Chapter VI: Social Position of Provençal Poets
Joglars and Troubadours 52
Troubadours exclusively lyrical poets 52
Their social origin 53
The sons of citizens 54
Priests 55
Reigning Princes 55
Richard I. of England 56
William IX. of Poitiers 57
Protectors of the Troubadours 58
Reward of the Troubadours 59
Their friendship with princes 60
Intercourse with noble ladies 60
Frequently innocent 61
CHAPTER VII.
THE JOGLAR.
Singers and musical composers 63
Distinction between troubadours and joglars 64
Joglars chiefly narrative poets 67
Guiraut Riquier’s attempted reform 68
His ‘Suplicatio’ 71
CHAPTER VIII.
TRACES OF POPULAR SONG—THE PASTORELA.
Guiraut Riquier’s pastorelas 77
Gui d’Uisel’s pastorelas 84
Marcabrun’s pastorelas 85
CHAPTER IX.
OTHER POPULAR FORMS.
The alba 86
Its oldest form dramatic 87
Guiraut de Bornelh’s alba 87
The common form of the alba 88
Alba by an anonymous poet 91
The serena 93
CHAPTER X.
THE BALADA.
Its age 94
Artistic and popular 95
Subject of the balada love 96
Its musical accompaniment 97
‘Coindeta soi’ 98
The dansa 99
CHAPTER XI.
ARTIFICIAL FORMS OF POETRY.
Comparative simplicity of North-French forms 100
Arnaut Daniel inventor of the sestina 102
Imitated by Dante 103
Metrical scheme of sestina 103
Modern imitations 105
Origin of the sonnet 105
The descort 106
Prose interludes 106
The breu doble 109
The retroensa 110
CHAPTER XII.
THE TENSO.
Form of the tenso 112
Definition of the Leys d’Amors 113
‘Turn and turn about’ 114
Actual discussions 115
Fictitious disputants 115
Topics of discussion 116
Tenso between Bernart de Ventadorn and Peirol 117
Triple tenso 121
Savaric de Mauleon 122
Personal tenso 124
CHAPTER XIII.
THE SIRVENTES.
Its want of formal distinction 127
Its influence on men’s minds 128
General remarks on its tone 128
Etymology of the word 133
Chief divisions of the sirventes 134
The planh 134
Crusader’s song 136
CHAPTER XIV.
THE CANZO.
The canzo representative of Provençal poetry 142
Its frequent monotony 143
Owing to over-elaboration 144
Its beauties 145
Its spontaneity 146
The vers 146
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The troubadoursChapter VI: Social Position of Provençal Poets
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