Chapter XXVIII: Concluding Remarks (7)

[36] Bonnet, 'Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 4to. edit., 1781, pp. 343, 350, 353.

[37] So with insects, the larvæ reproduce lost limbs, but, except in one order, the mature insect has no such power. But the Myriapoda, which apparently represent the larvæ of true insects, have, as Newport has shown, this power until their last moult. _See_ an excellent discussion on this whole subject by Dr. Carpenter in his 'Princ. Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 479.

[38] Dr. Günther, in Owen's 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. i., 1866, p. 567. Spallanzani has made similar observations.

[39] 'On the Anatomy of Vertebrates,' 1866, p. 170: with respect to the pectoral fins of fishes, pp. 166-168.

[40] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 1839, pp. 24, 34. _See_, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 33.

[41] 'Du Danger des Mariages Consanguins,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 103.

[42] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1863, pp. 183, 189.

[43] Verlot, 'La Production des Variétés,' 1865, p. 32.

[44] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 368.

[45] Verlot, 'La Product. des Variétés,' 1865, p. 94.

[46] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 121.

[47] Rev. W. A. Leighton, 'Flora of Shropshire,' p. 497; and Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, 1837, p. 30.

[48] Verlot, op. cit., p. 93.

[49] For these several statements, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Magazine,' vol. x., 1834, pp. 408, 180; and vol. ix., 1833, p. 597.

[50] These statements are taken from Alph. De Candolle, 'Bot. Géograph.,' p. 1083.

[51] Verlot, op. cit., p. 38.

[52] Op. cit., p. 59.

[53] Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 1082.

[54] _See_ 'Cottage Gardener,' April 10, 1860, p. 18, and Sept. 10, 1861, p. 456; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 102.

[55] Darwin, in 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' 1862, p. 94.

[56] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 10.

[57] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. iv. s. 462. Mr. Brent, a great breeder of canaries, informs me that he believes that these statements are correct.

[58] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.

[59] 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1861, pp. 200-204. Mr. Sedgwick has given such full details on this subject, with ample references, that I need refer to no other authorities.

[60] 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 299.

[61] 'Philosoph. Magazine,' vol. iv., 1799, p. 5.

[62] This last case is quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 484. For Blumenbach, _see_ above-cited paper. _See_, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'Traité de l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 492. Also 'Transact. Lin. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 323. Some curious cases are given by Mr. Baker in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 723. Another curious case is given in the 'Annales des Scienc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xi. p. 324.

[63] 'Proc. Royal Soc.,' vol. x. p. 297.

[64] Mr. Sproule, in 'British Medical Journal,' April 18, 1863.

[65] Downing, 'Fruits of America,' p. 5; Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' pp. 43, 72.

[66] Youatt on Sheep, pp. 20, 234. The same fact of loose horns occasionally appearing in hornless breeds has been observed in Germany: Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 362.

[67] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 155, 174.

[68] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, pp. 17, 145.

[69] I have been informed of this fact through the Rev. W. D. Fox, on the excellent authority of Mr. Wilmot: _see_, also, remarks on this subject in an original article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 395.

[70] Youatt, pp. 19, 234.

[71] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 231.

[72] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. x., 1834, p. 396: a nurseryman, with much experience on this subject, has likewise assured me that this sometimes occurs.

[73] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 777.

[74] Ibid., 1862, p. 721.

[75] _See_ some excellent remarks on this subject by Mr. Wallace, 'Journal Proc. Linn. Soc.,' 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.

[76] Dureau de la Malle, in 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 807. From the statements above given, the author concludes that the wild pigs of Louisiana are not descended from the European _Sus scrofa_.

[77] Capt. W. Allen, in his 'Expedition to the Niger,' states that fowls have run wild on the island of Annobon, and have become modified in form and voice. The account is so meagre and vague that it did not appear to me worth copying; but I now find that Dureau de la Malle ('Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 690) advances this as a good instance of reversion to the primitive stock, and as confirmatory of a still more vague statement in classical times by Varro.

[78] 'Flora of Australia,' 1859, Introduct., p. ix.

[79] 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. pp. 54, 58, 60.

[80] Mr. Sedgwick gives many instances in the 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1863, pp. 448, 188.

[81] In his edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 27.

[82] Dr. P. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 314, 892: _see_ a good practical article on this subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 620. I could add a vast number of references, but they would be superfluous.

[83] Kölreuter gives cases in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' 1766, s. 53, 59; and in his well-known 'Memoirs on Lavatera and Jalapa.' Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 437, 441, &c. Naudin, in his 'Recherches sur l'Hybridité, Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25.

[84] Quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 485. Dr. H. Dobell, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Transactions,' vol. xlvi., gives an analogous case, in which, in a large family, fingers with thickened joints were transmitted to several members during five generations; but when the blemish once disappeared it never reappeared.

[85] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 63.

[86] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25. Alex. Braun (in his 'Rejuvenescence,' Ray Soc., 1853, p. 315) apparently holds a similar opinion.

[87] Mr. Teebay, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 72.

[88] Quoted by Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 98.

[89] 'Essais Hist. Nat. du Paraguay,' tom. ii. 1801, p. 372.

[90] These facts are given on the high authority of Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248.

[91] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 97.

[92] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricultural Gazette,' 1866, p. 528.

[93] Ibid., 1860, p. 343.

[94] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163.

[95] 'History of the Horse,' p. 212.

[96] 'Mém. présentés par divers Savans à l'Acad. Royale,' tom. vi. 1835, p. 338.

[97] 'Letters from Alabama,' 1859, p. 280.

[98] 'Hist. Nat. des Mammifères,' 1820, tom. i.

[99] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20.

[100] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163: this species is the Ghor-Khur of N.W. India, and has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas. _See_, also, Mr. Blyth's excellent paper in 'Journ. of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii., 1860, p. 229.

[101] Another species of wild ass, the true _A. hemionus_ or _Kiang_, which ordinarily has no shoulder-stripes, is said occasionally to have them; and these, as with the horse and ass, are sometimes double: _see_ Mr. Blyth, in the paper just quoted, and in 'Indian Sporting Review,' 1856, p. 320; and Col. Hamilton Smith, in 'Nat. Library, Horses,' p. 318; and 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. iii. p. 563.

[102] Figured in the 'Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries,' by Dr. J. E. Gray.

[103] Cases of both Spanish and Polish hens sitting are given in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 477.

[104] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 119, 163. The author, who remarks on the two negatives ('Journ. of Hort.,' 1862, p. 325), states that two broods were raised from a Spanish cock and Silver-pencilled Hamburgh hen, neither of which are incubators, and no less than seven out of eight hens in these two broods "showed a perfect obstinacy in sitting." The Rev. E. S. Dixon ('Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 200) says that chickens reared from a cross between Golden and Black Polish fowls, are "good and steady birds to sit." Mr. B. P. Brent informs me that he raised some good sitting hens by crossing Pencilled Hamburgh and Polish breeds. A cross-bred bird from a Spanish non-incubating cock and Cochin incubating hen is mentioned in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 13, as an "exemplary mother." On the other hand, an exceptional case is given in the 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 388, of a hen raised from a Spanish cock and black Polish hen which did not incubate.

[105] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165, 167.

[106] 'Natural History Review,' 1863, April, p. 277.

[107] 'Essays on Natural History,' p. 197.

[108] As stated by Mr. Orton, in his 'Physiology of Breeding,' p. 12.

[109] M. E. de Selys-Longchamps refers ('Bulletin Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles,' tom. xii. No. 10) to more than seven of these hybrids shot in Switzerland and France. M. Deby asserts ('Zoologist,' vol. v., 1845-46, p. 1254) that several have been shot in various parts of Belgium and Northern France. Audubon ('Ornitholog. Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168), speaking of these hybrids, says that, in North America, they "now and then wander off and become quite wild."

[110] 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 71.

[111] 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, pp. 25, 150.

[112] Dr. P. Broca, on 'Hybridity in the Genus Homo,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 39.

[113] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[114] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 582, 438, &c.

[115] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung ... der Weiden,' 1865, s. 23. For Gärtner's remarks on this head, _see_ 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 474, 582.

[116] Yarrell, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1827, p. 268; Dr. Hamilton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 23.

[117] 'Archiv. Skand. Beiträge zur Naturgesch.,' viii. s. 397-413.

[118] In his 'Essays on Nat. Hist.,' 1838. Mr. Hewitt gives analogous cases with hen-pheasants in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 12, 1864, p. 37. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in his 'Essais de Zoolog. Gén.' (suites à Buffon, 1842, pp. 496-513), has collected such cases in ten different kinds of birds. It appears that Aristotle was well aware of the change in mental disposition in old hens. The case of the female deer acquiring horns is given at p. 513.

[119] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 379.

[120] 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, tom. ii. p. 8.

[121] Sir H. Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 31.

[122] Prof. Thomson on Steenstrup's Views on the Obliquity of Flounders: 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' May, 1865, p. 361.

[123] Dr. E. von Martens, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1866, p. 209.

[124] Darwin, 'Balanidæ,' Ray Soc., 1854, p. 499: _see_ also the appended remarks on the apparently capricious development of the thoracic limbs on the right and left sides in the higher crustaceans.

[125] Mormodes ignea: Darwin, 'Fertilization of Orchids,' 1862, p. 251.

[126] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July, 1864, p. 38. I have had the opportunity of examining these remarkable feathers through the kindness of Mr. Tegetmeier.

[127] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 241.

[128] Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 411.

[129] On Cattle, p. 174.

[130] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 353. With respect to the mammæ in women, _see_ tom. i. p. 710.

[131] 'Natural Hist. Review,' April, 1863, p. 258. _See_ also his Lecture, Royal Institution, March 16, 1860. On same subject, _see_ Moquin-Tandon, 'Eléments de Tératologie,' 1841, pp. 184, 352.

[132] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 89; Naudin, 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[133] In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias, quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.

[134] For other cases of six divisions in peloric flowers of the Labiatæ and Scrophulariaceæ, _see_ Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 192.

[135] Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 186.

[136] _See_ Youatt on Cattle, pp. 92, 69, 78, 88, 163: also Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. Also Dr. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 310.

[137] 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 112-120.

[138] Sir H. Holland, 'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' 1852, p. 234.

[139] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270.

[140] Mr. N. H. Smith, Observations on Breeding, quoted in 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 278.

[141] Quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170. _See_ Sturm, 'Ueber Racen,' 1825, s. 104-107. For the niata cattle, _see_ my 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 146.

[142] Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 112.

[143] Mr. Orton, 'Physiology of Breeding,' 1855, p. 9.

[144] Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 224.

[145] 'Les Pigeons, pp. 168, 198.

[146] 'Das Ganze,' &c., 1837, s. 39.

[147] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.

[148] 'Physiology of Breeding,' p.22; Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 224.

[149] Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 226.

[150] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 256, 290, &c. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 149) gives a striking instance of prepotency in _Datura stramonium_ when crossed with two other species.

[151] Flourens, 'Longévité Humaine,' p. 144, on crossed jackals. With respect to the difference between the mule and the hinny, I am aware that this has generally been attributed to the sire and dam transmitting their characters differently; but Colin, who has given in his 'Traité Phys. Comp.,' tom. ii. pp. 537-539, the fullest description which I have met with of these reciprocal hybrids, is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses, but in an unequal degree. This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens, and of Bechstein in his 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 294. The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule, and this is generally accounted for by the males of both species transmitting with greater power this part of their structure; but a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological Gardens, from a mare by a hybrid ass-zebra, closely resembled its mother in its tail.

[152] Mr. Hewitt, who has had such great experience in raising these hybrids, says ('Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165-167) that in all, the head was destitute of wattles, comb, and ear-lappets; and all closely resembled the pheasant in the shape of the tail and general contour of the body. These hybrids were raised from hens of several breeds by a cock-pheasant; but another hybrid, described by Mr. Hewitt, was raised from a hen-pheasant by a silver-laced Bantam cock, and this possessed a rudimental comb and wattles.

[153] 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. book ii. ch. i.

[154] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 264-266. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 148) has arrived at a similar conclusion.

[155] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 101, 137.

[156] _See_ some remarks on this head with respect to sheep by Mr. Wilson, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 15.

[157] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 66.

[158] Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 191.

[159] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[160] 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 137-165. _See_, also, Mr. Sedgwick's four memoirs, immediately to be referred to.

[161] On Sexual Limitation in Hereditary Diseases, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 477; July, p. 198; April, 1863, p. 44; and July, p. 159.

[162] W. Scrope, 'Art of Deer Stalking,' p. 354.

[163] Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 173; Dr. F. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87.

[164] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 349.

[165] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. The third generation is described by Capt. Yule in his 'Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava,' 1855, p. 94.

[166] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 21, tab. i., fig. 4; s. 24, tab. iv., fig. 2.

[167] Kidd's 'Treatise on the Canary,' p. 18.

[168] Charlesworth, 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 167.

[169] Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 713.

[170] 'L'Héréd. dans les Maladies,' 1840, p. 135. For Hunter, _see_ Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530.

[171] 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 850.

[172] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April 1861, p. 485. I have seen three accounts, all taken from the same original authority (which I have not been able to consult), and all differ in the details! but as they agree in the main facts, I have ventured to quote this case.

[173] Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 400.

[174] Sedgwick, idem, July, 1861, p. 202.

[175] Piorry, p. 109; Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 759.

[176] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 748.

[177] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. pp. 678, 700, 702; Sedgwick, idem, April, 1863, p. 449, and July, 1863, p. 162; Dr. J. Steinan, 'Essay on Hereditary Disease,' 1843, pp. 27, 34.

[178] These cases are given by Mr. Sedgwick, on the authority of Dr. H. Stewart, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, pp. 449, 477.

[179] 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 852.

[180] Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 367.

[181] 'Review of Reports, North of England,' 1808, p. 200.

[182] 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 212.

[183] Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 154.

[184] White, 'Regular Gradation in Man,' p. 146.

[185] Dr. W. F. Edwards, in his 'Charactères Physiolog. des Races Humaines,' p. 23, first called attention to this subject, and ably discussed it.

[186] Rev. D. Tyerman, and Bennett, 'Journal of Voyages,' 1821-1829, vol. i. p. 300.

[187] Mr. S. J. Salter, 'Journal Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi., 1862, p. 71.

[188] Sturm, 'Ueber Racen, &c.,' 1825, s. 107. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur.,' b. ii. s. 170, gives a table of the proportions of blood after successive crosses. Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 308.

[189] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 463, 470.

[190] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1794, p. 393: _see_ also previous volume.

[191] As quoted in the 'True Principles of Breeding,' by C. H. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 1865, p. 11.

[192] With respect to plants, an admirable essay on this subject (Die Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen: 1867) has lately been published by Dr. Hildebrand, who arrives at the same general conclusions as I have done.

[193] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetal,' 1816, p. 12.

[194] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 72.

[195] Duval-Jouve, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. de France,' tom. x., 1863, p. 194.

[196] Extract of a letter from Sir R. Heron, 1838, given me by Mr. Yarrell. With respect to mice, _see_ 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 180; and I have heard of other similar cases. For turtle-doves, Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 238. For the Game fowl, 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 128. For crosses of tailless fowls, _see_ Bechstein, 'Naturges. Deutsch.' b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South American dogs, _see_ Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For crosses of Dorking and other fowls, _see_ 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr. Yarrell. For other cases, _see_ P. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212.

[197] 'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866.

[198] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34, 39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus Verbascum. With respect to the turnips, _see_ Herbert's 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 370.

[199] 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 100.

[200] Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3.

[201] _See_ Mr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.: _see_ also an equally good article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320.

[202] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652.

[203] 'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463. _See_ also, for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. xxxii.

[204] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36.

[205] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58.

[206] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765.

[207] Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.

[208] _See_ Colin's 'Traité de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom. ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated.

[209] 'Les Pigeons,' p. 37.

[210] Vol. i., 1854, p. 101.

[211] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110.

[212] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553.

[213] Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75.

[214] 'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385.

[215] Dec. 1863, p. 484.

[216] On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66.

[217] Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336.

[218] _See_ a memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312.

[219] For the Norfolk sheep, _see_ Marshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 133. _See_ Rev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For the ancon sheep, _see_ 'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90.

[220] White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer, _see_ 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by E. P. Shirley, Esq.

[221] 'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17.

[222] 'Cattle,' p. 202.

[223] Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p. 38.

[224] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.

[225] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169. _See_ also the Table at the end of volume.

[226] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577.

[227] 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181. On raising the two varieties from seed _see_ s. 307.

[228] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216.

[229] The following facts, given by Kölreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and Gärtner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so. Kölreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow varieties of _Verbascum lychnitis_ often grew wild mingled together: moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (Kölreuter, 'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' _passim_) being a perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is much lessened by Gärtner's numerous experiments, for, differently from Kölreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the pollen carried by insects from one to the other.

[230] 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 366. Gärtner has made a similar observation.

[231] Kölreuter first observed this fact. 'Mém. de l'Acad. St. Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197. _See_ also C. K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte Geheimniss,' s. 345.

[232] Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405.

[233] 'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitaceæ,' 1826, pp. 46, 55.

[234] 'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers these forms as undoubtedly varieties of _Cucurbita pepo_.

[235] 'Mém. Cucurb.,' p. 8.

[236] 'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2) perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol. fl. alb.

[237] Kölreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a little pollen of _N. glutinosa_ in one of his experiments might have accidentally got mingled with that of _var. perennis_, and thus aided its fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from Gärtner ('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never act _conjointly_ on a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species, mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking after the one and some after the other parent.

[238] Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a purple and white primrose (_Primula vulgaris_) when fertilised by pollen from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr. Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (_P. veris_, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when crossed with the common cowslip; but this was not the case with several equal-styled red seedlings raised by me from his plant. This variety of the cowslip presents the remarkable peculiarity of combining male organs in every respect like those of the short-styled form, with female organs resembling in function and partly in structure those of the long-styled form; so that we have the singular anomaly of the two forms combined in the same flower. Hence it is not surprising that these flowers should be spontaneously self-infertile in a high degree.

[239] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii., pp. 84, 100.

[240] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. (1st series), p. 61.

[241] 'Bull. Bot. Soc. de France,' Dec. 27th, 1861, tom. viii. p. 612.

[242] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Naturelle Générale,' tom. iii. p. 476. Since this MS. has been sent to press a full discussion on the present subject has appeared in Mr. Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1867, p. 457 _et seq._

[243] For cats and dogs, &c., _see_ Bellingeri, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xii. p. 155. For ferrets, Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band i., 1801, s. 786, 795. For rabbits, ditto, s. 1123, 1131; and Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 99. For mountain sheep, ditto, s. 102. For the fertility of the wild sow, _see_ Bechstein's 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. i., 1801, s. 534; for the domestic pig, Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 62. With respect to Lapland, _see_ Acerbi's 'Travels to the North Cape,' Eng. translat., vol. ii. p. 222. About the Highland cows, _see_ Hogg on Sheep, p. 263.

[244] For the eggs of _Gallus bankiva_, _see_ Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. i., 1848, p. 456. For wild and tame ducks, Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 37; and 'Die Enten,' s. 87. For wild geese, L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' vol. ii. 1854, p. 413; and for tame geese, 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 139. On the breeding of pigeons, Pistor, 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 46; and Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 158. With respect to peacocks, according to Temminck ('Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. ii. p. 41), the hen lays in India even as many as twenty eggs; but according to Jerdon and another writer (quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 280, 282), she there lays only from four to nine or ten eggs: in England she is said, in the 'Poultry Book,' to lay five or six, but another writer says from eight to twelve eggs.

[245] 'The Art of Improving the Breed, &c.,' 1809, p. 16.

[246] For Andrew Knight, _see_ A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 227. Sir J. Sebright's Treatise has just been quoted.

[247] 'Cattle,' p. 199.

[248] Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71: _see_ also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently published by Mr. C. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 'On the True Principles of Breeding;' Melbourne, Australia, 1865.

[249] Mr. Willoughby Wood, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 411; and 1860, p. 270. _See_ the very clear tables and pedigrees given in Nathusius' 'Rindvieh,' s. 72-77.

[250] Mr. Wright, 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1846, p. 204.

[251] Youatt on Cattle, p. 202.

[252] Report British Assoc., Zoolog. Sect., 1838.

[253] Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. pp. 354, 368.

[254] For the case of the Messrs. Brown, _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 26. For the Foscote flock, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 416. For the Naz flock, 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1860, p. 477.

[255] Nathusius, 'Rindvieh,' s. 65; Youatt on Sheep, p. 495.

[256] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 631.

[257] Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. _See_ also an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard.

[258] 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867.

[259] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' &c., p. 13. With respect to Scotch deer-hounds, _see_ Scrope's 'Art of Deer Stalking,' pp. 350-353.

[260] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1861, p. 327.

[261] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 30; p. 33, quotation from Mr. Druce; p. 29, on Lord Western's case.

[262] 'Journal, Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205.

[263] 'Ueber Rindvieh,' &c., s. 78.

[264] Sidney on the Pig, p. 36. _See_ also note, p. 34. Also Richardson on the Pig, 1847, p. 26.

[265] Dr. Dally has published an excellent article (translated in the 'Anthropolog. Review,' May, 1864, p. 65), criticising all writers who have maintained that evil follows from consanguineous marriages. No doubt on this side of the question many advocates have injured their cause by inaccuracies: thus it has been stated (Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages,' &c., 1862, p. 141) that the marriages of cousins have been prohibited by the legislature of Ohio; but I have been assured, in answer to inquiries made in the United States, that this statement is a mere fable.

[266] _See_ his most interesting work on the 'Early History of Man,' 1865, chap. x.

[267] On Consanguinity in Marriage, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1865, p. 710; Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c.

[268] Sir G. Grey's 'Journal of Expeditions into Australia,' vol. ii. p. 243; and Dobrizhoffer, 'On the Abipones of South America.'

[269] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' p. 13.

[270] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.

[271] 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205; _see_ also Ferguson on the Fowl, pp. 83, 317; _see_ also 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 135, with respect to the extent to which cock-fighters found that they could venture to breed in-and-in, viz., occasionally a hen with her own son; "but they were cautious not to repeat the in-and-in breeding."

[272] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.

[273] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, vol. i. p. 43.

[274] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.

[275] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 89.

[276] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 210.

[277] Ibid, 1866, p. 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 15.

[278] 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' by J. M. Eaton, p. 56.

[279] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.

[280] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 18.

[281] 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 35.

[282] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Aug. 6th, 1860, p. 126.

[283] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, pp. 39, 77, 158; and 1864, p. 206.

[284] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 366.

[285] 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 371.

[286] 'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 79.

[287] 'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitacées,' pp. 36, 28, 30.

[288] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 52.

[289] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 25.

[290] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. vi. p. 189.

[291] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1799, p. 200.

[292] 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' 1828, s. 32, 33. For Mr. Chaundy's case, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. vii., 1831, p. 696.

[293] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1846, p. 601.

[294] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1799, p. 201.

[295] Quoted in 'Bull. Bot. Soc. France,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 327.

[296] Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 259, 518, 526 _et seq._

[297] 'Fortsetzung,' 1763, s. 29; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 44, 96; 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1782, part ii., p. 251; 'Nova Acta,' 1793, pp. 391, 394; 'Nova Acta,' 1795, pp. 316, 323.

[298] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 31, 41, 42.

[299] Max Wichura fully accepts this view ('Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 43), as does the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' Jan. 1866, p. 70.

[300] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 394, 526, 528.

[301] Kölreuter,' Nova Acta,' 1795, p. 316.

[302] Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 430.

[303] 'Botanische Zeitung,' Jan. 1864, s. 3.

[304] 'Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen,' Berlin, 1866, s. 372.

[305] International Hort. Congress, London, 1866.

[306] 'Proc. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' May, 1863: these observations are given in abstract, and others are added, in the 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii. Bot., 1864, p. 162.

[307] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 76.

[308] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64, 357.

[309] Idem, s. 357.

[310] 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10; 'Dritte Fort.,' s. 40.

[311] Duvernoy, quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 334.

[312] 'Gardner's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 183.

[313] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1830, p. 95.

[314] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fécondation,' 1845, p. 70; Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64.

[315] 'Gardener's Chron.' 1866, p. 1068.

[316] 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 168.

[317] 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 371; 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii., 1847, p. 19.

[318] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi., 1835, p. 260.

[319] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 470.

[320] 'Journal Hort. Soc., vol. v. p. 135. The seedlings thus raised were given to the Hort. Soc.; but I find, on inquiry, that they unfortunately died the following winter.

[321] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, p. 453. Lecoq, however ('De la Fécond.,' 1862, p. 369), states that this hybrid is descended from _G. psittacinus_ and _cardinalis_; but this is opposed to Herbert's experience, who found that the former species could not be crossed.

[322] This is the conclusion of Prof. Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages Consang.,' 1862, p. 97. Virchow quotes, in the 'Deutsche Jahrbücher,' 1863, s. 354, some curious evidence on half the cases of a peculiar form of blindness occurring in the offspring from near relations.

[323] For England, _see_ below. For Germany, _see_ Metzger, 'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 63. For France, Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ('Consid. sur les Céreales,' 1843, p. 200) gives numerous references on this subject. For Southern France, _see_ Godron, 'Florula Juvenalis,' 1854, p. 28.

[324] 'A general Treatise of Husbandry,' vol. iii. p. 58.

[325] 'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult. Gazette,' 1858, p. 247; and for the second statement, idem, 1850, p. 702. On this same subject, _see_ also Rev. D. Walker's 'Prize Essay of Highland Agricult. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 200. Also Marshall's 'Minutes of Agriculture,' November, 1775.

[326] Oberlin's 'Memoirs,' Eng. translat., p. 73. For Lancashire, _see_ Marshall's 'Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 295.

[327] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 186. For Mr. Robson's subsequent statements, _see_ 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 18, 1866, p. 121. For Mr. Abbey's remarks on grafting, &c., idem, July 18, 1865, p. 44.

[328] 'Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' 1790, p. 209.

[329] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 52.

[330] Mr. Spencer has fully and ably discussed this whole subject in his 'Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. ii. ch. x. In the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' 1859, p. 267, I spoke of the good effects from slight changes in the conditions of life and from cross-breeding, and of the evil effects from great changes in the conditions and from crossing widely distinct forms, as a series of facts "connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life."

[331] 'Essais de Zoologie Générale,' 1841, p. 256.

[332] Du Rut, 'Annales du Muséum,' 1807, tom. ix. p. 120.

[333] 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 49, 106, 118, 124, 201, 208, 249, 265, 327.

[334] 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. i. pp. 99, 193; vol. ii. p. 113.

[335] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 534.

[336] 'Journal,' vol. i. p. 213.

[337] 'Säugethiere,' s. 327.

[338] On the Breeding of the larger Felidæ, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 140.

[339] Sleeman's 'Rambles in India,' vol. ii. p. 10.

[340] Wiegmann's 'Archif für Naturgesch.,' 1837, s. 162.

[341] Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 276. On the parentage of the guinea-pig, _see_ also Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.'

[342] Although the existence of the _Leporides_, as described by Dr. Broca ('Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 370), is now positively denied, yet Dr. Pigeaux ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1867, p. 75) affirms that the hare and rabbit have produced hybrids.

[343] 'Quadrupeds of North America,' by Audubon and Bachman, 1846, p. 268.

[344] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 571; Audubon and Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America,' p. 221.

[345] Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' &c., 1845, p. 88.

[346] _See_ 'Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864; 'Times' newspaper, Aug. 10th, 1847; Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' p. 85.

[347] 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 34, 49.

[348] Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p. 363.

[349] 'The Naturalist on the River Amazon,' vol. i. p. 99.

[350] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 691.

[351] According to Sir A. Burnes ('Cabool,' &c., p. 51), eight species are used for hawking in Scinde.

[352] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vi., 1833, p. 110.

[353] F. Cuvier, 'Annal. du Muséum,' tom. ix. p. 128.

[354] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2648.

[355] Knox, 'Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' p. 91.

[356] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2566; vol. ix.-x., 1851-2, p. 3207.

[357] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der Stubenvögel,' 1840, s. 20.

[358] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. v. p. 517.

[359] A case is recorded in 'The Zoologist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453. For the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845-46, p. 1075. Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 139, speaks of bullfinches making nests, but rarely producing young.

[360] Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 1839, vol. i. p. 412.

[361] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 347.

[362] 'Mémoires du Muséum d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. x. p. 314: five cases of parrots breeding in France are here recorded. _See_, also, 'Report Brit. Assoc. Zoolog.,' 1843.

[363] 'Stubenvögel,' s. 105, 83.

[364] Dr. Hancock remarks ('Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii., 1838, p. 492), "it is singular that, amongst the numerous useful birds that are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians; yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country."

[365] 'A Week at Port Royal,' 1855, p. 7.

[366] Audubon, 'American Ornithology,' vol. v. pp. 552, 557.

[367] Moubray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 133.

[368] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. iii. pp. 288, 382; 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xii., 1843, p. 453. Other species of partridge have occasionally bred; as the red-legged (_P. rubra_), when kept in a large court in France (_see_ 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxv. p. 294), and in the Zoological Gardens in 1856.

[369] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecote,' 1851, pp. 243-252.

[370] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. ii. pp. 456, 458; tom. iii. pp. 2, 13, 47.

[371] Bates, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii. p. 112.

[372] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' &c., tom. iii. p. 125. For _Tetrao urogallus_, _see_ L. Lloyd, 'Field Sports of North of Europe,' vol. i. pp. 287, 314; and 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 600. For _T. Scoticus_, Thompson, 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., 1850, p. 49. For _T. cupido_, 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii. p. 199.

[373] Marcel de Serres, 'Annales des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xiii. p. 175.

[374] Dr. Hancock, in 'Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. ii., 1838, p. 491; R. Hill, 'A Week at Port Royal,' p. 8; 'Guide to the Zoological Gardens,' by P. L. Sclater, 1859, pp. 11, 12; 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' by Dr. Gray, 1846, pl. xiv.; E. Blyth, 'Report Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' May, 1855.

[375] Prof. Newton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1860, p. 336.

[376] 'The Dovecote and Aviary,' p. 428.

[377] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 9.

[378] 'Geograph. Journal,' vol. xiii., 1844, p. 32.

[379] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 153.

[380] 'Zoologist,' vols. v.-vi., 1847-48, p. 1660.

[381] 'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1845, p. 60.

[382] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. vii. p. 40.

[383] _See_ an interesting paper by Mr. Newman, in the 'Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5764; and Dr. Wallace, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' June 4th, 1860, p. 119.

[384] Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 506; Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 185; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1772, p. 271. Bronn ('Geschichte der Natur,' Band ii. s. 96) has collected a number of cases. For the case of the deer, _see_ 'Penny Cyclop.,' vol. viii. p. 350.

[385] 'Journal de Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 347.

[386] For additional evidence on this subject, _see_ F. Cuvier, in 'Annales du Muséum,' tom. xii. p. 119.

[387] Numerous instances could be given. Thus Livingstone ('Travels,' p. 217) states that the King of the Barotse, an inland tribe which never had any communication with white men, was extremely fond of taming animals, and every young antelope was brought to him. Mr. Galton informs me that the Damaras are likewise fond of keeping pets. The Indians of South America follow the same habit. Capt. Wilkes states that the Polynesians of the Samoan Islands tamed pigeons; and the New Zealanders, as Mr. Mantell informs me, kept various kinds of birds.

[388] For analogous cases with the fowl, _see_ Réaumur, 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, p. 243; and Col. Sykes, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832, &c. With respect to the fowl not breeding in northern regions, _see_ Latham's 'Hist. of Birds,' vol. viii., 1823, p. 169.

[389] 'Mém. par divers Savans, Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347.

[390] Youatt on Sheep, p. 181.

[391] J. Mills, 'Treatise on Cattle,' 1776, p. 72.

[392] Bechstein, 'Stubenvögel,' s. 242.

[393] Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 145.

[394] 'Bull. de la Soc. Acclimat., tom. ix., 1862, pp. 380, 384.

[395] For pigeons, _see_ Dr. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 66.

[396] 'Swedish Acts,' vol. i., 1739, p. 3. Pallas makes the same remark in his Travels (Eng. translat.), vol. i. p. 292.

[397] A. Kerner, 'Die Cultur der Alpenflanzen,' 1864, s. 139; Watson's 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 131; Mr. D. Cameron, also, has written on the culture of Alpine plants in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, pp. 253, 268, and mentions a few which seed.

[398] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 333.

[399] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1793, p. 391.

[400] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 44, 109.

[401] Dr. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 176.

[402] Gärtner, 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 560, 564.

[403] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 215; 1850, p. 470.

[404] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 252, 333.

[405] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. 1847, p. 83.

[406] 'Beiträge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 117 _et seq._; Kölreuter, 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10, 121; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 57. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceæ,' p. 355. Wiegmann, 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' s. 27.

[407] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356.

[408] 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 84; 'Traité du Citrus,' 1811, p. 67.

[409] Mr. C. W. Crocker, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1092.

[410] Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 80.

[411] Verlot, idem, p. 88.

[412] Prof. Allman, Brit. Assoc., quoted in the 'Phytologist,' vol. ii. p. 483. Prof. Harvey, on the authority of Mr. Andrews, who discovered the plant, informed me that this monstrosity could be propagated by seed. With respect to the poppy, _see_ Prof. Goeppert, as quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 1st, 1863, p. 171.

[413] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 19th, 1864, p. 1039.

[414] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 681.

[415] 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.

[416] Mr. Fairweather, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 406; Bosse, quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 77. On the effects of the removal of the anthers, _see_ Mr. Leitner, in Silliman's 'North American Journ. of Science,' vol. xxiii. p. 47; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 84.

[417] Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.

[418] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 626; 1866, pp. 290, 730; and Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' p. 75.

[419] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 628. In this article I suggested the following theory on the doubleness of flowers.

[420] Quoted by Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 567.

[421] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 901.

[422] Lindley, 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 175-179; Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. i. p. 106: Pickering, 'Races of Man;' Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 101-110. Meyen ('Reise um Erde,' Th. ii. s. 214) states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds; and Chamisso (Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 310) describes a variety of the bread-fruit in the Mariana Islands with small fruit, containing seeds which are frequently perfect. Burnes, in his 'Travels in Bokhara,' remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan, as a remarkable peculiarity.

[423] Ingledew, in 'Transact. of Agricult. and Hort. Soc. of India,' vol. ii.

[424] 'De la Fécondation,' 1862, p. 308.

[425] Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 99; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 110.

[426] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xvii. p. 563.

[427] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. p. 106; Herbert on Crocus, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846, p. 254.--Dr. Wight, from what he has seen in India, believes in this view; 'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' vol. iv., 1836, p. 61.

[428] Wahlenberg specifies eight species in this state on the Lapland Alps: _see_ Appendix to Linnæus' 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. ii. pp. 274-280.

[429] 'Travels in North America,' Eng. translat., vol. iii. p. 175.

[430] With respect to the ivy and Acorus, _see_ Dr. Bromfield in the 'Phytologist,' vol. iii. p. 376. _See_ also Lindley and Vaucher on the Acorus.

[431] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Zool., tom. iv. p. 280. Prof. Decaisne refers also to analogous cases with mosses and lichens near Paris.

[432] Mr. Tuckerman, in Silliman's 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xlv. p. 41.

[433] Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 339.

[434] G. Planchon, 'Flora de Montpellier,' 1864, p. 20.

[435] On the non-production of seeds in England _see_ Mr. Crocker, in 'Gardener's Weekly Magazine,' 1852, p. 70; Vaucher, 'Hist. Phys. Plantes d'Europe,' tom. i. p. 33; Lecoq, 'Géograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iv. p. 466; Dr. D. Clos, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xvii., 1852, p. 129: this latter author refers to other analogous cases. On the non-production of pollen by this Ranunculus _see_ Chatin, in 'Comptes Rendus,' June 11th, 1866.

[436] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 565. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 73, 87, 119) also shows that when two species, one single and the other double, are crossed, the hybrids are apt to be extremely double.

[437] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 73.

[438] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 573.

[439] Ibid., s. 527.

[440] 'Transactions Phil. Soc.,' 1799, p. 202. For Kölreuter, _see_ 'Mém. de l'Acad. de St. Pétersbourg,' tom. iii., 1809 (published 1811), p. 197. In reading C. K. Sprengel's remarkable work, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss,' &c., 1793, it is curious to observe how often this wonderfully acute observer failed to understand the full meaning of the structure of the flowers which he has so well described, from not always having before his mind the key to the problem, namely, the good derived from the crossing of distinct individual plants.

[441] This abstract was published in the fourth edition (1866) of my 'Origin of Species;' but as this edition will be in the hands of but few persons, and as my original observations on this point have not as yet been published in detail, I have ventured here to reprint the abstract.

[442] The term _unconscious selection_ has been objected to as a contradiction: but _see_ some excellent observations on this head by Prof. Huxley ('Nat. Hist. Review,' Oct. 1864, p. 578), who remarks that when the wind heaps up sand-dunes it sifts and _unconsciously selects_ from the gravel on the beach grains of sand of equal size.

[443] Sheep, 1838, p. 60.

[444] Mr. J. Wright on Shorthorn Cattle, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii. pp. 208, 209.

[445] H. D. Richardson on Pigs, 1817, p. 44.

[446] 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 24.

[447] Sheep, pp. 520, 319.

[448] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 618.

[449] 'A Treatise on the Art of Breeding the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 9.

[450] 'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. ii. p. 409.

[451] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 191, 227.

[452] Ferguson, 'Prize Poultry,' 1854, p. 208.

[453] Wilson, in 'Transact. Highland Agricult. Soc.,' quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 29.

[454] Simmonds, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 637. And for the second quotation, _see_ Youatt on Sheep, p. 171.

[455] Robinet, 'Vers à Soie,' 1848, p. 271.

[456] Quatrefages, 'Les Maladies du Ver à Soie,' 1859, p. 101.

[457] M. Simon, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. ix., 1862, p. 221.

[458] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 607.

[459] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' 1852, p. xiv., and 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 11.

[460] 'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 22.

[461] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 596.

[462] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gén.,' tom. iii. p. 254.

[463] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.

[464] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 152.

[465] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 369.

[466] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 381.

[467] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285.

[468] Rev. W. Bromehead, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 550.

[469] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 721.

[470] Dr. Anderson, in 'The Bee,' vol. vi. p. 96; Mr. Barnes, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 476.

[471] Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 69; 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 258.

[472] On Sheep, p. 18.

[473] Volz, 'Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 47.

[474] Mitford's 'History of Greece,' vol. i. p. 73.

[475] Dr. Dally, translated in 'Anthropological Review,' May 1864, p. 101.

[476] Volz, 'Beiträge,' &c., 1852, s. 80.

[477] 'History of the World,' ch. 45.

[478] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1848, p. 323.

[479] Reynier, 'De l'Economie des Celtes,' 1818, pp. 487, 503.

[480] Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 15.

[481] Michel, 'Des Haras,' 1861, p. 84.

[482] Sir W. Wilde, an 'Essay on Unmanufactured Animal Remains,' &c., 1860, p. 11.

[483] Col. Hamilton Smith, 'Nat. Library,' vol. xii., Horses, pp. 135, 140.

[484] Michel, 'Des Haras,' p. 90.

[485] Mr. Baker, 'History of the Horse,' Veterinary, vol. xiii. p. 423.

[486] M. l'Abbé Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' vol. xxiv., 1784, p. 181: this memoir contains much information on the ancient selection of sheep; and is my authority for rams not being killed young in England.

[487] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 389.

[488] Communications to Board of Agriculture, quoted in Dr. Darwin's 'Phytologia,' 1800, p. 451.

[489] 'Mémoire sur les Chinois,' 1786, tom. xi. p. 55; tom. v. p. 507.

[490] 'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois,' par L. D'Hervey-Saint-Denys, 1850, p. 229. With respect to Khang-hi, _see_ Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' p. 311.

[491] Anderson, in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xii. p. 253.

[492] 'Mém. de l'Acad.' (divers savans), tom. vi., 1835, p. 333.

[493] 'Des Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 333, 371.

[494] 'The Great Sahara,' by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 1860, p. 238.

[495] Pallas, 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1777, p. 249; Moorcroft and Trebeck, 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' 1841.

[496] Quoted from Raffles, in the 'Indian Field,' 1859, p. 196; for Varro, _see_ Pallas, _ut supra_.

[497] Erman's 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 453.

[498] _See_ also 'Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii. part i. p. 65.

[499] Livingstone's 'First Travels,' pp. 191, 439, 565; _see_ also 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. 465, for an analogous case respecting a good breed of goats.

[500] Andersson's 'Travels in South Africa,' pp. 232, 318, 319.

[501] Dr. Vavasseur, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 136.

[502] 'The Natural History of Dee Side,' 1855, p. 476.

[503] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 457.

[504] 'Cattle,' p. 48.

[505] Livingstone's Travels, p. 576; Andersson, 'Lake Ngami,' 1856, p. 222. With respect to the sale in Kaffraria, _see_ 'Quarterly Review,' 1860, p. 139.

[506] 'Mémoire sur les Chinois' (by the Jesuits), 1786, tom. xi. p. 57.

[507] F. Michel, 'Des Haras,' pp. 47, 50.

[508] Col. Hamilton Smith, Dogs, in 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 103.

[509] Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324.

[510] Sidney's edit. of Youatt, 1860, pp. 24, 25.