Chapter I: Preface

The history of Frey Tómas de Torquemada is the history of the establishment of the Modern Inquisition. It is not so much the history of a man as of an abstract genius presiding over a gigantic and cruel engine of its own perfecting. Of this engine we may examine for ourselves to-day the details of the complex machinery. Through the records that survive we may observe its cold, smooth action, and trace in this the awful intelligence of its architect. But of that architect himself we are permitted to catch no more than an occasional and fleeting glimpse. It is only in the rarest and briefest moments that he stands clearly before us, revealed as a man of flesh and blood.

We see him, now fervidly urging a reluctant queen to do her duty by her God and unsheathe the sword of persecution, now harshly threatening his sovereigns with the wrath of Heaven when they are in danger of relenting in the wielding of that same sword. But in the main he must be studied, not in his actions, but in his enactments--the emanations of his relentless spirit. In these he is to be seen devoutly compassing evil in the perfervid quest of good.

Untouched by worldly ambitions, he seems at once superhuman and less than human. Dauntless amid execrations, unmoved by plaudits, sublimely disdainful of temporal weal, in nothing is he so admirable as in the unfaltering self-abnegation with which he devotes himself to the service of his God, in nothing so terrible and tragically deplorable as in the actual service which he renders.

“His history,” says Prescott, “may be thought to prove that of all human infirmities there is none productive of more extensive mischief to society than fanaticism.”

To this day--four centuries after his passing--Spain still bears the imprint of his pitiless work, and none may deny the truth of Rosseuw St. Hilaire’s indictment that, after Philip II, Torquemada was the man who did most harm to the land that gave him birth.

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The materials for this history have been gathered from the sources cited in the appended bibliography, to all of which the author acknowledges his profound indebtedness. In particular, however, are his thanks due--as must be the thanks of all men who engage in studies of the Spanish Inquisition--to the voluminous, succinct, and enormously comprehensive works of Juan Antonio Llorente, a historian of unimpugned honesty and authority, who wrote under circumstances peculiarly advantageous and with qualifications peculiarly full.

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Juan Antonio Llorente was born at Logroño in 1756, and he was ordained priest in 1779, after a university course of Roman and Canon law which enabled him to obtain a place among the lawyers of the Supreme Council of Castile--_i.e._ the Council of the Inquisition. Having graduated as a Doctor of Canon Law, he discharged the duties of Vicar-General to the Bishop of Calahorra, and later on became the Commissary of the Holy Office in Logroño--for which it was necessary that he should prove that he was of “clean blood,” undefiled by the taint of Jew or Moor or heretic.

In 1789 he was appointed Secretary-General to the Holy Office, an appointment which took him to Madrid, where he was well received by the King, who gave him a canonry of Calahorra.

A profound student of sociological questions, with leanings towards rationalism, he provoked a certain degree of mistrust, and when the Liberal party fell from power and dragged with it many of those who had held offices of consequence, the young priest found himself not only deposed, but forced to meet certain minor charges, which resulted in his being sent into retreat in a convent for a month as a penance.

Thereafter he concerned himself with educational matters until the coming of Bonaparte’s eagles into Spain. When that invasion took place, he hailed the French as the saviours of his country, and as a consequence found himself a member of the Assembly of Notables convoked by Murat to reform the Spanish Government. But most important of all, from our point of view, is the fact that when the Inquisition was abolished, in 1809, he accepted the charge of going through its vast archives, and he spent two years and employed a number of amanuenses in copying or making extracts of all that he considered of account.

He held various offices of importance under the French Government, so that when this was finally expelled from Spain, he, too, was forced to go. He sought refuge in Paris, and there he wrote his famous “Historia Critica de la Inquisicion de España,” the crystallization of his vast researches.

It was a very daring thing to have done, and, thanks to the royalist and clerical Government, he was not suffered to remain long unpunished. He was inhibited from hearing confession or celebrating Mass--practically unfrocked--and forbidden to teach the Castilian language in private schools. He hit back by publishing “The Political Portrait of the Popes,” which earned him orders to leave France immediately. He set out in December of 1822 to return to Spain, and died a few days after reaching Madrid, killed by the rigours of the journey at his advanced age.

Although his “Critical History” displays at times a certain vehemence, in the main it is concerned with the sober transcription of the musty records he was privileged to explore.

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The Spanish Inquisition has been the subject of much unrestrained and exaggerated writing, expressing points of view that are diametrically opposed. From such authors as Garcia Rodrigo, who laud its work of purification, misrepresent its scope, and deplore (in our own times) the extinction of that terrible tribunal, it is a far cry indeed to such writers as Dr. Rule, who dip their pens in the gall of an intolerance as virulent as that which they attack.

The author has sought here to hold a course that is unencumbered by religious partisanship, treating purely as a phase of history the institution for which Torquemada was so largely responsible. He has not written in the Catholic interest, or the Protestant interest, or the Jewish interest. He holds the view that on the score of intolerance it is not for Christians to cast a stone at Jews, nor Jews at Christians, nor yet Christians of one sect at Christians of another. Each will find in his own history more than enough to answer for at the bar of Humanity. And when achievement is measured by opportunity, each will discover that he is entitled to fling at the others no reproaches which the others are not entitled to fling at him.

If the Spanish Inquisition is here shown as a ruthless engine of destruction whose wheels drip the blood of mangled generations, yet it is very far from being implied that religious persecution is an offence peculiar to the Church of Rome.

“She persecuted to the full extent of the power of her clergy, and that power was very great. The persecution of which every Protestant church was guilty was measured by the same rule, but clerical influence in Protestant countries was comparatively weak.”

Thus Lecky, whom we quote lest any should be tempted to use anything in these pages as a weapon of unchristian Christian partisanship. Let any such remember that against Torquemada, who was unfortunately well served by opportunity, may be set the bloody-minded John Knox, who, fortunately for humanity, was not; let him ponder the slaughter of Presbyterians, Puritans, and Roman Catholics under Elizabeth; let him call to mind the persecutions of the Anabaptists under Edward VI, and the Anabaptists’ own clamour for the blood of all who were not re-baptized.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. EARLY PERSECUTIONS 17

II. THE INQUISITION CANONICALLY ESTABLISHED 29

III. THE ORDER OF ST. DOMINIC 37

IV. ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC 51

V. THE JEWS IN SPAIN 71

VI. THE NEW-CHRISTIANS 89

VII. THE PRIOR OF HOLY CROSS 104

VIII. THE HOLY OFFICE IN SEVILLE 114

IX. THE SUPREME COUNCIL 130

X. THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE HOLY OFFICE--THE FIRST “INSTRUCTIONS”
OF TORQUEMADA 139

XI. THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE HOLY OFFICE--THE MODE OF PROCEDURE 168

XII. THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE HOLY OFFICE--THE AUDIENCE OF TORMENT 184

XIII. THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE HOLY OFFICE--THE SECULAR ARM 194

XIV. PEDRO ARBUÉS DE EPILA 213

XV. TORQUEMADA’S FURTHER “INSTRUCTIONS” 231

XVI. THE INQUISITION IN TOLEDO 239

XVII. AUTOS DE FÉ 247

XVIII. TORQUEMADA AND THE JEWS 256

XIX. THE LEGEND OF THE SANTO NIÑO 271

XX. THE ARREST OF YUCÉ FRANCO 282

XXI. THE TRIAL OF YUCÉ FRANCO 294

XXII. THE TRIAL OF YUCÉ FRANCO (_continued_) 317

XXIII. THE TRIAL OF YUCÉ FRANCO (_concluded_) 331

XXIV. EPILOGUE TO THE AFFAIR OF THE SANTO NIÑO 346

XXV. THE EDICT OF BANISHMENT 356

XXVI. THE EXODUS FROM SPAIN 367

XXVII. THE LAST “INSTRUCTIONS” OF TORQUEMADA 377

BIBLIOGRAPHY 395

INDEX 397

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FREY TOMÁS DE TORQUEMADA _Frontispiece_
From a Painting attributed to Miguel Zittoz.

FACING PAGE

ST. PETER THE MARTYR PREACHING 32
From the Painting by Berruguete.

ST. DOMINIC 48
From the Painting in the Prado Gallery, attributed to Miguel Zittoz.

POPE INNOCENT III. AND ST. DOMINIC 64
From a Fresco in the Church of the Sacro Speco, Subiaco.

ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC 80
From a Painting in the Prado Gallery, attributed to Miguel Zittoz.

SEVILLE 96
From Colmenar’s “Délices d’Espagne.”

FERDINAND OF ARAGON AND THE INFANTE DON JUAN 128
From the Painting in the Prado Gallery attributed to Miguel Zittoz.

TITLE-PAGE OF THE FIRST PRINTED EDITION OF THE “INSTRUCTIONS”
OF TORQUEMADA 144

TOLEDO 176
From Colmenar’s “Délices d’Espagne.”

PROCESSION TO AUTO DE FÉ 208
From Limborch’s “Historia Inquisitionis.”

THE AUTO DE FÉ 240
From Limborch’s “Historia Inquisitionis.”

BANNER OF THE INQUISITION 272
From Limborch’s “Historia Inquisitionis.”

SANBENITO OF PENITENT ADMITTED TO RECONCILIATION 304
From Limborch’s “Historia Inquisitionis.”

SANBENITO OF PENITENT RELAPSED 336
From Limborch’s “Historia Inquisitionis.”

SANBENITO OF IMPENITENT 368
From Limborch’s “Historia Inquisitionis.”

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 384
From Colmenar’s “Délices d’Espagne.”

TORQUEMADA