Chapter IX: Section TWO (3)

The delivery pipe is similar in every respect to the one in the apparatus described formerly; the graduated tube outside showing the quantity of liquid inside the apparatus is also the same; in fact, the similarity between the two is striking. But the principal feature of the apparatus, and that which recommends it to the profession, is the perfect isolation of all the working parts of the apparatus from direct contact with the liquid injected. The greatest objection in this case, as in the other, is removed, as the most important part of the work, namely: that of compressing the air, is performed without any danger to the generator.

Another apparatus—that of Waldon—combines the two systems in one, and can be operated with equal facility either by means of compressed air or by means of gaseous expansion.

Still, these instruments require a certain amount of familiarity in the handling before they can be operated with efficiency, as, to a person not fully conversant with their mechanism, they may prove awkward.

The instruments of Messrs. G. Tiemann & Co., of New York, which I have employed so far very successfully, could be rendered perfect by adopting some modifications in their make.

GASEOUS COMPOUNDS.

Too little attention has been paid heretofore to the antiseptic powers of certain gases. It is a well known fact, that some of the gases which are the result of animal and vegetable decomposition are, to a certain extent, the means of their own disinfection; hence, some of these are endowed with deodorizing as well as antiseptic properties.

We have already given at length the properties of chlorine. Carbonic acid gas is another of those antiseptic agents which will occupy our attention.

It exists in the atmosphere as a product of combustion and of the respiration of animals; it is a result, also, of the slow decomposition of most vegetable substances, and is evolved in great quantities from the ground in volcanic countries. In the formation of sugar it is produced in abundance, along with alcohol.

For the purposes of the chemist, it is generally prepared by decomposing marble by means of some stronger acid. From its cheapness and the solubility of the residual salt, muriatic acid is generally employed.

The properties of carbonic acid are very remarkable; it is perfectly colorless and invisible; it is irrespirable, producing, when an attempt is made to breathe it, violent spasms of the glottis. If it be respired mixed with air, even in the proportion of one to ten, it gradually produces stupor and death, acting as a narcotic poison. Hence, when disengaged in large quantities, whether by natural operations or in process of manufacture, it accumulates in all cavities within its reach, and may cause fatal accidents to animals who enter unadvisedly.

Carbonic acid does not support combustion; a taper plunged into a jar full of the gas is instantly extinguished. Carbonic acid is also a check on putrefaction, and arrests decay.

SULPHUROUS ACID.

Sulphurous acid exists at ordinary temperature and pressure in the gaseous form; it is one, however, of the most easily liquified gases. It is produced always when sulphur burns, either in air or in pure oxygen; sulphur not being capable of passing directly to a higher degree of oxydation. In the burning of sulphur, the volume of sulphurous acid gas formed is exactly equal to the amount of oxygen consumed.

Sulphurous acid gas may also be simply prepared by heating three parts of flowers of sulphur with four of peroxide of manganese. The reaction is very simple: one part of the sulphur uniting with the metal, and another with the oxygen, form sulphuret of manganese and sulphurous acid.

Another and quicker way to obtain this gas in small quantities is, to decompose a solution of hyposulphate of soda, by adding muriatic acid to it, so as to liberate the hyposulphurous acid, which immediately decomposes into sulphur and sulphurous acid.

Sulphurous acid is absorbed by water. It is colorless and transparent, possessing an odor peculiarly irritating (the smell of burning sulphur), and cannot be breathed. It is not combustible, nor does it support combustion. Water dissolves about thirty-seven times its volume of sulphurous acid; the solution possesses the properties of the gas in a very high degree, and bleaches vegetable colors with great power; when kept for some time it gradually absorbs oxygen, and the sulphurous becomes changed into sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid is one of the feeblest acids, and is expelled from its combinations by almost all but the carbonic acid.

As has been demonstrated, all these gases are absorbed by water, and a saturated solution possesses the properties of the gases themselves.

PHYSIOLOGY.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE CIRCULATING APPARATUS OF MAN.

The course and relative positions of the principal arteries and veins of the Systemic circulation are shown in this plate. The arteries commence from the great arterial trunk, called the aorta, and their branches are distributed to all parts of the system. The venous branches, which accompany the arteries, unite into two great veins, the superior and inferior vena cava, which convey the blood back to the heart.

_a_, The left ventricle of the heart. _b_, The right auricle. _c_, The superior vena cava. _d_, The root of the pulmonary artery. _e, e_, The aorta, which is seen arching backward over the heart, and passing downward into the abdomen, where it divides into its two great branches, the iliac arteries, through which the blood passes to the lower extremities. _f_, The inferior vena cava, which accompanies the descending aorta and its branches, and returns the blood from the lower extremities. The dotted lines represent the outlines of the kidneys.

PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF THE AORTA AND VENA CAVA.

It should be remembered that most of the branches which spring from the great artery and vein are double—that is, each right branch has a corresponding one at the left side—so that there are, for instance, the right and the left carotid arteries, the right and the left jugular veins, etc.

From the arch of the aorta are sent off those arteries which are distributed to the head and arms. The principal ones among these are named as follows:

_g_, The carotid artery, which ascends in the side of the neck, and divides into the temporal artery, _h_, which is distributed in the temple, and the facial artery, _i_, which supplies the face; and also sends a branch, called the internal carotid, to the parts within the skull.

_j_, The sub-clavian artery, lying beneath the clavicle or collar-bone. That part of the continuation of this artery which passes through the axilla or arm-pit is called the axillary artery, _k_; that which lies in the upper arm, the brachial artery, _l_; and in the fore-arm it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries, _m_, _n_, which are distributed to the hand and fingers in the manner indicated in the plate.

The principal branches of the descending aorta are named as follows:

The iliac artery, _o_, on passing into the thigh becomes the femoral artery, _p_, and in the leg divides into the tibial and peroneal arteries, _q_, _r_, which form numerous branches for the supply of the leg and foot.

Before dividing into the iliac arteries, the descending aorta gives off several important branches, as the cœliac artery, from which the stomach and liver are supplied; the renal artery, which goes to the kidneys, and the mesenteric artery, to the intestines; besides many other sub-divisions in various parts of its course.

The branches of the vena cava generally accompany those of the aorta in their distribution, as shown in the figure, and are often called by the same names. The principal divisions of the superior vena cava are: The jugular vein, _s_, which accompanies the carotid artery the sub-clavian vein, _t_, which accompanies the artery of the same name, and receives the blood from the arm and hand.

The inferior vena cava, like the aorta, divides into two great branches, the iliac veins, _u_, the sub-divisions of which accompany those of the arteries, and are called by the same names. The manner in which the superficial veins ramify and anastomose with each other is shown on the upper and lower extremity of the left side.

ORGANS OF DIGESTION.

FIGURE 1.—_General View of the Digestive Organs of Man_.—This figure is intended to give a general idea of the forms and relative positions of the organs of digestion.—_a_, The œsophagus. _b_, The stomach. _c_, The duodenum, _d_, _d_, _d_, Convolutions of the small intestine. _e_, The cœcum. _f_, Appendix of the cœcum. _g_, Opening of the small into the large intestine. _h_, The ascending colon. _i, i_, Transverse arch of the colon. _j_, The descending colon. _k_, The liver. _l_, The gall-bladder. _m_, The pancreas, mostly covered by the stomach. _o_, The spleen.—In this figure, the liver is raised up and the transverse arch of the colon drawn down, in order to show parts which they cover when in their natural situation.

FIGURE 2.—_General Aspect of the Abdominal Viscera_.—In this figure, the anterior walls of the abdomen are removed, so as to show the organs in their natural positions. The small intestine is removed.—_a_, The liver, situated beneath the right arch of the diaphragm. _b_, The stomach. _c_, Epiploa, or floating folds of the peritoneum. _d_, Summit of the gall-bladder. _e_, _e_, Large intestine, showing all its courses.

ORGANS OF CIRCULATION.—HEART AND LUNGS.

FIGURE 1.—_Front View of Heart and Lungs_.—Both organs are stripped of their envelopes, the pleura and pericardium. The right lung is drawn aside, so as to uncover the heart and large vessels. The left lung is deeply dissected, to show the distribution and mode of ramification of the air-tubes and blood-vessels.

_a_, The larynx. _b_, The trachea.—The right lung is somewhat shorter than the left, and is divided into three lobes, _c_, _d_, _e_; while the left lung has but two lobes, _f_, _g_. The surface of the lobes is sub-divided into lobules, by the intersection of great numbers of depressed lines. _h_, Right auricle of the heart. _i_, Right ventricle. _j_, Left auricle. _k_, Left ventricle. _l_, The aorta. _m_, The pulmonary artery. _n_, Left pulmonary veins.—These veins are four in number, two for each lung; and they return to the heart the blood which has been conveyed into the lungs by the pulmonary artery. The division of the pulmonary artery into right and left branches cannot be seen in this figure, being hidden by the aorta. _o_, The superior vena cava. _p_, Root of the right innominate artery, springing from the arch of the aorta. _q_, Root of the left sub-clavian artery. _r_, Root of the left carotid artery.

FIGURE 2.—_Back View of the Heart and Lungs._—_a_, Larynx. _b_, Trachea. _c_, Right bronchus. _d_, Left bronchus. _e_, Left auricle of the heart. _f_, Left ventricle. _g_, Right pulmonary veins. _h_, Left pulmonary veins. _i_, Left pulmonary artery. _j_, Section of the aorta. _k_, Trunks of the brachio-cephalic veins (those which belong to the arms and head). _l_, The opening of the inferior vena cava.—The sub-divisions of the pulmonary arteries and veins, and of the air-tubes or bronchi, are seen accompanying each other in the left lung in both figures.

GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

A

ABDOMEN (L. _abdo_, to hide). So called from its containing the
intestines, &c.

ABDUCTOR (L. _abduco_, to draw from). _Abducent._ A muscle
whose office is to draw one part of the body away from another.

ABSORPTION. The act or process of imbibing or swallowing.

ABSORBENTS. Vessels which imbibe, as lymphatics and lacteals.

ALBUMEN (L. _albus_, white). Albumen is of two kinds, animal
and vegetable: 1. _Animal albumen_ exists in two forms, the
liquid and the solid. In the _liquid_ state, it is a thick, glairy
fluid, constituting the principal part of the white of egg. In
the _solid_ state, it is contained in several of the textures of the
body, as the cellular membrane, the skin, glands and vessels.—2.
_Vegetable albumen_ closely resembles animal albumen, and has
been found in wheat, rye, barley, peas and beans.

ANASTOMOSIS (Gr. _aná_, through, and _stoma_, a mouth). The
communication
of vessels with each other, as of the arteries with the
veins, which, by touching at numerous points, form a net-work
or reticulation. See _Inosculation_.

ANATOMY (Gr. _anatémnō_, to cut up). The science of organization;
the science whose object is the examination of the organs
or _instruments_ of life. Animal anatomy is divided into _human
anatomy_ and _comparative anatomy_, according as it treats of the
organization of the human body, or of that of other animals.

AORTA (Gr. _aèr_, air, _teréō_, to keep; as having been formerly
supposed
to contain only air). The great artery of the heart. It
is distinguished into the _ascending_ and _descending_.

AQUEOUS. Watery.

ARACANOID MEMBRANE (Gr. _arachnē_, a spider, and _eīdos_, likeness).
The fine _cobweb-like_ membrane situated between the
dura and pia mater. It is the serous membrane of the cerebro-spinal
centers.

ARBOR VITÆ. Literally, _tree of life_. A term applied to the
arborescent appearance presented by the cerebellum, when cut
into vertically.

ARTERY (Gr. _aèr_, air, and _teréō_, to hold). A vessel which carries
the blood from the heart; formerly supposed, from its being
found empty after death, to contain only air.

ARYTÆNOID (Gr. _arútaina_, a ewer, and _eīdos_, likeness). A term
applied to two triangular cartilages of the larynx.

AUDITORY (L. _audio_, to hear). Belonging to parts connected
with the sense of hearing.

AURICULA (L. dim of _auris_, the ear). An auricle; the prominent
part of the ear. Also, the name of two cavities of the heart.

AUTOMATIC MOTIONS (Gr. _automatos_, of his own accord). Those
muscular actions which are not dependent on the mind.

B

BILIS. Bile, gall, or choler; the secretion of the liver. A term
employed to characterize a class of diseases caused by a too
copious secretion of bile.

BRONCHUS (Gr. _bróngchos_, the windpipe, from _bréchō_, to moisten).
The windpipe; a ramification of the trachea; so called from
ancient belief that the solids were conveyed into the stomach by
the œsophagus, and the fluids by the bronchia.

BRONCHIAL-TUBES. The minute ramifications of the bronchi, terminating
in the _bronchial cells_, or air cells of the lungs.

BRONCHITIS. Inflammation of the bronchi or ramifications of the
trachea.

BURSÆ MUCOSÆ (_mucous bags_). Small sacs situated about the
joints, being parts of the sheaths of tendons.

C

CÆCUM, or CŒCUM (L. _cæcus_, blind). The first part of the colon
or _blind_ intestine.

CALLUS (Latin, _hardness_). New bone, or the substance which
serves to join together the ends of a fracture, and to restore
destroyed portions of bone.

CAPILLARY (L. _capillus_, a hair). Resembling a hair in size; a
term applied to the _vessels_ which intervene between the minute
arteries and veins.

CAPSULA (L. dim. of _capsa_, a chest). Literally, a little chest. A
capsule or bag, which incloses any part.

CARBON (L. _carbo_, a coal). A substance well known under the
form of coal, charcoal, lamp-black, &c. In chemical language,
it denotes the pure inflammable principle of charcoal; in its
state of absolute purity it constitutes the _diamond_.

CARBONIC ACID. Carbon and oxygen combined.

CARDIA (Gr. _kardia_, the heart). The entrance into the stomach;
so called from being near the heart.

CARDIAC (Gr. _kardia_, the heart). Relating to the heart.

CAROTID (Gr. _karóō_, to induce sleep). The name of two large
arteries of the neck; so called from an idea that tying them
would induce stupor.

CARPUS (Gr. _karpós_, fruit). The wrist. The _ossa carpi_, or carpal
bones, are eight in number, and form two rows.

CARTILAGE. Gristle. It is attached to bones, and must be distinguished
from the ligaments of joints and tendons of muscles.

CEREBELLUM (dim. of _cerebrum_). The little brain, situated behind
the larger or cerebrum.

CEREBRUM (Gr. _káre_, the head). The brain; the chief portion of
the brain, occupying the whole upper cavity of the skull.

CEREBRO-SPINAL. System.

CERVIX. The neck; the hinder part of the neck. The fore part
is called _collum_.

CHEST. _Thorax._ An old English term, commonly traced to the
Latin _cista_.—“When it is considered that the same word was
anciently used for a _basket_, the appropriation of it to the human
thorax will appear quite natural to any one who has ever seen a
skeleton.”—_Forbes._

CHYLE (Gr. _chulòs_, juice). The milk-like fluid absorbed by the
lacteal vessels.

CHYLIFICATION (L. _fio_, to become). The process by which the
chyle is separated from the chyme.

CHYME (Gr. _chumòs_, juice). The semi-fluid matter which passes
from the stomach into the duodenum.

CHYMIFICATION (L. _fio_, to become). The process by which the
aliment is converted into chyme.

CLAVICULA (dim. of _clavis_, a key). The clavicle, or collar-bone;
so called from its resemblance to an ancient key.

COCCYX (Gr. _kókkux_, a cuckoo). The lower end of the spine; so
called from its resemblance to a cuckoo’s beak.

COLON (Gr. _kolīn_, quasi, _koīlon_, hollow). The first of the large
intestines, commencing at the cœcum, and terminating at the
rectum.

COMA (Gr. _kōma_, drowsiness, from _kéō_, to lie). Drowsiness;
lethargic sleep; dead sleep; torpor.

COMMISSURE (L. _commissura_). To joint or sever the place where
two bodies or parts of a body meet and unite.

CONDYLE (Gr. _kóndulos_, a knuckle). A rounded eminence in the
joints of several bones, as the humerus and the femur.

CONGESTION (L. _congero_, to amass). Undue fullness of the
blood-vessels.

CONJUNCTIVA (L. _conjungo_, to unite). The mucous membrane
which lines the posterior surface of the eyelids, and is continued
over the fore-part of the globe of the eye.

CORIUM. Leather. The deep layer of cutis, or true skin, forming
the basis of the support of the skin.

CORPUSCULUM (L. dim. of _corpus_, a body). A corpuscle, or little
body.

CRANIUM (Gr. _kára_, the head). The skull, or cavity, which contains
the brain, its membranes and vessels.

CRICOS (Gr. _krikíos_, a ring). Whence crícoïd, the name of the
ring-like cartilage of the larynx.

CRYSTALLINE (Gr. _krústallos_, ice). A term applied to the lens of
the eye.

CUTICLE (L. dim. of _cutis_). The epidermis or scarf-skin.

CUTIS (Gr. _kútos_, the skin). The true skin, as distinguished from
the cuticle, epidermis or scarf-skin.

D

DEGLUTITION (L. _deglutio_, to swallow). The act of swallowing.

DIAPHRAGM (Gr. _diàphragma_, a partition). The midriff; the
transverse muscular partition which separates the thorax from
the abdomen.

DIGESTION (L. _digero_, from _diversim gero_, to carry into different
parts). In _Physiology_, the change of food into _chyme_ by the
mouth, stomach and small intestines; and the absorption and
distribution of the more nutritious parts, or the _chyle_, through
the system.

DORSUM (Latin). The back; the round part of the back of a
man or beast. Whence _Dorsal_, appertaining to the back, as
applied to a region, ligaments, &c.

DUODENUM (L. _duodeni_, twelve). The twelve-inch intestine; so
called from its being equal in length to the breadth of twelve
fingers. The first portion of the small intestines, beginning
from the pylorus.

DURA MATER (_hard-mother_). The outermost membrane of the
brain.

E

EFFLUVIA (L. _effluo_, to flow out). Exhalations, vapors, &c.

ELASTICITY. The property or power by which a body compressed
or extended returns to its former state.

ENAMEL. The hard exterior surface of the teeth.

ENCEPHALON (Gr. _èn_, in, _kephalē_, the head). The brain; the
contents of the skull, consisting of the cerebrum, cerebellum,
medulla oblongata, and membranes.

EPIDERMIS (Gr. _epi_, upon, and _dérma_, the skin) The cuticle, or
scarf-skin; the thin, horny layer which protects the surface of
the integument.

EPIGLOTTIS. A cartilage of the larynx, situated above the glottis.

EPIPLOON (Gr. _plēo_, to sail). The omentum; a membranous expansion
which _floats_ upon the intestines.

EPITHELIUM (Gr. _títhēmi_, to place). The cuticle on the red part
of the lips, and on the mucous membranes in general.

EXCRETION (L. _excerno_, to separate from). A general term for
the perspiration, fæces, &c., which are separated and voided
from the blood or the food.

EXPIRATION (L. _expiro_, to breathe). That part of the respiration
in which the air is expelled. Compare _Inspiration_.

EXUDATION. _Transpiration._ The flow of liquid from the surface
of the skin or membrane, an ulcer, &c.

F

FACIAL (L. _facies_, the face). Belonging to the face; as _facial
nerve_, _facial vein_, &c.

FALX. A scythe or sickle. The _sickle_-like processes of the dura
mater, situated between the lobes of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

FASCIA (L. _fascis_, a bundle). Literally, a scarf or large band.
Hence it is applied to the aponeurotic expansion of a muscle.

FASCICULUS (L. dim. of _fascis_, a bundle). A little bundle; a
handful. Thus, a muscle consists of _fasciculi_ of fibres.

FAUCES. The gullet or upper part of the throat; the space surrounded
by the vellum palati, the uvula, the tonsils, and the
posterior part of the tongue.

FEMUR, FEMORIS. _Os femoris._ The thigh-bone; the longest,
largest and heaviest of all the bones of the body.

FIBRE (L. _fibra_, a filament). A filament or thread, of animal,
vegetable or mineral composition.

FIBRIL. A small filament or fibre, as the ultimate division of a
nerve. The term is derived from _fibrilla_, L. dim. of _fibra_, a
filament.

FIBRIN. A tough, fibrous mass, which, together with albumen,
forms the basis of muscle.

FIBRO-CARTILAGE. Membraniform cartilage; a substance intermediate
between proper cartilage and ligament.

FILAMENT (L. _filum_, a thread, _forma_, likeness). Thread-like;
applied to the papillæ at the edges of the tongue.

FISSURE. A cleft; a longitudinal opening.

FLEXOR (L. _flecto_, to bend). A muscle which bends the part into
which it is inserted. Its antagonist is termed _extensor_.

FLUIDS. Substances which have the quality of fluidity, and are,
in consequence, of no fixed shape.

FOLLICLE (L. dim. of _follis_, a pair of bellows). Literally, a little
bag or scrip of leather. In anatomy, a very minute secreting
cavity.

FORAMEN (L. _foro_, to pierce). An opening.

FOSSA (L. _fodio_, to dig). A ditch or trench; a little depression,
or sinus.

FUNCTION (L. _fungor_, to discharge an office). The office of an
organ in the animal or vegetable economy; as of the heart in
circulation, of the leaf in respiration, &c.

G

GALL-BLADDER. A membranous reservoir, lodged in a fissure on
the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, and containing
the bile.

GALL-DUCTS. These are the _cystic_, proceeding from the gall-bladder;
the _hepatic_, proceeding from the liver; and the _ductus
communis choledochus_, resulting from the union of the two
preceding.

GANGLION (Gr. _gangglíon_, a nerve-knot). A small nervous center,
or an enlargement in the course of a nerve, sometimes termed a
_diminutive brain_.

GASTER. The Greek term for stomach.

GASTRIC (Gr. _gaster_, the stomach). Pertaining to the stomach; as
the gastric juice, &c.

GASTRIC JUICE. The peculiar digestive fluid secreted by the
stomach.

GELATINE (L. _gelu_, frost). The principle of jelly. It is found in
the skin, cartilages, tendons, membranes and bones. The purest
variety of gelatine is _isinglass_.

GLAND (L. _glans_, _glandis_, an acorn). A soft body, composed of
various tissues, vessels, nerves, &c., usually destined to separate
some fluids from the blood.

GLENOID (Gr. _glēne_, a cavity, _eīdos_, likeness). The name of a
part having a shallow cavity; as the socket of the shoulder joint.

GLOBULES RED (L. dim. of _globus_, a ball). The red coloring
matter of the blood; a peculiar animal principle.

GLOSSA, or GLOTTA (Gr. _glōtta_). The tongue; the organ of
speech. _Glosso._ Terms compounded of this word belong to
nerves or muscles attached to the tongue.

GLOTTIS. The aperture of the larynx between the arytænoïd
cartilages. It is covered by a cartilage called the _epi-glottis_.

GRANULE. A small particle.

H

HÆMATOSIN (Gr. _haima_, blood). A characteristic constituent of
the blood, derived from the globules.

HÆMORRHAGE. A rupture of a blood-vessel; a bursting forth of
blood; loss of blood.

HEPATIC. A term applied to any part belonging to the liver.

HUMERUS. The bone of the upper arm.

HUMOR (L. _humeo_, to be moist). An aqueous substance; as the
humors of the eye.

HYGIENE (Gr. to be well). Health; the preservation of health;
that part of medicine which regards the preservation of health.

HYOIDES (the Greek letter _upsilon_). A bone situated between
the root of the tongue and the larynx.

HYPOGASTRIUM. The lower anterior region of the abdomen.

HYPOGLOSSAL. The name of the _lingualis_, or ninth pair of
nerves, situated beneath the tongue.

I, J

ICHOR. A thin, acrid discharge, issuing from wounds, ulcers, &c.

JEJUNUM (L. _jejunus_, hungry). The upper two-fifths of the small
intestines; so named from this portion being generally found
_empty_.

ILEUM (to turn about). The lower three-fifths of the _small
intestines_;
so called from their convolutions or peristaltic motions.

ILIAC BONE. Another name for the _os innominatum_, derived
from the circumstance that this compound bone supports the
parts which the ancients called _ilia_, or the flanks.

ILIAC REGION. The region situated on each side of the hypogastrium.

INDEX (L. _indico_, to point out). The forefinger; the finger
usually employed in _pointing_ at any object.

INFRA-SPINATUS. A muscle arising from the scapula below the
spine, and inserted into the humerus.

INNOMINATUS (L. _in_, priv., _nomen_, name). Hence, _Innominatum
os_, a bone composed of three portions, viz: 1, The _ilium_, or
haunch-bone; 2, The _ischium_, or hip-bone; 3, The _os pubis_, or
share bone.

INTEGUMENT (L. _in_, and _tego_, to cover). The covering of any
part of the body, as the cuticle, cutis, &c.

INTER-COSTAL. The name of two sets of muscles between the
ribs—the _external_ and the _internal_.

INTESTINES (L. _intus_, within). That part of the alimentary canal
which extends from the stomach to the anus.

JUGULAR. Belonging to the neck; applied chiefly to the principal
veins of the neck.

K

KINGDOM. A term denoting any of the principal divisions of
nature. Thus we have the _organic kingdom_, comprehending
substances which organize; and the _inorganic kingdom_, comprehending
substances which crystallize.

KNEE-PAN. Patella; the small round bone at the front of the
knee-joint.

KIDNEYS. Two oblong glands, which secrete the urine.

L

LABIA. The lips. They are laterally united by means of two
acute angles, which are called their _commissures_.

LABYRINTH. The name of a series of cavities of the inner ear,
viz: the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semi-circular canals.

LACHRYMA. A tear; the fluid secreted by the _lachrymal gland_,
and flowing on the surface of the eye.

LACTEALS (L. _lac_, milk). Numerous minute tubes which _absorb_
or take up the chyle, or _milk-like_ fluid, from the alimentary
canal.

LACTIC ACID (L. _lac_, _lactis_, milk). An acid produced whenever
milk—and perhaps most animal fluids—become spontaneously
sour.

LAMINA. Literally, a small plate of any metal. A term applied
to the foliated structure of bones or other organs.

LARYNX (Gr. _larungx_, the larynx). The superior part of the
trachea, situated immediately under the os hyoïdes.

LENS (L. _lens_, _lentis_, a bean). Properly, a small roundish glass,
shaped like a _lentil_, or bean.

LIGAMENT (L. _ligo_, to bind). A membrane of a flexible but
compact texture, which connects the articular surfaces of bones
and cartilages; and sometimes protects the joints by a capsular
envelope.

LINGUA (L. _lingo_, to lick). The tongue; the organ of taste and
speech.

LIVER. The largest glandular apparatus in the body, the office of
which is to secrete the bile.

LUMBI. The loins; the inferior part of the back; whence _Lumbar_,
the designation of nerves, arteries, veins, &c., belonging to
the region of the loins.

LUNGS. The organs of respiration.

LUXATION (L. _luxo_, to put out of joint). Dislocation; or the
removal of the articular surface of bones out of their proper
situation.

LYMPH (L. _lympha_, water). A colorless liquid which circulates in
the lymphatics.

LYMPHATICS (L. _lympha_, water). Minute tubes which pervade
every part of the body, which they _absorb_, or take up, in the
form of _lymph_.

M

MAGNESIUM. A metal having the color and lustre of silver.

MASSETER (Gr. to chew). A muscle which assists in chewing.

MASTOID (Gr. a breast). Shaped like the breast or nipple; as
applied to a _process_, and a _foramen_ of the temporal bone.

MEATUS (L. _meo_, to pass, to flow). Literally, a passage.

MEDULLA. Marrow; a kind of fixed oil, occupying the cavities
of bones.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The upper enlarged portion of the spinal
cord.

MEDULLA SPINALIS. The spinal marrow or cord.

MEDULLARY. The designation of the _white_ substance of the
brain.

MESENTERY (Gr. between the bowels). The membrane which
connects the small intestines and the posterior wall of the
abdomen.

META-CARPUS (Gr. after, the wrist). That part of the hand which
is situated between the carpus and the fingers.

META-TARSUS. That part of the foot which is situated between
the tarsus and the toes.

MIDRIFF. _Diaphragm._ The muscle which divides the body into
the thorax and the abdomen.

MITRAL VALVES (L. _mitra_, a mitre). The name of two valves
which guard the left ventricle of the heart.

MOLAR (L. _mola_, a mill-stone). The double or grinding teeth.
Those with two fangs are called bicuspid, or false molars.

MOTOR (L. _moveo_, to move). A mover; a part whose function is
_motion_.

MUCUS. The liquid secreted by the mucous surfaces, as of the
nostrils, intended as a protection to the parts exposed to external
influences.

N

NARCOTICS (Gr. stupor). Medicines which induce sleep or stupor,
as opiates.

NASUS. The nose, or organ of smell; whence _nasal_, belonging
to the nose.

NERVES (L. _nervus_, a string). White cords arising from the brain
or the spinal marrow, and distributed to every part of the
system.

NEURON (Gr.) A nerve; a cord arising from the brain or spinal
marrow. Whence _Neurilemma_, the sheath of a nerve; and
_Neurology_, the doctrine of the nerves.

NITROGEN. _Azote._ An elementary principle, constituting four-fifths
of the volume of atmospheric air.

NUTRITION (L. _nutrio_, to nourish). The process of nourishing
the frame.

O

OBTURATOR (L. _obturo_, to stop up). The name of two muscles of
the thigh, and of a nerve.

OCCIPUT (L. _ob caput_). The back part of the head; the part
_opposite_
to the front or _sinciput_.

ŒSOPHAGUS (Gr. to carry, to eat). A canal leading from the
mouth to the stomach.

OLEAGINOUS (L. _oleum_, oil). That which contains or resembles oil.

OLFACTORY (L. _olfacio_, to smell). Belonging to the smell; the
name of the first pair of cerebral nerves, &c.

OMENTUM. The caul; a fold or reflexion of the peritoneum.

OMO (Gr. the shoulder). Words compounded with this term belong
to muscles attached to the scapula.

OPTIC. Belonging to the sight.

ORBIT (L. _orbita_, an orbit, a track). The cavity under the forehead,
in which the eye is fixed.

ORGAN. A part which has a determinate office in the animal
economy.

ORGANIZATION. A term applied to a system, composed of several
individual parts, each of which has its proper function, but all
conduce to the existence of the entire system.

ORIGIN (L. _origo_). The commencement of a muscle from any
part. Its attachment to the part it moves is called its _insertion_.

OS, OSSIS. A bone; a portion of the skeleton, constituting a
_passive_ organ of locomotion, as distinguished from a muscle or
_active_ organ of this faculty.

OSSIFICATION. The formation of bone; the deposition of calcareous
phosphate, or carbonate, on the soft solids of animal
bodies.

OXIDES. Substances combined with oxygen, without being in the
state of an acid.

OXYGEN. A gas which forms about one-fifth of atmospheric air,
is capable of supporting flame, and is essential to the respiration
of animals.

P

PANCREAS. A gland, situated transversely across the posterior
wall of the abdomen. In cattle it is called the _sweet-bread_.

PANCREATIC JUICE. The peculiar fluid secreted by the pancreas.

PAPILLA. The term _papillæ_ denotes the small eminences which
constitute the roughness of the upper surface of the tongue.

PARALYSIS. Palsy; the total loss, or diminution, of sensation or
of motion, or of both.

PAROTID. The name of the large, salivary gland situated near
the ear.

PARIES, PARIETIS. The wall of a house or any other building;
whence _Parietal_, belonging to the walls of an organ.

PATELLA (L. dim. of _patina_, a pan). Literally, a small pan. The
knee-pan.

PECTORAL (L. _pectus_, the breast). Pertaining to the breast.

PECTORALIS. The name of two muscles of the trunk.

PEDAL (L. _pedules_). Pertaining to a foot.

PELVIS (Gr. _a basin_). The basin or large bony cavity which
terminates
the trunk inferiorly.

PERICARDIUM (Gr. _around the heart_). A fibro-serous membrane
which surrounds the heart.

PERICRANIUM. The periosteum or membrane which covers the
bones of the cranium.

PERIOSTEUM. The membrane which surrounds the bones.

PERISTALTIC. A term applied to the vermicular contractions of
the intestines upon themselves.

PERITONÆUM. The serous membrane which lines the interior of
the abdomen, and invests all the viscera contained therein.

PERMEABILITY (L. _per_, through, _meo_, to pass). That property of
certain bodies by which they admit the passage of other bodies
through their substance.

PERSPIRATION (L. _perspiro_, to breathe through). The watery
vapor which is constantly passing off through the skin.

PHARYNX (Gr. _the throat_). A musculo-membranous bag, situated
at the back part of the mouth, leading to the stomach.

PHRENES (Gr. _the mind_). The diaphragm; so called because the
ancients supposed it to be the seat of the mind. Hence the
term _Phrenic_, a designation of the internal respiratory nerve,
which goes to the diaphragm.

PHRENOLOGY (Gr. _an account_). A description of the mind; a
science, introduced by Gall and Spurzheim, by which particular
characters and propensities are indicated by the conformation
and protuberances of the skull.

PHYSIOLOGY (Gr. _phusis_, nature, _logos_, an account). The science
which treats of the properties of organic bodies, animal and
vegetable, of the phenomena which they present, and of the
laws which govern their actions.

PIA MATER. A vascular membrane, investing the whole surface
of the brain.

PITUITARY MEMBRANE. A designation of the Schneiderian membrane,
which lines the cavities of the nose.

PLEXUS (L. _plecto_, to weave). A kind of net-work of blood-vessels
or nerves.

PNEUMO-GASTRIC NERVES (Gr. _pneumon_, the lung, _gastér_, the
stomach). The par vagnum, nervi vagi, or eighth pair of nerves,
distributed to the stomach.

PORTAL CIRCULATION. A subordinate part of the venous circulation,
in which the blood makes an additional circuit before it
joins the rest of the venous blood.

PORTAL VEIN (L. _vena portæ_). A vein originating from the
organs within the abdomen.

POTASSIUM. The metallic base of the well known alkaline substance,
potassa.

PROCESS. _Apophysis._ A process or eminence of a bone. Also, a
lobe or portion of the brain.

PRONATION (L. _pronus_, bending downward). The act of turning
the palm of the hand downwards, by rotating the radius upon
the ulna by means of the pronator muscles.

PRONATOR (L. _pronus_, bending downward). The name of two
muscles which turn the radius and the hand inwards and downwards.

PROXIMATE PRINCIPLE. A term applied, in analyzing any body,
to the principle which is _nearest_ to the natural constitution of
the body, and more immediately the object of sense, as distinguished
from intermediate or ultimate principles. _Ultimate
principles_ are the elements of which proximate principles are
composed.

PULMONARY, _pulmonic_ (L. _pulmo_, the lungs). Relating or belonging
to the lungs.

PULSE (L. _pulsus_, a stroke). A beating or striking; and hence,
the stroke or beat of an artery.

PUNCTA LACHRYMALIA. The external commencements of the
lacrymal ducts.

PUPILA (L. dim. of _pupa_, a puppet). The pupil, or the round
aperture in the center of the iris of the eye.

PYLORUS (Gr. _púle_, a gate, _ora_, care). Literally a _gate-keeper_.
The lower and contracted orifice of the stomach, guarding the
entrance into the bowels.

Q

QUARTZ. A species of silicious minerals.

R

RAMIFICATION (L. _ramus_, a branch, _fio_, to become). The issuing
of a small branch from a large one, as of the minute branches
from the larger arteries.

RAMUS. A branch of a tree; the designation of portions of several
bones.

RECTUM (L. _rectus_, straight). The last portion of the intestines.

REFRACTION (L. _refractus_, broken back). The property of light,
by which a ray becomes bent, or _refracted_, when passing from a
rarer into a denser medium, and _vice versá_.

RESPIRATION. The function of breathing.

RETINA (L. _rete_, a net). The _net_ like expansion of the optic nerve
on the inner surface of the eye.

S

SAC (L. _saccus_, a bag). A term applied to a small cavity, as the
lacrymal sac.

SACRUM (L. _sacred_). The bone which forms the basis of the
vertebral column; so called from its having been offered in sacrifice,
and hence considered _sacred_.

SACRO. A term applied to parts connected with the sacrum.
Hence we have _sacro_-iliac symphysis, _sacro_-spinal ligament,
_sacro_-vertebral angle, &c.

SALIVA. The insipid, transparent, viscous liquid secreted by the
salivary glands, principally the parotid.

SANGUIS. Blood; the fluid which circulates in the heart, arteries
and veins.

SARTORIUS (L. _sartor_, a tailor). The muscle by means of which
the tailor crosses his legs.

SCAPULA. The shoulder-blade.

SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE. The _pituitary membrane_, which secretes
the mucous of the nose; so named from Schneider, who
first described it.

SCLEROTICA (Gr. _sklēròs_, hard). The dense fibrous membrane
which, with the _cornea_, forms the external tunic of the eye ball.

SEBACEOUS (L. _sebum_, suet). Suety; a term applied to _follicles_,
which secrete a peculiar oily matter, and are abundant in some
parts of the skin, as in the nose, &c.

SECRETION (L. _secerno_, to separate). A substance _secreted_ or
separated
from the blood by the action of a secreting organ.

SERUM. The thin yellowish fluid constituent of the blood.

SINCIPUT. The fore part of the head. The back part is called
_occiput_.

SINEW. The ligament which joins two bones.

SINUS. A gulf. Hence it denotes a cavity or cell within the substance
of a bone, as of the forehead; also a large venous canal,
as those of the dura mater.

SKELETON (Gr. _skéllo_, to dry up). The dry, bony frame work of
an animal, which sustains the other organs.

SPINAL CORD. _Medulla spinalis._ The medullary matter contained
within the _spine_, or vertebral column.

SPLEEN. A spongy organ situated at the left and behind the
stomach.

SPLINT-BONE. The fibula or small bone of the leg; so named
from its resembling a surgical splint.

STERNUM. The breast bone.

SUB. A Latin preposition, denoting a position _beneath_ any body.

SUB-CLAVIAN. Situated under the clavicle.

SUB-CLAVIUS. A muscle arising from the cartilage of the first rib,
and inserted into the lower surface of the clavicle.

SUB-CUTANEOUS. Beneath the skin.

SUB-LINGUAL. Beneath the tongue.

SUB-MAXILLARY. Beneath the jaw.

SUDOR (L. _sudo_, to sweat). Sweat; the vapor which passes
through the skin and condenses on the surface of the body.

SUDORIFEROUS CANALS. Minute spiral follicles, distributed over
the whole surface of the skin, for the secretion of the sweat.

SUTURE (L. _suo_, to sew). A seam; the junction of the bones of
the cranium by a serrated line, resembling the stitches of a
seam.

SYMPATHETIC NERVE. A nerve consisting of a chain of ganglia,
extending along the side of the vertebral column from the
head to the coccyx, communicating with all the other nerves
of the body, and supposed to produce a _sympathy_ between
the affections of different parts.

T

TARSUS. The instep; the space between the bones of the leg
and metatarsus.

TEARS. A peculiar fluid which lubricates the eye.

TEMPORA (L. pl. of _tempus_, time). The temples, or that part of
the head on which the hair generally begins to turn gray, thus
indicating _the age_; whence _temporal_, pertaining to the temples,
as temporal bones.

TENACITY (L. _teneo_, to hold). The degree of force with which
the particles of bodies cohere or are held together.

TENDON (L. _téino_, to stretch). A fibrous cord at the extremity of
a muscle, by which the muscle is attached to a bone.

TENSOR (L. _tendo_, to stretch). A muscle which _stretches_ any part.

TENTACULA. A filliform process or organ on the bodies of various
animals.

THORAX (Gr. _thórax_). The chest; or that cavity of the body
which contains the heart and lungs.

THORACIC DUCT. The great trunk formed by the junction of the
absorbent vessels.

THYROID (Gr. _thureòs_, a shield). The name given to a shield-shaped
cartilage of the larynx, and of a gland situated on the
trachea.

TIBIA. Literally, a flute or pipe. The shin-bone, or the great
bone of the leg.

TIBIAL. _Tibialis._ Pertaining to the tibia.

TISSUE. A web, or web-like structure, constituting the elementary
structures of animals and plants.

TONSILS (L. _tondeo_, to clip or shear). The round gland situated
in the throat between the pillars of the velum palati.

TRACHEA (Gr. _trachus_, rough). The windpipe. The term is
derived from the inequality of its cartilages.

TRICEPS. Having three heads. Applied to several muscles.

TRICUSPID. Having three points. A term applied to three triangular
fords or _valves_ situated between the right auricle and the
right ventricle of the heart.

TRIFACIAL. Triple-facial. A term applied to the fifth pair of
nerves, the grand sensitive nerve of the head and face.

TROCHANTER (Gr. _trocháo_, to run or roll). The name of two processes
of the thigh-bone—the _major_ and the _minor_.

TUNIC. The upper garment of the Romans. Hence it is applied
to several membranes of the body.

TYMPANUM (Gr. _túmpanon_, a drum). The drum of the ear.

U

ULNA (Gr. _olénē_, the cubit). The large bone of the fore-arm; so
named from its being often used as a measure, under the
term _ell_.

UVEA (L. _uva_, grape). The posterior surface of the iris; so
called from its resemblance in color to a ripe grape.

V

VACUUM (L. _vaccus_, empty). Literally, an empty place. This
term generally denotes the interior of a close vessel, from which
the atmospheric air and every other gas have been extracted.

VALVE (L. _valvæ_, folding-doors). A close lid affixed to a tube or
opening in some vessel, by means of a hinge or other movable
joint, and which can be opened only in one direction. Hence
it signifies a little membrane which prevents the return of fluid
in the blood-vessels and absorbents.

VALVULA (L. dim. of _valve_). A little valve.

VAS, VASIS. Plural, _Vasa_. A vessel, or any utensil to hold liquor.

VASCULAR SYSTEM. That part of the animal economy which
relates to the vessels.

VENOUS. Belonging to a vein.

VENTRICULUS (L. dim. of _venter_, the belly). The term _ventricle_ is
also applied to two cavities of the heart, and to several cavities
in other parts of the body.

VERTEBRA (L. _verto_, to turn). A bone of the spine; so named
from its _turning_ upon the adjoining one.

VERTEBRAL. Connected with the vertebra.

VESSICLE (L. dim. of _vesica_, a bladder). A little bladder.

VILLUS. Literally, the shaggy hair of beasts. Some of the membranes
of the body, as the mucous membrane of the intestinal
canal, present a surface of minute papillæ, termed _villi_,
villosities,
resembling a downy tissue, continually covered with fluid.

VITREOUS BODY (L. _vitrum_, glass). _Vitreous humour._ A transparent
mass, resembling melted glass, occupying the globe of
the eye, and inclosed in the hyaloïd membrane.

W

WARM-BLOODED. A term applied to the mammalia and birds
which have a two-fold circulation.

X

XYPHOID (Gr. _xíphos_, a sword, _eìdos_, likeness). Sword-like; a
term applied to the cartilage of the sternum.

THE END.

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 67 Changed: Alcohol and common salt both act in the preservavation
to: Alcohol and common salt both act in the preservation

pg 76 Changed: that a man entirely unaquainted
to: that a man entirely unacquainted

pg 80 Changed: upwards into the the fascia
to: upwards into the fascia

pg 102 Changed: as to the quantitive composition
to: as to the quantitative composition

pg 126 Changed: the lids must be sown together
to: the lids must be sewn together

pg 126 Changed: in its quantitive composition
to: in its quantitative composition

pg 137 Changed: unbiased by a viscious appetite
to: unbiased by a vicious appetite

pg 192 Changed: being generated insdie of a cylinder
to: being generated inside of a cylinder