Chapter XV: The Fall of the Republic (2)

G. Lucio, _De Regno Dalmatiæ et Croatiæ_, Amstelodami,
1666.

Presbyter Diocleas, _Regnum Slavorum_, published in
Lucio’s _De Regno Dalmatiæ et Croatiæ_, 1666.

_Alter und Neuer Staat des Konigreichs Dalmatien_, 1718.

P. J. Schafarik (Šafařik), _Slawische Alterthümer_,
Leipzig, 1843-44.

A. Gil’ferding (Hilferding), _Geschichte der Serben und
Bulgaren_, 1856, 1864.

B. Kállay, _Geschichte der Serben_, Leipzig, 1878.

V. Klaić, _Geschichte Bosniens_, Leipzig, 1885.

William Miller, _The Balkan States_, London, 1896.

Sagredo, _Memorie Istoriche dei Monarchi Ottomanni_, 1697.

Hammer-Purgstall, _Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman_, traduit
par J. F. Hellert, Paris, 1835-42.

Stanley Lane-Poole, _The Barbary Corsairs_, London, 1890.

COMMERCIAL HISTORIES

Heyd, _Histoire du Commerce du Lévant au Moyen Âge_,
Leipzig, 1885.

Carlo Antonio Marin, _Storia Civile e Politica del
Commercio dei Veneziani_, Venezia, 1798.

C. J. Jireček, _Die Handelsstrassen und Bergwerke von
Serbien und Bosnien während des Mittelalters_, Prag, 1879.

SPECIAL HISTORIES

_Liber Statutorum Civitatis Rhacusii_ (MS. in the
Franciscan Library at Ragusa).

D. Farlati and J. Coleti, _Illyricum Sacrum_, Venetiis,
1751-1819.

G. Lucio, _Memorie Istoriche di Tragurio_, published in
his _De Regno Dalmatiæ_, 1666.

P. Pisani, _Num Ragusini ob omni jure Veneto a sæc. x
usque ad sæc. xiv immunes fuerint_, Paris, 1893.

Gelcich, _La Zedda e la Dinastia dei Balšidi_, Spalato,
1899.

Gelcich, _I Conti di Tuhelj_, 1889.

“G. G.,” _Turchi e Cristiani_, in the “Annuario
Dalmatico” for 1884.

“G. G.,” _In Tenebris Lux_, in the “Annuario Dalmatico”
for 1885.

_Relatione dell’ Orribile Terremoto seguito nella Città
di Ragusa_, Venetia, 1667.

Ludovicus Cervarius Tubero, _Commentariolus de Temporibus
Suis_, 1603.

V. Bogišič, article on the Stanico in the “Archiv für
Slawische Philologie,” Berlin, vol. ii., 1877.

J. Pisko, _Skanderbeg_, Wien, 1894.

T. Chersa, _Degli Illustri Toscani in Ragusa_.

Antonio degl’ Ivellio, _Saggio sulla Colonia e il
Contadinaggio di Ragusa_.

Paolo, Cavaliere de Rešetar, _La Zecca della Repubblica
di Ragusa_, Spalato, 1891.

P. Pisani, _La Dalmatie de 1797 à 1815_, Paris, 1893.

Tullio Erber, _Storia della Dalmazia dal 1797 al 1814_,
Zara, 1886, &c.

Sir William Hoste, _Memoirs and Letters_, London, 1833.

_Ein Gedenkbuch der Erhebung Ragusas in den Jahren
1813-14_, edit. G. Gelcich, in the “Archiv für
österreichische Geschichte,” Wien, vol. lxiv., 1882.

Comte Duc de Sorgo, _Fragments sur l’Histoire ... de
Raguse_, Paris, 1839.

ART AND LITERATURE

Philippus de Diversis de Quartigianis, _Situs Aedficiorum
Ragusii_, edit. Brunelli, Zara, 1882.

T. Graham Jackson, _Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria_,
Oxford, 1887.

R. von Eitelberger von Edelberg, _Kunstdenkmale
Dalmatiens_, vol. iv. of his _Gesammelte kunsthistorische
Schriften_, Wien, 1884.

E. Freeman, _Sketches from the Subject and Neighbour
Lands of Venice_, London, 1881.

Gliubich (Ljubić), _Dizionario Biografico della Dalmazia_.

_Galleria di Ragusei Illustri_, Ragusa, 1841.

A. N. Puipin und W. Spasowicz, _Geschichte der Slavischen
Literatur_, Leipzig, 1880.

Appendini, _Versione Libera dell’ Osmanide_.

TOPOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL

B. Ramberti, _Libri Tre delle Cose dei Turchi_, 1539.

Caterino Zen’s journey to Constantinople, published in
_Starine_ x. of the South-Slavonic Academy, 1878.

Nicholas de Nicolay, _Les Navigations et Pérégrinations
et Voyages faiets en la Turquie_, Anvers, 1576.

Des Hayes de Courmenin, _Voyage de Lévant_, Paris, 1649.

Thomas Watkins, _Travels through Swisserland, Italy ...
to Constantinnople_, London, 1794.

F. C. H. L. Pouqueville, _Voyage dans la Grèce_, Paris,
1826.

J. D. F. Neigebauer, _Die Süd-Slaven und deren Länder_,
Leipzig, 1851.

F. Petter, _Dalmatien_.

A. A. Paton, _Highlands and Islands of the Adriatic_,
London, 1849.

Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, _Dalmatia and Montenegro_,
London, 1848.

W. F. Wingfield, _A Tour in Dalmatia, Albania, and
Montenegro, with a Historical Sketch of the Republic of
Ragusa_, London, 1859.

Arthur J. Evans, _Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on
Foot, ... with an Historical Review of Bosnia_, London,
1876.

This list does not claim to be a complete bibliography by any means, nor does it even include all the books, pamphlets, and articles which I have consulted in compiling this volume; but it should be sufficient as a guide for those who wish to go deeper into the subject.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Historical Essays, Third Series_, pp. 22, 23.

[2] For traces of the Celtic strain see T. Graham Jackson’s _Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria_, vol. i. p. 2.

[3] The term Illyria or Illyricum comprises far more than the modern or even Roman Dalmatia, and corresponds roughly to the whole eastern shore of the Adriatic as far as Dyrrhachium, with a hinterland extending to Hungary.

[4] Their name is connected with the town of Dalmium or Deminium, said by some to have been in the interior, by others on the site of the modern Almissa (formerly called Dalmisia).

[5] Called the “Dalmatian Pompeii.”

[6] Quoted in _Handelsstrassen und Bergwerke von Serbien und Bosnien während des Mittelalters_, by Dr. C. J. Jireček, Prag, 1879, p. 3.

[7] Cap. xxix. to xxxvi.

[8] Jireček, _op. cit._, p. 4, note.

[9] Jireček, _Wlachen und Maurowlachen_. They are now called Morlacchi in Northern Dalmatia.

[10] Jireček, _Handelsstrassen_, pp. 22-25.

[11] _Ibid._, pp. 25-27.

[12] Jireček, _Handelsstrassen_, pp. 27-35.

[13] Their municipal statutes, some of which have been published, present many analogies with those of Italy.

[14] This form is preferred by Professor Jireček to Epidaurus.

[15] Ἀφ’ οὗ δὲ ἀπὸ Σαλῶνα μετῴκησαν εἰς Ῥαούσιον, εἰσὶν ἔτη φʹ (500) μέχρι τῆςσήμερον, ἥτις ἰνδικτιῶνος ἑβδόμης ἔτους ͵ϛυνζʹ. (6457 A.M. = 949 A.D.). _De Adm. Imp._, cap. xxix.

[16] Šafařik, _Slawische Alterthümer_, ii. 238; J. B. Bury, “History of the Later Roman Empire,” vol. ii. Book IV. Part II. chap. iv.

[17] Constantine Porphyrogenitus says that the Slaves (whom he mixed up with the Avars) had destroyed τὸ κάστρον Πίταυρα, the inhabitants being mostly killed or captured. The survivors fled, and on an inaccessible rock founded the new city of Ῥαούσιον. In a Slavonic document quoted by Jireček (_op. cit._, p. 9, note 20) there is a native account of the foundation of Ragusa. The ancient Ragusa, it says, stood _na Captate_ (at Cavtat), and possessed the whole _župa_ of Canali; when the city fell and was destroyed, “the lords of Chum and Rascia” occupied this _župa_, and the inhabitants of the city took refuge on a strong place, where they founded the modern Ragusa. These are other more or less legendary accounts.

[18] _Op. cit._, p. 10.

[19] A deep inlet surrounded by high mountains at the extreme south of modern Dalmatia.

[20] Gelcich, _Dello Sviluppo Civile di Ragusa_, p. 6.

[21] The castle and bridge are both indicated in the drawing.

[22] Published by the South-Slavonic Academy of Agram in the same volume as Ragnina’s chronicle. A small part of it is quoted by Gelcich, _op. cit._

[23] There is an Albanian tribe of the name of Dukadjin, south of Scutari.

[24] They have not been identified.

[25] In several early accounts it is said that the Saracens helped the Avars to destroy the city by attacking from the sea, but there is no satisfactory evidence on the subject.

[26] Head of a farm; _katun_ in modern Croatian signifies dairy; it is a neo-Latin word.

[27] Venice, whose connection with the Eastern Empire was somewhat similar to that of the Dalmatian cities, now recognised Charlemagne’s supremacy. There was a Byzantine and a Frankish faction. See T. Hodgkin’s “Italy and her Invaders,” viii. p. 231; also H. Brown’s “Venice.”

[28] The passage reads “de ogni Vulasi,” from every Vulasi, but the emendation “de _donji_ Vulasi,” from Lower Vulasi or Wallachia (_donji_ is Slavonic for lower), is suggested.

[29] In Southern Dalmatia the word _Morlacco_ is still a term of contempt.

[30] This etymology is obviously impossible.

[31] The first of these was Otho Ursus or Ottone Orseolo.

[32] Quoted by Gelcich, _op. cit._, p. 9.

[33] In the Italian city-republics, besides the head of the State, the Council of nobles, and the assembly of the people, there was also a minor or privy council of special advisers. It is very probable that there was something of the kind at Ragusa even at this time, as there was later.

[34] Afterwards the archbishop.

[35] “A wall of rubble and beams.”

[36] Const. Porgh., cap. xxx. According to tradition, Ragusa had been delivered from the Saracens in 783 by Orlando, or Roland the Paladin. The legend probably has its origin in a confusion between Charlemagne’s suzerainty over Dalmatia and the Saracen siege of Ragusa in 847. The so-called statue of Orlando at Ragusa is of the fifteenth century.

[37] Const. Porgh., cap. xxx.

[38] The Naro of the ancients.

[39] Primorije in Slavonic, Παραθαλάσσια.

[40] Gelcich, _op. cit._, p. 2.

[41] Serafino Razzi, in his _Storia di Raugia_, gives a long account of this miracle (cap. x.). The Venetian fleet designed to capture Ragusa by treachery, but the plot was revealed to a priest, who thus relates his vision: “I was in the church of St. Stephen about midnight, at prayer, when methinks I saw the whole fane filled with armed men. And in the midst I saw an old man with a long white beard holding a staff in his hand. Having called me aside, he told me that he was San Biagio, and had been sent by Heaven to defend this city. He told me further that the Venetians had come up to the walls to scale them, using the masts of their ships as ladders, but he, with a company of heavenly soldiers, had driven back the enemy; but he desired that in future the Ragusans should defend themselves, and never trust armed neighbours.” Ragnina dates the event 971.

[42] San Bacco had been patron of the Latin settlement on the rocky ridge, while the Slavonic colony had been under the protection of the Eastern Saint Serge. When the two settlements amalgamated, as neither would accept the saint of the other, they compromised by adopting San Biagio.

[43] Cedrenus, vol. i., § 1019, in Migne, vol. 121.

[44] The name Rascia is generally used by old historians as synonymous for Servia, and is derived from the river Raška in Old Servia.

[45] _Num Ragusini ab omni jure Veneto a saec. X usque ad saec. XIV immunes fuerunt_, thesis by the Abbé Paul Pisani, Paris, 1893, cap. ii.

[46] According to Johannes Diaconus, the expedition started in the seventh year of Orseolo’s reign, which would be the year 998; but Monticolo, who edits that writer in his _Cronache Antichissime_ (p. 156, note 1), observes that Diaconus says that he only heard the news of the victory when the Emperor Otho III. came to Pavia in his third descent into Italy, _i.e._ July 1000.

[47] The name Beograd or Belgrad, _i.e._ white city, is a very common one in Slavonic lands.

[48] “Seque suosque Orseolo Venetoque nomini dedunt.” Sabellico, _Historia rerum Venetarum_, Dec. I. lib. iv. cap. 3.

[49] This pseudonym is an anagram for Sebastianus Slade de Ragusa; _Slade_ is Slavonic for sweets = _dolci_.

[50] MS. in the Museo Correr at Venice, quoted by Pisani, _op. cit._, introd. There is a copy at Zara and one at Ragusa.

[51] _Regno degli Slavi._

[52] _Chronica Ragusina_, edit. South-Slav. Acad., p. 272.

[53] _Prospetto Cronologico della Dalmazia_, p. 112.

[54] This title is now borne by the Emperor of Austria.

[55] Gelcich, _op. cit._, p. 3.

[56] J. C. von Engel, _Geschichte des Freystaates Ragusa_, § 6.

[57] Between 1096 and 1105 they had put three hundred ships on the sea (Horatio Brown, _Venice_, p. 87).

[58] Serafino Razzi, _Storia di Raugia_.

[59] Romanin, _Storia Documentata di Venezia_, tom. viii. p. 455, _seq._; Farlati-Coleti, _Illyricum Sacrum_, vi. 60-80.

[60] H. Brown, _op. cit._, p. 101.

[61] Spalato, however, remained subject to the empire until Manuel’s death in 1180.

[62] In the _Archivio Storico Italiano_, viii. 154, lib. v.

[63] This stipulation appears in nearly all the subsequent treaties of dedition by which Ragusa surrendered to Venice. By this act the Ragusan Church came under the authority of a Venetian prelate.

[64] By Romania, mediæval historians mean the Eastern Empire.

[65] _Liber Pactorum_, ii. p. 117, v.

[66] _Op. cit._, cap. 30.

[67] Jireček, _op. cit._, p. 12.

[68] According to Miklosich, the word is of Arabic origin.

[69] Jireček, _op. cit._

[70] Probably this is too early.

[71] A _braccio_ is about an ell.

[72] Jireček, _ibid._

[73] The name is sometimes spelt Radosav.

[74] _Prijeki_ means “beyond” in Serb, and the church was so called because it was beyond the channel.

[75] The figures given by Engel (§ 19)—20,000 horse and 30,000 foot—are probably exaggerated.

[76] The Three Martyrs of Cattaro were saints murdered by the heathen, or, as some assert, by heretics.

[77] The treaty is published in the _Monum. spect. Historiam Slav. Merid._, Agram, vol. i. Document xvii.

[78] See _ante_.

[79] _Ibid._, xxvi.

[80] _Ibid._, xxvii.

[81] _Ibid._, xxviii.

[82] _Ibid._, xxix.

[83] Quoted by Romanin, _op. cit._, _loc. cit._

[84] A further corroboration, if any were needed, of the surrender is found in the treaty of friendship between Stephen, Grand Župan, and Giovanni Dandolo, Count of Ragusa (_Mon. Sl. Mer._, vol. i. doc. xxxix.). No date is given, but it must be previous to 1222, as in that year Stephen received the title of King from Pope Honorius III., whence his designation of _Prvovencani_, or First Crowned.

[85] On the sea coast of Montenegro, near the Lake of Scutari.

[86] Dated “Ides of January, Indict. I.” (1078).

[87] It will be noticed that Ragusa is alluded to first as a bishopric and then as an archbishopric in the same document.

[88] Gelcich, _op. cit._, p. 10.

[89] A heresy described in a later chapter.

[90] Engel, § 20.

[91] Gelcich, _Delle Istituzioni Marittime e Secritarie delle Republica di Ragusa_, Trieste, 1892, p. 3.

[92] Marcius noster Constantinopolitanus, Vicecomes, _Mon. Sl. Mer._ I., doc. xiv.

[93] _Ibid._, xxi.

[94] _Ibid._, xxii.

[95] Gelcich, _op. cit._, pp. 13, 14.

[96] _Peline_ is Slavonic for sage.

[97] Now included in the Turkish vilayets of Kossovo and Scutari.

[98] William of Tyre speaks of the “Rex Sclavorum” residing at Scutari at the time when the Crusaders were in Dalmatia. This is the Župan Vlkan (1089-1105).

[99] In the plain of Kossovo, near Mitrovica (Mitrovitza).

[100] This etymology is somewhat doubtful. Duša also means the soul.

[101] B. Kállay, _Geschichte der Serben_; William Miller, _The Balkans_; F. Kanitz, _Serbien_.

[102] See _ante_.

[103] Klaić, _Geschichte Bosniens_.

[104] Klaić, _op. cit._, cap. vi.

[105] A treaty between Ragusa and Taddeo, Count of Montefeltro and Podestà of Ravenna and Cervia, 1216-1238 (_Mon. spect. Hist. Slav. Mer._, vol. i. doc. 49, pp. 35, 36; also in other documents of that collection between 1204 and 1226).

[106] Resti, who erroneously records the date as 1202.

[107] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, vol. i. p. 40.

[108] Pisani, _op. cit._, vii.

[109] _Op. cit._, p. 29.

[110] Venice had received the same prohibition from the Pope.

[111] That it was not absolutely free is proved by the Doge Jacopo Ziepolo’s _Promissiom_, dated March 6, 1229, which says: “And we are to receive the tributes of Cherso and Ossero, as well as of the country of Arbe and Ragusa” (Cod. Marc. DLI., class viii. Ital., quoted by Romanin).

[112] Binzola Bodazza is always alluded to in this connection as one person, but in other documents, especially in the _Reformationes_, we find the names Binzola and Bodazza as those of two separate noble families.

[113] This stipulation is repeated in various subsequent documents, but it was not always observed.

[114] Sometimes written _miari_.

[115] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 75.

[116] We have often quoted this chronicle of “Esadastes,” not because of the value of its arguments, but as characteristic of Ragusan individuality, and of the way in which the Ragusans made every effort to prove and to secure their own independence. They regarded themselves not only as independent of Venice, but as distinct from the rest of Dalmatia, and they were always afraid that the great Republic might one day claim their alligiance. Hence their efforts to prove that that allegiance had never really existed, or at least that it had had no practical effect.

[117] _Liber Reform_, ii. 322; _Liber Statutorum_, i. 1, 2; Gelcich, _op. cit._, pp. 30, 31.

[118] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 78. This Koloman was evidently the son of Andrew, King of Hungary, by whom he had been appointed Duke (or Count) of Croatia and Dalmatia (1226-1241), Klaić, p. 92.

[119] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 79.

[120] _Ibid._, i. 80.

[121] Klaić, p. 101.

[122] Doubtless he had been appointed during the last secession of 1235.

[123] Engel, § 25.

[124] Mentioned by Caroldus and in the _Liber Pactorum_. The name sounds Ragusan.

[125] Resti, _ad ann._ 1252. Ragusan writers frequently complain that the Venetians did not protect the city effectually against the Slaves, but it is difficult to see what they could have done against an almost inland state.

[126] This institution is described on pp. 76-78.

[127] In the various histories of Servia (_e.g._ B. Kállay’s _Geschichte der Serben_, p. 51) no mention is made of this coalition, and in fact the reign of Stephen Uroš, save for the Mongolian inroads, is described as peaceful. On the other hand, the treaty between Radoslav and Ragusa expressly mentions the alliance with Bulgaria against Servia. Probably the Mongol invasion of 1255 induced him to make peace with his neighbours.

[128] Miklosich, _Monumenta Serbica_, pp. 60 and 69; translated in Klaić, _op. cit._, pp. 137, 138.

[129] Uroš was deposed by his son in 1272.

[130] For the position and importance of these envoys see Chap. III.

[131] The chapters relating to the _stanicum_ (_stanak_ in Slavonic) are 19, 20, 49-57. The matter is ably dealt with in an article by Professor V. Bogišić in the _Archiv für Slawische Philologie_, Berlin, vol ii., 1877, pp. 570-593.

[132] In the _Liber Reformationum_ it is mentioned at rare intervals.

[133] The commonest are: Bassegli, Bobali, Bodazza, Bona, Bonda, Bubagna, Caboga, Ghetaldi, Gondola, Gozze, Luccari, Raguina, Resti, Saraca, Sorgo, &c. Only a few, such as Zlatarich, are purely Slavonic. The whole question of the relative proportions of Italians and Slaves in Dalmatia is very obscure. Even to this day, owing to the bitterness of party feeling, it is impossible to obtain reliable statistics.

[134] Save the treaties with the Slavonic states, which are mostly published in the original Servian in Miklosich’s _Monumenta Serbica_.

[135] The number of members varied at different times.

[136] Gelcich, p. 32.

[137] Luccari.

[138] _Lib. Ref._, v. p. 307.

[139] The age was afterwards lowered to eighteen years.

[140] This account is based on that given in Luccari, save for such changes as occurred between the Venetian period and the early seventeenth century, when Luccari’s book was published.

[141] Stephen Uroš II. Milutin (1275-1321).

[142] Lebret, _Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig_, i. 598. Engel, who gives a similar account, attributes the raid to Stephen Kotromanić, Banus of Bosnia, which is clearly a mistake, as Ragusa was at that time on excellent terms with him.

[143] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 204 (1293-1331) and 261 (1294).

[144] _Ibid._, 237.

[145] _Reform._, 57.

[146] Salt was a commodity lacking in the interior.

[147] _Liber Pactorum_, 79.

[148] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 294, 295, 296, 297.

[149] _Ibid._, 303, 304, 306.

[150] We find a _Reformatio_ of May 1303 which alludes to the Servian war as still continuing, but it was probably only a case of isolated raids and acts of brigandage.

[151] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 327.

[152] _Ibid._, 254, Misti, 1313-1316.

[153] Ragnina, _ad ann._ 1316, also _Ref._

[154] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 469.

[155] Reigned until 1330.

[156] Gelcich, _op. cit._, p. 34.

[157] Gelcich, _ibid._

[158] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 204, Misti, _ad ann._ 1320-21.

[159] It may have been the acts of piracy alluded to.

[160] _Ex Libr. Consilior_, 1325, Aug. 15, and 1326, March 15, _Cons. Roy._ xl., Gelcich, pp. 34, 35.

[161] Gelcich, _Reform._

[162] Engel, § 28.

[163] Vol. i. 589.

[164] Part of Montenegro.

[165] A small island at the Narenta’s mouth.

[166] _Ad ann._ 1322.

[167] A name usually given to Greek priests in the Middle Ages.

[168] This story is somewhat confused. Ragusan writers declare that the princess in question was deposed, together with her son, by a rebellious noble, Alexander, who made himself Tsar and offered to place Bulgaria under Servian suzerainty if Stephen secured the fugitives for him. But after Velbužd Michael’s widow fled, and his first wife, Anna, Milutin’s daughter, was placed on the throne jointly with her son Šišman II. by the victorious Serbs. Stephen Uroš died immediately after, strangled by his son Stephen Dušan, who held Bulgaria as a vassal state. Then came the rebellion of Alexander, who forced Šišman and his mother to fly from Bulgaria, and induced Dušan to marry his sister. Anna fled to Ragusa, and perhaps this may be the princess to whom the local historians allude. On the other hand, it does not seem likely that Dušan would wish to capture her, his own kinswoman. See Jireček’s _Geschichte der Bulgaren_, 290-298.

[169] _Lib. Ref._, iii. 365.

[170] Quoted in Gelcich, _Istituzioni Marittime e Sanitarie della Republica di Ragusa_, Trieste, p. 37.

[171] _Ibid._, p. 38.

[172] Annali, _ad ann._ 1348.

[173] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, iii. 16.

[174] _Ibid._, 182, 256, 272.

[175] _Ibid._, 274.

[176] See also _Lib. Reform._, 155-157, 162, 163, 169, 248, 249; and Resti, _ad ann._ 1349-1350.

[177] Horatio Brown, _Venice_, p. 196.

[178] _Ibid._, pp. 198-205.

[179] Horatio Brown, _Venice_, p. 211.

[180] Gelcich, _Ragusa_, p. 44.

[181] Engel, Appendix viii.

[182] _Lib. Ref._; Gelcich, _Ragusa_, p. 44.

[183] From _Astaria_, a mediæval Latin word meaning a flat tract of seacoast. In Du Cange “maritima, campus planus mari adjacens.”

[184] Mentioned in 1254.

[185] Gelcich, _I Conti di Tuhelj_, p. 22.

[186] In 1331 a request was made to the King of Servia “de implorando ab eo castrum de Prisren in custodia, pro securitate mercatorum nostrorum conversantium in Prisren,” but it was refused (Gelcich, _I Conti di Tuhelj_, p. 23).

[187] Near Petrovoselo.

[188] Jireček, _op. cit._, pp. 13, 14.

[189] For the Paulicians, see Conybeare’s _Key of Truth_, and Bury’s edition of Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall_, vol. vi., Appendix 6, p. 540.

[190] Jireček, _Geschichte der Bulgaren_, pp. 176 _sqq._

[191] Theiner, _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. p. 20.

[192] Klaić, _op. cit._, iii, iv, v, vii, and viii.

[193] _Lib. Ref._, v., April 14, 1319, p. 139.

[194] Gelcich, _Ragusa_, p. 21.

[195] _Ibid._, 17, 18, 23, 25.

[196] Whence the title of the English Duke of Clarence is derived.

[197] The documents on this subject are lost, but the privileges are frequently mentioned by later writers.

[198] Tafel und Thomas, _Griechische Urkunde_ in the Sitzungsberichte der Kais. Wiener Akad. der Wissenschaften, Philos.-histor. Classe, vi. 508-529; Miklosich u. Müller, _Acta Græca_, iii., 58 _sqq._, 66-67; Heyd, _Histoire du Commerce du Lévant_, i. 308 _sqq._

[199] Heyd, _op. cit._, i. 475.

[200] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 40, Heyd, _op. cit._, i. 308.

[201] Theiner, _Mon. Hist. Slav. Mer. illustr._, i. 121; Heyd, _op. cit._, ii. 50.

[202] Caloian or Kalioannes.

[203] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 79.

[204] _Ibid._, 83.

[205] _Ibid._, 111, 248, 251.

[206] _Ibid._, 236.

[207] It still exists in the upper part of the town, but is now used as a depot for military stores.

[208] Gelcich, _Istituzioni Marittime e Sanitarie_, p. 14.

[209] The word is said to be derived from “a Ragusa,” but it is doubtful.

[210] _Lib. Stat._, vi. cap. 21 and 22.

[211] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 78.

[212] _Lib. Ref._, i. 1325, July 18, p. 176.

[213] A complaint was made to King Robert of Naples because of the acts of piracy committed by the people of Manfredonia, _Lib. Ref._, i., 1325, Oct. 17, p. 184.

[214] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 204, Misti, 1326-27.

[215] _Istituzioni Marittime e Sanitarie_, p. 16.

[216] The custom was an Italian one, and the word _ceppo_ is still used for Christmas box, or even for Christmas itself.

[217] Gelcich, _op. cit._, p. 17.

[218] _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 204, _Misti_, 1329.

[219] Mjatović, _Studies in the History of Servian Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries_, Glasnik, vol. 33, 37, 38; Jireček, _op. cit._

[220] Jireček, _op. cit._

[221] There are hardly any distinctive traces now of the Vlachs in Dalmatia, save in the name Morlacchi, given to the Slaves generally by the Italians of the coast towns. In Macedonia, however, the Kutzo-Vlachs are numerous, and preserve both their language, which belongs to the Neo-Latin group, and their nomadic habits. There they still ply the trade of cattle-drovers or that of wandering merchants. See Jireček, _op. cit._, p. 60; also his _Wlachen und Maurowlachen_, _passim_; and _Turkey in Europe_, by “Odysseus.”

[222] Afterwards called Carina = custom house.

[223] Geçcha or Geçecha in the Ragusan documents, mentioned as early as 1275.

[224] Now called Plevlje (Turkish, _Tašlydža_) in the Sandžak of Novibazar. This stream, which flows through the town, is still called the Breznica, and a neighbouring monastery Vrhobreznica = high Breznica.

[225] In the sixteenth century castle and monastery were still in good repair, and the latter was inhabited by fifty monks, and contained the body of St. Saba, the patron saint of the Southern Slaves (see Zen’s Diary in _Starine_ x. of South-Slav. Acad.). The body was removed and burnt by the Turks in 1595, and the building fell into ruins by the end of the eighteenth century. Priepolje is now the southernmost point garrisoned by Austria in the Sandžak of Novibazar.

[226] Mentioned by the _Lib. Ref._ in 1322.

[227] For this route see Benedetto Ramberti, _Libri. Tre delle cosi dei Turchi_, lib. i.

[228] There is still a village of that name.

[229] Mostar did not exist in the Middle Ages. The ruins of Blagaj still form an imposing mass.

[230] The seat of feudal family of the Pavlovići in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

[231] _Srebro_ = silver in Servian.

[232] Slav. S. Dimitri, Dimitrovica, or Mitrovica.

[233] Jireček, _op. cit._, pp. 75-82.

[234] Zenta or Zedda was the name of a district comprising Montenegro and that part of Albania between the lake of Scutari and the Adriatic coast as for as Durazzo. The anonymous writer in Matković (_Starine_ x., 1878, of the South-Slavonic Academy) describes the _Via de Zenta_.

[235] _Op. cit._, p. 63.

[236] Ulcinium, Dulcinium; in Slavonic, Olgun; in Albanian, Ulkin.

[237] On the site of San Sergio is the village of Obotti, which has of late acquired some prominence since an Italian steamship company has established a service up the Bojana for developing Italian trade. An Austrian company has imitated its example, and it seems as if there was a chance of reviving the old trade routes once more although of course they can never regain their old importance so long as the Turks continue to misgovern the land.

[238] 1290. Jireček, _op. cit._, p. 65.

[239] Lissos, Alexium, in Slavonic and Albanian Lješ.

[240] Jireček, pp. 66-7; this is now the Mirdit country.

[241] The name Πριξδριάνα is first mentioned as a Bulgarian bishopric in 1026.

[242] Jireček, p. 68. The Beglerbeg of Rumelia was the commander-in-chief of the Turkish armies in Europe.

[243] The Servian king imitated the Venetian ducats, but with a considerable amount of base metal, whence Dante’s allusion to the punishment awaiting “quel di Rascia, che mal aggiustò il conio di Vinegia,” _Paradiso_, xix. 140-141.

[244] Ragusan consul at Brskovo mentioned in 1280. Its importance ceased with the Turkish conquest.

[245] Jireček, p. 71, Bolizza.

[246] Critobulus, ii. 7, 8, in _Fragm. Hist. Græca_, v. 109.

[247] First mentioned in 1349.

[248] First mentioned in 1376.

[249] Mentioned in 1412.

[250] Mentioned in 1346.

[251] Mentioned in 1350.

[252] Jireček, _op. cit._, 41-58. A very elaborate and interesting account of the Bosnian and Servian mines is given in this work.

[253] This division is reflected in the prefixes Gornji and Donji (upper and lower), which are frequently found attached to the names of Bosnian and Servian towns.

[254] According to Farlati, it is owing to the Ragusans that some traces of Latin Christianity survived in these lands of schism and heresy.

[255] _Purgari_ is evidently derived from the German word _Bürger_, but the etymology of _Vaoturchi_ is unknown (Jireček).

[256] _Lib. Ref._, March 8, 1332, p. 341.

[257] Miklosich, _Monumenta Serbica_, Codice Geno (Ragusa); Jireček, _op. cit._, p. 60.

[258] Jireček, _op. cit._, 60; Nicolas de Nicolay, _Navigations et peregrinations orientales_, Lyon, 1568.

[259] In Servia, Byzantine influence was stronger and Italian-Dalmatian influence weaker than in Bosnia, as is attested by the few surviving churches of the pre-Turkish period. But in both countries contact with the Adriatic towns was closer than with the Eastern Empire.

[260] Gelcich, _Ragusa_, p. 32.

[261] So called because its bell was tolled to announce an execution of a criminal, a proclamation of exile, or the approach of a hostile fleet (Gelcich, _op. cit._, p. 278).

[262] In 1346 forty additional sentries were added and distributed among the posts, and an extra body of archers was enrolled (_Lib. Ref._, i., March 24, p. 229). Of course when military expeditions were organised a much larger levy was made both in the city and in the territory.

[263] T. G. Jackson, _Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria_, ii. p. 372.

[264] Jackson, _ibid._

[265] R. Eitelberger von Edelberg, _Die Mittelalterlichen Kunstdenkmale Dalmatiens_, in his _Gesammelte Kunsthistorische Werke_, iv. pp. 343, 344.

[266] Gelcich, _Ragusa_, 17, 23.

[267] Eitelberger, _op. cit._, p. 334.

[268] Jackson, _ibid._

[269] The word _sponza_ was also applied to open loggie, built on the borders of the Republic as resting-places for the caravans. One of these existed at S. Michele della Cresta (1356), and another by the Canale di Narenta (Gelcich, p. 73).

[270] De Diversis says it was enlarged in 1312.

[271] _Op. cit._, ii. 360.

[272] Gelcich, p. 19.

[273] _Ibid._, p. 20.

[274] Horatio Brown’s _Venice_, p. 212.

[275] Gelcich, _La Zedda_, Preface.

[276] Note to Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall_, vol. vi. p. 500.

[277] The “Machova” of the Ragusan documents.

[278] Klaić, p. 197.

[279] Knez means lord or count.

[280] The decadence of Servia can be traced in the titles of its rulers. Uroš IV. was the last Tsar, Vukašin was only Kral or king, and his son was Marko Kraljević, “the King’s son.”

[281] Du Cange, Farlati, Lenormant, and Rovinski take the first view, Gelcich (_La Zedda_, p. 28) and Šafažik the second.

[282] It is sometimes called Zenta or Zeta.

[283] This form of succession was a very usual one in the Serb lands.

[284] Gelcich, _La Zedda_, p. 13; Jireček, _Handelsstrassen_, p. 36 _sqq._

[285] These were allowed to lapse in favour of Vojslav Voinović.

[286] Miklosich, _Monumenta Serbica_, p. 176.

[287] Gelcich, _La Zedda_, p. 14; also his _Memoire storiche sulle Bocche di Cattaro_.

[288] Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall_, Bury’s edition, vol. vii. pp. 29-31.

[289] The ancient Tainaros, now called Cirmen.

[290] Klaić, p. 199; Gelcich, _La Zedda_, p. 80.

[291] After the year 1358 the _Reformationes_ allude to the _Rector_, and no longer to the _Rectores_.

[292] _I.e._ when his own acts or the election of one of his relatives was under discussion.

[293] _Ref._, ii., January 1359.

[294] _Diplom. Ragus._, 1359, 4, 5, 8; 1360, 12; 1361, 20.

[295] _Ref._, 1360, Feb.

[296] _Ref Cons. Maj._, 1361, July 1.

[297] _Ref._, 1361, July.

[298] The Slaves used Ragusa as their banking centre.

[299] Jireček, p. 36.

[300] Gelcich, _Balša_, genealog. table.

[301] _Monumenta Histor.-Jurid. Slav. Mer._, i., Agram, 1882.

[302] _Mon. Rag._, iii.

[303] _Ref._, ii. pp. 276-280; _Lett. e Comm. di Lev._ 1350-80, Aug. 31, 1359; Gelcich, _Balša_, pp. 33-37; _Ref._, iii. 91, 98, 99; iv. 24, 117, 133-4, 139, 140.

[304] Now Mičsić, in Montenegro. See Miklosich, _Mon. Serb._, p. 169.

[305] Gelcich, _Balša_, p. 38.

[306] Gelcich, _Balša_, p. 53.

[307] _Diplom. Rag._, 42.

[308] Klaić, p. 200; Jireček, pp. 36-37.

[309] Klaić, p. 200.

[310] Gelcich, _Ragusa_, p. 44.

[311] _Ref._, iv., Oct 14, 1378.

[312] _Diplom. Rag._, March 13, 1379, No. 62.

[313] _Ref._, 1379, June 20 and June 26.

[314] Engel, § 32.

[315] Razzi, lib. i. cap. xxi.

[316] Miklosich, _Mon. Serb._, 184-5.

[317] Miklosich, _Mon. Serb._, 188.

[318] Klaić, p. 206.

[319] Charter dated December 2, 1382, in Miklosich, 201-202.

[320] Kukuljevic-Sakcinski, _Jura Regni Croatin_, i. 150-151; Klaić, 209.

[321] _Mon. Slav._, iv. 187-8, 194-5, 200-203.

[322] July 20, 1385, Klaić, 211.

[323] Klaić, 226.

[324] Kossovo or Kosovo Polje.

[325] Gelcich, _Balša_, 140.

[326] The mountainous region behind Cattaro.

[327] _Lettere di Levante_, 1403-1410, fol. 78; Gelcich, _Balša_, 162.

[328] _Ref._, in _Dipl. Rag._, Sept. 17, 1390, and Jan. 26, 1391.

[329] Gelcich, _Balša_, 161-3.

[330] _Mon. Slav._, iv. 295, Oct 7, 1392.

[331] _Ref._, 1395-7, fol. 75, 78; Gelcich, _Balša_, 174.

[332] Gelcich, _Balša_, p. 175.

[333] Gelcich, _Balša_, 183.

[334] _I.e._ “the Duchy,” from Herzeg or Herzog.

[335] _Ref._, in _Dipl. Rag._, March 20, 1392.

[336] Hitherto it had only struck copper coins, using foreign silver and gold. Gold coins were never struck at Ragusa.

[337] Gelcich, _Balša_, 200-201.

[338] Gelcich, _Balša_, 205-306.

[339] Klaić, 274.

[340] Klaić, 278-9; he deduces this from the letter of the Ragusans to Hrvoje, April 8, 1400, in which they state that Ostoja had protested against their detention of the Turkish envoy. See also Pučić, _Spomenici_, i. 28, and Lucio, _De Regno Dalm. et Croat._, p. 258.

[341] A few years before, in 1391, they had received part of Canali, with Dolnja Gora and Soko, from the Paulovići, so that now the territory of the Republic extended from the Narenta to the Bocche di Cattaro.

[342] _Diplom. Ragus._, 91-102.

[343] _Diplom. Rag._, 95, Nov. 16, 1403.

[344] Fejér, _Cod. Dipl._, x. 4, p. 388.

[345] Pučić, _Spom._, i. xv; Klaić, 280-290.

[346] The Djed or chief priest of the Bogomil community was also present at this Parliament.

[347] Pučić, i. 56 and 61.

[348] Rački, _Pokret_, Rad. iv., Jugosl. Akad., 85; Klaić, 297.

[349] _Ref._ 1407-1411, fol. 245.

[350] Gelcich, _Balša_, 271.

[351] Gelcich, _Balša_, 294.

[352] _Dipl. Ragus._, July 21, 1409.

[353] Hrvoje’s shiftiness had at last made him fall into disgrace.

[354] Resti, _ad ann._, 1413.

[355] Gelcich, _Balša_, 302; _Dipl. Rag._, v. 21, 1414.

[356] Gelcich, _Istituzioni Sanitarie et Marittime_, p. 36.

[357] See the Bull of 1373, in Theiner _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 398.

[358] Gelcich, _Ragusa_, p. 52.

[359] De Diversis.

[360] See _ante_, pp. 195-7.

[361] Gelcich, 46-47.

[362] Matteo Saverio Zamagna, quoted in Gelcich, p. 51.

[363] The Ragusan small _braccio_ or _lakat mali_ = 51 centimetres, Gelcich, 49-50.

[364] Klaić 337-40.

[365] _Dipl. Rag._, 202, June 8, 1426.

[366] _Ibid._, 206, July 31, 1427.

[367] Dec 31, 1427, in Miklosich, 336-50.

[368] Resti; _Dipl. Rag._, 215.

[369] _Dipl. Rag._, 212, April 30, 1430.

[370] _Ibid._, 216, June 18, 1430.

[371] _Dipl. Rag._, 220.

[372] An account of them occupies the whole of the tenth book of Resti.

[373] Matković, _Rad._, 235-36; Klaić, 351-52.

[374] _Dipl. Rag._, 228, 230, 236-38, 240.

[375] Jireček, _Handelstrassen_, 39 and 40.

[376] Klaić, 352-53.

[377] “Omnes de progenie ipsius domini Sandali appellata Cosaze,” Glasnik, xiii. 159.

[378] Herzeg or Herzog, because he received Imperial investiture, hence the name Herzegovina.

[379] Resti, 1435.

[380] Jireček, 85.

[381] Miklosich, _Mon. Serb._, 409-11; Klaić, 335-36.

[382] It is reported by the author of the Anonymous Chronicle that when the Sultan tried to induce the Ragusans by threats and bribes to give up George, they replied: “We should rather give up our city, our wives, and our children than George or his family, for we have nothing but our good faith; and we should do the same with you if you came here under our safe-conduct.”

[383] Resti, 1440 and 1441.

[384] Resti, _ad ann._, 1441-1443.

[385] _Dipl. Rag._, 244, 245.

[386] Philippi Callimachi, _De Rebus Vladislai_, lib, i., in Schwandtner’s _Scriptores Rer. Hung._, i. 457; Klaić, 357.

[387] _Dipl. Rag._, 266.

[388] _Ibid._, 268, 270.

[389] Hammer-Purgstall, 453.

[390] _Dipl. Rag._, 284, Aug. 13, 1450.

[391] Klaić, 380-81.

[392] _Ibid._, 382.

[393] Miklosich, _Mon. Serb._, 441; according to Resti he had had a quarrel with the city in 1449 concerning the castle of Soko, which he had tried to capture by treachery.

[394] Miklosich, 444-47; Klaić, 385.

[395] Klaić, 386.

[396] _Dipl. Rag._, 274.

[397] _Ibid._, 292.

[398] Miklosich, 457-60; Klaić, 390.

[399] In 1456 Mohammed II. addressed a letter to “the Sandjak Beg of the Duchy and to the Kadi of Novi and Hotač” (Miklosich, 465-69).

[400] Appudini, i. 204; Engel, § 639; Luccari, 170.

[401] Prof. Bury in the _Cambridge Modern History_, i. p. 68.

[402] “Caput illius patriæ et ob mineras belli nervus.”

[403] _Dipl. Rag._, 347.

[404] _Dipl. Rag._, 353.

[405] John Sabota’s letter, quoted by Klaić, 398.

[406] Theiner, _Mon. Hung._, ii. 291-92, 297.

[407] Klaić, 401.

[408] Klaić, 419.

[409] Miklosich, 485-91.

[410] May 6, 1463, Rački in _Starine_ vi. of the South Slav. Acad., 1 _sqq._

[411] _Ibid._

[412] Rački, _ibid._

[413] Klaić, 433 _sqq._

[414] Rački, _ibid._; _Dipl. Rag._, April 30, 1463.

[415] Engel, § 40. According to the legend, while Mohammed was riding towards Ragusa with hostile intentions he was stopped by the appearance of a venerable old man, and his horse refused to go forward; the Sultan was frightened by the omen and abandoned the enterprise. The city’s saviour was, of course, San Biagio.

[416] The name is a Turkish form of Alexander, with the designation _beg_ added.

[417] Razzi, lib. ii. cap. v.

[418] _Dipl. Rag._, _Ref._, Dec 2, 7, and 28, 1465; Jan. 3, 1466.

[419] _Dipl. Rag._, Ref., Feb. 5, 1466, to Sept. 16, 1470.

[420] Počić, _Spomenici Srpski_, ii. 130, Dec. 9, 1466.

[421] Resti, 1470-1471.

[422] Engel, § 40.

[423] Hammer-Purgstall, iii. 191.

[424] Hammer-Purgstall, iv. 4.

[425] Engel, § 40.

[426] Engel, _ibid._

[427] _Dipl. Rag._, 412.

[428] An exiled prince of the Imperial family, and a pretender to the throne. He was a notable figure at the court of Pope Alexander VI.

[429] Valentinelli, extracts from Marin Sanudo, p. 31, April 10, 1499.

[430] Engel, § 41.

[431] Razzi.

[432] Engel, § 42.

[433] Razzi, _ad ann._, 1526.

[434] _Dipl. Rag._, 441.

[435] Engel, § 43.

[436] Valentinelli’s extracts from Sanudo, i. 297.

[437] Theiner, _Mon. Slav. Mer._, i. 805.

[438] Ragnina.

[439] Tafel und Thomas, Kais. Wiener Akad. der Wissensch.; Heyd, _Histoire du Commerce du Lévant_, ii. 292 _sqq._; Makushev, _Mon. Hist. Slav. Mer._, p. 111.

[440] I have spelt the names as they are in that book, inserting the modern spelling in brackets.

[441] Jireček, _op. cit._, p. 61.

[442] This is the celebrated Sutjeska gorge.

[443] At present they are nearly all Muhamedans, having abjured Christianity, together with most of the inhabitants of Albania and many of those of Bosnia and other Balkan lands, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

[444] In the Balkans there are many shrines worshipped by Christians and Turks alike, especially in Albania.

[445] The present capital of Bulgaria.

[446] Makushev, _op. cit._, 345.

[447] _Ibid._, 440.

[448] G. Müller, _Documenti sulle Relazioni delle Città Toscane coll’ Oriente_, p. 227.

[449] Makushev, p. 477.

[450] I. von Düringsfeld, _Aus Dalmatien_.

[451] Gelcich, _I Conti di Tuhelj_, 68-70.

[452] _Ref., Cons. Rog._, Oct. 23, Nov. 22, and Dec. 2, 1468.

[453] Gelcich, _Ragusa_, 70.

[454] This is the case at Ragusa to this day. In other Dalmatian towns, where the men are bilingual, the women often speak only Italian.

[455] This characteristic is alluded to by Pouqueville (_Voyage de la Grèce_), who wrote 250 years later (see _infra_, chap. xii.).

[456] This last statement is probably an instance of the wish being father to the thought, for there is no doubt that in the sixteenth century Ragusa was a first-class fortress, almost impregnable for those times. But Rambuti, being a Venetian, hoped to see the city one day fall under the power of the Lion of St. Mark.

[457] I., 1884, pp. 131 _sqq._

[458] The Archbishopric of Ragusa was usually conferred on an Italian by the Pope, while the canons of the Cathedral were Ragusan nobles.

[459] France was at this time (1538) allied to the Turks.

[460] Razzi, Engel.

[461] Razzi, lib. ii. cap. xiv.

[462] Razzi, lib. ii. cap. xv.

[463] _The Barbary Corsairs_, p. 105.

[464] According to Engel (§ 45), out of 13 Ragusan vessels 7 were lost, and at Isola di Mezzo alone there were 300 widows.

[465] Razzi, ii. xvii.

[466] Horatio Brown, _Venice_, p. 364.

[467] Lorenzo Miniati was then Tuscan consul at Ragusa, and was entrusted with the duty of informing his Government of all the rumours as to the movements of the Turks which he might hear; Makushev, _op. cit._, p. 495.

[468] _Ibid._, 501, 1566.

[469] Engel, § 45.

[470] Razzi, iii. xx.

[471] Min. Cons., June 5, 1570; Polizze Off. 5 Ragioni, Feb. 30, 1570.

[472] Gelcich, pp. 84 and 87.

[473] The Benedictine monastery, which still exists, is built on an island in a salt lake, or rather inlet, communicating with the open sea by a narrow channel.

[474] Romanin, _Storia Documentata di Venezia_, vol. viii., Appendix.

[475] _Relatione dell’ Orribile Terremoto seguito nella Città di Ragusa, & altre della Dalmatia & Albania_, Venice, 1667.

[476] Gelcich, 97.

[477] _Rog._, 1667, June 23, and _Div._ 1711, f. 58, dd. Feb. 3.

[478] Quoted by Gelcich, 98.

[479] The population of the island before the earthquake is said to have been 14,000, but this is probably an exaggerated estimate. It now barely supports 500.

[480] Gelcich, 98.

[481] Among the killed was George Crook, the Dutch ambassador to the Porte, and his family and four servants, who had arrived at Ragusa four days before the earthquake on their way to Constantinople; the rest of his suite, including Jakob Vandam, Dutch consul at Smyrna, were saved. Vandam wrote an account of this calamity in his _Old and New State of Dalmatia_.

[482] T. G. Jackson, _Dalmatia_, vol. ii. pp. 387-88.

[483] It consisted of five galleons and seven carracks, with a total burden of 7200 _carra_.

[484] Fra Benedetto Orsini (Miniati), quoted in Gelcich’s _I Conti de Tuhelj_, p. 87.

[485] Small barques.

[486] Gelcich, _ibid._

[487] Ragusan Archives, 1600—lxix. 2119, in Gelcich, _Tuhelj_, 104.

[488] Gelcich, _Tuhelj_, 128.

[489] Farlati-Coleti, _Illyricum Sacrum_, iv.; Engel, § 49.

[490] Engel, § 59.

[491] A. A. Paton, _Highlands and Islands of the Adriatic_, vol. ii. p. 130 _sqq._

[492] Article ix. and xi. of the Turco-Venetian Treaty; see Rycaut’s continuation of Knolles’s _Turkish History_.

[493] Paul Pisani, _La Dalmatie de 1797 à 1815_, Paris, 1893.

[494] Oct. 20, 1724, in Farlati, p. 272.

[495] Engel, § 53.

[496] Why they should have called themselves by the names of those two famous universities is not clear.

[497] Engel, § 55.

[498] Pouqueville, _Voyage de la Grèce_, vol. i.; Engel, § 56.

[499] Pouqueville, _ibid._

[500] Quoted by Pouqueville.

[501] Also the fact that France had destroyed the liberties of the Republic would tend to make Frenchmen of the time dwell on its defects, just as they did in the case of the Venetian Republic.

[502] T. Watkins, _Travels through Swisserland ... to Constantinople_, vol. ii. Letter xlii. p. 331 _sqq._

[503] T. Watkins, _Travels through Swisserland ... to Constantinople_ Letter xliii. p. 344.

[504] Gelcich, p. 42.

[505] _Ibid._

[506] _Reform._, ii., Oct. 3, 1349.

[507] De Diversis, ed. Brunelli, p. 39.

[508] Curzola has always been famous for its building stone, which is almost a marble, and acquires a rich yellow patina with age.

[509] Ragusavecchia.

[510] De Diversis, as quoted by Graham Jackson, who had seen the MS. in the Franciscan library at Ragusa, containing passages not in Brunelli.

[511] Jackson, ii. 332, note.

[512] Jackson, ii. 336.

[513] Anonymous account of Ragusa, quoted by Gelcich, p. 76.

[514] T. G. Jackson, ii. p. 380.

[515] _Ibid._

[516] De Diversis, ed. Brunelli, p. 42.

[517] Gelcich, p. 80.

[518] T. G. Jackson, ii. 394.

[519] _Ibid._, ii. 295.

[520] Those of Stagno Grande have for the most part been pulled down.

[521] Eitelberger von Edelberg, _op. cit._, iv. 357.

[522] In the Herzegovina.

[523] _Op. cit._, iv. 317.

[524] For a more detailed description, see Graham Jackson, vol ii. p. 354.

[525] _Ibid._, ii. p. 356.

[526] Puipin und Spasowicz, _Geschichte der Slawischen Literatur_, vol. ii. p. 224.

[527] Puipin und Spasowicz, _ibid._

[528] This, as well as the Slavonic works of other Ragusans, is published at Agram in the collection called _Stari Pisci Hrvatski_ (Old Croatian writers).

[529] In this, as in other works by Ragusans, no animus against the Turk is displayed. He was regarded by the Ragusans as a law of nature rather than as an enemy, and a wholesome fear made them careful to avoid doing or even saying anything to offend him.

[530] Published at Venice in 1599.

[531] Venice, 1547, 1550.

[532] _Ibid._, 1550.

[533] Several editions of the _Osman_ have been published, and Appendini translated it into Italian.

[534] Also spelt Boscovich.

[535] Pisani, _La Dalmatie de 1797 à 1815_, pp. 33 _sqq._

[536] _Ibid._, pp. 125-126.

[537] R. P. Pregadi, July; Pisani, _ibid._

[538] Pisani, _ibid._, pp. 135-136.

[539] Pisani, _passim_.

[540] Timoni’s despatches to the Austrian Chancery, quoted by Pisani, _ibid._, pp. 299-300.

[541] _I.e_. “beg” and “request,” rather than “must” and “shall.”

[542] Pisani, pp. 457-58.

[543] Pisani, _passim_.

INDEX

Adrianople, 170, 271

Adriatic, navigation in, 54;
pirates in, 190

Advocatus Comunis, 85

Æsculapius capital, 341-4

Albania, 59-60, 166;
under Servian rule, 137;
Venetians in, 163;
Turks in, 259

Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of the East, 35-6

Altomanović, Nicholas, 165, 167, 175-6

Antium, Cape, battle of, 180

Antivari, 136-8, 140;
church of, 73;
trade with, 73

Apulia, 118, 246-7;
pirates of, 123

Archbishops of Ragusa, Venetian, 39

Aristocracy, 298, 317, 333-7, 411-16

Arrengerius, Archbishop of Ragusa, 73

Art at Ragusa, 149 _sq._, 339 _sq._

Austria, Ragusan tribute to, 327

Austrian wars with Turkey, 321-4;
schemes on Ragusa, 383

Austrians in Dalmatia, 382 _sq._, 403 _sq._;
occupy Ragusa, 411

Avars destroy Salona and Epidaurum, 16

Balša, George, 177, 179;
Balša III., 202-4, 210;
Constantine Balša, 190

Barbarossa, Haireddin, 8, 281-4

Barbary corsairs, 281, 283;
States, 324

Basil II., Emperor of the East, 61

Bayazet I., 187, 191;
II., 255, 258

Bela II., King of Hungary, 37;
IV., 110

Belgrad, 136, 225, 237, 261, 266, 324

Benedict XII., Pope, 113

Benessa, Piro, 63-4

Bergato, 107, 130;
battle of, 394-5

Bobali, Michele, 47, 63;
Vito, 63

Bobovac, 102, 200, 201, 241

Bodazza, Lorenzo and Simone, 195

Bodino, legend of, 46-7, 61

Bogomilism, 53, 108, 111, 168, 223, 230

Bojana, river, 116, 118, 137

Bona, Giovanni, 373;
Marquis, 404, 407;
Niccolò, 319, 320;
Serafino, 245

Bosdari, Mayor of Ragusa, 415;
Michele, 301

Boskovic, Ruggiero, 329, 381

Bosnia, 59, 60, 102-3, 167-8, 193, 219-223, 227-8, 238-43, 248, 251-2,
261-2

Bosnia, bishopric of, 110;
envoys to, 320;
Pashas of, 281, 296

Bosnian colony near Ragusa, 18, 19

Branivoj, 95-8

Bratutti, Niccolò, 373

Brazza, 199, 205-9

British fleet, operations of, 401 _sq._

Brskovo, 141, 143

Bruère, French Consul, 387-8, 399

Bucchia brothers, 97;
Giorgio, 319-21

Budua, 176-7

Caboga, Biagio, 301;
Count Biagio Bernard, 392, 399, 400, 404;
Marino, 319-21

Calvino, Crisostomo, Archbishop of Ragusa, 292-3

Canalesi, 404, 407

Canali, 12, 15, 206;
revolt in, 385-6

Candia, war of, 296, 318

Candiano, Pietro I., Doge of Venice, 27;
III., Doge of Venice, 27

Castelnuovo, 184, 281-3, 322

Castello of Ragusa, 151, 160, 340-41

Cathedral of Ragusa, 151-3;
Treasury, 301-2, 367-8

Cattaro, 59, 91-2, 99, 124, 140, 168, 175, 177, 180, 181, 204, 211;
Bocche di, 59, 322;
Three Martyrs of, 114

Cernomen, battle of, 170-1

Charles V., 286-8, 307-8

Chioggia war, 180-82

Christian fleet, 228;
Leagues, 280, 286;
prisoners, 285, 292

Church, Eastern and Western, 222

Citizens, classes of, 335-6

Clissa, 185, 281, 293

Coinage of Ragusa, 145, 192

Constantine Palæologus, Emperor, 264

Constantinople captured by Crusaders, 50;
captured by Turks, 235;
Ragusans at, 116, 118, 151;
routes to, 266 _sq._

Constitution of Ragusa, 79, 87-8, 330

Counts of Ragusa, Venetian, 24, 70, 71

Crnoević, Radić, 191

Croatia, 262, 401

Cubranović, Andrija, 375

Čulin, Banus of Bosnia, 53, 61, 110, 111

Curzola, 7, 199, 205-9, 402;
battle of, 91

Dabiša, King of Bosnia, 193

D’Ajala, 333, 383, 386, 389-90, 409

Dalmatia, geographical position, 1;
conquered by the Romans, 8;
by Odovakar, 9;
theme of, 9, 10;
conquered by Venice, 32-4;
Imperial authority revives in, 34;
conquered by Hungary, 163 _sq._;
reconquered by Venice, 211-12;
invaded by the Turks, 281-2;
the French in, 390 _sq._

Dance, church of, 351;
paintings in, 361

Dandolo, Enrico, Doge of Venice, 50;
Giovanni, Count of Ragusa, 62;
Provveditore of Dalmatia, 401

Delgorgue, General, 394-5

Delort, Colonel, 399, 400

Demetrius Palæologus, Despot of the Morea, 265

Dessa, Prince of the Serbs, 37

Diplomacy, Ragusan, 88-9, 288, 291

Dobroslav, Prince of the Serbs, 34

Doclea, 62, 166;
archbishopric of, 51

Dominican monastery at Ragusa, 156-7, 304;
paintings in, 363-4;
at Mezzo, 358

Dominicans at Ragusa, 113;
in Bosnia, 112

Držić, Gjore, 373;
Marino, 375

Dubrovnik, 18;
_See also_ Ragusa

Dulcigno, 136, 138

Durazzo, 7, 10, 118, 163, 166, 248

Dušan, Stephen, Tsar of the Serbs, 60, 96-8

Dutch in the Mediterranean, 314-15

Earthquakes at Ragusa, 260, 298-305

Elizabeth, widow of Louis of Hungary, 167, 183

England, trade with, 264;
incident with, 329

English colony at Ragusa, 275

Epidaurum, 7, 15

Eugene IV., Pope, 228;
of Savoy, 324

Fano, treaty with, 55

Ferdinand, Emperor of Germany, 293

Ferrara war, 257-8

Florence, connection with, 118, 272-3

Foča, 133, 267

Fonton, Russian consul, 388-93

Forte Molo, 357;
San Giovanni, 291;
Imperiale, 408, 410

Fortifications of Ragusa, 291

Forty Martyrs, feast of, 215-16

Franciscan monastery at Ragusa, 153-6, 304;
at Mezzo, 359;
at Stagno, 360

Franciscans at Ragusa, 113

French occupy Ragusa, 392;
their rule in Ragusa, 396, 401

French party at Ragusa, 387-8, 398

French Revolutionary wars, 333 _sq._

Galliani, Archbishop of Ragusa, 327

Garagnin, G. D., 401

George Branković, Despot of Servia, 226-7

Gervase, Count of Ragusa, 47-8

Ghetaldi, Marino, 380;
Rector of Ragusa, 298

Giordani, Onofrio, 341-8, 352-3

Giorgi, Colonel, 408;
Damiano, 229;
Marsilio, Count of Ragusa, 73;
Matteo, 181

Giuda, Damiano, 63-4

Giuppana, 107, 120

Giustiniani, Marco, Count of Ragusa, 70

Gondola, Francesco, 286-8;
Francesco Giuseppe, 331;
Giacomo, 198;
Giovanni, _see_ Gundulić

Gozze, Giovanni, 372-3;
Marino, 221, 319-21;
Niccolò, 195-6;
Raphael, 322

Grado, Patriarchate of, 39, 67

Grand Council, 82, 85

Gravosa, 107, 120, 273, 303, 357-8, 408

Gregory VII., Pope, on Dalmatian Church, 51

Grgurić, 409, 410

Grimani, Patriarch of Venice, 282

Gropa, Lord of Ochrida, 166

Gundulić, Ivan, 376-80

Heraclius, Emperor, 21

Herzegovina, 191, 234-5, 242, 255-6;
Sandjakbegs of, 281, 284

Hlum, 12, 61-2, 94-5, 135, 166-7, 174-5

Hoste, Sir William, 402-4, 407-8

Hrvoje, Duke of Spalato, 193, 197-201

Hungary, connection of Dalmatia and Ragusa with, 35, 105, 163, 173,
251-2, 256, 261-2;
civil wars in, 183;
conquered by Austria, 321-4

Hunyadi, John, 227, 229, 230

Isak Beg, 219, 223-4, 226, 238

Jajce, 240, 242, 261-2

John, Archbishop of Ragusa, 73

John Zapolya, King of Hungary, 262

Kara Mustafa, 318-21

Kiriko, 398, 399

Kljuć, 130, 242

Kosača, Stephen, Duke of St. Sava, 224-5

Kossovo, 139;
first battle of, 186;
second battle of, 229

Kotromanic, Stephen, Banus of Bosnia, 61

Kreševo, 143;
Diet of, 228

Kroia, 230, 246, 248, 254

Lacroma, 54, 286

Ladislas, King of Hungary, 35, 227-9;
Posthumus, King of Hungary, 229;
Ladislas II., King of Hungary, 258;
of Naples, 198

Lagosta, island of, 30, 31, 87, 107, 294

Latin Empire of the East, 50;
colonials at Ragusa, 80;
poets at Ragusa, 372-3

Laudo Populi, 24-5, 79

Lazar, Knez, 165, 186

Leopold I., Emperor of Austria, 321-3

Lesina, island of, 7, 199, 205-9, 403

Levant, Spanish expedition to, 308-11

Louis, King of Hungary, 103-4, 163, 168

Lowen, Captain, 402, 404, 407

Luccari, Giacomo, 380;
Giovanni, 235

Lučić, Hannibal, 373-4

Macedonia, 164, 166, 170

Manuel Comnenus, Emperor, 38-9, 44

Marko Kraljević, 171, 186

Marmont, General, 397 _sq._

Mary, daughter of Louis of Hungary, 183

Mary Helena, wife of Step. Tomašević, 243

Matthew Corvinus, King of Hungary, 229, 238, 251, 258

Matthew Ninoslav, Banus of Bosnia, 61

Meleda, island of, 37, 107, 178, 292

Menčetić, Šiško, 373

Mezzo, Isola di, 107, 282, 303, 307, 358-9

Michael Balbus, Emperor, 21;
Palæologus, 117;
Tsar of the Bulgarians, 73-4, 96, 107;
I., Despot of Epirus, 116;
II., Despot of Epirus, 116

Michelozzi, Michelozzo, 342-4

Michiel, Tribuno, Arch. of Ragusa, 40, 48

Michiel, Vitale, Doge of Venice, 39, 40

Milutinović, General, 409-16

Mohammed I., Sultan, 209;
II., 235-7, 240-43, 248, 255, 289;
IV., 320

Molitor, General, 390, 395-6

Montrichard, 408, 410, 411

Morea, 264-5, 322-4

Morlachs, 301, 322

Morosini, Marino, Count of Ragusa, 91;
Tommaso, Patriarch of Venice, 50

Murad I., Sultan, 170, 186;
II., Sultan, 221, 225-7

Nalješković, Nikola, 375

Naples, relations with, 327, 332

Napoleon Bonaparte, 390 _sq._

Narenta, river, 116, 135, 251-2;
pirates of, 26-32, 55;
Mare di, 94

Nemanja, Stephen, King of the Serbs, 46-7, 59;
dynasty, 58

Nikolići, Counts of Hlum, 103

Normans in Dalmatia, 35, 489

Novibazar, 59, 133, 134, 266

Novobrdo, 140, 143, 220, 237

Ochrida, battle of, 247

Ohmučević, Count Ivelja, 308

Ohmučević-Grgurić, Don Pedro d’Ivelja, 307-10;
Don Antonio Damiano, 315-316;
Don Andrea, 311, 312

Olisti-Diničić-Tasovčić, Don Juan, 310

Olisti-Tasovčić, Don Estevan, 309-10;
Don George, 310

Orchan, Emir of the Turks, 170

Orloff, Admiral, 330-31

Orseolo, Pietro, Doge of Venice, 29

Orthodox Christians, 110, 244, 317, 327-8

Ottone, Orseolo, Count of Ragusa, 32, 34

Paccioni, 409-10

Pactbod, General, 401-2

Particiaco I., Giovanni, Doge of Venice, 27

Paul III., Pope, 280-1

Paul Radinović, Lord of Trebinje, 193

Paulimir Belo, King of Rascia, 29

Paulovići, 193;
Paul, 210;
Radosav, 210

Piracy, 94, 123, 259, 261

Podvisoko, 135

Porta Pile, 57, 354, 408, 411

Porta Ploce, 357, 411

Portugal, expedition to, 308

Pouqueville, 335-6

Pozza-Sorgo, Count, 415

Prazzatto, Michele, 307-8

Prévot, French Consul, 333-5

Priepolje, 133, 134 _note_, 268

Primorije, 194, 197

Prizren, 108 _note_, 139, 145

Radoslav, Count of Hlum, 61;
Radoslav II., 62, 74

Radinović, Paul, 210

Ragnina, Clemente, 280-1;
Francesco, 332;
Niccolò, 380