Chapter IX: Beys and Pashas (3)

Futūḥ [Bāb].

G.

Ga‘bary, el-, mosque, 259.

Gabarṭy, el-, historian, 44, 289, 295, 296.

Gāmi‘ (congregational mosque), 123, 187.

Gardens, 20, 57, 87, 89, 93, 96, 109, 145.

Garkas el-Khalīly, 266.

Garstin, Sir W. E., 304.

Gāshnekīr (taster) [Beybars II].

Gate [Bāb]—of Succour [Bāb-en-Naṣr], of Conquests [Bāb-el-Futūḥ], of
the Bridge [Bāb-el-Ḳanṭara], of Iron [Bāb-el-Ḥadīd], of el-Ḳaṭāi‘, 76.

Gawdarīya quarter, 128, 145.

Gawhar, Fāṭimid general, 117-127, 132, 141.

Gedīd [Bāb].

Gelfy, el-, 290.

Gemālīya, 128.

George, church of St, 56.

Gezīra, el- (island of Būlāḳ), 107.

Gezīrat-el-Fīl (island of the elephant), 257, 258.

Ghāzy, Ibn, mosque, 258.

Ghurāb, Ibn, mosque, 259.

Ghureyyib [Bāb].

Ghūrīya street, 6, 159, 253.

Ghūry, el-, Ḳānṣūh, Mamlūk sultan, 253-4, 264; mosques, 253.

Gidda, 263.

Giorgio Ghisi, Azzimina, 280.

Gīza, el-, 41, 92, 96, 109, 117, 123, 176.

Gīza, el-, dike of, 180.

Glass, 108, 232, 272, 286.

Golden Horde, 205, 206, 215, 223.

Golden House, 61;—87.

Governors under caliphs, 59-72.

Granaries, 48, 146.

Greeks, 49, 75, 236, 238, 241.

„ quarters of the, 128, 150.

Grey mosque (el-Aḳmar), 157, 158.

Gubeyr, Ibn, 111, 171, 176-187.

Guyūshy, el-, mosque, 139.

Gypsum, decoration in, 79, 85.

H.

Ḥadīd [Bāb].

Ḥāfiẓ, el-, Fāṭimid caliph, 122.

Ḥagg, Emīr-el-, 290.

Haggarīn, el-, 129.

Hair, appeal by, 158, 169.

Ḥakar (close), 271.

Ḥākim, el-, Fāṭimid caliph, 122, 137, 139-143; mosque, 107, 126,
137-139, 160, 163, 169, 188, 245, 282.

Hall of Columns, 223.

„ of Justice, 207.

„ of the Ḳāḍy, 271.

„ of el-Ma’mūn, 159, 160, 185.

„ of Science, 142, 160.

„ of Tradition, 196.

„ of the Vezīrs, 128, 171.

„ of Yūsuf, 179, 223.

Ḥamāh, 204, 220.

Ḥammām [Bath].

Ḥamrā (“red” place), 42, 65, 217.

Ḥamzāwy khān (cloth-market), 266.

Ḥanafīs, 97, 301.

Ḥanbalīs, 97.

Ḥāra (quarter), 128, 271.

Ḥarbaweyh, Ibn, 93.

Ḥarīm, 17-21.

Hārūn-er-Rashīd, ‘Abbāsid caliph, 66, 67, 147, 261.

Ḥasan, Mamlūk sultan, mosque of, 190, 228-235, 237, 245, 284, 306,
307.

Ḥasaneyn, mosque and festival, 23-26, 128, 181-183, 185.

Hawdag, 97, 157.

Ḥawkal, Ibn, geographer, 104.

Hay, Robert, 259, 260.

Heliopolis (On), 35, 37, 49, 118, 150, 254.

Helwān, 61.

Heraclius, emperor, 37.

Herz Bey, Max, 138, 160, 231, 238, 250, 282, 305 _ff._

Ḥigāz, el-, 104, 204.

Ḥigāzīya, Ṭaṭar el-, mosque, 224.

Historians, 286.

Holy family, 49, 56.

Holy War, 172, 173, 205, 216.

Horse-armour, 134, 145.

Horse, statue, 94.

Ḥoseyn, the martyr, 23, 114, 147, 181-183, 185; festival, 23-26.

Ḥoseyn, Mamlūk emīr, mosque, 224.

Ḥoseynīya quarter, 257, 259, 299.

Houses, 9-17; 109, 145, 290, 292, 308.

Household of Mamlūk sultan, 209.

Hugh of Cæsarea, 130-132.

Hūlāgū, Mongol of Persia, 203.

Humphrey of Toron, 193.

I.

Ibn. _See_ under second name.

Ibrāhīm Aga, 227, 298.

Iḥrām, 170.

Ikhshīd, el- Moḥammad, 93-100.

Illuminations, 23, 24, 95, 101.

Imām (preacher or precentor), 170, 171, 297.

Imām, Shī‘a doctrine of the, 114-116, 154.

Incarnation, 114-116, 142, 143.

Incrustation [Metalwork].

Indian trade, 91, 211, 254, 263-5.

Industries, 271 _ff._

Inlaying, 272 _ff._

Inscriptions, 80, 85, 124, 138, 154, 160, 163, 245, 246.

Investiture, 94, 206.

Irish art, 54-56, 62.

Irrigation, 196, 207, 253.

Ismā‘īlīs (Shī‘a), 116, 157, 205.

Ismā‘īlīya canal, 258.

Ismā‘īly [Arghūn].

Italy, relations with, 263, 280 [Venice].

Ivory carving, 284.

J.

Jacobites, 38.

Jaffa, 172, 205.

James of Aragon, 206.

James of Lusignan, 237.

Janizaries, 288.

Jerusalem, 167, 172, 193, 196, 205.

Jews, 44, 50, 86, 120, 121, 122.

Jews’ work, 280.

John de Brienne, 195.

John the Monk, 153.

John of Nikiu, 34, 35.

Joseph’s granaries, 48, 146.

Joseph’s Hall, 179, 223.

Joseph’s Well, 179.

K.

Ka‘a, 17.

Ka‘ba, 132, 150.

Ḳāḍy, 33, 69.

Kāfūr, Ikhshīdid vezīr, 100-104.

Kāfūr, Garden of, 93, 104, 118, 126, 128, 139, 188.

Kagmās, Mamlūk emīr, mosque, 250, 311.

Ḳāhira, el- (Cairo proper), 118 _ff._

Ḳā’it-Bey, el-Ashraf, Mamlūk sultan, 238, 241-250; medallion, 246;
mosques, 242-249, 284, 285; pulpits, 245; palace, 270; wekālas, 246,
249, 266.

Ḳal‘at-el-Gebel (Castle of the Hill) [Citadel].

Ḳal‘at-el-Kebsh (Castle of the Ram), 90, 121.

Ḳalā’ūn, el-Manṣūr, Mamlūk sultan, 203, 204, 211, 212, 269, 273, 278;
Māristān, 126, 300; minaret, 139; mosques, 212, 245, 283, 285.

Ḳalendarīya, el-, mosque, 259.

Kāmil, el-, Ayyūbid sultan, 179, 195, 196, 216; medresa Kāmilīya, 196.

Ḳanāṭīr-el-Gīza, 180.

Ḳanṭara [Bāb].

Ḳāny Bek, emīr akhōr (master of the horse), 250.

Ḳarāfa, southern cemetery, 184, 185, 227; mosque of, 133, 134 [Bāb].

Ḳarāḳūsh, vezīr of Saladin, 176, 179; khān, 270.

Ḳarāḳūsh (Punch), 25, 176.

Ḳarmaṭīs [Carmathians].

Ḳārūn, pool of, 104.

Ḳāsimīs, 289.

Ḳaṣr (palace), 289.

Ḳaṣr-el-‘Ayny, 107.

Ḳaṣr-ed-Dubāra, 107.

Ḳaṣr-esh-Shawk, 145.

Ḳaṣr-esh-Shema‘, 41 [Babylon].

Ḳaṣr-Yūsuf (Joseph’s Hall), 179, 223.

Ḳaṣreyn [Beyn-el-Ḳaṣreyn].

Ḳaṭāi‘, el-, Ṭūlūnid faubourg, 33, 75, 76, 89, 107.

Ḳayrawān, 116, 117.

Ḳayṣarīya (great market), 266, 271.

Keelform arch, 124, 138.

Kells, Book of, 55.

Kenna, Ibn, monk, 157.

Kerbelā, 114, 119.

Ketkhudā (kiaḥyā, kikhyā), 290, 298, 299.

Kettāmy, el-, painter, 134.

Keymakhty, el-, mosque, 259.

Khabushāny, el-, 184.

Khalangy, el-, 91.

Khalāṭy, el-, 94.

Khalīg [Canal].

Khalīl, el-Ashraf, Mamlūk sultan, 210, 211, 223; ‘Akka gate.

Khalīly, Garkas el-, 266 [Khān].

Khān (inn), 109, 265-271.

Khān el-Khalīly, 24, 126, 128, 210, 266.

Khāriga, 19.

Kharḳ [Bāb].

Khaṭīb (preacher), 170, 171, 297.

Khaṭīry, el-, Aydemir, mosque, 258.

Khaṭma (recital of Ḳor’ān), 22, 25.

Khawkha, 271 [Bāb].

Kheyr Bek, 254; mosque, 250.

Khilāṭy, el-, mosque, 259.

Khumāraweyh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn, 87-89, 92.

Khūshḳadam, Mamlūk sultan, 236.

Khuṭba (bidding-prayer, sermon), 170, 171.

Khuṭṭ (district), 271.

Kiaḥyā (Kikhya), 290 [‘Abd-er-Raḥmān, ‘Othmān, Ruḍwān].

Ḳibla (point towards Mekka), 78, 80.

Kieman, Casr, 41.

Killis, Ibn, Fāṭimid vezīr, 137.

Kindy, el-, historian, 100.

King, title of Fāṭimid vezīrs, 159.

Kiosks, 95, 109, 291.

Kipchak, 202, 205.

Kiswa (holy carpet), 22.

Kitāma, 146; quarter, 128.

Kléber, general, 49.

Knighthood conferred on Muslims, 193.

Ḳor’ān, 67-69, 88, 97, 107, 149, 185, 212, 232, 246.

Ḳubbat-el-Ḥawā [Dome of the air].

Ḳubbat-en-Naṣr, 223.

Kufic [Inscriptions].

Kufīya, 2.

Ḳulla, 11.

Kumiz, 207.

Ḳuseyr, el-, convent, 219.

Ḳuseyr, Red Sea port, 263.

Ḳūṣūn, Mamlūk emīr, 197, 216, 235, 291; mosque, 224, 283, 296; wekāla,
270.

Ḳuṭb [Mutawelly].

Ḳuṭuz, Mamlūk sultan, 203, 207.

L.

Labour, forced, 179.

Lāgīn, Mamlūk sultan, 211; his restoration of mosque of Ibn-Ṭūlūn, 80,
83, 283, 285.

Lamps, 108; enamelled glass, 232, 272.

Lamps, Street of, at Miṣr, 108, 111.

Lane, E. W., 259, 266.

Larenda, 237.

Lattice [Meshrebīya].

Lectern, 56.

Le Strange, Guy, 111, 171.

Leylet-el-Ghiṭās, 95.

Libraries, 148, 171, 292, 295.

Lions’ Bridges, 42, 217.

Literature, 95, 98-100, 103, 120, 124, 295, 296.

Līwān (sanctuary, S.-E. end of mosque), 80.

Lock, 12.

Louis IX., crusade of, 198, 201, 217.

Lūḳ [Bāb].

Lunatics, 186, 300.

M.

Macer [Miṣr].

Mādarā’y, el-, treasurer, 92, 93.

Maghraby, Ibn-el-, mosque, 259.

Mahdy, el-, doctrine of, 115, 116, 154, 157.

Maḥmal, 22.

Maḥmūd el-Kurdy, 280.

Maḥmūdīya canal, 260.

Maḥmūdīya mosque, 289.

Maḥrūḳ [Bāb].

Maḥrūsa, el-, 125.

Maidens’ convent, 217.

Maḳrīzy, el-, topographer, 41 et passim.

Maḳs, el-, port of Cairo, 96, 132, 174, 175; mosques, 141, 189, 260.

Maḳṣūra (royal pew), 223.

Mālikīs (orthodox school of theology), 97, 185, 292.

Mamā’y, palace of Mamlūk emīr, 270.

Mamlūks, 197-301.

Ma’mūn, el-, ‘Abbāsid caliph, 68.

Ma’mūn, el-, Fāṭimid vezīr [Dār].

Mandara (manẓara, guest-room), 14.

Manfred, 206.

Mangak, Mamlūk emīr, mosque, 224.

Manṣūra, el-, battle, 198, 208.

Manṣūrīya, el-, quarter of Sūdānīs, 181.

Manṣūrīya medresa (Ḳalā’ūn), 83.

Manẓara (belvedere), 90, 271.

Marble mosaic, 246.

Marg-Dābiḳ, battle, 254.

Marg-es-Suffar, battle, 204.

Māridāny, el-, Mamlūk emīr, mosque, 224, 283-285, 314.

Māristāns, 126, 185, 186, 212, 224, 238, 300.

Marshūshy, el-, ‘Aly, 242.

Martyrs, Place of, 185.

Marwān, last Omayyad caliph, 64, 65.

Maskat vines, 99.

Masmūda, 145, 146.

Maṣr (for Miṣr, name of Egypt and of its capital), 33 [Fusṭāṭ, Miṣr].

Maṣr-el-‘Atīḳa (old Miṣr, “Old Cairo”), 34, 36, 41, 48, 107, 146, 253.

Maṣṭaba Far‘ūn (Pharaoh’s Seat), 90.

Mas‘ūdy, el-, historian, 95, 96.

Maṭarīya, el-, 48; battle, 49.

Medallion of Ḳā’it-Bey, 246.

Medīna, el-, 104, 144, 182, 205.

Medresa (academy, college), 111, 173, 183-192, 224, 250, 298 [Mosque].

Mekka, 22, 86, 104, 132, 205, 253, 263, 299.

Melekites (orthodox Greek church), 38, 39, 121, 219.

Melons, ‘Abdallāwy, 68.

Memdūd, Ibn, 66.

Memphis, 34, 37, 41.

Menageries, 75, 88, 134.

Menāẓir-el-Kebsh (belvederes of the ram), 90.

Mercurius, St., 121.

Mercury, lake of, 87.

Mesgid, 188 [Mosque].

Meshrebīya, 5, 11, 284, 285.

Mesopotamia, 86, 115, 116.

Mesrūr, khān of, 266, 268.

Metal-work, 108, 271-280, 310.

Meydān (racecourse), 75, 271.

Meymūn, Ibn, 114.

Mibkhara (censer), 138.

Mihmandār (master of the ceremonies), Aḥmad, Mamlūk emīr, mosque, 224.

Miḥrāb (niche for prayer in mosque), 80, 83, 163, 231, 299.

Mina, St, 217.

Minarets, 43, 83; of Ibn-Ṭūlūn, 83; of el-Ḥākim, 83, 138, 139; of
Ḳalā’ūn and Āḳbughā, 83; of el-Mu’ayyad, 153, 238; of Sultan Ḥasan,
232, 307.

Minbar [Pulpit].

Miska, Sitta, mosque, 224.

Miṣr (Maṣr), 34-36, 41, 42 [Fusṭāṭ].

Missionaries, Shī‘a, 115.

Mo‘allaḳa, el-, church, 56, 57, 218.

Moḥammad, the Prophet, 20, 95, 113.

Moḥammad ‘Aly, viceroy, 179, 302; mosque, 301; street, 302.

Moḥammad Bey, Abū-dh-Dhahab, 301.

Moḥammad el-Mādarā’y, treasurer, 92, 93.

Moḥammad ibn Suleymān, ‘Abbāsid general, 89.

Moḥammad ibn ez-Zubeyr, 36.

Moḥarram festival, 22, 23, 119.

Mo‘izz, el-, Fāṭimid caliph, 116-119, 125-127, 129, 132, 133, 147.

Mōlids (birthday festivals), 22.

Monasteries, 61, 123, 128.

Mongols, 203, 204, 236.

Monks, 62, 123, 219.

Monopolies, 264.

Mosaic, 246.

Mōṣil artists, 272 _ff._

Mosques:—

Abū-dh-Dhahab [Moḥammad Bey], 301.

Abū-l-‘Olā, 260.

Abū-s-Su‘ūd, 258.

Aḳbughā, 224, 299.

Akhdar [Fakahāny].

Aḳmar, 157, 160, 227.

Aḳsunḳur, 223, 224, 227, 245, 298.

Aḳūsh, 259.

Algibughā, 259.

Almās, 224, 289.

Almelik, 224, 259.

‘Amr, 42-48, etc. [_q.v._].

Anwar [Ḥākim].

Arghūn el-Ismā‘īly, 224, 227.

Ashraf, 238, 250.

‘Askar, 65.

Asunbugha, 311.

Asyūṭy, 259.

Aydemir [Khaṭīry].

Azhar, 123-5, etc. (_q.v._).

Barḳūḳ, 241, 250.

„ and Farag, 241, 245.

Bars-Bey, 238, 250.

Bāsiṭy, 259.

Benāt, 311.

Beshtāk, 224.

Beybars, Ẓāhir, 207, 212, 218.

Beybars, Gāshnekīr, 128.

Burdeyny, 298.

Emīr Akhōr [Ḳāny Bek].

Ezbek ibn Tutush, 295.

Ezbek el-Yūsufy, 249, 250.

Fakahāny, 159, 298.

Farag [Barḳūḳ].

Felek, Ibn-el-, 259.

Ga‘bary, 259.

Ghāzy, Ibn, 258.

Ghurāb, Ibn, 259.

Ghūry, 253.

Guyūshy, 139.

Ḥākim, 107, 126, 137-9 (_q.v._).

Ḥasan, 190, 224, 228-37, 245, 284, 306.

Ḥasaneyn, 128, 181-185.

Ḥigāzīya, 224.

Ḥoseyn, emīr, 224.

Ibrāhīm Aga (Aḳsunḳur), 227, 298.

Ismā‘īly [Arghūn].

Ḳagmās, 250, 311.

Ḳā’it-Bey, 242-9, 284, 285.

Ḳalā’ūn, 212, 245, 283, 285.

Ḳalendarīya, 259.

Kāmilīya, 196.

Ḳāny Bek, emīr Akhōr, 250.

Ḳarāfa, 133, 134.

Keymakhty, 259.

Khaṭīry, 258.

Kheyr Bek, 250.

Khilāṭy, 259.

Ḳūṣūn, 224, 283, 296.

Maghraby, Ibn-el-, 259.

Maḥmūdīya, 289.

Maḳs, 141, 189, 260.

Mangak, 224.

Māridāny, 224, 283-5, 314.

Mihmandār, 224.

Miska, Sitta, 224.

Moḥammad ‘Aly, 301.

Moḥammad Bey, 300.

Mu’ayyad, 232, 250, 284-5, 297, 311.

Muzhir (Mazhar) Abū-Bekr ibn, 250, 285, 309-311.

Nāṣir in Citadel, 179, 223.

„ Naḥḥāsīn, 220, 223.

Naṣr, 259.

Nefīsa, Seyyida, 202, 206, 223, 300.

Rāshida, 141.

Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb, 212, 282.

Ṣāliḥ Ṭalāi‘.

Ṣarghitmish, 224.

Ṣārim, Ibn-, 259.

Sāriyat-el-Gebel, 185.

Sārūgā, 259.

Sennānīya, 301.

Sengar el-Gāwaly, 224.

Seyf-ed-dīn, 185.

Shāfi‘y, Imām, 184, 225, 296, 298, 300.

Shem, 129.

Sheykhū, 224, 284.

Ṭabbākh, Ibn-eṭ, 258.

Ṭalāi‘ ibn Ruzzīk, 163, 167.

Ṭawāshy, 258.

Ṭaybars, 217, 299.

Ṭulbīya, 215.

Ṭūlūn, Aḥmad ibn, 77-86 [_q.v._].

Yūnus, 258, 259.

Ẓāhir [Beybars].

Zeyneb, Seyyida, 185, 299.

Zeyn-ed-dīn Yaḥyā, 311.

[See also Table of Monuments, pp. 317-22].

Mu’ayyad, el-, Mamlūk sultan, 238; mosque, 10, 126, 232, 250, 284,
285, 297, 298, 311.

Mudarrag [Bāb].

Muedhdhin or Muezzin (prayer crier), 43.

Muḳaṭṭam, el-, hills, 41, 42, 59, 65, 88, 121, 134, 142, 175, 219.

Muḳawḳis, el-, Roman governor of Egypt, 37-39.

Mule, Convent of the, 219.

Murād Bey, 43, 44.

Mūsā el-‘Abbāsy, governor, 67.

Muṣallā-l-‘Id (oratory of the Festival), 141.

Musebbiḥy, el-, author, 99, 100.

Museum of Arab Art, 85, 138, 163, 282, 304, 305, 312.

Museum, British, 272, 273.

„ South Kensington, 272, 282, 283.

Music, 102.

Musky street, 6, 126.

Mustanṣir, el-, Fāṭimid caliph, 144-154, 259.

Mutanebby, el-, poet, 100.

Mutawelly, Ḳuṭb el-, 10 [Bāb-Zuweyla].

Muwaffaḳ, el-, ‘Abbāsid, 86.

Muzhir (Mazhar), Abū-Bekr ibn, Ḳāḍy, mosque, 250, 285, 309-311.

N.

Naḥḥāsīn [Sūḳ].

Narthex, 54.

Nāṣir, en-, title of Saladin, 176.

Nāṣir, en-, Moḥammad, Mamlūk sultan, 90, 204, 209-228; mosque in
Citadel, 179, 223; mosque in Naḥḥāsīn, 220, 223; artistic epoch, 279,
282, 284.

Nāṣir, en-, pool of, 217.

Nāṣir-i-Khusrau, philosopher and traveller, 83, 107-110, 127, 129,
132, 144, 145.

Naṣr [Bāb, Ḳubba].

Naṣr ibn ‘Abbās, 158.

Nefīsa, Seyyida, 202, 206, 223, 300.

Nestorius, Ibn, Fāṭimid vezīr, 122.

Niche of mosque [Miḥrāb].

Night of the Bath, 95.

Nikiu, John, bishop of, 35.

Nile, change of bed, 107, 257, 259; festivals, 95, 96, 132, 146.

Nilometers, 61, 85, 96, 147; mosque of, 253.

Niẓām-el-mulk, Seljūḳ vezīr, college of, 190.

Nubians, 35, 36, 62.

Nūr-ed-dīn, sultan of Damascus, 167, 190, 191, 198.

O.

‘Okba, 185.

Old Cairo [Maṣr-el-‘Atīḳa].

‘Omar, caliph, 34, 40.

‘Omar, secretary, 67.

‘Omāra, poet, 160.

Omayyads [caliphs].

On, 49 [Heliopolis].

Osāma, treasurer, 96.

Osāma ibn Munkidh, Arab chief, 158.

‘Othmān Bey Dhū-l-Fiḳār, 289, 290.

‘Othmān Ketkhudā, 299.

‘Othmānly (Osmānli, Ottoman) Turks, 49, 206; mosques, 298-301.

P.

Palaces, Fāṭimid, 126-8, 130, 131, 160; Mamlūk, 223, 270, 274,
288-290; Ṭūlūnid, 75, 76, 87, 88.

Patriarchs, 37, 38, 61, 62, 121, 122, 219.

Paulus Ageminius, 280.

Pavilions, 88, 127, 139.

Pelusium, 34.

Perfumes, 102, 134, 273.

Persia, Mongol khāns of, 203, 206.

Persian arch, 124, 138, 153; art, 133, 280; troops, 146.

Pharaoh’s Oven, 78; Seat, 90.

Physicians, 86, 120, 128.

Pictures, 53, 55, 133.

Pigeon post, 208; tower, 87.

Pilgrims, 22.

Plague, 117.

Planets, 273.

Plaster-work, 79, 85, 245.

Plato, 49.

Pococke, R., 41.

Poets, 98-101.

Polo, 76.

Pottery, 108.

Preacher, 170, 171, 297.

Professors, 97, 107, 124, 297, 300, 301.

Pulpit (minbar), 43, 57, 80, 283, 284, 299.

Punch (Ḳarāḳūsh), 25.

Q.

Quicksilver Lake, 87.

R.

Raḥba (square), 271.

Rā’ik, Ibn, 93.

Rain, prayers for, 44.

Ram, Castle of the, 90.

Ramaḍān, fast, 44, 57, 94.

Ramla, er-, Peace of, 172.

Rashīd [Hārūn].

Rāshida, mosque at, 141.

Raṭly, Birkat-el-, 259.

Ravaisse, M., 128.

Red [Ḥamrā]; tower, 202; sea, 205.

Rents, 145, 195, 266, 270.

Restoration of mosques, 309-312.

Revenue, 59.

Review, 94.

Rhodes, 237; tiles, 56, 298.

Riwāḳs (partitions in Azhar), 291.

Rōḍa, er-, Island, 61, 65, 94-96, 109, 132, 157, 198.

Rogers, E. T., 206, 304.

Romans (Eastern Empire), 34, 35, 39, 58, 86.

Ruḍwān, Fāṭimid vezīr, 158.

Ruḍwān el-Gelfy, 290, 291.

Ruḳeyya, Seyyida, 163.

Rūm, Ḥārat-er-, 128, 145.

Rumeyla, 75, 179, 219, 253.

Ruzzīk, 159 [Ṭalāi‘].

S.

Sa‘āda [Bāb].

Ṣafīya, Seyyida, mosque, 298.

Sāg (teak wood), 76.

Sa‘īd, Ibn, 44, 94, 96, 112, 262.

Sāḳiya (water-wheel), 258.

Saḳḳa (water carrier), 109, 299.

Saladin (Ṣalāḥ-ed-dīn), Ayyūbid sultan, 33, 159, 164-193, 198, 212,
216.

Sālār, Ibn es-, Fāṭimid vezīr, 158, 167.

Ṣalība (crossway) street, 288.

Ṣāliḥ, eṣ-, Ayyūb, 90, 198, 212, 217, 269; tomb, 212, 282.

Ṣāliḥ, eṣ- [Ṭalāi‘].

Ṣāliḥ, Abū-, 122, 153.

Salomonis opus, 280.

Sanctuary [Līwān].

Saphadin [‘Ādil].

Sarga, Abu-, 56.

Ṣarghitmish, Mamlūk emīr, 235; mosque, 224.

Ṣārim, Ibn, mosque, 259.

Sāriyat-el-Gebel, 185.

Sārūgā, mosque, 259.

Sawākin, 205, 215, 263.

Schefer, C., 107.

Schools or sects of Islām, 97, 190, 208, 300.

Screens, Coptic, 53-55, 57.

Sebīl (street fountain), 249, 253, 299.

Sebīl, khān of the, 270.

Sekīna, Seyyida, 299.

Selīm, ‘Othmānly sultan, 254.

Seljūḳs, sultans of western Asia, 164, 167, 190, 203.

Sennānīya, es-, mosque, 301.

Sengar el-Gāwaly, mosque, 224.

Sergius, St, 56.

Severus, bishop of el-Ushmūneyn, 121.

Seyf-ed-din, college, 185 [‘Ādil].

Seyfeyn, Abū-s-, 121.

Sha‘bān, el-Ashraf, Mamlūk sultan, 90.

Shāfi‘īs, 97, 185, 301.

Shāfi‘y, esh-, Imām, mosque, 184, 225, 296, 298, 300.

Sharā’iby family, 292.

Shāri‘ (street), 6.

Shāwar, Fāṭimid vezīr, 110, 159, 167-169.

Sheger-ed-durr, ‘Aṣmat-ed-dīn, Mamlūk queen, 198, 201, 202, 212.

Shem, son of Noah, muṣallā of, 129.

Sherbetly, 3.

Sheykh-el-beled, 288.

Sheykh-el-Islām, 236.

Sheykhū, Mamlūk emīr, 235; mosque, 224, 284.

Shī‘a, 113-120, 180-182.

Shibūk, 5, 288.

Shipbuilders’ island, 96.

Shīrkūh, 168-170.

Shops, 6-9, 24, 108, 145.

Shubrawy, esh-, Aḥmad, 295, 296.

Silversmiths, 272 _ff._

Slaves, 197, 236, 269, 288.

Slavonians, 139.

Smoking, 288.

Spain, refugees from, 67.

Statues, 87.

Stone-work, 138, 139, 245, 284.

Strabo, 49, 50.

Streets of Cairo, 271.

Striped decoration, 50.

Striped Palace (Ḳaṣr-el-Ablaḳ), 223.

Stucco-work, 79, 85, 245, 284.

Sūdān trade, 108, 134; students, 299.

Sūdānīs, black troops, 75, 89, 127, 130, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 181.

Suez, 263.

Sūḳ (bazar, market), 271;—Sūḳ-en-Naḥḥāsīn, 93, 126, 185.

Sukkarīya (sugar bāzār), 159, 238.

Sun-dials, 296.

Sunnīs (orthodox Muslims), 113, 119.

Superstition, 297.

Surūgīya, 266.

Syria, 75, 89, 93, 137, 143, 144, 164-173, 175, 196, 203-207, 217, 301
[Damascus].

Syrian trade, 269, 270.

T.

Ṭabary, eṭ-, historian, 95.

Ṭabāṭabā poets, 98.

Ṭabbākh, Ibn-eṭ-, mosque, 258.

Ṭāhir, Ibn, 43, 67.

Ṭalāi‘ ibn Rūzzīk, Fāṭimid vezīr, 158, 159; mosque, 163, 167.

Ṭamweyh, monastery, 61.

Ṭarsūs, 72, 75, 86.

Ṭawāshy, eṭ-, mosque, 258.

Taxes, 36, 60, 72, 134, 207, 216, 241, 253.

Ṭaybars, Mamlūk emīr, mosque, 217; medresa, 299.

Ṭaylasan, 170.

Templars, 158.

Ṭendunyās, 35.

Tent [Fusṭāṭ]; state tents, 148.

Textus case, 56.

Thedosius, edict of, 38.

_Thousand and One Nights_, 261-263.

Throne, ‘Abbāsid, 144.

Tiles, 56, 298, 299.

Tīmūr (Tamerlane), 237.

Tīmūrbughā, 238, 241.

Tombs, 83, 84, 89, 101, 184, 185, 228 [Mosque].

Ṭōr, eṭ-, 263.

Trade, transit, 91, 262-265.

Treasurers, 92, 93.

Treaty, Arab, 35-37.

Tripolis, 167, 205.

Truffles, 134.

Ṭulbīya, wife of en-Nāṣir, 215.

Ṭūlūn, Aḥmad ibn, 72-87, 197, 212; faubourg and palace, 75-77; mosque,
77-86, 107, 187, 188, 245, 281-3, 285, 289; Nilometer, 96.

Ṭūmān-Bey, 254.

Tunis, 116.

Turkish governors, 70 _ff._; troops, 139, 143, 147-149.

Tyre, 167.

Tyre, William of, 33, 130-132, 168.

U.

‘Ulamā (learned men), 300, 302.

Umarā, Hārat-el- (emīrs’ quarter), 145.

Umm-Duneyn, 34, 35.

Umm-Khalīl, 201.

Umm-Kulthūm, 185.

Ustaddār (major domo).

‘Uṭūfīya quarter, 128.

University [Azhar].

V.

Valle, Pietro della, 232.

Venice, consuls, 237, 263-265; art, 277, 279, 280.

Vezīrs’ Palace, 128, 171.

Vezīrs, Fāṭimid, 147 _ff._

W.

Waḳf (religious trusts), 302-5, 311-313.

Wālīs [Governors].

Walls of Cairo, 118, 123, 125-128, 150.

Wardān, 36.

Wards [Ḳaṭāi‘].

Watermills, the Seven, 42, 217.

Watson, Colonel C. M., 223.

Wekāla (hostelry), 265-267.

Well in Citadel, 179.

Wine, 98, 99, 102, 140, 207.

Women, 4, 11, 18-20, 117, 121, 122, 140, 141, 144, 159, 160, 198, 201,
202, 212, 215.

Wood-work, 281-285, 310.

Y.

Yānis, Fāṭimid vezīr, 154.

Yāzūry, el-, Fāṭimid vezīr, 122, 146-148.

Yelbughā, Mamlūk emīr, 160.

Yenbu‘, port of Mekka, 263.

Yeshbek, Mamlūk emīr, palace, 270.

Yeshkur, hill, 65, 75, 78, 90.

Yūnus, mosque, 258, 259.

Z.

Ẓāfir, eẓ-, Fāṭimid caliph, 158; mosque, 159.

Ẓāhir, eẓ-, Fāṭimid caliph, 148, 298.

Ẓāhir, eẓ- [Beybars Barḳūḳ].

Zawīla or Zuweyla [Bāb]; quarter, 128, 145, 218.

Zāwiya (chapel), 189, 259.

Zemzem, 150.

Zeyneb, Seyyida, 185, 299.

Zeyneby, ez-, poet, 99.

Zeyn-ed-dīn Yaḥya, mosque, 311.

Zeyn-el-‘Abidīn, 75, 185.

Ziggurat, 83.

Zikrs, 25.

Zodiac, 273.

Zubeyr, ez-, 36, 185.

Zuhry, ez-, church, 217.

Zuḳāḳ, 271.

Zureyḳ, 87.

Zuweyla [Bāb].

TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: See my _Cairo Sketches_ (Virtue, 1897), 120-140.]

[Footnote 2: See _Cairo Sketches_, 174-5.]

[Footnote 3: See my _History of Egypt in the Middle Ages_, 4.]

[Footnote 4: On the very obscure subject of the Mukawkis see Dr A. J. Butler’s recent paper in the _Proc. Soc. Bibl. Archæology_, 1902, in which he seeks to identify the Mukawkis with Cyrus, the patriarch of Alexandria. This identification, however, finds no support from any Arabic authorities.]

[Footnote 5: Dr Butler’s suggestion is rather strengthened by Pococke’s statement that in his time the Kasr-esh-Shema‘ was also known by the name of “Casr Kieman.” It is not, however, quite certain that this Kasr- esh-Shema‘ represents the principal part of Babylon. There was another Roman building on a rocky hill, formerly washed by the Nile, south-east of the Kasr-esh-Shema‘, which according to several Arabic writers quoted by Makrízy was the town of Misr or Babylon besieged by ‘Amr, and contained the fortress known as Kasr Babelyún. Possibly the remains of this are commemorated in “Antar’s Stable,” of which massive foundations exist. See Lane, _Cairo Fifty Years Ago_, 146. Traces of walls beside the bed of the Nile have been noticed south of Masr el-‘Atíka, and it is probable that here we have vestiges of the vanished pre-Muslim city of Misr, guarded by its two forts. That Misr was a northern extension of the old but decayed capital, Memphis, is not so impossible as it seems. The distance it is true between the present ruins of Memphis and the fortress of Babylon is over ten miles, but it must be remembered that Memphis once had a circuit of seventeen miles, and stretched as far as Giza.]

[Footnote 6: In later times the Hamra became known as the quarter of the “Lions’ Bridges” (over the canal), so-called from the lions sculptured on them, and the quarter of the “Seven Watermills,” referring to the machines for raising the Nile water to the aqueduct. _Makrízy_, i. 286.]

[Footnote 7: See Mr E. K. Corbett’s exhaustive and masterly essay on “the History of the Mosque of ‘Amr at Old Cairo” in _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, N.S., xxii., 1891.]

[Footnote 8: Lane, _Cairo Fifty Years Ago_, 142, 143.]

[Footnote 9: Jeremiah xliii. 13.]

[Footnote 10: See Dr A. J. Butler’s _Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt_ (i. 86-9), which for the first time presents a thorough and scholarly account of these wonderful monuments. Dr Butler’s zeal and research need no praise of mine to augment their value, but I cannot resist this opportunity of saying how grateful every one who is interested in the art of Egypt must be to his admirable and laborious investigations of every detail of Coptic antiquities. His work is the highest authority we possess on this fascinating subject, and from it much of this description is derived.]

[Footnote 11: The dinár was a gold coin of about the weight of a half- guinea.]

[Footnote 12: For the annals of the governors see my _History of Egypt in the Middle Ages_, 18-58.]

[Footnote 13: _Korán_, xliv. 50, and vii. 133; _History_, 37, 38.]

[Footnote 14: See _History_, 60-71; Makrízy, i. 313, 315.]

[Footnote 15: He is called by Makrízy merely a Nasrány, Christian, but had he been a Greek he would certainly have been given the epithet Rúmy. El-Mas‘údy gives a long account of the conversations of an aged and very intelligent Copt of Upper Egypt, a great favourite with Ibn-Tulún, who used to spend much time in his company and learned many curious things from the ancient man.]

[Footnote 16: See _Art of the Saracens in Egypt_, 54-59. The grilles are probably of later date.]

[Footnote 17: The _liwán_ of the mosque of Ibn-Tulún has been considerably altered since its foundation. The vezír Bedr el-Gemály made some repairs in 1077, after the injuries inflicted during the troubles of el-Mustansir’s reign; and his son the vezír el-Afdal built a _mihráb_ in 1094; but the chief restoration was made in 1296 by the Mamlúk Sultan Lagín, whose pulpit still stands in the mosque and bears his inscriptions.]

[Footnote 18: Makrízy says (_Khitat_, ii. 284) that the minaret of the small mosque of Akbugha included in the Azhar buildings and erected in 1331 was “the first minaret built of stone in the land of Egypt after the Mansuríya” of Kalaún; from which we infer that Kalaún’s minaret (of 1284) was the first stone minaret known to the topographer. He would probably not call the tower of Ibn-Tulún strictly a minaret, and he evidently knew nothing of the stone minarets of the mosque of el-Hákim (see below, p. 138).]

[Footnote 19: There is a small cupola over the niche, but this, like the pulpit and most of the decoration of the liwán, belongs to the restoration by Lagín in 1296. The central domed ablution tank is also a later addition, replacing the original marble basin resting on columns under a roof.]

[Footnote 20: There are some remarkable specimens of arabesque woodcarving from the mosque of Ibn-Tulún in the Cairo Museum of Arab Art.]

[Footnote 21: See M. van Berchem, _Notes d’Archéologie Arabe_, Extr. du Journal Asiatique, 125 (1891).]

[Footnote 22: Makrízy, i. 318 ff.]

[Footnote 23: This curious building, of which a drawing is given on p. 177, was built (very probably on an ancient foundation) by Saladin’s great-nephew es-Sálih about 1245, and was used as a royal palace. Here the ‘Abbásid caliph Hakim was installed by Beybars. En-Násir rebuilt the Castle (or Belvedere) of the Ram in 1323, and the emír Sarghitmish lived there and built the gate and round towers. It was partly destroyed by el-Ashraf Sha‘ban, and then used for tenements. Makrízy ii. 133.]

[Footnote 24: Ibn-Sa‘íd, ed. Tallqvist, Arabic text, 14.]

[Footnote 25: The Ikhshíd had a passion for amber, and people used to give him quantities of it at the New Year and Spring festivals, and he would sell it for great sums. After his death his widow’s house was burnt down, and with it £50,000 worth of amber (Ibn-Sa‘íd).]

[Footnote 26: Mas‘údy, _Murúg_, ii. 364, 365. He met the historian Eutychius at Misr, and it was there that he finished the work entitled _Kitáb et-Tenbíh_ in A.H. 345.]

[Footnote 27: See my “Arab Classic,” in _Among my Books_, 90.]

[Footnote 28: See _History_, 88, 89, and Dr Tallqvist’s excellent edition of part of Ibn-Sa‘id, 78 ff.]

[Footnote 29: See Makrízy, ii. 177, 114, 115, 163, 185, etc.]

[Footnote 30: Nasir-i-Khusrau, _Safar Náma_, ed. Schefer, 145 ff.]

[Footnote 31: See my _Saladin_, 93, and see below, p. 169.]

[Footnote 32: Ibn-Gubeyr, ed. Wright, 51. I owe this reference to Mr Guy le Strange.]

[Footnote 33: Quoted in Makrízy, i. 341.]

[Footnote 34: As evidence may be cited his complete breach with the Carmathians, although they were the source of the Fátimid revolution. Twice they invaded Egypt shortly after the Fátimid conquest, in 971 and again in 974, and even laid siege to Cairo, and forced their way through one of the gates. The invincible hostility of Mo‘izz to these Arabian brigands had doubtless a political basis, but had he held the advanced views of the Shí‘a propaganda he would hardly have quarrelled with its grand master.]

[Footnote 35: See my _History_, 103, 104.]

[Footnote 36: Abu-Sálih, ed. Evetts, fol. 35.]

[Footnote 37: There are numerous notices of this intimacy between the caliphs and the Coptic monks in the work of the Armenian Christian Abu- Salih, written between 1173 and 1208, and excellently edited, translated, and annotated by Mr B. T. A. Evetts with the assistance of Dr A. J. Butler (_The Churches and Monasteries of Egpyt_, Anecdota Oxon, 1895): see especially foll. 7_b_, 34_b_-36, 40_b_, 46_b_, 84_a_.]

[Footnote 38: Makrízy, i. 377.]

[Footnote 39: He is clearly referring to the _palace_ wall, for he distinctly says that the _city_ wall did not then exist. Ed. Schefer, 128.]

[Footnote 40: _Mémoires de la Mission archéologique française au Caire_, tomes i. and iii., to which every student of the Fátimid palaces should refer.]

[Footnote 41: Zuweyla is the popular pronunciation; the correct form is Zawíla, the name of a Berber tribe.]

[Footnote 42: Makrízy, i. 381.]

[Footnote 43: William of Tyre, _Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum_, lib. xix., cap. 19, 20, epitomized in my _Saladin_, 86-88. The embassy is not recorded by the Arabic chroniclers.]

[Footnote 44: _Safar Náma_, ed. Schefer, 126. Broad-bottomed tubs we should call these ships.]

[Footnote 45: For details of Fátimid art and industries, see my _Art of the Saracens_, 10, 163, 201, 241, etc.]

[Footnote 46: Makrízy, ii. 318.]

[Footnote 47: See M. van Berchem, _Notes d’Archéologie arabe_ (1891), 27-36.]

[Footnote 48: El-Hákim also built the “Oratory of the Feast” (Musalla-l-‘Id) beside the Bab-en-Nasr, a mosque at Maks beside the Nile, and another in the district called Ráshida to the south of Katái‘, near Mukattam. See _History_, 126.]

[Footnote 49: It was even believed that the ‘Abbásid caliph would be sent a prisoner to Cairo, and his Fátimid rival had a gilt cage constructed for him, and spent a couple of million dinárs in preparing the West Palace for his expected guest. The ‘Abbásid throne and royal robes and turban were actually deposited in Cairo, and remained there till the time of Saladin, who restored the robes, but the throne was kept, and afterwards set up in the mosque of Beybars the Gashnekír. See _History_, 139.]

[Footnote 50: Násir-el-Khusrau states that the city was then divided into ten quarters, namely, the Hárat Bargawán, H. Zuweyla, H. el- Gawdaríya (certain troops originally from Barbary), H. el-Umara (of the emírs), H. ed-Deylima (Persians), H. er-Rum (Greeks), H. el-Batilíya (originally some of Gawhar’s veterans), Kasr-esh-Shawk (a subsidiary palace), ‘Abid-esh-Shera (bought slaves), H. el-Masámida (Masmúda Berbers). He mentions only five gates: the Bab en-Nasr, B. el-Futúh, B. el-Kantara, B. Zuweyla, and B. el-Khalíg.]

[Footnote 51: Makrízy gives an inventory of the caliph’s _objets de virtù_ far too long to quote. It includes (apart from immense stores of precious stones, plate, crystal and gold vases, rich brocades and cloth of gold, and all kinds of pottery), cups of bezoar engraved with the name of Harún er-Rashíd, enamelled plates, the gift of a Roman emperor to ‘Azíz; the sword of the Prophet, the breastplate of the martyr Hoseyn, the sword of Mo‘izz, and quantities of jewelled daggers, javelins, and other arms; inlaid gold dishes, inkstands, etc.; chess boards worked in gold on silk, with gold and silver, ivory and ebony pieces; steel mirrors, amber cups, a table of sardonyx, a peacock of gold with eyes of ruby and feathers of enamel, an antelope spotted with pearls, and a turban, the jewels of which weighed 17 lbs.; thirty-eight state-barges, one of silver; the caliph Záhir’s tent of gold thread resting on silver poles, and the marquee of Yazúry, a mass of exquisite designs which took fifty artists nine years to complete, the pole of which was 120 feet high, and the circumference of the tent nearly 1000 feet.]

[Footnote 52: The verse of course refers to the battle of Bedr in the early career of Mohammad.]

[Footnote 53: Abu-Sálih, f. 51_a_, Makrízy, i. 381. See the admirable _Notes_ of M. van Berchem (1891), 37-72, for an architectural examination of the walls and gates.]

[Footnote 54: Published by Mr H. C. Kay, _Journal R. Asiatic Soc._, N.S., xviii., from a squeeze which he and I caused to be taken with some difficulty when we were at Cairo in 1883.]

[Footnote 55: The scene is described by the Arab prince Osáma, who was at Cairo at the time, and was a friend of ‘Abbás, the murderer both of the vezír and of the caliph. See Derenbourg, _Vie d’Ousama_, 205-260.]

[Footnote 56: This palace, founded by an earlier vezír, was turned into a college by Saladin. It stood near the present mosque of el-Ashraf in the Ghuríya street.]

[Footnote 57: The mosque of ez-Záfir, founded by that caliph in 1129, still exists at the corner of the Sukkaríya, and is known as the Gámi‘ el-Fakihiyín (or el-Fakahány), but it was entirely rebuilt in 1735.]

[Footnote 58: Herz Bey, _Catalogue of the National Museum of Arab Art_, edited by S. Lane-Poole, xxiv.]

[Footnote 59: _Ibn-Gubeyr_, ed. Wright, 46, 47. This and the following extracts from the travels of the Spanish Arab are translated by Mr Guy le Strange.]

[Footnote 60: _Saladin_, 358-360.]

[Footnote 61: See M. van Berchem, _Notes_ (1891), 55, 68-70.]

[Footnote 62: Ibn-Gubeyr, ed. Wright, 49. See Makrízy, ii. 151, on the “Kanatír el-Giza.”]

[Footnote 63: Ibn-Gubeyr, ed. Wright, 41, 42.]

[Footnote 64: Ibn-Gubeyr, ed. Wright, 44, 45. This intelligent traveller to whom we owe so many interesting details of Saladin’s period, gives a curious description of the great Karáfa cemetery to the south of Cairo, which is one of the few places that carry one back to the days of the Arab conquest. Here lie the bones of most of the early warriors and poets and divines of the Town of the Tent, though nothing but tradition identifies their graves now. In Ibn-Gubeyr’s time the identification was evidently doubtful, for he declines to be responsible for what he has taken from the histories, though he adds, piously, that “their authenticity is above suspicion, if it please God.” Passing by such legendary tombs as those of the Prophet Sálih, and Reuben son of Jacob, and Pharaoh’s wife Asiya, we find descriptions of fourteen tombs of the male descendants of ‘Aly and five women, each in its own beautiful chapel with its keeper and endowment. Among them were Zeyn-el-‘Abidín, the son of the martyr Hoseyn, Zeyneb his great-granddaughter, and Umm- Kulthúm, the daughter of the sixth Imám Ga‘far es-Sádik. There were also the tombs of ‘Okba, the standard-bearer of the Prophet, of Abu-l-Hasan his goldsmith, of Sáriya of the Hill (who is also commemorated by a mosque in the Citadel, though there is nothing to connect him with Egypt), of two sons and a daughter of the caliph Abu-Bekr, of the son of ez-Zubeyr the general under ‘Amr, of Ibn-‘Abd-al-Hakam, of el-Gawhary; besides such notabilities as the Man of the Water-Pot, famous for wonders, the man who quoted the Korán when he was laid in his grave, the man who never spoke for forty years, and the bride to whom a miracle was vouchsafed when she unveiled to her husband. There was the Place of the Martyrs, where are buried the warriors who fell fighting for Islám under Sáriya, and the plain was dotted all over with the mounds of their graves. “All the buildings of the Karáfa, whether mosques or chapels, give hospitable shelter to all learned and pious strangers, as well as to mendicants, each building being provided with a grant of money, paid monthly on behalf of the Sultan, and the same in the case with the colleges both of Misr and Cairo. It was told us that the sum of those grants exceeded 2000 Egyptian dinárs a month, which is equal to 4000 Morocco dinárs; and as to the great mosque of ‘Amr at Misr we were informed that its revenues amounted to about thirty Egyptian dinárs a day for its upkeep and the salaries of the guardians, precentors, and Korán readers.”—_Ibid._ 42-6.]

[Footnote 65: Makrízy describes only nineteen _mesgids_ (apart from those in the Karáfa cemetery), as compared with eighty-seven _gámi‘s_; and all the nineteen seem to have been unimportant. They were chiefly of Fátimid or Ayyúbid foundation, and situate outside the Zuweyla, Nasr, Kantara, and Sa‘áda Gates, or in the garden of Kafúr, though three were in or near Beyn-el-Kasreyn. None of them is standing now. Makrízy enumerates twenty-five _Záwiyas_, all but one being Mamlúk foundations, of which seven were outside the Bab-en-Nasr or B. el-Futúh, four outside other gates, five at or near Maks. In short, mesgid would appear to be applied in the Topographer’s time chiefly to the earlier suburban chapels, and záwiya to outlying chapels of the Mamlúk period.]

[Footnote 66: _Saladin_, 20.]

[Footnote 67: The only coin known of Sheger-ed-durr is in the British Museum (see my _Catalogue of Oriental Coins_, iv. p. 136). Her surname was ‘Asmat-ed-din, “Defender of the Faith,” and her title Sultán. “Sultana” is not an Arabic title.]

[Footnote 68: The extinction of the Crusaders was completed by the conquest of Margat and Tripolis by Kalaún, and the storming of ‘Akka by Khalíl in 1292: the few remaining cities fell immediately, and the work of the Crusaders was wiped out.]

[Footnote 69: The tombs of two of the ‘Abbásid caliphs of Egypt and some of their relations were discovered by E. T. Rogers Bey in 1883, close to the mosque of Sitta Nefísa at the southern side of Cairo.]

[Footnote 70: Ibn-Batúta, ed. Defremery, i. 71-4.]

[Footnote 71: See plan, p. 190. Compare the elaborate work of Herz Bey, _La Mosquée du Sultan Hasan_, full of admirable photographs, drawings, reconstructions, and plans.]

[Footnote 72: _History of Egypt in the Middle Ages_, 344.]

[Footnote 73: Marble was not commonly used before the thirteenth century, when it began to be veneered on portals. It is best seen in tessellated pavements and mural mosaics. The latter, composed of pieces of various coloured marbles, were either set in mortar or let into a solid marble slab.]

[Footnote 74: When I was in Cairo in 1883 I made paper squeezes (strengthened by layers of plaster of Paris mixed with glue) of the whole of the ornament of this wekála, and plaster casts made from these squeezes may now be examined in one of the galleries of the Museum at South Kensington.]

[Footnote 75: See M. van Berchem, _Corpus Inscr. Arabic._, 533 ff., for an exhaustive discussion of the development of the _plan cruciforme déformé_.]

[Footnote 76: Makrízy, ii. 130, 131.]

[Footnote 77: _Cairo Fifty Years Ago_, 34, 35.]

[Footnote 78: D. A. Cameron, _Egypt in the Nineteenth Century_, 14, 15.]

[Footnote 79: Makrízy, ii. 91 _ff._]

[Footnote 80: _Khitat_, ii. 105.]

[Footnote 81: See Herz Bey, _Catalogue of the Arab Museum_, 47, 48, a little handbook which is invaluable to students of Saracenic art.]

[Footnote 82: See my _Art of the Saracens_, 111-150, for detailed descriptions of these exquisite carvings.]

[Footnote 83: By “deputy” is meant the Ketkhuda, commonly pronounced Kiahya, or in Egypt Kikhya, who was the deputy of the pasha, and often corresponded loosely with what we should call Minister of the Interior or Home Secretary.]

[Footnote 84: Gabarty, ii. 124-143.]

[Footnote 85: Pulled down in 1869. It was built by the famous emír Ezbek ibn Tutush, from whom the Ezbekíya took its name.]

[Footnote 86: M. van Berchem describes some curious sun-dials in his _Notes d’Archéologie arabe_ (1892), 13-18. One was set up in the mosque of Ibn-Tulún in 696 (1296) by Lagín; another may still be seen in the mosque of Kusún, and is dated 785 (1383); a third exists in the tomb- mosque of Inál, and bears the date 871 (1466).]

[Footnote 87: [This has been done in the case of Sultan Hasan in the sumptuous work, _La Mosquée du Sultan Hassan au Caire_, par Max Herz Bey, published by the Commission, 1899.]]

[Footnote 88: All these are now completed.]

[Footnote 89: Monuments still standing, or of which parts still remain, are distinguished by an asterisk. An obelus † indicates a restoration on the same site. b stands for ibn (son). Tables for converting Hijra dates into A.D. are given at the end.]