Chapter X: Xylocopa, 1620

Y

Yellowstone National Park, 520

Young, Thomas, 806-7

Yucca, 954, 1164

Z

Zebra, 1541, 1550

Zodiac, the, 88-95
Arabic, 92
Chinese, 93-94
of Denderah, 90
of the Elephanta Pagoda, 91
of Esne, 91
Hindoo, 93

Zodiacal light, 132, 149-51, 351, 352
spectrum of, 346

Zone, of calms, 833-34
the coralline, 1230
the laminarian, 1230, 1231
the littoral, 1230

Zones, bathymetrical, 1521-22

Zoophytes, 470, 481

Zoospores, 1039

Zosteraceæ, 482

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Charles Robin: “Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux Parasites qui croissent sur l’Homme et sur les Animaux Vivants.” 1853.

[2] From _cilium_, a hair.

[3] The term “cell” is used here in its broadest sense.

[4] Gosse, “A Naturalist’s Rambles on the Devonshire Coast.”

[5] It is singular that the frog, though so low in the scale of vertebrated animals, should bear a striking resemblance to the human conformation in its organs of progressive motion. This arises from the exertions which it makes in swimming being similar to those of man in walking, in as far as they both result from the strong action of the extensors of the feet. Hence, we find a distinct calf in the legs of both, produced by the swelling of similar muscles. The muscles of the thigh present, also, many analogies with those of man; particularly in the presence of the long muscle called the _sartorius_, the use of which is to turn the foot outward, both in stepping and in swimming.

[6] Their prey is swallowed entire; and therefore, as we shall afterward find, the bones of the jaws and face are formed to admit of great expansion, and of great freedom of motion upon one another.

[7] The expression of this fact is thus qualified, because it does not apply to many fossil or extinct species, such as the Ichthyosaurus.

[8] Westwood’s “Introduction.”

[9] The turkey had been domesticated by the Mexicans, from whom the Spaniards introduced it into Europe. It had already become tolerably common in England before the close of the Sixteenth Century, and in Spain and the south of Europe much earlier in date.

The potato, maize, the cinchonas, tobacco, and the turkey, have been pronounced the five great gifts of the New World to the Old.

[10] The emu and cassowary, though in common language referred to as identical, are specifically distinct. Of the cassowary, properly so called, three distinct species are now known--one of them an inhabitant of the Australian mainland, in the neighborhood of Cape York, a second native to New Guinea, and a third inhabiting the island of New Britain.

[11] The substance called _Spermaceti_ is lodged in cells, formed of a cartilaginous substance, situated on the upper part of the head of the _Cachalot_.

[12] L. H. Morgan, _The American Beaver and his Works_, Philadelphia, 1868, pp. 82-86.

[13] The figures given in the above table represent no more than an approximate estimate. It is only in the case of Europe that we possess the means of making such calculations with any approach to accuracy. The amount of the population of China alone has been stated with wide variations--the estimates ranging between two hundred millions and more than double that number. We adopt above the higher number, which appears to be confirmed by the general testimony of observers. The number of inhabitants within the African continent (and especially within those portions of it populated by the negro race) is scarcely more than a guess: the figures given above are probably rather below than in excess of the truth.

[14] The facial angle is formed by the meeting of two lines drawn on the profile of the skull--one of them a line touching the projecting part of the forehead and the gum of the upper jaw, the other connecting the base of the nose and the opening of the ear. The angle formed by the meeting of these lines sometimes amounts in a Caucasian variety of man to 80 degrees and upward; in the other varieties it seldom exceeds 70 degrees; and in the instance of some degraded races is considerably less.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.

Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added,
when a predominant preference was found in the original book.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 1366: ‘upon out mantel’ replaced by ‘upon our mantel’.
Pg 1385: ‘spinous prosesses’ replaced by ‘spinous processes’.
Pg 1397: ‘this mall group’ replaced by ‘this small group’.
Pg 1401: ‘Scychelle Islands’ replaced by ‘Seychelle Islands’.
Pg 1457: ‘Anagarus contains’ replaced by ‘Anagrus contains’.
Pg 1549: ‘The cameleopard’ replaced by ‘The camelopard’.
Pg 1572: ‘undoubtededly true’ replaced by ‘undoubtedly true’.
Pg 1579: ‘they started, and’ replaced by ‘they startled, and’.
Pg 1671: ‘and Caspain Seas’ replaced by ‘and Caspian Seas’.
In the Index:
Pg 1695: ‘A gler-fish’ replaced by ‘Angler-fish’.
Pg 1696: ‘Bees, 1426-17’ replaced by ‘Bees, 1426-27’.
Pg 1697: ‘Cheiroptera, 1536’ replaced by ‘Cherioptera, 1536’.
Pg 1700: ‘Goethe, 895, 998-90’ replaced by ‘Goethe, 895, 998-99’.
Pg 1703: ‘th (constellation)’ replaced by ‘the (constellation)’.
Pg 1709: ‘Unguilata, 1536’ replaced by ‘Ungulata, 1536’.
Pg 1709: ‘Vaucluse, the Sorges’ replaced by ‘Vaucluse, the Gorges’.