Chapter XIX: Part IX: Science and Morality (2)

I can show easily that all these objections rest upon a simple misunderstanding. I have never conceived of the existence of any ideal of nature or of the inevitable necessity of transforming disharmonies to harmonies. I have no knowledge of the “designs” and “motives” of nature; I have never taken my stand on metaphysical ground. I have not the remotest idea if nature has any ideal and if the appearance of man on the earth were a part of such an ideal. What I have spoken of is the ideal of man corresponding to the need to ward off the great evils of old age as it is now, and of death as we see it around us. I have said, moreover, that human nature, that collection of complex features of multiple origin, contains certain elements which may be used to modify it according to our human ideal. I have done nothing but what the horticulturist does when he finds in the nature of plants elements which suggest to him to try and make new and improved races. Just as the constitution of some plum trees contains elements which make it possible to produce plums without stones which are pleasanter to eat, so also in our own nature there exist characters which make it possible to transform our disharmonious nature into a harmonious one, in accordance with our ideal, and able to bring us happiness. I have not the smallest idea what ideal nature may have on the subject of plums, but I know very well that man has such designs and such an ideal as form a point of departure for the transformation of the nature of plums. Substitute man for the plum tree and you are at my point of view. When I have spoken of the normal cycle of life or of physiological old age, I have used the words normal and physiological only in relation to our ideal of the human constitution. I might just as well have said that a cactus without thorns is the normal cactus in the conditions where it was desired to obtain a succulent plant useful as food for cattle. The words “normal” and “physiological” seemed to me more convenient than such a phrase as “in correspondence with human ideals.”

I am so little convinced of the existence of any disposition of nature to transform our ills into goods, and our disharmonies into harmonies, that it would not surprise me if such an ideal were never reached. Even in unmetaphysical circles it is said that nature has the intention of preserving the species at the expense of the individual. The ground of this is that the species survives the individual. On the other hand, very many species have completely disappeared. Amongst these species were animals very highly organised, such as some anthropoid apes (_Dryopithecus_, etc.). As nature has not spared these, how can we be certain that she is not ready to deal with the human race in the same way. It is impossible for us to know the unknown, its plans and motives. We must leave nature on one side and concern ourselves with what is more congruous with our intelligence.

Our intelligence informs us that man is capable of much, and for this reason we hope that he may be able to modify his own nature and transform his disharmonies into harmonies. It is only human will that can attain this ideal.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Westergaard, _Mortalitaet u. Morbilitaet_, 2nd. Edit., 1901, pp. 653-655.

[2] The volume of the urine excreted in 24 hours (in January 1905) was 500 c.c., with a density of 1019. There was no albumen or sugar. The quantity, per litre, of urea was 11·50 gr., of chlorides 9 gr., of phosphates 1·15 gr. The sediment contained crystals of uric acid, some pavement epithelium cells, a very few cells from the tubules, some hyaline platelets and isolated white corpuscles.

[3] _Extinct Animals_, London, 1905, pp. 28, 29.

[4] _Rendiconti d. Accad. d. Lincei_, 1906, vol. xiv. pp. 351, 390.

[5] _Ueb. d. physiologische Degeneration bei Actinosphærium eichhornii._ Jena, 1904.

[6] “Senescence and Rejuvenation,” _Journal of Physiology_, 1891, t. xii.

[7] _Biologisches Centralblatt_, 1904, pp. 65, 81, 113.

[8] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences_, 23 April, 1900.

[9] _Revue générale des sciences_, 30 Dec., 1904, p. 1116.

[10] _Le Bulletin médical_, 1906, p. 721; _Le Cerveau sénile_, Lille, 1906, pp. 64-69.

[11] _Mémoires couronnés publiés par l’Académie royale de Belgique_, Bruxelles, 1906.

[12] _Revue de Médecine_, Nov., 1906, p. 870.

[13] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, Oct. 1906, p. 859.

[14] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1900, vol. xiv. p. 113.

[15] _Eléments d’histologie humaine_, French translation, 1856, p. 222.

[16] _Leçons sur la physiologie du système nerveux_, 1866.

[17] _De la dégenérescence graisseuse des muscles chez des vieillards._ Paris, 1867.

[18] Demange, _Étude sur la vieillesse_, 1886, p. 118.

[19] _C. R. de la Société de Biologie_, 14 November, 1903.

[20] _Clinica medica_, 1905, _n._ 6.

[21] _Bulletins de la Société royale des sciences-medicales de Bruxelles_, 1905, _n._ 4, p. 105.

[22] Sarbach, _Mittheilungen a. d. Grenzgeb. d. Med. u. Chir._, vol. xv. 1906.

[23] _Verhandlungen d. Kongr. f. innere Medicin._ Wiesbaden, 1906, pp. 59, 98.

[24] _Archives de Neurologie_, 1886.

[25] Die Function d. Schilddrüse, _Virchow’s Festschrift_, vol. i. 1891, p. 369.

[26] Fuss, Der Greisenbogen, in _Virchow’s Archiv_, 1905, vol. clxxxii. p. 407; S. Toufesco, _Sur le cristallin_, Paris, 1906.

[27] Edmond Fournier, _Stigmates dystrophiques de l’hérédosyphilis_, Paris, 1898, p. 4.

[28] _Histoire naturelle générale et particulière_, vol. ii. Paris, 1749.

[29] _De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur le globe_, Paris, 1855.

[30] _Ueber die Dauer des Lebens_, Jena, 1882, p. 4.

[31] Brehm, _La vie des animaux, Mammifères_, vol. ii. p. 623.

[32] _Leçons sur la physiologie et l’anatomie comparée_, vol. ix. 1870, p. 446.

[33] _Archiv f. die gesammte Physiologie_, Bonn, 1903, vol. xcv. p. 606.

[34] _La Nature_, May 12, 1900, p. 378.

[35] Ashworth and Annandale, _Proceedings of the R. Society of Edinburgh_, vol. xxv. part iv. 1904.

[36] _Bronn’s Klassen u. Ordnungen des Thierreichs_, vol. iii. p. 466.

[37] Weismann, _The Duration of Life_, in “Essays on Heredity” (English translation), Oxford, 1889.

[38] Oustalet, “_La Longévité chez les Animaux vertébrés_,” _La Nature_, May 12, 1900, p. 378.

[39] “_On the Comparative Ages to which Birds live_,” _The Ibis_, Jan., 1899, vol. v. p. 19.

[40] J. Maumus, “Les cæcums des oiseaux,” _Annales des sciences naturelles_, 902. See also P. Chalmers Mitchell, “On the Intestinal Tract of Birds,” _Trans. Linnæan Soc. of London_, vol. viii. part 7, 1901.

[41] Weidersheim, _Elements of the Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates_, translated by W. Newton Parker, p. 236, 1886.

[42] _Elements of Comparative Anatomy_, English translation by F. Jeffrey Bell, B.A., London, 1878, p. 562.

[43] _Virchow’s Archiv_, 1869, vol. xlviii. p. 151.

[44] P. Chalmers Mitchell, “On the Intestinal Tract of Mammals,” _Trans. Zool. Soc. of London_, vol. xvii. part 5, 1905.

[45] _Travaux de la Société des médecins russes à Saint-Pétersbourg._ September-October, 1905, p. 18 (in Russian).

[46] _Virchow’s Archiv_, 1874, vol. lix, p. 161.

[47] _Zeitschrift f. klinische. Medicin_, 1887, vol. xii.

[48] _Mittheilungen a. d. Grenzgebieten d. Medicin u. Chirurgie_, 1905, vol. xiv.

[49] Aldor, _Centralblatt f. innere Medicin_, 1898, p. 161.

[50] _L’année biologique_, 7th year, 1902. Paris, 1903, p. 590.

[51] _Gazette des Hôpitaux_, 1904, p. 715.

[52] _Accidents dus à la Constipation pendant la Grossesse, l’Accouchement et les Suites des Couches._ Thèse, Paris, 1902, p. 32.

[53] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, Paris, 1905, 10 July, p. 136.

[54] _Archiv. f. klinische Chirurgie_, 1901, vol. lxiii, p. 773.

[55] Kolle u. Wassermann, _Handb. d. pathogenen Mikro-organismen_, vol. ii, 1903, p. 678.

[56] Ficker, in the _Archiv. für Hygiene_, vol. lii, p. 179, has recently published the results of an investigation into this.

[57] Quoted by Frédericq et Nuel, _Eléments de physiologie humaine_, 4th edition, 1899, p. 256.

[58] Quoted by Frédericq et Nuel, _op. cit._

[59] _L’aviculture_ (a fortnightly Russian journal), Oct. 1st, 1904, No. 19, p. 3.

[60] _Country Life_, 1905.

[61] Quoted by Ebstein, _Die Kunst d. mensch. Leben zu verlängern_, 1891.

[62] _Op. cit._, p. 12.

[63] _Annuaire statistique de la ville de Paris_, 23rd year, 1904, p. 164-171.

[64] Ornstein, Virchow’s _Archiv._, 1891, vol. cxxv, p. 408.

[65] Ebstein, _op. cit._, p. 70.

[66] Lejoncourt, _Galerie des centenaires_, Paris, 1842, p. 96-98.

[67] Lejoncourt, _op. cit._, p. 101.

[68] _Researches into the Physical History of Mankind_, 1836, vol. i, p. 1157.

[69] I owe to the kindness of M. Chemin a memoir in which he has brought together the ancient and new records on the centenarians of all countries up to the end of the nineteenth century. M. Chemin was unable to find a publisher, but has given me his manuscript, extending to 182 pages.

[70] _Ueber die Kunst d. Verlängerung d. mensch. Lebens_, Bonn, 1890, p. 23.

[71] _Physiologie générale_, 1900, p. 381.

[72] _Tableaux de la nature_ (French translation), 1808, vol. ii, p. 109.

[73] Webb and Berthelot, _Histoire naturelle des îles Canaries_, 1839, vol. i, part 2, pp. 97-98.

[74] _Bibliothèque universelle de Genève_, 1839, vol. xlvi, p. 387.

[75] _Ibid._, p. 392.

[76] _Bibliothèque universelle de Genève_, vol. xlvii, p. 49.

[77] _Entstehung u. Begriff d. naturhistorischen Art_, 2nd edit., Munich, 1865, p. 37.

[78] Griesebach, _Die Vegetation der Erde_.

[79] Batalin, _Acta Horti Petropolitani_, vol. xi, no. 6, 1890, p. 289.

[80] I am indebted to Prof. Hugo de Vries for this and other instances of the prolongation of life in plants.

[81] Engler’s _Botanische Jahrbücher_, Leipzig, 1882, vol. ii, p. 51.

[82] _Organographie der Pflanzen_, Iéna, 1898-1901.

[83] _Bulletin du jardin botanique de Bruxelles_, vol. i, no. 6, 1905.

[84] Hugo de Vries, _Jahrbücher für wissensch. Botanik_, 1890, vol. xxii, p. 52.

[85] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1902, p. 71.

[86] Duclaux, _Microbiologie_, vol. iii, 1900, p. 460.

[87] _Archiv. für Anatomie und Physiologie_, 1864.

[88] _Archives de Zoologie expérimentale_, 1901, vol. ix, p. 81.

[89] Observations of Dr. Speyer, quoted by Weismann.

[90] See _The Nature of Man_.

[91] _Étude clinique sur la vieillesse_, Paris, 1886, p. 145.

[92] _Revue scientifique_, 1877, p. 1173.

[93] _Revue scientifique_, 1887, 2nd part, p. 105.

[94] Gabriel Bertrand, _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1904, p. 672.

[95] _Therapeutische Monatshefte_, 1904, p. 193.

[96] _Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift_, 1904, No. 1; _Verhandlungen der physiologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin_, Dec. 5th, 1904.

[97] _Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles_, Geneva, March, 1905, vol. xvii; _Archives de physiologie_, vol. iv, p. 245.

[98] Laveran and Mesnil, _Trypanosomes et Trypanosomiases_, Paris, 1904, p. 328.

[99] Paris, 1834, 4th edition, vol. ii, p. 118.

[100] _Revue de métaphysique et de morale_, March, 1904.

[101] _Année biologique_, vol. vii, p. 595.

[102] _Revue occidentale_, July 1st, 1904, vol. xxx, p. 87.

[103] Egger, “_Le moi des mourants_,” Revue philosophique, 1896, i, p. 27.

[104] _Ibid._, pp. 303-307; v. also _Bulletin de l’Institut général phycholog._, 1903, p. 29.

[105] Cicero, _Tusculanes_, chap, xxviii.

[106] Rapport de M. Bienvenu-Martin à la Chambre des députés, Paris, 1903.

[107] _L’Art de prolonger la vie humaine_ (French translation), Lausanne, 1809, p. 5.

[108] A. Réville, _Histoire des religions_, vol. iii, Paris, 1889, p. 428.

[109] A. Réville, _loc. cit._, p. 455.

[110] _Comptes rendus de la Societé de Biologie_, 1899, p. 415.

[111] _Deutsche medicin. Wochenschrift_, 1891, p. 1027.

[112] _Die physiologisch-chemisch. Grundlagen d. Spermintheorie_, Berlin, 1898.

[113] _British Medical Journal_, 1904; _Deutsche Mediz. Wochenschr._, 1904, Nos. 18-21.

[114] _Die Lehre von d. Mortalitaet u. Morbilitaet_, 2nd edition, Jena, 1901.

[115] _Medizinische Klinik_, 1905, No. 22.

[116] _Die experimentelle Syphilisforschung_, Berlin, 1906, p. 82.

[117] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1900, pp. 369-413.

[118] _Les sérums hemolytiques_, Lyon, 1903.

[119] According to a recent publication of M. Ellenberger (_Archiv. f. Anatomie u. Physiologie, Physiologische Abtheilung_, 1906, p. 139), the cæca of the horse, pig and rabbit, play an active part in the digestion of vegetable matter, which is rich in cellulose. At the end of his treatise, Ellenberger insists that the vermiform appendix of the cæcum is not a rudimentary organ. The reason why the appendix can be removed in the case of man without disturbance to the functions of the body, is that this work can be performed by the Peyer’s patches of the intestine. The existence of the appendix is not necessary to the normal processes of the body, and is a real danger to health and sometimes to life. Comparative study of the cæca in birds shows that these organs are in process of degeneration.

[120] _Archiv. für experimentelle Pathologie_, vol. xxviii, p. 311.

[121] _Sixième Congrès de Chirurgie_, Paris, 1903, p. 86.

[122] _Leçons sur les auto-intoxications_, Paris, 1886.

[123] _Zeitschrift für Hygiene_, 1892, vol. xii, p. 88.

[124] _Zeitschrift für klinische Medicin_, 1903, vol. xlviii, p. 491.

[125] There is a summary of this question in Gerhardt’s work on intestinal putrefaction, in _Ergebnisse der Physiologie_, 3rd year, section 1, Wiesbaden, 1904, pp. 107-154.

[126] _The A B C of our Nutrition_, New York, 1903; Dr. Regnault, Nov. 1, “L’art de manger,” _La Revue_, 1906, p. 92.

[127] _Zeitschr. f. diatetische u. physikal. Therapie_, t. viii, 1904, 1905.

[128] _Du Cap au lac Nyassa_, Paris, 1897, pp. 291-294.

[129] Gaffky and Paak, in _Arbeiten d. k. Gesundheitsamtes_, vol. vi, 1890.

[130] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1903.

[131] Cormouls-Houlès, _Vingt-sept années d’agriculture pratique_, Paris, 1899, pp. 57-58.

[132] _British Medical Journal_, 1897, Dec. 25th, p. 1898.

[133] _Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biologie_, 1906, March 17th.

[134] Dr. Combe, _L’auto intoxication intestinale_, Paris, 1906. This valuable work contains much useful information on the subject.

[135] Grundzach, _Zeitschrift für klinische Medezin_, 1893, p. 70; Schmitz, _Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie_, 1894, vol. xix, p. 401; Singer, _Therapeutische Monatshefte_, 1901, p. 441.

[136] _Journal für praktische Chemie_, 1882, vol. xxvi, p. 43.

[137] _Archiv. für experimentelle Pathologie_, 1883, vol. xvii, p. 442.

[138] In the English authorised version as in the translation of Osterwald the word “butter” is used in place of “soured milk.” Professor Metchnikoff follows the translation given by Ebstein in his work on the Medicine of the Old Testament.

[139] _Presse médicale_, 1904, p. 619.

[140] “An authentic narrative of the loss of the American brig _Commerce_ wrecked on the western coast of Africa in the month of August, 1815, with an account of the sufferings of the surviving officers and crew, who were enslaved by the wandering Arabs on the African desert or Zaharah; and observations historical, geographical, etc.” by James Riley. Hartford, S. Andrus and Son, 1854.

[141] _Arbeiten a. d. k. Gesundheitsamte_, 1889, vol. v, pp. 297-304.

[142] See Grasberger and Schattenfroh, _Archiv. für Hygiene_, 1902, vol. xlii, p. 246.

[143] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1902, p. 65.

[144] _Revue médicale de la Suisse romande_, 1905, p. 716.

[145] _Comptes rendus de la Soc. Biologique_, March 17th, 1906.

[146] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1906, p. 977.

[147] Soured milk can be taken at any time of the day, with or in between meals.

[148] _Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde, N. F. 12 Ergænsungsheft_, 1900.

[149] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1905, p. 295; _Tribune médicale_, Feb. 24th, 1906.

[150] _La nature humaine et la philosophie optimiste_, Paris, 1904.

[151] _Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., Anatom. Abtheil_, 1903, p. 205.

[152] _L’univers et la vie_, p. 592.

[153] Huxley, _Man’s Place in Nature_. Collected Essays, vol. vii, p. 54.

[154] _Ibid._, p. 60.

[155] _Ibid._, p. 62.

[156] _Ibid._, p. 67.

[157] Ménégaux, _Les Mammifères_, p. 24.

[158] Darwin, _Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_, 1873, p. 67.

[159] _Biologisches Centralblatt_, 1904, p. 475.

[160] J. de Fontenelle, _Nouveau manuel complet des nageurs_, Paris, 1837, p. 2.

[161] _La natation et les bains_, Paris, 1887.

[162] Quoted by M. Pitres in _Leçons cliniques sur l’hystérie_, 1891, vol. i.

[163] Bourneville et Regnard, _Iconographie photographique de la Salpétrière_, 1879-1880, vol. iii, p. 50.

[164] Stéphanie Feinkind, _Du somnambulisme dit naturel_, Paris, 1893, p. 55.

[165] _Dictionnaire des sciences médicales_, 1821, vol. lii, p. 119.

[166] _Du Sommeil non naturel_, Paris, 1886.

[167] _Conférence faite à la Société de l’Internat_, June 28th, 1906.

[168] _The Crowd: a Study of the Popular Mind._ English translation, London, 1896.

[169] _Souvenirs d’enfance de S. Kowalevsky_, 1895, pp. 301-311.

[170] W. Herzberg, _Sozialdemokratie und Anarchismus_, 1906, p. 17.

[171] _Le problème agraire_, 1905, p. 147.

[172] “The Coming Slavery” in _Man versus the State_, 1888, p. 18.

[173] _Human, too Human._ French translation, 1899, pp. 405-407. A German critic has reproached me for my ignorance of Nietzsche’s works. I have read several of them, but the mixture of genius and madness in them makes them difficult to use. In this connection Moebius’ volume, _Ueber das Pathologische bei Nietzsche_ (Wiesbaden, 1902), is of interest.

[174] Quoted by Oldenberg, _Le Bouddha_, French translation, Paris, 1894, p. 214.

[175] P. Régnaud, “Le pessimisme brahmanique,” in _Annales du Musée Guimet_, 1880, vol. i, pp. 110-111.

[176] Guyau, _La Morale d’Epicure_, 4th edition, 1904, p. 116.

[177] _Ad Marciam_, chap. x.

[178] _Poésies et œuvres morales_, by Leopardi. Translated into French 1880, p. 49.

[179] These facts are taken from Westergaard, 2nd edit., 1901, p. 649.

[180] Dieudonné, _Archiv für Kulturgeschichte_, 1903, vol. i, p. 357.

[181] Kowalevsky, _Studien zur Psychologie des Pessimismus_, Wiesbaden, 1904.

[182] _Medicinische Klinik_, 1906, n. 25 and 26.

[183] _Der Werth des Lebens._

[184] _Ueber Schopenhauer_, Leipzig, 1899.

[185] Moebius, _Goethe_, vol. i, Leipzig, 1903.

[186] V. Kunz, “Zur Blindenphysiologie,” _Wiener medicin. Wochenschrift_, 1902, No. 21.

[187] _Physiologie de la Lecture et de l’Écriture_, Paris, 1905.

[188] _Entre aveugles_, Paris, 1903.

[189] _Der Blindenfreund_, Feb. 15th, 1906.

[190] _Critical and Miscellaneous Essays_, vol. i, pp. 164-5, in the Essay on _Goethe_.

[191] _Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Zelter._ Letter of Dec. 3, 1812.

[192] Quoted in Moebius’ _Goethe_, vol. ii, p. 80.

[193] _The Fifth Roman Elegy_, Blaze’s French translation, 1873 p. 186. Some of Goethe’s biographers, and amongst them G. H. Lewes, maintain that these lines relate to Christine, Goethe’s wife. This is erroneous; they refer to Faustine (see Bielschowsky, i, p. 517).

[194] Moebius’ _Goethe_, vol. ii, pp. 84-87.

[195] Moebius’ _Goethe_, vol. ii, pp. 84-87.

[196] Quoted by Bode _in Goethe’s Lebenskunst_, Berlin, 1905, p. 59.

[197] _Ueber die Wirkungen d. Castration_, Halle, 1903, p. 82.

[198] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, 1889, p. 420.

[199] The word _Samen_ of the original is the expression of the alchemists for the “principle of life.”

[200] Erich Schmidt, Goethe’s _Faust in ursprünglicher Gestalt_, 6th edit., Weimar, 1905, p. 1.

[201] _Faust_, Bayard Taylor’s translation. London: Warne & Co., pp. 20-21.

[202] _Op. cit._, p. 32.

[203] _Op. cit._, pp. 33, 34.

[204] Details of this will be found in Kuno Fischer’s _Goethe’s Faust_, pp. 328-330.

[205] _Op. cit._, pg. 36.

[206] _Op. cit._, pg. 45.

[207] _Op. cit._, p. 46.

[208] _Op. cit._, p. 46.

[209] _Op. cit._, p. 71.

[210] _Op. cit._, p. 51.

[211] _Op. cit._, p. 151.

[212] _Op. cit._, p. 203.

[213] _Op. cit._, p. 205.

[214] _Op. cit._, p. 230.

[215] _Op. cit._, p. 231.

[216] _Op. cit._, p. 284.

[217] _Op. cit._, p. 287.

[218] _Op. cit._, p 298.

[219] _Op. cit._, p. 305.

[220] _Op. cit._, p. 309.

[221] _Op. cit._, p. 313.

[222] _Op. cit._, p. 351.

[223] _Op. cit._, pp. 354-355.

[224] _Op. cit._, p. 365.

[225] _Op. cit._, p. 370.

[226] _V. Tribune médicale_, 1906, p. 449.

[227] _La Revue_, Nov. 15th and Dec. 1st.

[228] _Essais de Philosophie critique_, Paris, 1864.

[229] _System der Ethik_, 7th and 8th editions, vol. i, p. 199. Berlin 1906.

[230] De Vries, in _Biologisches Centralblatt_, 1906, Sept. 1st, p. 609.

[231] Dr. Grasset, “La fin de la vie” in the _Revue de philosophie_, Aug. 1st, 1903.

[232] “Morale et biologie,” _Revue philosophique_, 1904, vol. lviii, p. 125.

INDEX

Abelard, 273

Abraham, use of soured milk, 171

Ackermann, Mde., 237

_Actinosphærium_, degeneration in, 14

Adanson, on age of Baobab-tree, 98

Adrenaline, effect of, 121

Agave, duration of life of, 100

Aged, treatment of in uncivilised countries, 1, 2

Alcohol and longevity, 91, 92

Algeria, ostriches at, 76, 78, 79

Altruism, 331

Ambard, Dr., on Mde. Robineau, 7

Anæmia, of brain, and sleep, 122
use of serums in, 149

André, M., use of serums in anæmia, 149

Anger, 321

Annandale, Nelson, on age of anemones, 48

Annuals, change to biennials or perennials, 100
death of, 102

Antelopes, excreta of, 66

Anthropoids, mental characters of, 191 _et seq._

Antiseptics, use of, in intestinal putrefaction, 156

Ants, 220, 221

Apes, anthropoid, mental characters of, 191 _et seq._
relationship to man, 184, 185

Arabs, use of milk by, 174

Aristotle, 132

Arteries, sclerosis of, in the aged, 31

Ascidians, social, 219

Ashworth, Mr., on age of anemones, 48

Atheroma, in the aged, 30

Atrophy, of cells, 26
of muscles, 28

Auditory apparatus, rudimentary organism, 188

Augsburg, elixir of life, 138

Auto-intoxication, from intestinal putrefaction, 69
in plants, 107
sleep, due to, 120

Babinsky, Dr., hysteria a relic from apes, 209

Balkan States, centenarians frequent in, 90

Baobab-tree, age of, 98

Barth, Dr., definition of somnambulism, 206

Batrachia, longevity of, 50

Bats, intestinal flora of, 80, 81

Bees, 49, 220, 226

Beetroot, perennial variety of, 100

Belgium, old age pensions, 4

Bélonovsky, M., on serums in anæmia, 148

Bélonowsky, Dr., on Bulgarian bacillus, 170

Berthelot, on dragon-tree of Orotava, 96

Bertrand, M. G., on sorbose fermentation, 106

Bertrand and Weisweiler, on _Bacillus bulgaris_, 179

Besredka, M., on blood serums, 148, 149

Bielschowsky, biographer of Goethe, 269

Blanchard, E., on age of carp, 50

Birds, intestinal flora of, 76, 79
longevity of, 52

Blindness, 248, 257

Bloch, Dr. I., on Schopenhauer, 247

Blood-vessels, hardening of, in the old, 31

Bodio, on infant mortality, 85

Boerhave, on gerokomy, 136

Bones, degeneration of, 29, 30

Bordet, M. J. M., on serums, 148

Botulism, poison of, 70, 82

Bouchard, M., on disinfection of intestines, 156

Bouchet, M., on constipation after parturition, 68

Bourneville, M., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, 34

Boveri, M., produced atherana by nicotine, 32

Bone, marrow, in old age, 37

_Botryllus_, 219

Boutroux, definition of morality, 303

Bradyfagy, 159

Brain, anæmia of, as cause of sleep, 122

Brehm, on age of cattle, 55

Brettes, criticism of “rudimentary organs,” 186

Bricon, M., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, 34

Brigand, Calabrian, fear of death, 194, 195

Brillat-Savarin, quotation from, 126

Brown-Séquard, specific for long life, 139, 277

Brudzinsky, M., on use of lactic microbes, 181

Buddha, on pessimism, 233, 247

Buehler, Dr., on cause of old age, 16

Buffon, on duration of life, 40, 50

Bulgarian bacillus, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182

Bunge, on relation between growth and longevity, 42

Burbank, American horticulturist, 326, 328

Butterflies, longevity of, 57

Bütschli, O., on life of cells, 15

Byron, 239, 247, 295

Cachexia, after extirpation of thyroid gland, 34

Caeca, of vertebrates, 60 _et seq._

Cagliostro, elixir of life, 138

Calomel, as an intestinal antiseptic, 158
and syphilis, 146

Camphor, as an intestinal antiseptic, 156

Canary Islands, 96

Cancalon, Dr., on instinct of death, 128, 129

Cancer, and cleanliness, 144

Candolle, A. de, on cypresses of Mexico, 98
on age of trees, 99

Cantacuzène, M., on blood serums, 148

Capital punishment, 305

Carlyle, on “Werther,” 265

Castration, effects of, 272

Cats, longevity of, 56

Cattle, longevity of, 55

Celibacy, and education of women, 224

Cell reproduction, rate of, 16

Centenarians, 4, 5, 86, 88, 89, 175, 176

Charcot, on sterilised food, 162, 163
on hysteria, 202

Charron, M., on putrefactive poisons, 69

Chemin, M., on centenarians, 88, 89

Chimpanzee, 185, 192, 193

China, Emperor Chi-Hoang-Ti and immortality, 137

Chopin, a degenerate, 134

Christian morality, 321, 330

Chromophags, action of, 25

Claparède, E., on theory of sleep, 123, 124, 125

Cleanliness, and increase of life, 144

Clergymen, increasing duration of life of, 142

Coffee and longevity, 92

Cohausen, on gerokomy, 137

Cohendy, Dr. M., on Bulgarian bacillus, 178
on intestinal flora, 78, 79
on intestinal putrefaction, 168
on thymol as a disinfectant, 157

Collectivism, 228

Colon, absorption in, 64

Constipation, evil results of, 67, 68, 69

Cooking, effect of, on microbes in food, 162

Copenhagen, suicide in, 3

Coral polyps, 216

Cornaro, 91

Cossacks, and biennial rye, 100

Cretinism, compared with senility, 32

Crœsus, 197

Cryptogams, life of, 99

Cursorial birds, intestinal flora of, 76

Cypress, age of, 98

Czerny, M., on absorption in colon, 64
on cancer, 144

D’Alton, and Goethe, 280

Dalyell, old anemone of, 48

Dana, on _monstrilla_, 115

Darwin, on fear, 195

David, King, 136

Death, instinct of, 128, 129
natural, 94, 109, 119
sensations at approach of, 126, 127, 130

Debreuil, Ch., on defecation in rheas, 76
on excreta of antelopes, 66

Degenerates, famous, 134

Delage, Yves, criticism of instinct of death, 128
on function of large intestines, 65, 66

Demange, M., on old age, 119

Denmark, suicide in, 3, 237

Descent of man, 184

Despotism, and socialism, 230

de Vries, H., on duration of life of plants, 104
on prolongation of life of plants, 100
on natural death in plants, 101

Diet and longevity, 46

Digestive system and senility, 59

_Diplogaster_, mother killed by larvæ, 111

Diphtheria, 323

Disease, and shortening of life, 145 _et seq._

Doctors, lady, 225

Dodo, 213

Dogs, longevity of, 55

Dostoiewsky, quotation from, 2

Doyen, M., operation on double monsters, 216

Dragon-tree, of Orotava, 96, 97, 98

Drakenberg, age of, 87

Drunkenness, and morality, 317

_Dryopithecus_, 334

Ducks, old, 11

Duering, on pessimism, 248

Durand-Fardel, M., on atheroma, 30

Duration of life, in animals, 39 _et seq._, 133

Eagles, intestinal flora of, 82

Ecclesiastes, quotation from, 233

Eckermann, narrative of Goethe’s last years, 271, 274, 279

Egoism, 227, 306, 331

Egyptian milk, 105

Eimer, Th., on intestines of bats &c., 62, 63

Einhorn, Dr., on bradyfagy, 159

_Elective Affinities_, Goethe’s, 273

Elephants, 9, 54, 83, 197

Eliot, George, 322

_Elixir vitæ_, 138

Ellenberger, on digestion in horse, 78

Enriquez, on infusoria, 13

Ephemeridæ, duration of life of, 113, 118

Epicureans, 309

Epiphyses of bones, as giving period of growth, 40

Ermenghem, van, on botulism, 70

Errera, Dr., on cause of sleep, 121

_Eudoxia_, 218

Ewald, on absorption in colon, 64

Exhaustion, as cause of plant death, 104, 107

Extinction of animals, 213

Eye, in old age, 36

Fatigue, Weichardt on cause of, 123

“_Faust_” and Goethe, 283 _et seq._

Favorsky, Dr., on botulism, 82

Fear, analysis of, 194

Fecundity and duration of life, 43, 44, 45, 57, 58

Feinkind, case of somnambulism quoted from, 204

Femininist movement, 224

Fermentation, cause of, 105

Fertility and longevity, 44, 45

Fish, longevity of, 50

Flamans, M., 5

Fletcher, on chewing, 159

Flora, of intestines, poisonous effect of, 70, 73 _et seq._, 151
_et seq._

Flourens, on duration of life, 40, 84

Foà, on use of soured milk in Africa, 172

Food, evil effects of putrefaction in, 163

Fouard, M., on soured milk, 180

Fürbbinger, on Brown-Séquard’s emulsions, 139

Gautier, A., on leucomaines, 121

Gegenbaur, on intestinal tract, 60, 61

Genius and sexual power, 272

Gerokomy, 136

Gessner, on age of pike, 50

Gestation and longevity, 42

Giacomini, on Harderian gland, 189

Gibbons, 192, 198

Goebel, on duration of life of prothalli, 101, 102

Goethe, 260-300, 305

“Goose-skin,” 196

Gorilla, strength of, 192

Griesbach, on sense of touch in blind, 257

Grigoroff, on Bulgarian yahourth, 175, 178

Grindon, on age of sheep, 55

Guinon, Dr., on a case of hysteria, 203

Gurney, J. H., on longevity of birds, 51, 79

Haeckel, on medical selection, 134

Haffkine, M., 112

Hair, 17, 18

_Halictus_, a solitary bee, 226

Haller, on human longevity, 84, 132

_Hamlet_, quotation from, 239

Hannibal, his elephants swim the Rhone, 197

Harderian gland, 189

Hartmann, 235, 241

Harvey, on Parr, 87

Hayem, Prof., on use of lactic acid, 169, 173

Heart, diseases of, and syphilis, 145, 146

Hegesias, and suicide, 234

Heile, on absorption in colon, 64

Heim, on microbes in milk, 176

Heim, Prof., on Alpine accidents, 130

Heine, 236, 240

Hermippus, and gerokomy, 137

Herter, Dr., experiments on lactic acid in dogs, 167

Hertwig, R., on _Actinosphærium_, 14

Hildebrand, on duration of life of plants, 101, 102

Hippocrates, 132

Hofmeister, on digestion in horse, 74

Honey-ant, 222

Horse, cæcum, 62
digestion, 74
use of serum, 147

Horsley, Sir V., on effects of extirpation of thyroid, 34

Horst, on a somnambulistic soldier, 203

Hufeland, quotation from “Macrobiotique,” 137

Hugo, V., and sexuality, 277

Humboldt, on dragon-tree of Orotava, 96
on longevity of parrots, 52

Hunger, compared with sleep, 125

Huxley, on character of Orang, 193

Hygiene, and old age, 141, 142, 143

Hypnotism, of a crowd on individuals, 210

Hysteria, analysis of, 200 _et seq._
in monkeys, 208

Ibsen, and sexuality, 277

Idleness, 316

Immortality, Chinese beverage for, 137, 138

Incubation, duration of, compared with longevity, 41, 42

India, government of, and age of elephants, 54

Individualism, 316

Individuality, 212 _et seq._

Infusoria, death of, 95
senescence of, 13

Insects, ages of, 49
social, 220 _et seq._

Instinct, of death, 128, 129
maternal, 319, 320, 329
social, 306

Intestine, large, 59, 65, 67, 151

Intuitive theory of morality, 305

Jacobson, organ of, 187

Javal, Dr., on characters of the blind, 257, 259

Jenner, effect of vaccination on mortality rate, 144

Josué, M., artificial production of atheroma, 32

Jousset, Dr., on difference between man and apes, 184

Kant, 309, 310

Kautsky, on socialism, 229, 230

Kentigern, age of, 87

Kephir, 171, 172, 173

Khoury, M., on ferment of Egyptian milk, 105

Kocher, Dr., on effects of extirpation of thyroid gland, 33

Kocher, Prof., case of removal of large intestine, 152, 153

Kölliker, on degeneration of muscles, 27

Koppenfels, on character of gorilla, 194

Koumiss, 172

Kowalevsky, Sophie, 225

Kowalevsky, analysis of pessimism, 241, 255

Kukula, experiments on intestinal poisons, 69, 70

Kwass, 166

Lactic bacilli, and putrefaction in intestine, 168

Laignel-Lavastine, M., criticism of neuronophagy, 20

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, on longevity, 12, 56

Lao-Tsé, and immortality, 137

Laud, Archbishop, old tortoise of, 51

Lautschenberger, on absorption in colon, 64

Lavater, Goethe’s letter to, 268

Laws aiding the aged, 3, 4

“Leben,” Egyptian, 105, 171, 177, 178

Le Bon, G., on hysteria in crowds, 209

Lenau, M., 236

Lenthéric, on elephants swimming, 197

Leopardi, G., pessimistic poet, 235, 236, 247

Le Play, M., on putrefactive poisons, 69

Léri, M., on senile brain, 20

Lermontoff, 236

Leucomaines, as cause of sleep, 121

Levaillant, on longevity of parrots, 52

Lewes, G. H., on Goethe, 273, 290, 292, 298

Lexis, on duration of human life, 85

Life, duration of, in animals, 39 _et seq._

Life, prolongation of human, 132, _et seq._
“sense” of, 260

Lima, Dr., on use of soured milk in Africa, 172, 174

Lloyd, M., old anemone of, 47

Loewenberg, Dr., on Mde. Robineau, 7

London Zoological Gardens, 51, 81

Longevity, in animal kingdom, 47 _et seq._
human, 84 _et seq._
rules for, 141
in sexes, 44
theories of, 39

Lorand, Dr., on ductless glands, 32

Love, Goethe and, 272

Luxury, 321

Macfadyen, Nencki and Mde. Sieber, on digestion, 153, 161

Macrophags, 25, 147

Mailaender, 235, 255

Malaquin, M., on _Monstrilla_, 116, 117

Male rotifers, death of, 114, 115

Malthus, theory of, 214

Mammals, longevity of, 53

Mammary glands, in males, 186

Man, compared with apes, 184, 185
natural death of, 119 _et seq._
longevity of, 84 _et seq._

Manouélian, M., on neuronophagy, 21, 22

Marinesco, M., on neuronophogs, 19

Marrow of the bones, in old age, 37

_Marsiliaceæ_, duration of life of prothallus, 99

Martin, on Gibbons, 192

Massart, on cause of death in plants, 102, 109

Massol, Prof., 178

Mastication, and intestinal putrefaction, 160

Matchinsky, M., on atrophy of ovary, 26

Maternal instinct, 319, 320

Mauclaire, M., operations on large intestine, 153, 154, 155

Maumus, M., on digestion in cæca, 61

Mauritius, giant tortoise from, 12

Maupas, M., on infusoria, 13

Maya, 178

Mayers, on Chinese elixir, 138

Meconium, appearance of microbes in, 161

Medical selection, 134

Mesnet and Mottet, Drs., cases of hysteria, 203

Mice, duration of life, 41, 43, 56

Michaelis, on muscles of monkeys, 185

Microbes, as cause of senility, 73
in food, 162, 163
passage through intestinal walls, 71

_Middlemarch_, G. Eliot’s, 322

Milk, importance of boiling, 177, 178
microbes of disease in, 177
putrefaction and fermentation of, 167
use of soured milk, 181, 182

Mill, J. S., 323

Milne-Edwards, H., on laws of duration of life, 42

Minot, Prof., on cause of old age, 16

Moa, 213

Moebius, on Goethe, 271
on Schopenhauer, 255

Molluscs, ages of, 48

Mongols, hair in old, 17

Monkeys, longevity of, 83

Monsters, double, 216

_Monstrilla_, life-history of, 115, 116, 117

Montefiore, Sir M., 91

Morality, Christian, 321
definitions of, 303
Kantian, 309, 310, 311, 312
science and, 301 _et seq._

Mortality rates of old persons, 142, 143

Moses, use of soured milk, 171

Mosso, on fear, 194, 196

Muscles, degeneration of, 9, 26, 27

Myxomycetes, 215

Naegeli, on age of trees, 99

Nails, growth of, in the old, 18

Naphthaline, as an intestinal antiseptic, 156

Nature, human, 325

Nausenne, Mde., cause of longevity, 141

Negroes, longevity of, 88

Neisser, Prof., on protection against syphilis, 146

Nematodes, death of, 111

_Nemertines_, life-history of _Pilidium_ of, 109 _et seq._

Nencki and Sieber, on digestion, 153, 161, 169

Neuronophags, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

Nicotine, use of in experimental production of atheroma, 32

Nietzsche, criticism of Socialism, 230

Nogueira, M., on use of soured milk in Africa, 172, 174

Obstacles, sense of, 258

Old age, Goethe and, 279 _et seq._

Olympian, Goethe as an, 269

Optimism, foundation of, 256
Goethe’s transformation to, 269, 270 _et seq._

Orang-outan, 185, 193

Orotava, dragon-tree of, 96

Orstein, Dr., on centenarians in Greece, 90

Orthobiosis, 212, 325 _et seq._

Ossetes, use of soured milk, 173

Osteoclasts, 30

Ostrich, defecation of, 76

Oustalet, M., on longevity of vertebrates, 46

Ovary, atrophy of, 26

Owls, intestinal flora of, 83

Ownership, collective, 229, 230

Parodi, on old age, 332

Parr, Thomas, 87

Parrots, duration of life, 41
scanty intestinal flora of, 79

Pasquier, Dr. du, on constipation, 67

Pasteur, discovery of lactic microbe, 105, 167

Paulsen, criticism of Kant, 314

Pensions, old age, 3, 4, 133

Pessimism, 129, 233, 234, 239, 241, 249, 266

Pessimist, study of life-history of a, 249 _et seq._

Pflüger, on longevity, 93

Phagocytes, 18, 19

Phagocytosis, examples of, 25, 37

Phalansteries, 229

_Pilidium_, 109 _et seq._

Pitres, M., hysteric patients of, 200

Plague, 323

Plants, death of, 99, 103

Plasmodia, of Myxomycetes, 215, 216

_Pleurotrocha haffkini_, 112, 113

Pochon, Dr., experiments on use of lactic bacilli, 169

Poehl, Dr., on spermine, 139, 140

Pohl, Dr., on growth of hair, 17, 18

_Ponogenes_, as cause of sleep, 120

Potatoes, improved by Burbank, 326

Poushkin, 236

Predestination, and plants, 103

Preyer, Dr., on _Ponogenes_, 120

Prichard, on longevity of negroes, 88

Productivity compared with fecundity, 57, 58

Prostokwacha, 172, 176

Prolongation of life, 132 _et seq._

Prothalli, life of, 99

Psychids, death of, 117

Ptolemy, fear of Hegesias’ philosophy, 235

Punishment, capital, 305

Purgatives, use of, in intestinal putrefaction, 157

Putrefaction, intestinal, 151 _et seq._, 161, 163, 164

Quételet, on stature of the aged, 9

Rabbit, fecundity of, 58

Ravens, absence of putrefaction in intestines of, 75

Reagents, action of, in distorting tissues, 20

Renouvier, C., on his own death, 127

Reproduction, organs of, rudiments in, 189

Reptiles, longevity of, 50

Rhea, cæca of, 60, 77

Rhinoceros, longevity of, 54

_Rhytina_, 213

Riley, James, on food of Arabs, 174

Rimpau, on cultivation of rye, 326, 328

Rist and Khoury, on milk, 178

Rist, M., on ferment of Egyptian milk, 105

Rivière, M., on defecation in ostriches, 76, 78, 79

Robineau, Mde., 5, 6, 7, 8, 128, 159

“_Roman Elegies_,” Goethe’s, 268, 273

Rotifera, duration of life, 39
death of, 112

Roux, anti-syphilitic ointment, 146

Rovighi, on Kephir, 173

Rudimentary organs, 185 _et seq._

Rye, duration of life of, 100
Rimpau’s improvement of, 326

Salpétrière, hysterical patients at, 201
old women in the, 4, 5

Sand, M., on senile brain, 20

Sargent, on age of Sequoia, 98

Sauer-kraut, 165, 171

Sauvage, M., on atheroma, 30

Savage, on character of anthropoids, 193

Saxe-Weimar, Grand Duke of, and Goethe, 274

Schaudinn, spirillum of syphilis, 31

Schiller, Goethe on, 271

Schiller, on moral conduct, 310

Schlanstedt, rye of, 326

Schmidt, on microbes in constipation, 70

Schopenhauer, 235, 247, 255, 277, 330

Schumann, a degenerate, 134

Science, and morality, 301 _et seq._

Sclerosis, in the aged, 31

Sea-anemones, longevity of, 47, 48

Sea-cow, 213

Selection, medical, 134

Seneca, 132, 235

Senescence, Brown-Séquard’s specific against, 139
mechanism of, 25
phagocytosis as cause of, 35

Senility, characters of, 8, 14
and digestive system, 59
theories of causation of, 15 _et seq._

Sensation, analysis of, with regard to pain and pleasure, 243

Sense of life, 26
of obstacles, 258

Sense, organs of, rudimentary structures in, 186, 187

“Sermon on the Mount,” 321

Serums, cytotoxic, 147, 148, 149

Servants, care of, 321

Sex, and longevity, 57

Sexuality, Goethe and, 273 _et seq._
and old age, 276
moral problems of, 305

Sexual organs, abnormalities of, 224

Sexual power and genius, 272

Shakespeare, quotations, 239, 307

Sheep, digestion of, 74
longevity, 55

Sight, rudimentary organs of, 189

Silos, 165

Siphonophora, 217

Skeleton, atrophy of, in the aged, 29

Sleep, and anæmia of brain, 122
and auto-intoxication, 120
and death compared, 125

Sleepiness, compared with hunger, 125

Sleeping-sickness, 124

Small-pox, and mortality rates, 144

Smell, analysis of, 243

Smell, rudimentary organs of sense of, 187

Smoking and longevity, 93

Social animals, 214, 220 _et seq._

Socialism, 228, 229

Society _v._ the individual, 223 _et seq._

Society, and morality, 306

Sociology, dependent on biology, 231

Sollier, Dr., on sensations at death, 130

Solomon, quotation from “Ecclesiastes,” 233

Somnambulism, analysis of, 200 _et seq._

Sorbose, fermentation of, 106

Soured milk, use of, 171, 181, 182

Sparrow, fecundity of, 58

Spencer, Herbert, criticism of Kant, 310
criticism of socialism, 230
theory of morality, 316, 322, 324, 327

Spermatozoa, in old age, 35

Spermine, 139, 140

Stadelmann, on lactic acid in diabetes, 170

Statistics on suicide, 3

Stature, in old age, 8, 9

Stein, Mde. von, 267, 268, 273

Steller’s sea-cow, 213

Stern, M., on disinfection of intestine, 156

Stohmann, on digestion in sheep, 74

Stoics, 309

Stragesco, Dr., on digestion in mammals, 63

Strasburger, on disinfection of intestine, 156, 157
on microbes in constipation, 70

Suicide, 3, 4, 237, 238, 265, 311

Sully-Prudhomme, definition of morality, 303

Suprarenal capsules, and atheroma, 32

Swimming, instinctive power of, 197, 198, 207

Syphilis, 31, 37, 145, 146, 302, 304

Switzerland, centenarians rare in, 91

Tanacol, as an intestinal antiseptic, 156

Taoism and immortality, 137, 138

Taste, analysis of, 243

Tavel, M., operations on large intestine, 152 _et seq._

Taylor, Bayard, translation of _Faust_, 285

Termites, 220, 221

Testis, emulsion of, as used by Brown-Séquard, 139
resistance of, to senescence, 35

Thanatology, 131

Theophrastus, 132

Thymol, as an intestinal antiseptic, 157

Thyroid, effects of extirpation of, 32, 33, 34

_Timon of Athens_, quotation from, 307

Tissier, Dr., on _Bacillus bifidus_, 161
on use of lactic microbes, 181

Tissier, and Martelly, on putrid food, 164

Tobacco and longevity, 93

Tokarsky, on natural death, 126

Tolstoi, and death, 94
“Death of Ivan Ilyitch,” 318

Tortoise, 11, 12, 13, 51

Touch, sense of, in the blind, 257

Troubat, M., on instinctive swimming, 198

Trees, age and death of, 96, 97, 98

_Trypanosoma_, 124

Unicellular organisms, death of, 95

Urine, analysis of, in a centenarian, 7

Utilitarianism, 305

Vacherot, criticism of Kant, 313

Varenetz, 172

Vascular glands, relation to old age, 33, 34

Verworn, Max, on death in infusoria, 95

Vinegar, in preservation of food, 165

Vivisection, 301

Voisin, M., criticism of neuronophagy, 20

Voltaire, 92, 235

Volz, on swimming power of gibbons, 198

Wales, Mr., quotation from Riley, 174

Weber, Dr., on regimen for old age, 140, 141

Weichardt, on cause of fatigue, 122, 123

Weinberg, Dr., on preparation of human serums, 150
on thyroid gland in aged, 33

Weiske, on digestion in sheep, 78

Weismann, A., on cause of old age, 15, 16
on death in infusoria, 95
on duration of life, 41, 43, 45, 51

“Weltschmerz,” in German poetry, 236

_Werther_, Goethe’s, 263, 267

Westergaard, statistics of mortality, 142, 144

Wiedersheim, on intestinal tract, 60

Wine, Goethe and, 271, 279

Wolff, J. H., Goethe’s friend, 271

Women, education, 224 _et seq._

Yahourth, use in intestinal putrefaction, 168, 170, 175, 177, 178

Yeast, conditions of growth, 106

Zeigan, Dr., on adrenaline, 122

Zell, Dr., on blind persons, 259

Zelter, Goethe’s friend, 265

Zola, “La Joie de Vivre,” 248

Zoological Gardens of London, 51, 81

Zortay, Pierre, age of, 87

End of Project Gutenberg's The Prolongation of Life, by Elie Metchnikoff