Chapter XIX: A Summary of Comitial History (12)

[3008] Livy v. 52. 15; Dio Cass. xli. 43.

[3009] Varro, _L. L._ v. 155; Livy, ibid.; cf. Fest. ep. 38.

[3010] P. 154.

[3011] Gell. xv. 27. 2.

[3012] Dion. Hal. ii. 8. 4; p. 31 above; cf. Mommsen, _Röm. Staatsr._ iii. 386.

[3013] On the procedure, see Liebenam, in Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encycl._ iv. 682-4.

[3014] P. 103, 140, 203, 244, 245. The censors convoked it for the census and the lustrum only; p. 204.

[3015] He could not hold these comitia for elections; Livy xxii. 33. 9.

[3016] See references in the next to the last note above.

[3017] Livy v. 52. 15; Gell. xv. 27. 5; Cic. _Rab. Perd._ 4. 11.

[3018] Varro, _L. L._ vi. 88, 91; cf. Verg. _Georg._ ii. 539.

[3019] P. 203, n. 2.

[3020] P. 150.

[3021] Livy xxvi. 22. 11; Juv. vi. 529; Serv. _in Bucol._ i. 33.

[3022] 70 of the first class—1 prerogative + 18 equestrian.

[3023] Cic. _Att._ i. 14. 5; (Cic.) _Herenn._ i. 21; Fest. 334. 16.

[3024] P. 359, 390, 467.

[3025] P. 211, 226 f.

[3026] Cic. _Fam._ vii. 30.

[3027] In the comitia centuriata in addition to the prerogative there had to be at least four, and possibly seven, successive votings before a majority could be reached. In the tribal assembly there was but one in addition to the principium. After the comitia curiata had come to be represented by thirty lictors the votes could be taken in a few minutes.

[3028] Varro, _L. L._ vi. 29: “Comitiales dicti quod tum ut coiret populus constitutum est ad suffragium ferendum nisi si quae feriae conceptae essent, propter quas non liceret, (ut) Compitalia et Latinae”; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 14: “Comitiales sunt, quibus cum populo agi licet, et fastis quidem lege agi potest, cum populo non potest, comitialibus utrumque potest”; Verrius Flaccus, in _Fast. Praen._ ad Ian. 3 (_CIL._ i². p. 231); Ovid, _Fast._ i. 53; Fest. ep. 38.

[3029] For the various local Italian calendars with Mommsen’s comment, see _CIL._ i². p. 203 ff. Especially useful is the Diei notarum laterculus, ibid. p. 290 ff.

[3030] On the distinction between dies fasti and dies nefasti, see Varro, _L. L._ vi. 29 f., 53; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 14; _Fast. Praen._ ad Ian. 2; Ovid, _Fast._ i. 47; Fest. ep. 93; Gaius iv. 29.

[3031] March 24 and May 24; p. 159, n. 8.

[3032] June 15. For the meaning of this expression and the one given just above, see Varro, _L. L._ vi. 31 f.; Ovid, _Fast._ v. 727; vi. 225; Mommsen, in _CIL._ i². p. 289. These three days were called fissi; Serv. _in Aen._ vi. 37.

[3033] Dies endotorcisi or intercisi; Varro, _L. L._ vi. 31; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 3; Ovid, _Fast._ i. 49; Mommsen, in _CIL._ i². p. 290.

[3034] Cf. Varro, _L. L._ vi. 30; Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 14. In a wider sense comitial days were fasti. Naturally judicial business could be transacted on those comitial days on which the assembly did not actually meet, or after its adjournment if time remained; p. 315. A Clodian law of 58 permitted comitial legislation on all dies fasti; p. 445.

[3035] Mommsen, in _CIL._ i². p. 296; 109 according to Wissowa, _Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm._ 368 f.

[3036] Mommsen, ibid. Wissowa, ibid., reckons 192 comitial days, which would give 43 non-comitial fasti. The following were the dies comitiales according to Mommsen:

Jan. 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 16-28, 31—in all xix.
Feb. 18-20, 22, 25, 28—vi.
Mar. 3-6, 9-12, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28-31—xvii.
Apr. 3, 4, 24, 27-30—vii.
May, 3-6, 10, 12, 14, 17-20, 25-31—xviii.
June, 4, 16-28, 30—xvi.
July, 10-14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26-31—xv.
Aug. 3, 4, 7, 8, 10-12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 31—xv.
Sept. 4, 7-11, 16-22, 24-28, 30—xix.
Oct. 3-6, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 20-31—xxi.
Nov. 3, 4, 7-12, 15-28, 30—xxiii.
Dec. 4, 7-10, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24-28, 31 —xv.

[3037] Wissowa, ibid. 378.

[3038] Varro, in Macrob, _Sat._ i. 16. 19; _L. L._ vi. 29.

[3039] Varro, _R. R._ ii. praef. 1; Serv. _in Georg._ i. 275.

[3040] That judicial business was done on those nundinae which were not marked N(efasti) is clearly proved by the Twelve Tables, iii. 1-6 (Girard, _Textes_, p. 13), in Gell. xx. i. 45 ff.; cf. especially § 47: “Trinis nundinis continuis ad praetorem in comitium producebantur, quantaeque pecuniae iudicati essent, praedicabatur.”

[3041] Dion. Hal. vii. 59. 3: Ἐν δὲ ταύταις (ἀγοραῖς) συνιόντες ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν εἰς τὴν πόλιν οἱ δημοτικοί τὰς τ’ ἀμείψεις ἐποιοῦντο τῶν ὠνίων κὰι τὰς δίκας παρ’ ἀλλήλων ἐλάμβανον, τά τε κοινά, ὅσων ἦσαν κύριοι κατὰ τοὺς νόμους καὶ ὅσα ἡ βουλὴ ἐπιτρέψειεν αὐτοῖς, ψῆφον ἀναλαμβάνοντες ἐπεκύρουν; Rutilius, in Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 34: “Romanos instituisse nundinas, ut octo quidem diebus in agris rustici opus facerent, nono autem die intermisso rure ad mercatum legesque accipiendas Romam venirent.” The words of Dionysius and Rutilius apply to all voting assemblies, not simply to those of the plebs.

[3042] Gran. Licinian. in Macrob. _Sat._ i. 16. 30 (quoted p. 315, n. 2).

[3043] Cf. Lange, _Röm. Alt._ ii. 518 f.

INDEX

Abbreviations: c. = consular, d. = dictatorial, p. = pretorian, t. = tribunician. The numbers in parentheses are dates B.C.

Abacti, 391.

Abjuration of social rank, 156, 162, 163, 165.

Abrogation, of imperium, 324, n. 1, 342, 360, 390, 404;
of tribunician power, 366, 367 f., 432, 455;
of pretorian power, 455, n. 3.

Accensi velati, 66, 80 f., 207, 208, 228.

Accensus, summons comitia centuriata, 469.

Accerani, receive citizenship, 304.

Acclamation, 152, 202, 276.

Acculeia (curia), 11, n. 7.

Accusation, fourth, 260.

Acilius Glabrio, M’., trial of (189), 319.

Adlectio of senators, 166, 418.

Adoptions, 160, 166;
testamentary, 161.

Adrogatio, 156, 160 f.;
of Clodius, 30, 443;
formula of, 161;
for transitio ad plebem, 162, 443.

Adscriptivi, 80, n. 5.

Adsidui, 61.

Aediles, election of, 127;
presidency of contio, 141;
of comitia, 292, 465;
jurisdiction of before Hortensius, 290-2;
after Hortensius, 325-7;
limited by standing courts, 326 f.

Aediles cereales, 454, n. 5.

Aediles, curule, and lex curiata, 189;
instituted, 234, 291;
presidency of comitia, 292, 465;
jurisdiction before Hortensius, 291 f.;
after Hortensius, 325-7.

Aediles, plebeian, instituted, 262;
election of, 262, 272;
bailiffs of tribunes, 264, n. 5;
sacrosancti, n. 7, 274;
Valerian-Horatian law on, 274, 278 f.;
relation to tribunes, 290;
jurisdiction, before Hortensius, 195, 290-2;
after Hortensius, 325-7;
presidency of comitia, 292, 465.

Aemilius Lepidus, M., his imperium abrogated (136), 360, 367.

Aemilius Lepidus, M., consul (78), 423, 425.

Aemilius Paulus, L., trial of (218), 318.

Aemilius Scaurus, M., trial of, for neglect of duty (103), 323;
for maiestas (91), 257, n. 5.

Aerarii, 60, 62, 64, 65, 212, 318.

Aerarium, 62.

Aes equestre et hordearium, 93 f.

Aetates, in comitia centuriata, 222.

Africa, organized under lex Livia, 349;
agrarian conditions of, 387.

Ager, privatus, ownership of, 48 f.;
registration in tribes, 50, 54, 60 f., 64;
publicus, agitation for assignment of, 270, 272, 295, 310 f., 360,
373 f., 435 f.;
laws for assignment of, see Legislation, agrarian.

Ager compascuus, 365.

Ager, effatus, etc., 108.

Agrarian laws, see Legislation, agrarian.

Alba Longa, three tribes in, 4, n. 3.

Alban Mount, triumphs on, 293, 335, n. 2, 350.

Aliens, treatment of, 38;
under jurisdiction of senate, 254;
of people, 255;
expulsions of, 273, 354, 370, 397, 434;
enrolment in colonies, 353;
see Italians, Latins.

Allies, unfair treatment of, 352;
under lex Iulia repetundarum, 442;
see Italians, Latins.

Ambitus, laws on, 295, 296 f., 348 f., 419, 431, 436 f., 448, 454,
474.

Aniensis iuniorum, 217, 227, n. 2.

Annius Luscus, T., prosecution of (133), 322.

Annius Milo, T., prosecution of, 327.

Anquisitio, 259.

Antias, Valerius, on Scipionic trial, 319, n. 7.

Antiquo, 467.

Antonius, L., tribune (45-44), 455.

Antonius, M., misuses oblativa, 113;
tribune (49), 453 f.;
consul (44), 454, n. 4, 457-9.

Apparitores, 416, n. 1.

Appeal, to comitia curiata, 182, 239;
to centuriata, 239 ff., 259, 287;
to tributa, 259, 266, 268, 286 f., 292, 317, 325, 327;
limited by first milestone, 241;
from military imperium, 251 f.;
from tribunes in capital cases, 268;
when most used, 328;
right offered as reward, 378.

Appian, on new tribes (90), 57 f.;
reëlection of tribunes, 369;
liability of jurors for bribery, 378, n. 8;
lex Boria (?), 385;
lex Livia iudiciaria, 398;
lex Cornelia Pompeia (88), 407;
election of senators, 418.

Appuleius Decianus, C., tribune (98), 323 f.

Appuleius Saturninus, L., weakens veto, 117;
interdicts Metellus, 257, n. 5;
murdered, 258 f., 396;
tribune (103, 100), 393-6.

Ἀρχαιρεσία, 406, n. 6.

Archives, for senatus consulta, 278 f.;
for statutes, 437 f., 465.

Ardea, disputes with Aricia, 294.

Ardeates, concilium of, 122.

Aricia, disputes with Ardea, 294.

Army, relation of to folk, 2, 35;
pre-Servian, 10 f., 35;
Servian, 58 ff., 66 ff., 72-6;
originally self-supporting, 61 f.;
not identical with comitia centuriata, 68;
Graeco-Italic, 69-71;
primitive Roman, 69, n. 4;
like Athenian, 76;
post-Servian, 76-80;
supernumeraries in, 80-2;
early republican, 83 f.;
political importance of, 202.

Arpinates, receive suffrage, 352.

Arrogation, see Adrogatio.

As, sextantarian, 67, n. 4, 87, 213;
declines in value, 86 f.;
of ounce weight (uncial), 90, n. 4, 336;
semiuncial, 91, 403.

Assembly, German, 33, 153, n. 3, 168, 169, 170, 172;
Homeric Greek, 33, 153, n. 3, 168, 169, 170 f.;
European, 152, 168-73;
Athenian, 153, 168;
Alamannic, 153;
Irish, 153, n. 3, 172;
Slavic, 168, 172 f.;
Lacedaemonian, 168;
Celtic, 168, 170;
Etruscan, 169;
Italian, 171;
Frankish, 172.

Assembly, Roman, affected by omens, 109;
plebeian tribal, termed comitia, 120, 126-30;
three organized forms of, 138;
origin of, 152;
limited by senate in early republic, 273, 284;
development of voting in, 275 f.;
laws on, 307;
packing of, 405;
see Comitia, Concilium, Contio.

Asylum, in theory of patrician state, 36 f.;
connection with tribunate, 265.

Ateste, law found at, 454, n. 3.

Atilius Calatinus, M., trial of, 247.

Atinius Labeo, C., tribune (131), 264, n. 8.

Atius Labienus, T., tribune (63), 435;
prosecutes Rabirius, 258.

Attus Navius, 101, n. 3, 105, n. 3.

Auctoritas, see Patrum auctoritas.

Auguraculum, 109, n. 7.

Augural districts, 108.

Auguria, 106.

Augurs, 105-8;
number and character, 105 f.;
functions, 106-8;
have nuntiatio, 111 f.;
attend comitia, 107, 112 ff.;
election of, 120, 391, 435;
in contiones, 146, n. 1;
increased to fifteen, 416.

Auspices, 100-18;
of Sodales Titii, 2, n. 6;
private, 100-3;
nuptial, 100, n. 4;
public, 100, 101, 103-18;
impetrativa, 103-11;
assemblies requiring, 110 f.;
oblativa, 111-8;
spectio, 112 ff.;
under Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 279 f., 358 f.;
misuse of, 117 f.;
essential to magistratus iustus, 187, n. 7;
borrowing of, 244, 245, 280, 315;
violated by consul, 248;
of first tribunician election, 263, n. 1;
support nobility, 330 f.

Auspicium, 100, 102 f.;
deputed, 104, 244, 245, 280, 315;
lex for, 179;
see Auspices.

Auxilium, tribunician, 253, 263, 414.

Aventine hill, 2, n. 6;
outside the Servian tribes, 59;
so-called lex Icilia for assignment of, 238, 265, n. 1, 272 f.

Bacchanalians, 254, n. 3.

Ballot, 467;
laws on, 359, 369, 371, 389 f.;
use of in quaestiones, 420;
in all comitia, 469;
boxes, 389, 467.

Belot, on ratings, 91-3.

Berns, on comitia and concilium, 126.

Bibulus, spectio of, 114, n. 9, 116, n. 1, 439.

Bill, see Rogatio.

Birds, auspices from, 108.

Bird-seer, 105, n. 1.

βουλή, 407.

Bribery, in trials, 378, 442;
of magistrates, 429 f.;
electoral, see Ambitus.

Caecilius Metellus, L., tribune (213), 318.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., censor (131), 264, n. 8.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., consul (60), 163.

Caecilius Metellus, Q., consul (57), 115.

Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Q., prosecution of (100), 257, n. 5.

Caedes, see Murder.

Caeles Vibenna, 3.

Caelestia (auspicia), impetrativa, 108;
oblativa, 112;
de caelo servare, 114;
of Bibulus, 439.

Caelian hill, 3.

Caerite franchise, 38, n. 1.

Caerites, 62.

Caesetius Flavius, L., tribune (44), 324, 455.

Calabra, curia, 154, 468.

Calare, 153 f.

Calatores, 154.

Calendar, 470-2;
pontifical control of, 358.

Calumniator, Calumny, 400.

Camillus, see Furius Camillus.

Campanian land, vectigalia of, 337, 351, n. 5, 365 f., 373;
under lex Iulia, 439, 440.

Campanians, punished for revolt, 254, 340;
senatus consultum on, 353.

Campus Martius, meeting place of centuries, 108, 203, 469;
of tribes, 465;
president’s platform in, 109;
elections in, 115, 194, n. 2;
inauguration in, 156;
execution in, 258.

Candidacy, in absentia, 436 f., 449;
see Ambitus.

Cannae, effect of disaster at, 343.

Capital punishment, under kings, 182, 239 f.;
voted by centuries, 240 ff., 286 f.;
in early republic by curiae and tribes, 266-9;
abolished by lex Porcia, 250 f.;
avoided by exile, 344;
see Appeal.

Capite censi, 89, 394.

Capitoline hill, 2;
beyond Servian tribes, 59;
auspication on, 109, 154;
comitia tributa on, 465;
curiata on, 468.

Capua, plan to colonize, 373, 382, n. 9;
lex Iunia on, 410.

Carpenters, in comitia centuriata, 206.

Carthage, colonization of, 383, 385.

Cassius, Sp., 238, 244, 310.

Catiline, 437.

Cato the Elder, see Porcius, M., the Elder.

Cato the Younger, 111, 126.

Cattle, standard of value, 269, 287.

Caudium, effect of defeat at, 302 f.

Cavalry, see Equites.

Celeres, 73.

Censi, 90, n. 5.

Censoriae Tabulae, 67, 85, 204.

Censors, make up tribes, 60;
relation to aerarii, 60, 62, 64 f.;
instituted, 79, 234, 237;
auspices of, 103;
auspicate lustral comitia, 111;
preside over contio, 141;
inspect arms, 204;
election of, 229;
centuriate sanction, 237;
laws on, 237, 300, 307;
grant citizenship, 283, 304;
prosecution of, 318;
reëlection forbidden, 332;
limited by comitia, 337;
supervise morals, 332, 337, 428;
tribunes interfere with, 351, n. 5;
assign seats to senators, 356 f.;
let out taxes of Asia, 380;
stigma of, 445, 450, n. 2.

Census, connection of with tribes, 50, 54, 59;
money valuation in, 65;
instituted, 53, 68, n. 7, 76;
Greek, 71;
post-Servian, 77;
object of, 204;
after reform, 216;
under lex municipalis, 457.

Centuria procum (patricium), 67, n. 3, 75, n. 1;
of the tardy, 208, 226.

Centuriate organization, Fabius on, 52 f., 67;
Livy and Dionysius on, 66, 68;
Servian, 72-6;
post-Servian, 76-80, 201 ff.;
see Comitia centuriata.

Centuries, 66 ff.;
number of, in classes, 66, 76 f.;
in the classis, 73, 76;
in post-Servian phalanx, 76 f.;
in fifth rating, 77;
supernumerary, 80-82, 205-9, 224;
of juniors, 82 f., 205;
of seniors, 205;
after reform, 216 ff.;
increased, 219 ff.;
see Comitia centuriata.

Centurions, in comitia centuriata, 211;
in jury service, 458.

Ceres, connection of with plebeian organization, 264, n. 7;
forfeiture of estates to, 267, 274;
senatus consulta in temple of, 278 f., 465, n. 2.;
Priestesses of granted citizenship, 353.

Chalkidae, an Attic gens, 28.

Chariot, in war, 69, 74.

Χειροτονία, 406, n. 6.

Chicken auspices, 107, 118, n. 2.

Cicero, on early Roman history, 26;
account of centuriate system, 67, 205, n. 5, 215, n. 2, 221 f.;
criticises Antony’s obnuntiation, 111, n. 4;
attitude toward auspices, 118, n. 2;
usage relative to comitia and concilium, 126-31;
distinction between whole and part, 130, 466;
on curiate law, 184 f.;
on capital trials, 267, 268, n. 6;
curule aedile, 327;
on frumentations, 401, n. 5;
supports Manilian rogation, 434;
consul (63), 435-7;
commends lex Iulia repetundarum, 442.

Cinna, see Cornelius Cinna.

Circus, Flaminius, 465.

Cistae (ballot boxes), 389, 467.

Citizenship, early idea of, 2;
liberality of Rome in granting, 38, 43 f.;
of other states, 44, n. 1;
granted by king, 24, 181, 304;
by censors, 283, 304;
by tribes, 304 f., 352;
by founder of colony, 353, 395;
to priestesses of Ceres, 353;
to Latins and Italians, 401 f.;
less freely, 353 f.;
as reward, 393, n. 2;
value enhanced, 354;
usurpations of, 354, 397;
optimo iure, 355;
sine suffragio, 62, 63, 64, 304, n. 4, 305, 352.

City, relation of to country, 55 f.

City-state, origin of, 6.

Cives sine suffragio, 44, 62, 63, 64, 352.

Classes, 66 ff.;
relative size of, 83;
the five and their ratings, 84-91;
Smith on origin, 85, n. 3;
soldiers recruited from, 86, 394;
number of centuries in, after reform, 216 f.;
parts of tribes, 219 f.;
social, 16 ff.;
Athenian, 71;
in theatre, 356 f.

Classici, 72, n. 2, 76, 85, 90, 216, n. 1.

Classicum, 469.

Classis, original meaning of, 72, n. 1;
and infra classem, 72;
like zeugitae, 76;
array in battle, 79;
changed meaning, 84 f.;
rating of, 87;
fifth, 88 f.;
first, 89 f.;
procincta, 203;
number of centuries in fifth, 208;
see Classes.

Claudia, trial of, for perduellio (246), 326.

Claudia (tribus), 56.

Claudius, augur, fined, 328.

Claudius, historian, on Claudine treaty, 302.

Claudius, App., decemvir, trial of, 246.

Claudius, App., consul (179), 192, n. 3.

Claudius, C., censor (169), trial of, 253.

Claudius, M., trial of, 246.

Claudius Caecus, App., 307;
prosecution of, 247;
alters tribes, 64;
appraisements, 65, 86;
influences censorship, 331.

Claudius Marcellus, C., consul (50), attitude of toward auspices,
118, n. 2.

Claudius Marcellus, M., consul (215), and curiate law, 197;
lex for abrogating imperium of, 342.

Claudius Pulcher, App., consul (54), 194, n. 2;
author of work on augury, 118, n. 2;
view of curiate law, 193.

Claudius Pulcher, P., consul (249), trial of, 248, 317.

Clients, ancient view as to origin of, 22;
rights, 22 f.;
Niebuhr on, 27;
Meyer on, 55;
in Claudian tribe, 56;
in populus, tribes, and curiae, 24, 262, n. 2, 271;
vote in comitia curiata, 25, 32, 271;
in assemblies, 120, 276;
Mommsen on, 34;
in war, 22, 78, n. 6.

Clodius Pulcher, P., tribune (58), 127, 444-6;
transitio ad plebem, 162 f., 443;
prosecutes Milo, 195.

Clustumina (tribus), 56.

Coinage, earliest copper, 86 f.;
Flaminian law on, 336;
Clodian, 392;
Papirian, 403.

Coins, plated, 336, 398, n. 6.

Collegia, laws on, Clodia, 445;
Licinia, 447 f.;
Caesar’s edict, 457, n. 6.

Collegium (College), of accensi velati, 80, 207;
of fabri, 206, 226;
of tubicines and cornicines, 206 f.;
tribunician, 269;
of sacerdotes, 391 f.;
connection of latter with tribes, 7;
political character, 106, n. 6, 10, 113;
enlarged by Sulla, 416;
supernumeraries in, 454, n. 6;
see Augurs, Epulones, etc.

Collina (tribus), 50.

Colonia Genetiva Iulia, 453, n. 4.

Colonies, founded by senate, 284;
triumviri for conducting, 307, 311, 350;
laws for founding, 350;
founder’s right to enroll aliens, 353;
Sempronian, 372, 382 f.;
regulations of in Thorian law, 386;
epoch in history of, 394;
founded by Caesar, 453.

Comitia, relation of to augural districts, 108;
effect of celestial omens on, 109;
attended by augurs, 112 ff.;
meet at sunrise, 115;
distinguished from concilium, 119-38;
defined by Laelius, 119;
Livy’s usage relative to, 119-25;
sacerdotal usage, 125 f.;
Sallust’s, 126;
Cicero’s, 126-30;
literary and juristic, 131;
true distinctions, 131-8;
uses classified, 132-4;
developed, 135-7;
meaning of, 135;
relation to concilium and contio, 138;
not summoned by promagistrate, 141;
formed from contio, 150;
connotes organization, 154;
iusta, 187, n. 7;
in camp, 194;
right to establish special courts, 254, 390;
judicial procedure in, 259 f.;
limited by senate and magistrates, 273, 284, 344 f.;
development of voting in, 275 f.;
gain power, 315 f.;
permit triumphs, 334;
regulate festivals, 340 f.;
influence of Flaminius on, 343;
part of in government, 344;
lack initiative, 345 f.;
most active under C. Gracchus, 384;
worn out, 405;
under senatorial control, 406-8;
yield judicial function to courts, 420 f.;
decline, 450-61;
limited by Sulla and Caesar, 413 f., 420 f., 452, 454 f., 457, 477;
presidency of, 465, 468, 469;
length of sessions, 470;
composition of, 473;
summary of history, 473-7.

Comitia calata, 152-67;
auspicated, 104;
wills made in, 139, n. 5, 157-9;
also termed contio, 140, n. 1;
definition of, 153 f.;
place of meeting, 154;
religious objects, 154-6;
centuriata, 154, n. 4, 156;
voting in, 156 f.;
adrogatio in, 160 f.;
testamentary adoptions in, 161;
transitio ad plebem in, 162 f.;
grant of patriciate in, 164-6.

Comitia centuriata, principle of, 12 f.;
convoked by horn-blower, 31;
advance beyond curiata, 33, 473;
ascribed to Servius, 66 ff., 201;
described in Censoriae Tabulae, 67;
non-existent under kings, 68, 201;
developed from army, 68 f., 202 ff.;
distinguished from army, 83, 203, 205 ff.;
relation to augural districts, 108;
place of meeting, 108, 143, 203, 469;
auspicated, 104, 110;
attended by augurs, 114;
enact privilegia, 127 f.;
recall Cicero, 128;
lustral, 141, 204 f.;
no deliberation in, 143;
voting in, 157, 211, 469 f.;
declare war, 177, 230-2, 283, 295;
curiate sanction, 184, 229;
pass lex de censoria potestate, 185, 237;
confer imperium, 188;
elect praetor in Spain, 192;
organization of, 201-28;
early republican, 201-11;
presidency of, 203, 236, 469;
supernumeraries in, 205-9;
sex suffragia in, 209;
new equestrian centuries in, 209 f.;
table of centuries, 210;
reform of, 211-28;
essentials of, 212;
date, 212 f.;
gradual, 214 f.;
five classes after, 216;
tribes, 216 f.;
Niebuhr on, 217-9;
Huschke, 219;
Pantagathus, 220;
Mommsen, 221-4;
Lange, 224 f.;
Klebs, 225;
voting after, 225, 227, 469 f.;
supernumeraries, 226;
functions, 229-61;
elective, 229 f.;
legislative, 230-9;
Twelve Tables on, 233 f.;
freed from patrum auctoritas, 235;
yield to tribes, 239;
judicial, 239-61;
appeal to, 239-42, 268;
tribunician cases before, 245-53;
limited by special courts, 253-7;
try Rabirius, 258 f.;
procedure, 259 f.;
pass lex de Aventino, 272;
institute Decemvirate, 273;
divide jurisdiction with tribes, 286 f.;
lose regulation of magistracy, 305.

Comitia curiata, 10, 168-200;
not identical with army, 11;
voting in by genera hominum, 12;
include clients and plebeians, 24 f., 32;
convoked by lictor, 31;
lack initiative, 33, 173;
auspicated, 110, 112;
pass lex de imperio, 112;
attended by augurs, 113;
origin, 152 f., 168-73, 473;
limited rights of, 173 ff.;
subject to patrum auctoritas, 174 f.;
on war and peace, 174-7;
legislation in, 177-82;
jurisdiction of, 182, 339;
elections, 182 ff., 196, 473;
lex de imperio, 184-96;
become formality, 196-8;
early republican, 232;
presidency of, 262;
composition of, 262, 271;
place of meeting, 468.

Comitia sacerdotum, 120, 129, 341, 391, 458.

Comitia tributa, principle of, 12 f.;
alleged trial of Coriolanus, 56, n. 4;
auspication of, 104, 110;
attended by augurs, 114;
Livy’s use of term, 120;
Sallust’s, 126;
Cicero’s, 126-9;
incompetent to pass privilegia, 128;
of whole people, 129 f.;
curiate sanction, 184;
confer imperium, 188;
under pretorian presidency, 193;
ratify Cornelian laws, 236;
gain at expense of centuries, 239;
legalize voluntary exile, 249, 256, 257, n. 5, 267, 446;
procedure in, 259 f., 465-8;
origin of, 262, 270-2, 473 f.;
pre-decemviral jurisdiction, 267-9, 273;
patricians in, 271, 275-7;
elective, 272;
no legislation before Decemvirate, 272-4;
conditioned legislative power granted to, 274-9;
advantages over centuriata, 280;
from 449 to 287 B.C., 283-316;
jurisdiction after Hortensius, 317-29;
tribunician, 317-25;
aedilician, 325-7;
pontifical, 327 f.;
era of repose in legislation, 330-3;
Flaminian, 333-46;
Plutocratic, 346-62;
from Gracchi to Sulla, 363-411;
subjected to senate by Sulla, 413 f.;
from Sulla to Octavianus, 412-61;
preferred by Caesar, 452;
decline of, 450 ff.

Comitial days, 470-2;
vitiated by spectio, 115;
by proclamation of holidays, 116;
senatorial sessions forbidden on, 424;
lex Gabinia on, 429;
lex Clodia on, 445.

Comitiatus maximus, 241, 268.

Comitium, meeting-place of curiae, 10, 468;
of tribes, 465;
auspication in, 109.

Commentarii Servi Tullii, 67.

Commission, special, see Quaestio extraordinaria.

Commissioners, see Duumviri, Triumviri, etc.

Compitum Fabricium, 9.

Concilium, distinguished from comitia, 119-38;
defined by Laelius, 119;
Livy’s use of term, 119-25;
Mommsen on, 121-4;
Caesar’s usage, 125 f.;
Sallust’s, 126;
Cicero’s, 130 f.;
literary and juristic, 131;
true distinction, 131-8;
uses classified, 132-4;
developed, 135-7;
relation to comitia and contio, 138;
of nobles, 124, 125;
populi, 120-6;
plebis at Capua, 125.

Concordia ordinum, 428.

Consobrini, intermarriage of, 340.

Conspiracy, special court for trial of, 254, 310;
judicial, 378;
lex Furia on, 396, n. 2.

Constitution, equilibrium of Roman, 343-6, 361 f.

Consuls, auspices of, 103;
obnuntiate, 114;
watch sky, 115;
proclaim holidays, 116;
call to concilium, 121;
to contio, 142;
election of, 189, 229;
intermediate between senate and comitia centuriata, 235;
laws on, 237, 296, 299, 307;
given absolute authority, 273;
depend on people, 345;
minimal age of, 415;
presidency of assemblies, 465, 468, 469.

Consulta, see Senatus consulta.

Contio, 139-51;
interrupted by storm, 109;
auspicated, 110 f., 122, 144
sacerdotal use of word, 125 f., 139 f.;
relation to comitia and concilium, 138;
derivation of, 139;
composition, 140;
presidency, 140 f.;
tribunician, 142, 144;
witnessing, 142;
preliminary to comitia, 143;
opening of, 144 f.;
speaking in, 145 f.;
women in, 146 f.;
change to comitia, 150, 465, 469;
earliest form of assembly, 152, 156, 473;
part of in elections, 183;
military, 202, 230;
judicial, 259 f., 320;
plebeian, 263, 269, 273, 425 f., 430;
for opposing Manilian law, 434;
oath in, 441.

Conubium, connected with auspices, 101;
between near kin, 339 f.;
freedmen lack, 354.

Conventio, 139, 140, n. 1;
see Contio.

Conway, on social classes, 38, n. 2.

Coöptation, of patricians, 164, n. 1, 166;
of sacerdotes, 416.

Cornelian constitution, 423-8.

Cornelius, C., tribune (67), 429 f.

Cornelius Cinna, L., consul (87), 409;
assigns new citizens to tribes, 58, 409;
measures of vetoed by tribunes, 257, n. 5.

Cornelius Dolabella, L., naval duumvir (180), fined by pontiff, 328.

Cornelius Merula, L., prosecution of (87), 257, n. 5.

Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P., punishes soldiers, 251 f.;
dispensed from laws, 360;
modifies Sempronian agrarian law, 367.

Cornelius Scipio Africanus, P., trial of (185), 319 f.;
favors senators at theatre, 356 f.

Cornelius Scipio Asiagenus, L., trial of (185), 255, 319 f.

Cornelius Sulla Felix, L., treatment of new citizens, 58;
use of assemblies, 236;
increases quaestiones, 257 f., 324;
reactionary, 403, 414;
consular legislation of (88), 405-8;
dictatorial (82-81), 412-23;
limits comitia, 413 f., 420 f., 477.

Cornicines, 81, n. 2-4, 206;
see Musicians.

Corpus, Augustale, Iulianum, etc., 220.

Cotta, L., opinion of on Cicero’s interdict, 128.

Crier, see Praeco.

Crimes, treatment of, by Sulla, 258, 419-21;
early legislation on, 357;
standing courts on, 358;
Julian laws on, 455.

Crucifixion, punishment for perduellio, 258.

Curatores, of tribes, 220, n. 4;
viarum, 424, n. 6.

Curia Calabra, 154, 468.

Curiae, 8-11;
social composition of, 24, 32, 271;
new citizens admitted to, 44;
relation of to land, 48;
see Comitia calata, curiata.

Curiales, 9.

Curio, 9;
maximus, 10, 120, 341, 391.

Cursus honorum, 347, 415.

Custodes tabellarum, 389, 466, n. 4, 467.

Cyrene, tribes of, 7, n. 1.

Damnum, lex Aquilia on, 332 f.

Debts, legislation on, 296, 298, 310, 312, 313, 351 f., 408, 409 f.,
437, n. 7, 452.

De caelo servare, 114 ff.

Decemviri agris adsignandis, under Servilian rogation, 186, 187, 259,
435;
under Livian law, 398, 400.

Decemviri legibus scribundis, presidency of contio, 141;
election of, 229;
without appeal, 240;
instituted, 273.

Decemviri sacris faciundis, 296, 308;
election of, 391;
increased to quindecemviri, 416.

Decianus, see Appuleius Decianus.

Decius, censor (304), 64.

Decius, tribune (120), 256.

Decuriae (decades), of soldiers, 11 f.;
(decuries) of jurors, 427, 458.

Decurions, 12.

Decurionate, municipal, 457.

Demagogism, encouraged by frumentations, 373.

Democracy, incipient, 308;
rise of prevented, 346.

Δῆμος, 17, 407 f.

Δημοτικοί, 17.

Denarius, value of, 87, n. 4, 336.

Detestatio sacrorum, 156, 161, 162, n. 7, 163.

Di penates, prosecution for neglecting, 323;
oath by, 380.

Dice, prohibited, 337.

Dictator, auspices of, 103, 112;
passes lex curiata, 112, 189, 191;
presidency of contio, 140;
of comitia, 465, 468, 469;
temporary monarch, 182;
optima lege, 187;
instituted, 233;
preferred tribes for legislation, 236, 416, n. 1, 452;
abolition of office, 237, 459;
subjection to appeal, 241 f.;
presides over special court, 254;
appointed at command of senate, 273, 284;
rei publicae constituendae, 412.

Dies, comitiales, 470-2;
nefasti, 470 f.;
endotorcisi, intercisi, 470, n. 9;
fasti, 471.

Diodorus, on plebeian tribunate, 272, n. 2;
admission of plebs to consulship, 293;
Sempronian law on military service, 382.

Dionysius, on early Roman history, 25, n. 3, 26 f.;
Servian tribes, 50, 53;
centuriate system, 66, n. 1, 67, 201, n. 3;
first tribal meeting, 262, n. 2;
patricians in tribal assembly, 275.

Diribitio, 467.

Diribitores, 467, n. 10.

Dispensations from law, 307 f., 343, 360, 366, 368 f., 449;
senate versus people on, 430 f.;
from lex curiata, 186, 190, 195, 199.

Divination, forms of, 108 f.;
see Auspices.

Divisores, 431.

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn., tribune (103), 323.

Draco, law of on phratry, 28.

Duoviri, see Duumviri.

Duumviri navales, instituted (311), 306 f.

Duumviri perduellioni iudicandae, 243 f.;
give way to tribunes, 248;
for trial of Rabirius, 258.

Duumviri sacris faciundis, 296.

Dyarchy, established by Gabinian law (67), 433.

Edicts, pretorian, 431 f.;
of Caesar, 457, n. 6.

Effatus ager, 108.

Egeria, 177.

Election, annulment of on religious ground, 107;
prevented by oblativa, 111, 113;
of king, 182-4;
and curiate law, 184-200;
by centuries, 229 f., 331;
of plebeian officials, 262 f.;
by tribes, 271 f., 285 f., 331;
ballot in, 359;
theory of popular control, 360;
see Ambitus, Magistrates.

Elicius, 100, n. 6.

Emancipation, in German assembly, 153;
in transitio ad plebem, 163.

Ennius, granted citizenship, 353.

Epidius Marullus, C., tribune (44), 324, 455.

Epilepsy (morbus comitialis), 112.

Epulones, instituted, 347;
election of, 391;
increased to seven, 416, n. 3.

Equites, relation of to tribes, 7;
originally self-supporting, 62;
in centuriate system, 66, 209 f.;
before Servius, 73 f.;
in Servian army, 75 f.;
in 214 B.C., 92;
census of, 92, 96 f.;
post-Servian, 93-7;
funds for, 93 f.;
opened to plebeians, 94;
equo privato, 94 f.;
equo publico, 95 f., 209;
in comitia centuriata, 209 f.;
prerogative, 211;
after reform, 212, 215, 220, 224, 226 f.;
given seats at theatre, 357, 428;
liable to law against bribery, 378;
made superior to senators, 381;
desert C. Gracchus, 384;
associate with senators in courts, 402, 427 f., 455.

Esquilina (tribus), 50, 220.

Eupyridae, Attic gens, 28.

Exercitus urbanus, 203.

Exile, voluntary, legalized by comitia tributa, 249, 256, 257, n. 5,
267, 446.

Extortion, see Repetundae.

Fabius, Q., trial of (389), 246, 288.

Fabius Buteo, censor (241), 213.

Fabius Gurges, Q., consul (292), resolution on imperium of, 289, 306.

Fabius Maximus, Q., consul (215), and curiate law, 197.

Fabius Maximus Servilianus, Q., trial of, for murder, 257, n. 5.

Fabius Pictor, sources of for early Rome, 26;
on Servian tribes, 51, 52-4;
centuriate system, 67, 85.

Fabius Pictor, Q., praetor (189), trial of, 327 f.

Fabius Rullianus, Q., alters tribes, 64.

Fabri (mechanics, sappers, workmen), 66, 67, n. 3, 68, 81;
assigned to classes, 205 f.;
after reform, 226.

Family law, changes in, 339 f., 352.

Fasti, read in comitia calata, 154 f.;
dies, 471 f.;
Clodian law on, 445.

Faucia (curia), 11, n. 7;
ill-omened, 112.

Ferentarii, 80, n. 5.

Festivals, regulated by law, 340 f.

Fetialis, 176, 265.

Finance, legislation on, 297 f., 310 f., 335-7, 351 f., 392, 403,
422, 438.

Fines, appealed to tribes, 259, 269, 286 f., 292, 317 ff., 344.

Flamen, curial, 10;
Dialis, 203, n. 7.

Flaminian, era, 333-46;
Circus, 465;
Meadow, 465.

Flaminius, C., and curiate law, 191;
monetary law of, 191 f., 336;
censor, 213;
era of, 333-46;
agrarian law, 334 f.;
supports Claudian law, 335;
influences legislation, 337 f., 343;
assigns libertini to city tribes, 355;
energizes comitia, 343, 475.

Flavius, M., trial of, 291.

Fordicidia, 9.

Foreign affairs, administered by senate, 273;
then fell partly to comitia tributa, 303;
laws on, 349 f.

Forgery, 420.

Foriensis (curia), 11.

Formiani, Fundani, etc., receive suffrage, 352.

Formulae, legal, 464.

Fornacalia, 9, 11, n. 8.

Forum, assembly in, 267, 327, 431, 439, n. 15, 465.

Fowler, W. W., on lex Scantinia, 357, n. 13;
reëlection of tribune, 369, n. 4;
Sempronian lex iudiciaria, 374, n. 7.

Freedmen, see Libertini.

Fregellae, revolt of, 255.

Fröhlich, on Sulpicius, 405, n. 2;
Cornelian-Pompeian law, 406, n. 6;
lex Cornelia de tribunicia potestate, 414.

Frumentations, 372 f., 395, 398, 401;
abolished by Sulla, 422;
restored by Lepidus, 423, n. 8;
further legislation on, 424, n. 5, 444 f.;
curtailed by Caesar, 453;
under lex municipalis, 456.

Fulvius, Cn., praetor (212), trial of, 249 f.

Fundus populus factus, 401, n. 8.

Furius, L., past consul, trial of, 268.

Furius, P., tribune (98), 257, n. 5, 323.

Furius Camillus, M., and equestrian fund, 94;
dictator, 202;
trial of, 244 f., 288, 290.

Furtum (theft), 339, n. 5;
prosecution for, 321;
under lex Hostilia, 337, n. 5;
Plautia, 424;
see Peculatus.

Gabinius, A., tribune (67), 429 f., 432 f.

Gabinius, Q., tribune (139), 359.

Gabinus ager, 108.

Gades, receives citizenship, 454.

Galeria iuniorum, 217.

Genera, identified with gentes, 12.

Gens, meaning family, lineage, 30 f., 102.

Gentes, 11-13;
unconnected with curiate system, 13;
social composition of, 28-31;
defined by Scaevola, 28, n. 7;
maiores et minores, 35 f.;
origin of patrician, 37, n. 4;
relatively late, 48, n. 2;
common land of, 49;
relation to rural tribes, 35, 50, 55, n. 1;
in war, 78, n. 6.

Gentiles, Gentilitas, 28, n. 7, 29, 30.

Gifts, leges Publicia and Cincia on, 338 f.

Governors, provincial, of the Spains, 346 f.;
under Porcian laws, 349;
Sempronian, 374, 381 f.;
Acilian, 376 f.;
Julian, 442, 456.

Gracchi, see Sempronius.

Grain, see Frumentations.

Greenidge, on social classes, 38, n. 2.

Guilds, see Collegia.

Hackel, on lex Iulia municipalis, 457, n. 5.

Heredium, 49.

Herennius, tribune (60), 162, 438.

Hernicans, receive civitas sine suffragio, 305.

Herzog, on curiate law, 183, n. 5;
Sulpicius, 405, n. 2.

Ἑταιρεία, 8, n. 6.

Holidays, non-comitial, 116.

Horatius, trial of for perduellio, 121.

Hornblowers, in centuriate system, 66.

Horsemen, see Equites.

Hortensius, Q., dictator (287), 313.

Hosticus ager, 108.

Hostilius Tubulus, L., trial of (141), 255, n. 1.

Huschke, on Servian tribes, 51;
ratings, 86;
reformed comitia centuriata, 219.

Ihne, on trial of Opimius, 256 f.;
popular interference with censors, 351, n. 5;
policy of Marius, 389;
Sulpicius, 405, n. 2.

Imperium, true (iustum), 102 f., 187, n. 7;
confirmed by curiate law, 188;
granted by comitia, 188, n. 2;
by senate, 191, 284;
transition of without curiate law, 196 f.;
promagisterial, 305;
abrogated, 324, n. 1, 342, 360, 367, 390, 404, 409;
limited by Porcian laws, 349;
regulated by Sulla, 417.

Impetrativa, impetrita (auspicia), 100, 103-11;
relation of to oblativa, 112.

Inaugurare sacerdotes, 106.

Inaugurations, in comitia calata, 155 f.

Incertus ager, 108.

Incest, prosecution for, 326.

Index legis, 462.

Ingenuus, 20 f., 36;
son of libertinus becomes, 355.

Instauraticius dies, creation of by law, 308 f.

Intercession, see Veto.

Interdict, decreed by tribes, 249, 256, 257, n. 5, 267, 446.

Interregnum, 183.

Interrex, appointment of, 102;
auspices, 103;
presidency of contio, 140;
right of public speech, 145, n. 4;
nominates king, 183;
lacks curiate sanction, 191;
presides over curiae and centuries, 236, 412, 468, 469.

Italians, benefit by Sempronian agrarian law, 364;
revolt of, 397, 401;
receive citizenship, 401 f.;
dissatisfied, 403;
equalized with Romans, 409.

Iubere, in legislation, 179.

Iudices (jurors), originally from senate, 345, 358, 374;
from knights under
leges Sempronia and Acilia, 374 f.;
qualifications of under lex Cornelia, 419;
Aurelia, 427;
Licinia and Pompeia, 448;
Antonia, 458;
punished for bribery, 442.

Ius agendi cum populo, 465.

Ius gentium, violation of, 246.

Ius pontificum, 181.

Ius sententiae dicendae, 391.

Iussus populi, 180, n. 7.

Iustitium, 401;
defined, 404, n. 6.

Iustum auspicium, imperium, 102 f.

Janiculum, garrison and flag on, 203, n. 2, 258, 469;
secession to, 313.

Judicial process, in contio, 142, 143;
in comitia, 259 f.;
choice as to assembly, 287;
ballot in, 359.

Jugurtha, 390.

Julius Caesar, C., usage as to comitia and concilium, 125;
creates patricians, 164, 456;
uses centuriate and tribal assemblies, 236;
threatened with prosecution, 324;
supports Licinius Macer, 426;
Manilian rogation, 434;
consul (59), 438-44;
affected by Pompeian laws, 449;
dictator (49-44), 451-7;
adds 10 days to year, 471.

Julius Caesar, C., consul (64), usage as to contio, 125 f.

Julius Caesar Octavianus, creates patricians, 164, 460;
triumvir, 459 f.

Juniors, in centuriate system, 66, 68, 81 ff.;
number of, 84, 205;
after reform, 216.

Junius, L., consul (249), trial of, 248.

Junius Silanus, M., prosecution of (103), 323.

Juno, Curis, 8, n. 5, 9;
Moneta, 2, n. 6.

Junonia, colonization of, 383, 385.

Jupiter, auspices of, 100, 103;
victim to, 264, 274;
feast of, 347;
oath by, 380.

Jurisdiction, of king, 182;
comitia centuriata, 239-61, 315;
tributa, 264-9, 280, 286-92, 317-29.

Jurors, see Iudices.

Juventus Thalna, M., tribal lex de bello indicendo of, 231.

Kalumniator, 400.

Kaput legis, 463, n. 6.

Κήρυκες, 153, n. 3.

King, auspices of, 103;
presidency of contio, 140;
of comitia calata, 154;
curiata, 173 ff.;
right to address people, 145, 173;
as legislator, 177 f.;
irresponsible, 180;
powers of, 181;
jurisdiction, 182;
election, 182-4, 189 f.;
declares war, 175 f., 181, 230.

Klebs, on reformed comitia centuriata, 223, 225.

Knights, see Equites.

Kornemann, on lex Scantinia, 357, n. 13.

Laelius Felix, defines comitia and concilium, 119;
not in accord with Livy, 119-25;
view of rejected, 131;
error explained, 137.

Laelius Sapiens, C., prosecution of, 322;
agrarian rogation of, 360 f.

Laetorius Mergus, L. or M., trial of, 247.

Land, see Ager.

Lange, on obnuntiatio, 117;
early legislation, 181, n. 9;
transitio imperii, 183, n. 5, 197, n. 4;
comitia centuriata, 201, n. 4;
reform of, 224 f.;
validity of plebiscite, 278, n. 2;
right of dedication, 309;
lex Appuleia de maiestate, 394, n. 5;
lex Antia, 428;
principium, 466, n. 3.

Lanuvium, curiae in, 8, n. 5.

Latins, rights of, 63;
benefit by Sempronian agrarian law, 364;
proposal to grant citizenship to, 383;
receive citizenship, 401 f.;
limited suffrage, 466, n. 2.

Lator legis, 462, n. 2.

Laurentum, 2, n. 6, 3, n. 1.

Lauretum, 2, n. 6.

Lavinium, Tities in, 4, n. 3.

Law, divine, 177;
human, 178;
sovereignty of, 308;
see Legislation, Lex.

Legion, instituted, 68, 84;
early republican, 75 ff.

Leges, composition and preservation of, 462-5;
imperfectae, etc., 463;
centuriate, consular, etc., n. 8;
provisions to secure validity of, 464;
annulment by senate, 107.

Legislation, regal, 177-82, 230;
centuriate, 230-9;
tribal, pre-decemviral, 269-74;
pre-Hortensian, 292-316;
from Hortensius to Gracchi, 330-362;
from Gracchi to Sulla, 303-411;
late republican, 412-61;
freed from obnuntiatio, 117, 445;
process of, 178 f., 465-70;
provided for by Twelve Tables, 233 f., 307, 368, 464, 474;
senatorial, 273;
transferred to tribes, 316;
to centuries, 406-8;
ballot in, 369;
fields of: administrative, 238, 306 f.;
agrarian, 238, 265, n. 4, 272, 334, 363-7, 373 f., 385-7, 392, 395,
400, 403, 435 f., 438-41, 458;
colonial, 311, 350, 382 f., 393 ff., 457 f.;
financial, 310 f., 335-7, 351 f., 392, 403, 422, 438;
frumentarian, 372 f., 395, 401, 423, n. 8, 444;
judiciary, 358, 374-6, 402 f., 419, 424, 427 f., 442, 448, 455 f.,
458 f.;
religious, 238, 295, n. 6, 308 f., 340, 358 f., 391 f., 435;
sumptuary, 337 f., 356, 388, n. 9, 423, 428, 448, 455 f.

Legum dictio, 110, 179, n. 7.

Lengle, on lex Cornelia Pompeia (88), 407, n. 2.

Lentus, L., consul (156), trial of, 255, n. 1.

Lex, meaning of word, 179;
data and rogata, 180.

Lex alearia, (before 204), 337.

⸺ auspical, 110.

⸺ centuriata de potestate, 185.

⸺ Coloniae Genetivae, 453, n. 4.

⸺ curiata de imperio, 31, 32, 112, 180, n. 7;
formula of, 183, 188;
sanctioning, 184;
Messala on, 185 f.;
dispensations from, 186, 190, 195, 199;
subject to veto, 187;
confirms imperium, 188;
functions performed without, 191;
lack of in 49 B.C., 192, 194 f.;
one annually, 195;
becomes formality, 196 f.;
revived by optimates, 198;
strengthened by Sulla, 199;
de potestate, 190.

⸺ lenonia, 338, n. 5.

Leges regiae, 181.

Lex sacrata, so-called Icilian, 233, 272 f.;
on tribunes, 264;
meaning of, 264 f.;
mitigation of, 266;
renewed by Valerius and Horatius, 274;
list of leges s., 265, n. 1;
on centuriate trials, 268, n. 6.

⸺ satura, 396, 399.

⸺ de bello indicendo, 231.

⸺ de imperio, for triumphs, 334 f.;
Vespasiani, 464, n. 5;
see Lex curiata.

⸺ on driving nail, 238.

⸺ found at Ateste, 454, n. 3.

⸺ granting citizenship to priestesses of Ceres, 353.

⸺ creating dictatorship (501), 233.

⸺ instituting tribuni militum consulari potestate (445), 234, 294.

⸺ creating censors (443?), 234.

⸺ appointing prefect of market (440), 295, 305, n. 5.

⸺ on presenting crown to Jupiter (437), 295, n. 6.

⸺ on garments of candidates (432), 295.

⸺ increasing quaestors (421), 234.

⸺ creating special murder court (414), 253, 295.

⸺ as to residence on Capitoline hill (384), 295.

⸺ creating praetorship (367), 234.

⸺ creating curule aedileship (367), 234.

⸺ for election of 6 military tribunes (362), 234.

⸺ prohibiting comitia away from city (357), 297.

⸺ preparing for war (356), 297, n. 5.

⸺ granting triumph (356), 297, n. 5.

⸺ on interest and debts (347), 298.

⸺ granting citizenship to Privernates (329), 304 f.

⸺ creating promagistracy (t. 327), 305.

⸺ sending prefects to Capua (318), 306.

⸺ on dedication of temples, etc. (304), 309.

⸺ dispensing Q. Fabius from law (t. 298), 308.

⸺ creating triumviri coloniis deducendis (296), 311.

⸺ prolonging imperium (t. 295), 305.

⸺ granting Etruria to Fabius (295), 305 f.

⸺ on imperium of consul Q. Fabius (292), 289, 306.

⸺ creating special court (270), 254.

⸺ doubling number of quaestors (267), 332.

⸺ forbidding reëlection to censorship (265), 332.

⸺ instituting second praetor (242), 332.

⸺ granting privilege of riding (241), 332.

⸺ instituting 2 praetors (227), 341 f.

⸺ granting triumph (t. 223), 334.

⸺ on intermarriage of kin (241-219), 339 f.

⸺ on Sacred Spring (t. 217), 340.

⸺ dispensing consulars from law (t. 217), 343.

⸺ granting citizenship to Campanian knights (215), 340.

⸺ for election of pontifex maximus (before 212), 341;
for election of chief curio (before 209), 341.

⸺ creating 3 administrative boards (t. 212), 337.

⸺ on Campanian vectigalia (210), 337.

⸺ granting citizenship (t. 210), 353, n. 7.

⸺ for election of 24 military tribunes (207), 342.

⸺ dispensing C. Servilius from law (t. 203), 343, n. 2.

⸺ permitting oath by proxy (t. 200), 343, n. 2.

⸺ on qualification of plebeian tribunes and aediles (Flaminian
era), 342 f.

⸺ increasing praetors to 6 (198), 346.

⸺ on triumphs (after 180), 350.

⸺ forbidding reëlection of consul (151), 348;
dispensation from, 360;
repealed by Sulla, 415.

Leges, dispensing Scipio Aemilianus from laws (t. 148, 135), 360.

Lex, assigning seats to equites at theatre (t. 146?), 357.

⸺ abrogating proconsular imperium (136), 360.

⸺ granting Asia as province (t. 131), 381, n. 5.

⸺ on qualifications of senators (t. about 129), 369 f.

⸺ permitting reëlection of tribune (t. before 123), 369, 371.

⸺ agraria, amending Sempronian law (t. not after 118), 385.

⸺ founding Narbo Martius, 386, n. 1.

Leges, repealing Sempronian law on military service (about 115), 388
f.

Lex, on dedication of Capitoline temple (78), 341, n. 1.

⸺ on vectigalia (75), 424.

⸺ appointing decemviri for regulating Asia (t. 67), 433.

⸺ dispensing Caesar from law (t. 52), 449.

⸺ granting citizenship to Gades (49), 454.

Leges, recalling certain exiles (p. and t. 49), 454.

Lex, granting Caesar triumph over Juba (48), 335, n. 2.

Leges, conferring powers on Caesar (48-45), 451 f.

Lex, for founding Colonia Genetiva (t. 44), 453, n. 4.

Lex (?), for building temple to Isis (43), 459.

Lex, honoring triumviri (43), 459.

⸺ on birthday of Caesar (42), 457, n. 7.

⸺ granting lictors to Vestals (42), 459, n. 5.

Leges, honoring Octavia, Octavianus, and Livia (t. 35), 459 f.

Leges whose authors are given:

Lex Acilia de intercalatione (c. 191), 358.

⸺ Acilia repetundarum (t. 122), 375-8.

⸺ Acilia Calpurnia de ambitu (c. 67), 431;
amended by Cicero, 436.

⸺ Acilia Minucia, on peace with Carthage (t. 201), 344, n. 7.

⸺ Acilia Rubria, on worship of Jupiter (t. 122), 384, n. 4.

⸺ Aebutia, on legis actio, 339, n. 5.

Leges Aebutia et Licinia, on qualifications of candidates (t. after
194), 347 f.

Lex Aelia, colonial (t. 194), 350.

Leges Aelia et Fufia (t. about 150), 116 f., 358 f.;
amended by lex Clodia, 116 f., 445;
and curiate law, 198;
relation to tribunician comitia, 280.

Lex Aemilia, on censorship (d. 443), 237.

⸺ Aemilia de libertinorum suffragiis (c. 115), 388;
Sumptuaria, n. 9.

⸺ Aemilia frumentaria (c. 78), 423, n. 1, 444, n. 6.

⸺ Aemilia, for naming Caesar dictator (p. 49), 450.

⸺ Antia sumptuaria (t. 70?), 428.

⸺ Antistia, on punishment of Satricans (t. 319), 310;
serves as precedent, 340.

⸺ Antonia de Termessibus (t. 71), 425.

⸺ Antonia, on children of proscribed (t. 49), 453 f.;
colonial (c. 44), 237, 453, n. 4, 457 f.;
iudiciaria, 458;
establishing appeal from quaestiones, 458 f.;
abolishing dictatorship, 237, 459;
a l. sacrata, 265, n. 1;
leges honoring Caesar, 452 n. 4;
lex confirming acts of Caesar, 457.

⸺ Antonia, on elections (t. 45), 454 f.;
agraria (t. 44), 458.

⸺ Antonia Tullia de ambitu (c. 63), 436 f.

⸺ Appuleia agraria (t. 100), 395;
colonial (t. 103, 100), 393 ff.;
frumentaria (t. 100), 395, 444, n. 6;
de maiestate, 394, 400;
de sponsu (103, 100?), 298, n. 1, 394, n. 5;
interdicting Metellus (t. 100), 257, n. 5, 395 f.

⸺ Aquilia de damno (t. 287?), 332 f.

⸺ Aternia Tarpeia de multae dictione (c. 454), 233, 269.

⸺ Atia, on election of sacerdotes (t. 63), 416, n. 6, 435.

⸺ Atia Ampia, honoring Pompey (t. 63), 435, n. 2.

⸺ Atilia, appointing special court (t. 210), 254, 340.

⸺ Atilia, on appointing tutors (242-186), 340.

⸺ Atilia Furia, for surrendering Mancinus (c. 136), 350.

⸺ Atilia Marcia, for electing 16 military tribunes (t. 311), 306.

⸺ Atinia, on stolen property (214?), 339, n. 5.

⸺ Atinia, for founding colonies (t. 197), 350.

⸺ Atinia, on right of tribunes to senatorship (t. 122-102), 391.

⸺ Atinia Marcia, on treaty with Macedon (t. 196), 349.

⸺ Aufidia, on importing wild beasts (t. 170), 356.

⸺ Aurelia, amending Cornelian law on tribunate (c. 75), 423 f.;
de iudiciis privatis, 424.

⸺ Aurelia iudiciaria (p. 70), 427, 448.

⸺ Baebia, colonial (t. 194), 350.

⸺ Baebia, on praetors (c. 181), 346.

⸺ Bantina, Latin, 370, n. 3, 379 f.

⸺ Boria (?) agraria (t. 118), 385.

⸺ Caecilia, appointing special court (154), 255.

⸺ Caecilia, abolishing vectigalia (p. 60), 438;
repealed by Caesar, 457, n. 6.

⸺ Caecilia, repealing lex Clodia on censorial stigma (c. 52),
450, n. 2.

⸺ Caecilia Cornelia, recalling Cicero (c. 57), 114, n. 7, 143,
446;
on cura annonae, 446.

⸺ Caecilia Didia, on rogations (c. 98), 396 f.;
amended, 438, n. 2.

⸺ Caelia tabellaria (t. 107), 253, 390.

⸺ Calidia, recalling Metellus (t. 98), 396, n. 1.

⸺ Calpurnia, for recovery of property, 339, n. 5.

⸺ Calpurnia repetundarum (t. 149), 358.

⸺ Calpurnia, recalling Popillius (t. 120), 388.

⸺ Calpurnia, granting citizenship (t. 89), 57, n. 5, 58, 402.

⸺ Calpurnia Acilia de ambitu (c. 67), 431.

⸺ Canuleia, on conubium (t. 445), 294.

⸺ Carvilia, legalizing voluntary exile (t. 212), 249.

⸺ Cassia tabellaria (t. 137), 253, 359.

⸺ Cassia, on qualifications of senators (t. 104), 390 f.

⸺ Cassia, for creating patricians (t. 45), 164, 456.

⸺ Cassia Terentia frumentaria (c. 73), 424, n. 5, 444, n. 6.

⸺ Cincia, on gifts (t. 204), 339.

⸺ Claudia, on senatorial qualifications and contracts (t. 219),
335, 370.

⸺ Claudia, for expulsion of Latins (c. 177), 354.

⸺ Clodia, monetary (104?), 392.

⸺ Clodia, frumentaria (t. 58), 444 f.;
de collegiis, 445;
amended, 447 f., 457, n. 6;
on secretaries of quaestors, 445;
on censorial stigma, 445;
repealed, 450, n. 2;
amending Aelian and Fufian laws, 116 f., 445;
de provocatione, 445 f.;
interdicting Cicero, 115, n. 1, 127, 446;
leges on minor subjects, 446, n. 1.

⸺ Cornelia, on gambling, 337, n. 6.

⸺ Cornelia (?), outlawing Marius and others (88), 405.

⸺ Cornelia, repealing Cornelian-Pompeian laws (Cinna, c. 87), 409.

⸺ Cornelia (?), recalling exiles (c. or t. 87), 409.

⸺ Cornelia, de tribunicia potestate (d. 82), 236 f., 413 f., 418;
repealed, 423 f., 426 f.;
violated by Opimius, 425 f.;
de maiestate (81), 415-7;
on praetors, 416;
on quaestors, 415 f.;
de sacerdotibus, 416 f.;
de provinciis ordinandis, 417 f.;
iudiciaria, 419;
de adulteriis et pudicitia, alleged, 420, n. 6, 423, n. 6;
de proscriptione, 421;
de civitate Volaterranis adimenda, 236, 422;
on debts, 422;
de sponsu (?), 422, n. 13;
instituting ludi Victoriae, 422 f.;
sumptuaria, 423;
leges, criminal, 419-21;
on quaestio inter sicarios, 378;
amended, 448;
agrariae (82, 81), 421 f.;
lex on return of Pompey (80), 335, n. 2.

⸺ Cornelia, on collecting certain moneys (Lentulus, c. 72), 424.

⸺ Cornelia, on edicts of praetors (t. 67), 431 f.;
on dispensations, 430 f.

⸺ Cornelia Baebia de ambitu (c. 181), 348.

⸺ Cornelia Caecilia, recalling Cicero (c. 57), 446;
de cura annonae, 446.

⸺ Cornelia Fulvia de ambitu (c. 159), 348.

⸺ Cornelia Gellia, on granting citizenship (c. 72), 424, n. 6.

⸺ Cornelia Pompeia, on assemblies (c. 88), 277, n. 4, 406-8;
on rogations, 406, 407;
colonial, 408;
unciaria, 408.

⸺ Crepereia, on legis actio, 339, n. 5.

⸺ Decia, on duumviri navales (t. 311), 306.

⸺ Didia cibaria (p. or t. 143), 356.

⸺ Domitia, on election of sacerdotes (t. 103), 391 f.;
repealed by Sulla, 416;
renewed, 435.

⸺ Duillia, on appeal (t. 449), 241, 292.

⸺ Duillia Menenia, on interest (t. 357), 297.

⸺ Duronia, sumptuaria (t. before 97), 388, n. 9, 423.

⸺ Fabia de plagiariis (c. 209 or 183?), 357.

⸺ Fabia de numero sectatorum (t. 66), 431, n. 6.

⸺ Falcidia testamentaria (t. 40), 459.

⸺ Fannia cibaria (c. 161), 356.

⸺ Flaminia, agraria (t. 232), 334;
monetary (c. 217), 336.

⸺ Flavia, on punishing Tusculans (t. 323), 310.

⸺ Fufia de religione (t. 61), 438, n. 3.

⸺ Fufia, on voting in quaestiones (p. 59), 443.

Leges Fufia et Aelia (t. about 150), 116 f., 198, 280, 358, 445.

⸺ Furia de sponsu, 298, n. 1.

Lex Furia testamentaria (203-170?), 352, n. 5, 463, n. 8.

⸺ Furia (?), instituting prefects for Capua (318), 306, n. 6.

⸺ Furia, on conspiracy (t. 99), 396, n. 2.

⸺ Furia Atilia, surrendering Mancinus (c. 136), 350.

⸺ Furia Quinctia, arbitrating between Ardea and Aricia (c. 446),
294 f.

⸺ Gabinia tabellaria (t. 139), 359.

⸺ Gabina, on secret meetings (t. 186 or 139?), 357.

⸺ Gabinia, on loans to provincials (t. 67), 429;
on sessions of senate, 429;
granting imperium to Pompey, 432 f.

⸺ Genucia (t. 342), 298 f.;
article of on consulship, 238;
on reëlections, often violated, 307 f.;
dispensations from, 307 f., 343;
renewed by Sulla, 415.

⸺ Glitia testamentaria, 459, n. 7.

⸺ Graccana, 383, n. 1.

⸺ Helvia, abrogating tribunicia potestas (t. 44), 455;
on wives of Caesar, 452.

⸺ Hirtia, on partisans of Pompey (t. 48?), 451, n. 2.

⸺ Horatia, honoring Gaia Taracia, 146, n. 7.

⸺ Hortensia (d. 287), 234, 312-6;
epoch-making in social history, 16;
effect on comitia centuriata, 137;
for relief of debtors, 235;
on plebi scita, 236, 269, 330, 475;
on tribunician jurisdiction, 247 f., 270;
on veto, 270.

⸺ Hostilia, on prosecutions for theft, 377, n. 5.

⸺ Icilia agraria, so called (456), 238;
sacrata, 265, n. 1, 272 f.

⸺ Icilia, granting amnesty to seceders (t. 449), 292;
granting triumph, 293.

⸺ Iulia, granting citizenship (c. 90), 57, n. 7, 10, 401 f.

⸺ Iulia, on dedication of Capitoline temple (p. 62), 341, n. 1;
agraria (c. 59), 145, n. 3, 148, 438-41;
relieving publicans, 441;
repetundarum, 441 f.;
dispensation from, 447;
attempt to amend, 448;
confirming acts of Pompey, 443;
on Ptolemy, 443;
curiata, arrogating Clodius (pont. max.), 443;
on debts (d. 49), 452;
de bonorum cessione (?), 452, n. 7;
on rents (47), 452 f.;
creating 2 praetors, 454;
iudiciaria (46), 455;
de maiestate, 455;
de vi, 455;
sumptuaria, 455 f.;
de provinciis, 456;
municipalis, 456 f.;
colonial (45), 453;
de Siculis, alleged (44), 454, n. 4.

⸺ Iulia, on rents (Octavianus, 41), 459;
on conubium of libertini (18), 354, n. 8.

⸺ Iulia Papiria de multarum aestimatione (c. 430), 234, 287.

⸺ Iunia repetundarum (t. 126), 370, 376, 379;
for expelling aliens, 370.

⸺ Iunia, on military pay (c. 109), 392.

⸺ Iunia, colonial (t. 83), 410.

⸺ Iunia Licinia, on filing statutes (c. 62), 437 f.

⸺ Licinia, on games (p. 208), 341, n. 2.

⸺ Licinia, instituting epulones (t. 196), 347.

⸺ Licinia sumptuaria (p. or t. before 97), 388, n. 9, 423.

⸺ Licinia de sodaliciis (c. 55), 447 f.

Leges Licinia et Aebutia, on qualifications of candidates (t. after
194), 347 f.

Lex Licinia Cassia, on appointment of tribuni militum (c. 171),
342, n. 2.

⸺ Licinia Iunia, on filing statutes (c. 62), 437 f.

⸺ Licinia Mucia, on aliens (c. 95), 397.

⸺ Licinia Pompeia de tribunicia potestate (c. 70), 426 f.;
prolonging Caesar’s command (55), 447.

Leges Licinia Sextia (t. 368, 367), 120, 295 f.;
article of on consulship, 237 f.;
relieving debtors, 238;
on pasturage, 291;
violations of, 291, 311, 325, 363;
limiting occupation of land, 291, 310;
amended, 334, n. 1, 363, n. 4.

Lex Licinnia de actione communi dividundo, 339, n. 5.

⸺ Livia, on organization of Africa (t. 146), 349.

⸺ Livia, colonial (t. 122), 383 f., 397;
on Latins, 252, 383.

⸺ Livia agraria, frumentaria, etc. (t. 91), 397-400.

⸺ Lucretia, on Campanian vectigalia (t. 172), 351, n. 5.

⸺ Maenia, on ludi Romani (c. 338), 308 f.

⸺ Maenia, on patrum auctoritas (t. 287?), 230, 331.

⸺ Maenia, on dowries (188?), 352.

⸺ Maenia Sextia de multae dictione (c. 452), 233.

⸺ Maevia, on Asiatic affairs (about 189), 349. n. 5.

⸺ Mamilia, on arbitri (c. 239?), 332, n. 9.

⸺ Mamilia, appointing special court (t. 109), 390.

⸺ Mamilia, Roscia, etc. (t. 55?), 441, n. 1.

⸺ Manilia, on libertini (t. 67), 433;
granting imperium to Pompey (66), 433 f.

⸺ Manlia, on manumission of slaves (c. 357), 202, 297.

⸺ Manlia, granting Numidia as province (t. 107), 381, n. 5.

⸺ Marcia, on usurers (c. 352?), 298, n. 1.