perhaps;
=si --= well, perhaps

=acción= _f._ action

=acepción= _f._ acceptation, opinion, belief

=aceptable= acceptable

=aceptar= accept

=acerca de= about, concerning

=acercarse= approach

=acertado, -a= right, correct, proper;
=andar --= be right;
_see_ =acertar=

=acertar= hit the mark, succeed;
_see_ =acertado=

=aciago, -a= melancholy, sad

=aclarar= make clear

=acobardarse= become frightened, flinch

=acoger= receive;
=--se a= resort to

=acomodarse a= adapt oneself to, put up with

=acompañamiento= _m._ retinue

=acompañar= accompany, go with

=aconsejar= advise

=acordarse= (=de=) remember

=acostaos= (=acostad + os=)

=acostarse= lie down, go to bed

=acostumbrar= be accustomed;
=--se= accustom oneself, become accustomed

=acreditar= accredit, prove

=actitud= _f._ attitude

=acto= _m._ act

=actor= _m._ actor

=actuación= _f._ operation, proceeding

=actual= actual, present

=actualmente= actually, at present

=acudir= come;
=-- a= come to, repair to, attend, have recourse to, resort to

=acuerdo= _m._ agreement;
=de -- con= in agreement _or_ accordance with;
=estar de --= be agreed, agree;
=ponerse de --= come to an agreement

=acusar= (=de=) accuse (of);
=-- de= + _adj._ accuse (_someone_) of being

=adaptar= adapt

=adecuado, -a= suited

=adelantado, -a= advanced;
=por --= in advance

=adelante= ahead, forward, onward;
=¡--!= come in!;
=más --= further on, later;
=salir --= get out, emerge, escape;
=seguir --= go ahead, advance

=ademán= _m._ gesture, manner

=además= besides

=adeudado, -a= indebted, owed;
=todo lo --= all that is due

=adiestrar= train

=admirable= admirable

=admirablemente= admirably

=admiración= _f._ admiration;
=admiraciones= admiration, admiring remarks

=admirar= admire, wonder at

=admitir= admit, allow

=Adonis= _m._ Adonis (_according to classical mythology,
a beautiful youth; used as a type of masculine beauty_)

=adoptar= adopt

=adoptivo, -a= adoptive, adopted

=adorable= adorable

=adorar= adore, worship

=adquieren= _see_ =adquirir=

=adquirir= acquire, gain, secure

=aduana= _f._ customhouse

=advertencia= _f._ notice, warning

=advertir= notify, give notice, warn

=advierta= _see_ =advertir=

=adviert-o, -e= _see_ =advertir=

=afán= _m._ anxiety, eagerness;
=tener tanto --= be so eager

=afectísimo, -a= most affectionate, very affectionate, most sincere

=afecto= _m._ affection, feeling

=aficionarse de= become fond of

=afirmar= affirm, declare;
=--se= hold fast, take a firm hold

=afortunadamente= fortunately

=afrentoso, -a= ignominious

=agasajar= entertain

=agasajo= _m._ entertainment

=agradecer= be grateful _or_ thankful for, thank, thank for

=agradezcan= _see_ =agradecer=

=agrado= _m._ agreeableness, pleasure

=agravio= _m._ offense, insult, wrong

=agrisado, -a= grayish

=agua= _f._ water;
=tomar las --s= take the waters

=aguantar= endure, stand, put up with

=aguardar= await, wait for

=agudeza= _f._ sharpness, wittiness

=aguileño, -a= aquiline

=¡ah!= ah! oh!
=¡-- de la hostería!=
=¡-- de la gente!= _etc._ hallo there, hotel! hallo there, people! _etc._

=ahí= there, here;
=de --= from there, from that situation

=ahora= now, presently;
=de --= of the present (_moment_);
=hasta --= till now; we'll see you again presently;
=-- mismo= this very minute

=ahorrar= save, spare

=airado, -a= angry, furious;
=mano airada= assault and battery

=aire= _m._ air, demeanor;
=darse --s= put on airs

=ajustar= adjust, regulate

=ala= _f._ wing

=alabanza= _f._ praise, eulogy;
=propia --= self-praise

=alargar= lengthen, extend;
=--se= be prolonged;
=--se en palabras= say _or_ talk too much

=alargues= _see_ =alargar=

=alarmar= alarm

=albergar= lodge, shelter

=alboroto= _m._ disturbance, excitement, tumult

=alcance= _m._ reach;
=al -- de= in _or_ within reach of

=aldabón= _m._ large knocker, knocker (_of a door_)

=aldeano, -a= belonging to a village, rustic

=alegrarse= rejoice, be glad;
=¡cuánto me alegro!= how glad I am!

=alegre= gay, happy, joyous

=alegría= _f._ joy, gayety

=algo= something, anything; somewhat;
=-- de= some, a certain amount of;
=en --= to some extent;
=cobrarle a uno en --= collect something from somebody;
=para --= for some purpose;
=por --= for some reason

=alguacil= _m._ constable

=alguacilillo= _m._ (_dim. of_ =alguacil=) little constable, petty constable

=alguien= somebody, someone

=algún, alguno, -a= some, any;
=alguna vez= occasionally, now and then;
=algunas veces= sometimes;
=--= _pron._ some, someone

=aliado= _m._ ally

=alimentar= feed, nourish, support

=aliviar= relieve

=alma= _f._ soul, heart

=almuerzo= _m._ breakfast, lunch (_first substantial meal of the day_)

=alondra= _f._ lark

=alrededor= around, about;
=a vuestro --= around you

=alterado, -a= disturbed, wrought up; _see_ =alterar=

=alterar= alter, change;
=--se= be stirred up, be disturbed; _see_ =alterado=

=altísimo, -a= most lofty, very lofty

=altivo, -a= lofty, noble

=alto, -a= high, tall, eminent, upper;
=en --= on high

=¡alto!= halt!

=altura= _f._ height

=alumno= _m._ pupil, student

=allegado= _m._ friend, ally

=allegado, -a= related;
=muy --= closely related

=allí= there

=amable= amiable, sweet, kind

=amanecer= dawn;
=al --= at dawn

=amante= _m._ lover

=amante= loving

=amantísimo, -a= most loving, most affectionate

=amar= love

=amargura= _f._ bitterness

=ambición= _f._ ambition

=ambicioso, -a= ambitious

=amenazar= threaten;
=-- con= + _inf._ threaten to

=ameno, -a= pleasing, delightful

=amenudo= often

=amiga= _f._ friend

=amigo= _m._ friend

=amigote= _m._ (_aug._ of =amigo=) dear friend, fine friend (_ironical_)

=amistad= _f._ friendship;
=músicos y poetas de mi --= musicians and poets of my acquaintance

=amistosamente= in a friendly manner

=amo= _m._ master

=amoldarse a= shape oneself to, conform to

=amor= love;
=--es= love affairs, love;
=-- propio= self-love, self-esteem

=amoroso, -a= loving, affectionate, gentle

=ampararse de= shelter oneself in, take refuge in

=amparo= _m._ protection

=amplio, -a= ample, broad

=ancho, -a= broad

=andanza= _f._ event;
=tristes --s= bad fortune

=andar= go, walk, move; be;
=-- acertado= be right;
=-- discreto= be considerate;
=no -- con rodeos= be too out-spoken, take too many liberties

=andrajo= _m._ rag, tatter

=anduviera= _see_ =andar=

=anduvimos= _see_ =andar=

=angustia= _f._ anguish, affliction

=angustioso, -a= tormenting, distressing

=animal= _m._ animal

=animarse= become animated or enlivened

=animus= (_Lat._) spirit;
=-- belli= war-like spirit

=aniñar= make childish

=anoche= last night

=ante= before;
=-- todo= before all, above all

=antecámara= _f._ anteroom

=antes= _adv._ first, before, formerly, rather;
=-- que= rather than;
=-- que todo= first of all, above all;
=-- de= _prep._ before;
=-- (de) que= _conj._ before

=anticipar= anticipate;
=--se a= anticipate, forestall

=Anticristo= _m._ Antichrist

=antiguo, -a= ancient, old,
former; =de --= of old

=antipático, -a= disagreeable, unpleasant, repellent

=antitético, -a= antithetical, opposed

=antítesis= _f._ antithesis, contrast

=antojarse= take it into one's head, take a notion to;
=a nuestros padres se les antoja= our fathers take it into their heads

=antología= _f._ anthology

=antorcha= _f._ torch

=anuncio= _m._ announcement, advertisement

=año= _m._ year;
=a los catorce --s= at the age of fourteen years

=apagar= extinguish, allow to die away

=aparecer= appear

=aparición= _f._ appearance

=aparte= aside;
=-- de= aside from

=apasionarse= become impassioned _or_ excited;
=-- por= become impassioned at, be enthusiastic about

=apedrear= stone, throw stones at

=apenas= _adv._ hardly, scarcely;
_conj._ scarcely, as soon as

=aplazamiento= _m._ postponement

=apocado, -a= low-spirited, discouraged

=Apocalipsis= _m._ Apocalypse

=apogeo= _m._ (greatest) height

=aposento= _m._ room, apartment

=apreciar= appreciate, esteem, value

=apremiar= press

=aprender= learn

=apresurarse= hurry, make haste, hasten

=aprovechar= profit by;
=--se de= take advantage of, profit by

=aptitud= _f._ aptitude, quality

=apto, -a= apt, fit, suited

=apuesto, -a= elegant, spruce

=apurar= exhaust

=apuro= _m._ want, trouble, affliction

=aquel, -la= that, former

=aqu-él=, =-élla=, =-ello= that one, the one, the former, that

=aquí= here;
=por --= over here, this way;
=he --= behold, here is

=aquilatar= examine, weigh

=arboleda= _f._ grove

=arcaico, -a= archaic

=Aretino= _m._ _see page 47, note 1_

=Arlequín= _m._ Harlequin _see page 119_

=arma= _f._ arm, weapon;
=dar --s a= give arms to, give a handle to, play into the hands of

=armado, -a= armed;
=a mano armada= with arms, with violence

=aroma= _m._ perfume

=arrastrar= drag;
=--se= crawl

=arreglar= arrange

=arreglo= _m._ arrangement

=arriba= above, upstairs;
=hacia --= upward;
=los de --= those above;
=para --= and upward

=arriesgar= risk, venture

=arrojar= throw

=arruinar= ruin

=arte= _m._ (_pl. f._) art, artistry, skill;
=comedia del Arte= _see page 118_

=artificio= _m._ workmanship, craft, artifice, pretense;
=fuegos de --= fireworks

=asado= _m._ roast

=asaltar= assault;
=-- a mano armada= assault with arms, commit assault and battery upon

=asegurar= assure, assert, affirm;
=--se= make sure;
=--se de= assure oneself of, make sure of

=asesinar= murder, commit murder

=asesino= _m._ assassin, murderer

=así= _adv._ so, thus, of such a nature;
_conj._ even if;
=un vestido --= such a dress;
=-- como= just like

=asiento= _m._ seat, bench, stop;
=hacer --= make a stop _or_ halt

=asistir a= attend, be present at, witness

=aspiración= _f._ aspiration, ambition

=aspirar= aspire

=astucia= _f._ cunning

=asunto= _m._ matter, subject, affair, thing;
=-- concluido= the matter is settled

=asustar= frighten, startle

=atajar= intercept, stop

=atavío= _m._ adornment, finery

=atención= _f._ attention;
=llamar la --= attract attention;
=llamar más la --= attract greater attention

=atender a= attend to, serve, heed

=atenerse a= abide by, stick to, depend upon

=atento, -a= attentive, courteous, polite

=atractivo= _m._ attraction, charm

=atraer= attract

=atrapar= catch

=atreverse= dare, venture;
=-- a mucho= dare (_to do_) a great deal;
=-- a tanto= dare (_to do_) so much, venture upon so much;
=-- contra= dare to oppose;
_see_ =atrevido=

=atrevido, -a= bold, daring;
_see_ =atreverse=

=atrevimiento= _m._ boldness, daring, audacity

=atributo= _m._ attribute

=atropellar= trample upon, do violence to

=atropello= _m._ abuse, violence;
_see_ =atropellar=

=audaz= bold

=audiencia= _f._ audience, hearing

=auditorio= _m._ audience

=aumentar= increase, grow

=aumento= _m._ increase

=aun= _or_ =aún= yet, still, even, still more

=aunque= although, even if

=aurora= _f._ dawn

=ausencia= _f._ absence

=ausentarse= absent oneself, go away

=automóvil= _m._ automobile

=autor= _m._ author

=autoridad= _f._ authority

=auxilio _m._ help, aid=

=avance= _see_ =avanzar=

=avanzar= advance, proceed, go ahead

=avariento, -a= miserly;
=¡viejo --!= old miser!

=avaro, -a= avaricious, niggardly;
=un viejo --= an old miser

=avenencia= _f._ agreement, compromise

=aventajar= surpass

=aventura= _f._ adventure

=aventurero= _m._ adventurer

=avergonzarse de= be ashamed of, blush for

=averiguar= investigate, find out

=avestruz= _m._ ostrich

=avisar= inform, notify

=aviso= _m._ notice, warning

=avispar= rouse, spur;
=se va avispando= he is becoming lively _or_ clever

=¡ay!= oh! alas!

=aya= _f._ governess

=ayer= yesterday;
=-- por la tarde= yesterday afternoon

=azaroso, -a= hazardous, dangerous

=azul= blue

B

=bagaje= _m._ baggage

=¡bah!= bah! pshaw!

=bailar= dance

=bailarín= _m._ dancer

=baile= _m._ dance, ball

=bajar= go down, come down, descend;
lower;
go toward the front of the stage

=bajeza= _f._ meanness, vileness

=bajito, -a= (_dim. of_ =bajo=) short

=bajo, -a= low, despicable, vile

=bajo= _adv._ meanly, humbly;
_prep._ under

=balbuceo= _m._ stammering, stuttering;
=fingir --s= pretend to stammer (_as if speaking like a child_)

=balcón= _m._ balcony

=balumba= _f._ heap, pile, bulk

=banda= _f._ sash, scarf

=bandido= _m._ bandit

=bandolero= _m._ highwayman

=Baralipton= _see page 93, note 2_

=barato, -a= cheap

=barba= _f._ beard

=Barbara= _see page 93, note 2_

=bárbaro, -a= barbarous, barbaric

=barbilindo= _m._ well-shaved, well-groomed _or_ effeminate man, milksop

=base= _f._ basis, foundation

=bastante= enough, sufficiently, very, much;
=lo --= enough, sufficiently

=bastar= suffice, be enough;
=--le a uno con= be satisfied to;
=me basta con= I'm satisfied to;
=¡basta!= enough!
=¡basta de!= enough of!
=--se= be sufficient unto oneself

=batalla= _f._ battle;
=dar la --= start the battle _or_ struggle, cast the die

=beber= drink

=bellaco= _m._ rogue, swindler

=bellacón= _m._ (_aug. of_ =bellaco=) big rogue, scoundrel

=belleza= _f._ beauty

=belli= (Lat.) of war;
=animus --= war-like spirit

=bello, -a= beautiful

=bergante= _m._ ruffian

=besar= kiss

=Biblia= _f._ Bible

=bien= _m._ good, welfare;
=--es= property, wealth

=Bien= _adv._ well;
=-- os está por= you're in a fine fix for;
=más --= rather

=blanca= _f._ mite (_name of old copper coin_);
=estar sin --= be penniless;
=sin soltar --= without spending _or_ paying a cent

=blanco, -a= white;
=poner lo -- negro= make white seem black

=blasfemia= _f._ blasphemy

=bobo= _m._ fool

=boceto= _m._ sketch

=boda= _f._ wedding, marriage;
=--s= nuptials, wedding, marriage

=Bolonia= _f._ Bologna

=bombarda= _f._ bombard (_an ancient piece of artillery_)

=bondad= _f._ goodness, kindness

=bondadoso, -a= kind, generous

=bonito, -a= pretty, attractive, fine

=borrar= strike out, blot out, erase;
=lo borrado= what is blotted out

=borrón= _m._ blot

=botarate= _m._ madcap, booby

=botella= _f._ bottle

=bravo, -a= brave, severe, rude, forceful;
=acogerse a lo --= resort to force _or_ violence

=brazo= _m._ arm

=breve= brief, short

=bribón= _m._ rogue, rascal

=brillante= brilliant

=broma= _f._ joke;
=echarlo a --= make a joke of it

=buen(o), -a= good, kind;
=de buenas a primeras= suddenly;
=¡buena la hicisteis!= that's a fine thing you've done!
=¡ésta es buena!= that's a good one!

=¡bum! ¡bum! ¡bum!= boom! boom! boom! (_imitation of sound of artillery_)

=burla= _f._ scoffing, mockery, jest, joke, fun;
=de --= in jest, in fun;
=estar para --s= be in a mood for jokes

=burlar= outwit, evade;
=--se= make fun;
=--se de= make fun of

=burlón, -ona= mocking, mischievous

=busca= _f._ search, pursuit;
=en -- de= in search of;
=en -- nuestra= in search of us

=buscar= look for, seek;
=ir a --= go to seek, go for

=busquemos= _see_ =buscar=