Chapter I: Front Matter

The Story of the Nations

THE STORY OF THE
BARBARY CORSAIRS

BY

STANLEY LANE-POOLE.

AUTHOR OF "THE LIFE OF LORD STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE," "TURKEY,"
"THE MOORS IN SPAIN," ETC., ETC.

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF
LIEUT. J. D. JERROLD KELLEY, U.S. NAVY

NEW YORK
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN
1890

COPYRIGHT BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1890

_Entered at Stationers' Hall, London_ BY T. FISHER UNWIN

Press of G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS New York

THE STORY OF THE NATIONS

12MO, ILLUSTRATED. PER VOL., $1.50

THE EARLIER VOLUMES ARE

THE STORY OF GREECE. By Prof. Jas. A. Harrison THE STORY OF ROME. By Arthur Gilman THE STORY OF THE JEWS. By Prof. Jas. K. Hosmer THE STORY OF CHALDEA. By Z. A. Ragozin THE STORY OF GERMANY. By S. Baring-Gould THE STORY OF NORWAY. By Prof. H. H. Boyesen THE STORY OF SPAIN. By E. E. and Susan Hale THE STORY OF HUNGARY. By Prof. A. Vambery THE STORY OF CARTHAGE. By Prof. Alfred J. Church THE STORY OF THE SARACENS. By Arthur Gilman THE STORY OF THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By Stanley Lane-Poole THE STORY OF THE NORMANS. By Sarah O. Jewett THE STORY OF PERSIA. By S. G. W. Benjamin THE STORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. By Geo. Rawlinson THE STORY OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By Prof. J. P. Mahaffy THE STORY OF ASSYRIA. By Z. A. Ragozin THE STORY OF IRELAND. By Hon. Emily Lawless THE STORY OF THE GOTHS. By Henry Bradley THE STORY OF TURKEY. By Stanley Lane-Poole THE STORY OF MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA. By Z. A. Ragozin THE STORY OF MEDIAEVAL FRANCE. By Gustave Masson THE STORY OF MEXICO. By Susan Hale THE STORY OF HOLLAND. By James E. Thorold Rogers THE STORY OF PH[OE]NICIA. By George Rawlinson THE STORY OF THE HANSA TOWNS. By Helen Zimmern

For prospectus of the series see end of this volume.

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, NEW YORK AND LONDON

(_From a Map in the British Museum._)]

CONTENTS.

_INTRODUCTION._

I.
PAGES

THE REVENGE OF THE MOORS. 3-13

Centuries of piracy, 3--The Moslems take to the sea, 4--African fleets, 7--Effects of the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 8--The delights of piracy, 9--Retaliation of the Moors, 10--Don Pedro Navarro, 12--The building of the Penon de Alger, 13.

II.

THE LAND OF THE CORSAIRS. 14-27

The Barbary Peninsula, 14--Command of the narrow seas, 15--Barbary ports and havens, 16--Character of the country, 20--North-African dynasties, 21--Relations between the rulers of Barbary and the Christian States, 22--Piracy discountenanced, 24--Christian Corsairs, 25--Growth of sea-roving, 26--The coming of the Turks, 27.

_PART I._

THE CORSAIR ADMIRALS.

III.

Ur[=u]j Barbarossa. 1504-1515 31-44

Lesbos, 31--Birth of Ur[=u]j and Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n Barbarossa, 31--Arrival of Ur[=u]j at Tunis, 32--Capture of Papal galleys, 35--The epithet Barba-rossa, 36--Galley slaves, 39--Jerba, 40--Unsuccessful siege of Buj[=e]ya, 40--Doria besieges the Goletta of Tunis, 43--Second attack on Buj[=e]ya, 44--Ur[=u]j becomes king of J[=i]jil, 44.

IV.

THE TAKING OF ALGIERS. 1516-1518 45-52

Death of Ferdinand, 45--Algerines appeal to Ur[=u]j to deliver them from the Spaniards, 46--His doings at Algiers, 49--Defeat of a Spanish armada, 50--Victory over the prince of Tinnis, 50--Great authority of Ur[=u]j, 51--Expedition of the Marquis de Comares, 51--Death of Ur[=u]j Barbarossa, 52.

V.

Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n Barbarossa. 1518-1530 53-60

Departure of the Spanish troops, 53--Character of Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n, 53--Policy towards the Sultan, 54--Is made Beglerbeg of Algiers, 54--Disaster to Don Hugo de Moncada, 55--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n's cruises and his captains, 56--"Drub-Devil" at Majorca, 57--Defeat of Portundo, 58--Storming of the Penon de Alger, 59--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n's fleet, 59.

VI.

THE OTTOMAN NAVY. 1470-1522 61-75

Rise of the Turkish navy, 61--Rivalry of Genoa and Venice, 62--The fleet of Mohammed II., 65--The Knights Hospitallers, 66--Ship building at Constantinople, 66--The Battle of Zonchio, 68--Fall of Lepanto, 71--Decline of Venice, 71--Siege of Rhodes, 73--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n summoned to the Porte, 75.

VII.

DORIA AND BARBAROSSA. 1533 76-83

Andrea Doria, 76--Change of sides, 77--The two rivals, 78--Doria's conquest of Coron, 78--Relief of Coron, 81--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n sails to Constantinople, 82--Is made Admiral, 83--Building galleys, 83.

VIII.

TUNIS TAKEN AND LOST. 1534-1535 84-93

Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n ravages the coasts of Italy, 84--Giulia Gonzaga, 84--The Ben[=i] Hafs of Tunis, 85--Conquest of Tunis by Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n, 86--Charles V. goes to Tunis, 86--Defeat of Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n, 89--Brutality of the Imperial troops, 90--Joy throughout Christendom, 91--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n's expedition to Minorca, 93.

IX.

THE SEA-FIGHT OFF PREVESA. 1537 94-104

Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n and Venice, 94--Venetian provocations, 95--Doria off Paxos, 95--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n lays waste the Apulian coast, 96--Siege of Corfu by the Turks, 96--Abandoned, 97--A raid among the isles of Greece, 97--Rich prizes, 97--Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n sails to combat Doria, 98--Battle off Prevesa, 101--Doria's galleasses, 102--Hesitation of the Christians, 103--Doria's seamanship and Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n's audacity, 104.

X.

BARBAROSSA IN FRANCE. 1539-1546 105-111

Kheyr-ed-d[=i]n retakes Castelnuovo, 105--Is invited by Francis I. to come to Marseilles, 106--Attacks Nice, 109--Winters at Toulon, 109--Ransoms Dragut, 110--Returns to Constantinople, and dies, 111--His tomb at Beshiktash, 111.

XI.

CHARLES AT ALGIERS. 1541 112-123

Barbarossa's successors at Algiers, 112--Charles V. resolves to destroy piracy, 113--The expedition to Algiers, 113--Stormy voyage, 114--The Christian fleet, 114--Landing at Algiers, 117--Effects of the rains, 118--Repulse of the besiegers, 118--Panic in the camp allayed by the Emperor, 119--The Storm, 119--Charles orders a retreat, 120--The remnant of the army sails away, 121--Another tempest, 122--Total failure of the expedition, 123.

XII.

DRAGUT REIS. 1543-1560 124-140

Dragut or Torgh[=u]d the Rover, 124--His captivity, 127--His lair at Jerba, 128--The city of "Africa," 128--Early siege of "Africa" by the Duke of Bourbon, 131--Retreat, 133--"Africa" (Mahd[=i]ya) taken by Dragut, 133--Retaken by Doria and Garcia de Toledo, 134--Dragut's escape from Jerba, 135--He joins the Ottoman navy, 136--Attack on Malta, 136--Siege and conquest of Tripoli, 137--Christian fleets assemble for recapture of Tripoli, 138--Disaster at Jerba, 139-140.

XIII.

THE KNIGHTS OF MALTA. 1565 141-159

Activity of Maltese galleys, 141--Fortifications of Malta, 142--Description of Malta, in 1565, 143--The Turkish forces, 144--Jean de la Valette, 145--Arrival of Dragut, 146--Siege of Fort St. Elmo, 147--Fall of St. Elmo, 149--Death of Dragut, 149--Siege of Fort St. Michael, 150--Ten assaults, 155--A false alarm, 157--Last assault, 158--Arrival of relieving army, 158--The survivors of the siege, 159.

XIV.

LEPANTO. 1571 160-178

Results of the siege of Malta, 160--Ochiali, 161--The Turks lay siege to Cyprus, 162--Jealousies among the Christian admirals, 163--Cyprus occupied by the Turks, 164--Efforts of Pope Pius V., 164--Don John of Austria, 167--Muster of the Christian fleets, 167--The Turkish armada, 173--Meeting of the hostile fleets, 173--Giovanni Doria's tactics, 175--Marshalling of the Turkish array, 175--Beginning of the battle, 176--The victory, 177--Cervantes, 177--Subsequent career and death of Don John, 178.

_PART II._

THE PETTY PIRATES.

XV.

THE GENERAL OF THE GALLEYS. _16th-18th Centuries_ 181-199

The last of the great Corsairs, 181--Ochiali, 182--Pashas of Algiers, 185--Renegades succeeded by Turks, 185--Beys of Tunis, 186--Blackmail levied on the Christian Powers, 186--Deys of Algiers, 187--Violent deaths, 187--Morocco, 188--Sal[=e] rovers, 188--Delgarno, 188--Chevalier Acton, 191--Mur[=a]d Reis, 192--'Ali Pichinin, 194--Defeated by Venetians, 194--His slaves, 195--His theology, 199.

XVI.

GALLEYS AND GALLEY SLAVES. _16th Century_ 200-225

The Renegade Corsairs, 200--Their cruises, 201--Description of different classes of galleys, 205--Furttenbach's account, 206--Rig and armament, 213--Galley-oars, 214--Sufferings of the slaves, 215--The boatswains, 216--Christian galleys, 217--Ship's company, 218--Barbary galleot, 218--Building, 219--Strength of Algerine fleet, 219--Captains, 220--Launching a galley, 220--The rowers and owners, 221--Soldiers, 221--Food, 222--Auguration, 222--Time of cruising, speed, and manoeuvre, 222-223--Ports of refuge, 223-4--Mode of attack, 224--Division of spoils, 224--Return to port with a prize, 225.

XVII.

THE TRIUMPH OF SAILS. _17th Century_ 226-234

European ship-builders in Barbary, 226--The galley superseded by the galleon or ship, 229--Depredations of the Algerine sailing-ships, 229--Fighting a Turkish caramuzel, 231--Raids on Madeira, Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland, 232--Losses of the French, 234.

XVIII.

THE REDEMPTION OF CAPTIVES. _17th and 18th Centuries_ 235-255

Slaves on shore, 235--Dan's account, 236--Cruelty the exception, 241--Government slaves, 242--Sale of captives, 243--Pitiful history of four Knights of Malta, 244--Cervantes in captivity, 246--Attempts to escape, 247--The Order of the Redemption, 251--Father Dan and the mission of Sanson le Page, 252--Arrival of the new Pasha at Algiers, 253--The Bastion de France, 254--Father Comelin, 255.

XIX.

THE ABASEMENT OF EUROPE. _16th to 18th Centuries_ 256-273

Arrogance of the Barbary States, 256--Humiliations imposed upon foreign envoys, 257--Extortion of blackmail from European Powers, 259--Treatment of consuls, 260--Piracy on the high sea, 265--Mr. Spratt's captivity, 266--Ransoms by English government, 267--Adventures of captives, 267--Admiral Blake at Porto Farina, 269--False passes, 270--Failure of all remonstrances, 271-3.

XX.

THE UNITED STATES AND TRIPOLI. 1803-5 274-291

Piracy on American ships, 274--Threats of the Pirates, 275--Squadrons sent to refuse tribute, 276--Commodore Preble, 276--Tangiers brought to reason, 277--The loss of the _Philadelphia_, 279--Decatur succeeds in burning her, 287--Attack on Tripoli, 289--Treaty signed, 290.

XXI.

THE BATTLE OF ALGIERS. 1816 292-300

Proceedings of the Mediterranean fleet, 292--American treaty with Algiers, 293--Lord Exmouth's expedition, 293--His success at Tunis, 294--Princess Caroline, 295--Bombardment of Algiers, 297--Treaty ineffectual, 299.

XXII.

THE FRENCH IN AFRICA. 1830-1881 301-310

French quarrel with Algiers, 301--Duperre's expedition, 302--Surrender of Algiers and departure of the last Dey, 302--Cruelties in French occupation of Algiers, 303--'Abd-el-K[=a]dir leads the Arabs, 305--His victories and reverses, 306--His submission and exile, 306--Subsequent French policy in Algiers, 307--The invasion of Tunis, 307--Perfidy of the French Government, 308--A reign of terror, 309.

INDEX. 311

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

ALGIERS, 1700 _Frontispiece_

GALLEON OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 5

CARAVEL OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 11

THE BARBARY PENINSULA 15

A MAP OF THE KINGDOMS OF BARBARY 17

TUNIS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 33

GALLEY OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 37

J[=I]JIL, 1664 41

ALGIERS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 47

OBSERVATION WITH THE CROSSBOW 55

AN ADMIRAL'S GALLEY 63

GALLEASSE 69

ANDREA DORIA 79

TUNIS, 1566 87

COMPASS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 99

OBSERVATION WITH THE ASTROLABE 104

GALLEY AT ANCHOR 107

SIEGE OF ALGIERS, 1541 115

CASTLE OF JERBA 125

SIEGE OF "AFRICA," 1390 129

GREEK FIRE 131

MEDIEVAL FIREARMS 132

MEDIEVAL PROJECTILES 132

SKETCH OF THE PORT OF MALTA IN 1565 152, 153

ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN A SPANISH GALLEON AND A DUTCH SHIP 165

ARABIC ASTROLABE (TWO POSITIONS) 170, 171

TUNIS IN 1573 183

SAL[=E] IN 1637 189

FIGHT OF THE "MARY ROSE" WITH ALGERINE PIRATES, 1669 197

GALLEY RUNNING BEFORE THE WIND 203

STAGES IN BUILDING A GALLEY 207

PLAN AND SECTIONS OF A GALLEY 209

HOLD OF A GALLEY 211

GALLEASSE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 227

ANCHOR 232

TORMENTS OF THE SLAVES 237

TORMENTS OF THE SLAVES 239

FATHERS OF THE REDEMPTION 249

TRIPOLI 281

[*.*] These illustrations are chiefly reproduced from _La Sphere des deux Mondes_, composee en Francois, par Darinel pasteur des Amadis, Anvers, 1555; Furttenbach's _Architectura Navalis_, 1629; Dan's _Histoire de Barbarie_, 1637; Ogilby's _Africa_, 1670; Adm. Jurien de la Graviere's _Derniers Jours de la Marine a Rames_; and the maps [63842. (3.)--S. 9. 9. (39).--S. 10. 2.--64162. (2.)--64043. (1.)] in the British Museum.

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

Bat[=u]ta, Ibn-: _Voyages._ Ed. Defremery. 4 vols. Paris. 1874-9.

Braithwaite, J.: _History of the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco
upon the death of the late Emperor Muley Ishmael._ 1729.

Brantome, P. de Bourdeille, Seign. De.: _Hommes illustres, [OE]uvres._
Vols. 1 and 2. Paris. 1822.

Broadley, A. M.: _Tunis, Past and Present._ 2 vols. 1882.

Celesia, E.: _Conspiracy of Fieschi._ E. T. 1866.

Cervantes: _Don Quixote._ Trans. H. E. Watts. 5 vols. 1888-9.

Chenier, L. S.: _Present State of the Empire of Morocco._ E. T. 1788.
_Cruelties of the Algerine Pirates._ 1816.

Dan, Pere F.: _Histoire de Barbarie et de ses Corsaires._ 2nd ed.
Paris. 1649.

Eur[=i]s[=i], El-: _Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne._ Ed.
Dozy and De Goeje. Leyden. 1866.

Froissart, J.: _Chronicles._ Trans. T. Johnes. 2 vols. 1844.

Furttenbach, J.: _Architectura Navalis: das ist, Von dem Schiff-Gebaw,
auf dem Meer und Seekusten zu Gebrauchen._ Ulm. 1629.

Graviere, Adm. Jurien de la: _Les Derniers Jours de la Marine a
Rames._ Paris. 1885.
" : _Doria et Barberousse._ 1886.
" : _Les Corsaires Barbaresques._ 1887.
" : _Les Chevaliers de Malte._ 2 vols. 1887.
" : _La Guerre de Chypre._ 2 vols. 1888.

Grammont, H.: _Histoire d'Alger._ 1887.

Haedo, Diego de: _Topographia e Historia General de Argel._
Valladolid. 1612.

H[=a]jji Khal[=i]fa: _History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks._

Hammer, J. von.: _Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches._ 2nd ed. 4 vols.
Pesth. 1834-6.

_Journal Asiatique_: Ser. II., iv., xii.; III., xi., xii., xiii.; IV.,
iii., v., vii., x., xviii.; V., ii., v., vi., xii., xiii.; VI.,
xviii.; VII., vii.

Marmol, Luys del Caravajal: _Descripcion de Africa._ Granada. 1573.

Mas-Latrie, Comte de: _Relations et commerce de l'Afrique
Septentrionale (ou Magreb) avec les nations chretiennes au moyen
age._ Paris. 1886.

Morgan, J.: _A complete History of Algiers._ 1731.

Playfair, Sir R. L.: _The Scourge of Christendom._ 1884.

Reclus, Elisee: _Nouvelle Geographie Universelle._ XI. Paris.

_Registre des Prises._ Algiers. 1872.

Rousseau, Baron A.: _Annales Tunisiennes._ Algiers. 1864.
" : _History of the Conquest of Tunis by the
Ottomans._ 1883.

Shaw, T.: _Travels in Barbary and the Levant._ 3rd ed. Edinb. 1808.

Windus, J.: _Journey to Mequinez._ 1725.