Chapter XXIV: Conclusion (1)

The Pilgrimage of Grace failed completely. Its only result was to hasten the very events which the Pilgrims dreaded. The greater monasteries were suppressed, the north was bridled by the Council of the North, the Poles were all but exterminated. It is not a sufficient explanation of this failure to say that the Pilgrims were contending against the spirit of the age. Although certain revolutions in thought are broadly speaking inevitable, a reaction may have a temporary success, and may delay or modify the operation of the changes. The immediate causes of the Pilgrims’ failure have appeared in the course of this history and may be summarised here:—

(1) The most striking was the Pilgrims’ fundamental misconception of Henry’s character. They believed him to be a weak, good-tempered sensualist, always the tool of some favourite. Consequently they thought that if only the King could be given ministers who shared their own views of public matters, they would be able to guide his policy without difficulty. Henry himself took some pains to hide his despotic temper and his iron will under a mask of careless good humour, and with his northern subjects the deception was completely successful. The Pilgrims never realised that to change the King’s policy they must change the King; on the contrary they professed loyalty to the King’s person and would not countenance pretenders. They saw that it would be more convenient to be able to change the policy of the government by changing the chief ministers, than by the old method of deposing or killing the King, as in the case of Richard II, Henry VI, and Richard III, but the theory of ministerial responsibility had not yet developed, and it did not accord with the facts of the case.

(2) Closely connected with this first blunder is a marked weakness in the opposition to Henry. It had no leader of genius. The leaders of the Pilgrimage were honest men and men of ability, but they were nothing more. They had not the unconquerable energy needed to withstand Henry’s determination and the sinister power of Thomas Cromwell. They were brave, they were unselfish, they were lovable, but all that counts for nothing. Henry possessed none of these qualities, but he had that force of character which alone is able to carry through great designs. He stamped himself upon the memory of the nation, while the names of the Pilgrims are forgotten.

(3) These reasons for failure may seem too personal to suit scientific history, but there were other weaknesses in the Pilgrims’ movement of a more general nature. The chief of these was the conflict between the interests of the gentlemen and of the commons.

The gentlemen wanted certain parliamentary reforms. If they could obtain them, they would be able to redress their own grievances. The commons wanted certain social reforms, which they were much more likely to obtain from the King than from Parliament. Briefly the gentlemen wanted higher rents and lower wages, while the commons wanted lower rents and higher wages. It seemed impossible that anything could reconcile these discordant aims.

(4) There was one power strong enough to bring the gentlemen and the commons together, a power which might have so united and inspired them as to carry them through to victory. This was the power of the Church. Yet though the force of religion accomplished much, the clergy of England, as a body, gave little countenance to the Pilgrims. The lower clergy, both regular and secular, devoted themselves to the cause, but the higher ecclesiastics were supine. The bishops who really opposed the King’s innovations, such as Tunstall, fled from the rebels. The Archbishop of York and most of the abbots who were forced to join them were reluctant to share their danger, and gave them no encouragement. The Papacy was inert. Cardinal Pole refused to stir. The Pope was anxious to help the movement, but he was baffled by the passive indifference of the men through whom he might have acted. This inaction to a great extent caused the failure of the most promising attempt to preserve the Church of Rome which was ever made in England.

The reluctance of the higher clergy to take part in the Pilgrimage was due to the principles in which they had been brought up. The Church had always taught that obedience to the King was a duty second only in importance to obedience to the Church. In return the King had protected the Church against heresy. Henry VIII had suddenly broken the old alliance in the most startling manner, but ecclesiastics could not all at once throw over their old political theories. The Church of Rome was the church of tradition and authority; her priests preached law and order and submission to the appointed governors temporal and spiritual. They could not suddenly take up the opposite watch-words, and ally themselves with the partisans of freedom and reform. They were dazed and terrified by the overthrow of the old order, and in their bewilderment they stood aside while the Pilgrims marched to death, without attempting to add the weight of the Church to her champions’ cause.

The Papacy ignored the Pilgrims while they lived and forgot them after their death; they were not sufficiently well-born to do her credit. To this day those who are curious in such matters may find recorded in Roman Catholic calendars the death of Bishop Tunstall and of the Blessed Thomas Percy, Sir Thomas’ son, the seventh Earl of Northumberland, but there is not a word concerning Robert Aske, who was more steadfast in his faith than the first, more nearly successful than the second, and morally a better man than either.

The points enumerated were the sources of the Pilgrims’ two great errors, over-confidence in themselves and over-trust in the King. They were over-confident because they had been taught that the Church was irresistible. Hence they had no doubt that their cause must triumph, and they imagined that the victory was theirs when the struggle had scarcely begun. They trusted the King too much because they misconceived his character. They believed him to be weak but well-meaning, whereas he was strong but unscrupulous.

Among the causes of their failure need not be reckoned the lack of foreign assistance. It was an advantage to the Pilgrims that interference from abroad did not arouse national feeling in Henry’s favour. This abstinence on the part of the continental powers was due to accident, not policy. Francis I and Charles V fully intended some time to settle English affairs each in his own way, but the time never arrived. At every crisis in England it happened to be inconvenient for either of the great rivals to stir in the matter, but on every occasion, particularly after the Pilgrimage, they excused their inaction to the Pope by saying that the movement had been premature, but that there would be no difficulty in rousing a fresh revolt at a more suitable opportunity.

Henry knew better than that. He was thoroughly aware that a king is never so powerful as when he has crushed a rebellion. The leaders of the opposition are dead, the rank and file are frightened into silence, the waverers are confirmed in their allegiance. Henry took advantage of this interval to put in force all the measures against the Church upon which he had resolved, but when the attempt at revolt was almost forgotten on the continent, Henry began to remember it.

Many influences united to bring about Cromwell’s fall and the religious reaction at the end of the reign. Among these influences should probably be reckoned the numerical strength of the religious conservatives revealed by the Pilgrimage. After the blow which they had received had spent its first effect, they might once more be dangerous. Henry had escaped the first time, but he might not be so successful the second. The memory of his treachery would be against him. Therefore he forestalled opposition by bringing about a small reaction of his own, which he could control. By this means he satisfied all but a few extremists, whom he did not fear. This is not put forward as the sole cause of Henry’s change of policy, but it was probably one of the causes.

After Henry’s death the moderate reaction was swept away by violent religious changes, which oscillated from extreme to extreme. The only effect of the Pilgrimage disappeared, and from that day to this the movement has been regarded as a picturesque episode having no real bearing on national history. Yet if not noteworthy in its effects, it had a political significance, which Henry VIII was the first to perceive. The important feature of the rising was the union between the gentlemen and the commons.

For the previous two hundred years revolts in England had been in character either feudal, that is, led by some great lord for his personal aggrandisement and supported by his relations and dependents, or social, blind outbreaks of the common people, due to general discontent, leaderless and without any definite purpose. Against risings of these types the King’s best ally had been the middle class, the country gentlemen, the burgesses, the professional men, priests and lawyers. The middle class hated equally the tyranny of the nobles and the anarchy of the commons. In return for their constant support the King shared with them the greater part of the executive government. The gentlemen passed laws in parliament and administered them in the country as magistrates; they voted the taxes and assessed them; they called out the musters and commanded them. They were the chief support of the throne, and if they were alienated from the King the royal power would totter.

The interests of the middle class were so closely bound up with those of a strong central government, and so much opposed to those of the labouring classes, that it seemed impossible for the alliance between King and gentlemen to be weakened. The Pilgrimage of Grace was the first indication of the manner in which this alliance was to be broken. A difference in creed was powerful enough to divide the gentlemen from the King; a similarity in creed was powerful enough to unite a very large proportion of the gentlemen and commons in spite of their previous antagonism. So long as practically everyone in England belonged to the same Church, the common creed was not felt as a bond of union, but now that religious dissensions had inevitably arisen, the aspect of the political world was altered.

Henry quickly grasped the significance of the alliance between the gentlemen and commons, and used all his arts to destroy it. At the time he was successful. The wrongs which the commons had suffered were too recent and bitter for the new-found allies to be able to resist so skilful an opponent as the King. Dissension and suspicion awoke, and the power which might have held them together, the power of the Church, was not employed to help them. The Pilgrimage fell to pieces and ended in disunion. The revolts in Edward VI’s reign, though led by minor country gentlemen, were chiefly social, those in the reigns of his sisters were feudal, and it was more than a century before the gentlemen and commons again united to oppose the King.

In Charles I’s reign the whole face of the nation had changed, but the same forces were at work as those which had produced the Pilgrimage of Grace. Religion was no longer hampered by timidity and tradition. The new creed in which the puritans opposed the throne gave its whole strength to the union and support of its champions. Many of the men who opposed Charles I were lineal descendants of the Pilgrims. Philip and Brian Stapleton, the great-great-grandsons of Christopher Stapleton, both distinguished themselves in the cause of the Parliament. Richard Aske, the great-great-grandson of young Robert Aske, the nephew and namesake of the grand captain, was one of the lawyers who drew up the indictment of Charles I. The great Lord Fairfax was descended on his father’s side from Sir Nicholas Fairfax, an enthusiastic Pilgrim, and on his mother’s from young Robert Aske. Sir William Constable, who signed the death-warrant of Charles I, was the great-great-grandson of Sir Robert Constable. These are not mere genealogical freaks. The spirit which had defied Henry VIII overwhelmed Charles I.

Finally, in estimating the value of the Pilgrimage of Grace, its moral importance must be taken into account. The following judgment has been passed upon England in the reign of Henry VIII:—

“The nation purchased political salvation at the price of moral
debasement; the individual was sacrificed on the altar of the State;
and popular subservience proved the impossibility of saving a people
from itself. Constitutional guarantees are worthless without the
national will to maintain them; men lightly abandon what they lightly
hold; and, in Henry’s reign, the English spirit of independence burned
low in its socket, and love of freedom grew cold. The indifference of
his subjects to political issues tempted Henry along the path to
tyranny.”[1736]

The Pilgrimage of Grace removes a part of this responsibility from the shoulders of the nation. It was a matter of the utmost moment to her future regeneration that, in an age of selfish cruelty and materialism, there were men who willingly died for justice and freedom, who still cherished the ideal of “England’s ancient liberties,” which were not less inspiring because they had never existed. If the flame of independence burned low, at least their hands were ready to pass on the torch, still unextinguished, and England is not yet last in the race.

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INDEX

Aberdeen, II, 253

Aberdeen, the Bishop of. _See_ Stewart, William

Abergavenny, George Neville, Lord, I, 14, 15; II, 293

Acclom, John, I, 186

Acclom (Aclom), William, I, 186, 278–9, 312, 345; II, 38, 218–9

Acklam, II, 66, 131

Acomb, I, 231

Adderstone, I, 199

Addison, Dr, II, 259

Admiral, the Lord. _See_ Fitzwilliam, Sir William

Aglabe, Dr, II, 193

Aglionby, Edward, II, 9, 42, 122

Ainstey of York, I, 168, 174–5, 181, 262

Aire, the river, I, 234, 282, 300

Aldham, the parson of, II, 185

Alford, I, 100

Allerton, —, I, 345

Alne Abbey, Flanders, II, 285

Alnmouth, II, 254

Alnwick, I, 198, 199, 200, 201; II, 28, 41, 42
Castle, I, 198, 199
the Abbot of, I, 198

Amarton (Hamerton?), Harry, II, 43

Ambrogio (Ambrosius de Recalcatis), papal secretary, I, 336

America, I, 2

Amersham, I, 244

Ampthill, I, 117, 118, 119, 123, 241–7, 324, 330; II, 267

Anabaptists, the, I, 346

Ancaster, I, 109, 111, 114, 119, 129; II, 155

Ancrum Moor, I, 211–2

Angoulême, the Duke of. _See_ Orleans, the Duke of

Annan, the Earl of, I, 211

Annates. _See_ First Fruits

Anne, St, I, 43

Anthony, a canon of Watton, II, 59

Antwerp, I, 336

Appleby, II, 28, 120
a friar of, II, 266

Appleby, Alexander, I, 299

Applegarth, Thomas, I, 58

Appointment at Doncaster, the First. _See_ Truce of Doncaster

Appointment at Doncaster, the Second. _See_ Pilgrimage of Grace, the
Second Appointment at Doncaster

Arbroath, the Abbot of. _See_ Beaton, David

Army, the Royal
character of the forces, I, 123; II, 55, 170
disaffection in, I, 134, 219, 233, 264, 265, 269, 302–3, 326, 327,
329, 330; II, 36
disbands, I, 270, 327
discipline, I, 305
its condition at Doncaster, I, 257, 260, 268
finances, I, 134, 206, 244, 245, 246–7, 248, 251, 279, 294, 296,
320, 330, 331; II, 8
at Flodden, I, 272
in Lincs., I, 122–3,128–30, 168, 281–2, 299, 319; II, 8, 11, 24
musters, I, 108, 113, 119, 132–3, 134, 140, 148, 241–2, 243, 244–5,
247, 273, 326; II, 7–8, 52–3, 170, 289
numbers, I, 257
ordnance, I, 119, 122, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135, 136, 241, 247, 250,
259, 324, 327; II, 11, 24, 26, 48
in touch with the Pilgrims, I, 251, 255–6
spies from, I, 119, 287, 289, 324; II, 3
uniform. _See_ Badge, St George’s Cross
its weakness, I, 122, 249, 250, 253, 254, 257, 278, 279
its position during the rebels’ advance on York, I, 174
advance to Yorkshire, I, 244–50
reference, I, 153, 166

Arras, Yorks., II, 48

Array, Statute of, I, 65; II, 243

Arthur, Prince, son of Henry VII, I, 14

Articles of the rebels. _See_ Demands of the rebels

Articles of Religion, the Ten, I, 9, 10, 266, 324, 343, 352, 353, 374,
379, 380, 388; II, 9, 164, 166

Arundel, Sir John, II, 141

Asheton, Thomas, I, 344

Ashton (Esch), Robert, I, 151, 153, 163; II, 266

Aske, Yorks., I, 36, 39, 49; II, 180

Aske, family of, I, 49, 80; II, 92

Aske, Christopher, I, 49, 51–54, 61, 72, 141, 144, 145, 150, 208, 209,
210, 295, 312, 313, 316; II, 131

Aske, Eleanor, wife of John, I, 51

Aske, Elizabeth, wife of Sir John, I, 40, 49

Aske, Elizabeth, wife of Sir Robert, I, 49

Aske, Sir John, I, 40, 49

Aske, John, I, 49, 50, 51, 54, 72, 105, 141, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151;
II, 136, 137, 210, 224

Aske, Richard, of Aughton, I, 49

Aske, Richard, brother of Robert, I, 61

Aske, Richard, II, 333

Aske, Sir Robert, II, 49–51, 54, 61

Aske, Robert
his account of the Pilgrimage of Grace, I, 191; II, 18, 19, 37, 50
his appearance, I, 55; II, 3, 322
announces the second appointment at Doncaster to the Pilgrims, II,
16–17, 19, 20, 54
his arrest, II, 38, 133, 207
his articles. _See_ Demands of the rebels
his authority, I, 149, 185–6, 227, 262; II, 53, 322
and Sir Francis Bigod, II, 57, 72–4, 89, 98, 102, 119, 131, 205
his character, I, 54; II, 331
and his brother Christopher, I, 210–1, 312–3
his questions for the clergy, I, 342–3, 348, 352–3, 359–60, 362,
377–8, 382, 386–7
his council, I, 158, 181
his criticism of the Government, I, 351, 364–6.
_See also_ Cromwell, Thos, and Robt Aske
and Lord Darcy, I, 168, 170, 186–7, 189, 291, 301, 312, 327; II,
32–3, 48, 50, 53–4, 128, 188–9, 209, 223, 360
and the Earl of Derby, I, 214–5, 227–8
and the first conference at Doncaster, I, 252–4, 258–9, 265
at the second conference at Doncaster, II, 13, 16–9
his part in the East Riding insurrection, I, 141–2, 145–6, 148–9,
155–7
his examinations, I, 387; II, 134, 207–8, 223
excepted from the first Yorkshire pardon, I, 273; II, 126
his execution, I, 267; II, 194, 208, 220, 222–5, 264, 287
evidence against, II, 92–3, 208–10, 225
his family and relatives, I, 40, 49–55, 80, 141, 218, 289, 305–6;
II, 222, 333
and the Pilgrims’ finances, I, 286; II, 209
hostages demanded for him, I, 317; II, 3–4, 11–2, 23
and the siege of Hull, I, 159–60, 164
garrisons Hull, I, 285, 286
his imprisonment, II, 207–8, 216
attempts to kidnap him, I, 142, 168, 170, 204, 267, 289, 291, 292,
294–8, 301, 304, 309, 311
interview with Lancaster Herald, I, 228–30, 240; II, 300–1
lays down his office, II, 17, 86, 98
and Archbishop Lee. _See_ Lee, Archbishop, and Robert Aske
letters attributed to him, I, 145–6, 289; II, 84, 208
and the Lincs. Articles, I, 156, 174
in the Lincs. Rebellion, I, 105–7, 139, 141, 142, 143, 289; II, 209
and the messengers to the King, I, 291, 308–9
his moderation, I, 257, 258, 315
and the monasteries, I, 51, 233, 251, 285, 286, 287, 317, 348–9; II,
20, 38, 39, 58, 83, 84, 209
and the Duke of Norfolk, I, 267, 289–91, 312; II, 102, 104, 130,
131, 138, 147, 208, 209, 211, 220, 224–5
and the Earl of Northumberland, I, 283–5; II, 183
pacifies the north, II, 48, 49, 50, 51, 104
his papers, II, 38, 210, 211
his pardon, II, 32, 209, 224
his petitions, II, 207, 208, 222–3
calls the rebellion the Pilgrimage of Grace, I, 157
composes the Pilgrims’ oath. _See_ Oath of the Pilgrimage of Grace
his company of pilgrims, I, 262
at the musters at Pontefract, I, 233, 237, 238–9
and the surrender of Pontefract, I, 181, 185–91, 302; II, 127
at the council at Pontefract, I, 344–6, 353, 361, 384, 385, 387; II,
10, 12
his proclamations. _See_ Proclamations, Rebel
promises of help from Lincs., II, 151, 223
promises of help from the West Marches, I, 304
his property and early career, I, 54–5; II, 222
his protection of Bigod’s followers, II, 78, 81, 89–92, 98, 131, 209
his protection to loyalists, I, 232, 234, 278, 283, 306
his reception at court, II, 32–3, 36–8, 45, 50, 217, 241
reports of his agents, I, 256, 257; II, 151
and the rumours of new laws, I, 78
correspondence with southern sympathisers, I, 327–8, 332, 333; II,
223
his reported secession to the King, II, 3, 4, 45, 79, 89, 95
his servants, I, 50; II, 32, 78, 210, 222
and William Stapleton, I, 58, 157–9, 167, 235
his trial, II, 135, 136, 140, 198, 206, 211
announces the truce, I, 211, 220, 269, 279, 283
and the alleged breaches of the truce, I, 292, 293, 314
and the muster at Wighton Hill, I, 154, 157
his headquarters at Wressell Castle, I, 285, 288, 293; II, 210
and the council at York, I, 293, 312, 318
the taking of York, I, 158, 160, 163, 174–5, 176, 178, 180
reference, I, 36, 48, 61, 72, 79, 110, 168, 190, 216, 226, 230, 236,
255, 264, 271, 310, 311, 347, 357; II, 105

Aske, Robert, the younger, I, 51, 105, 148–9, 235; II, 333

Aske, Roger, I, 36, 39; II, 180

Askew, Anne, II, 180

Askew, Christopher, I, 111, 116, 234, 244

Askew, Sir Christopher, I, 112–3, 116, 124

Askew Robert, I, 106

Askew, Sir William, I, 97–100, 110, 126; II, 180

Aslaby, James, I, 163, 203

Atkinson, James, I, 140

Atkinson, John, I, 71, 213, 216, 217, 218; II, 113, 144

Attainder, Acts of, I, 318; II, 153, 323–5

Auckland. _See_ Bishop Auckland

Audley, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor, I, 26, 352, 353, 357, 358, 366–7;
II, 14, 186, 225, 258

Aughton, I, 40, 49, 51, 141, 142, 144, 150; II, 32, 39, 50, 84, 91,
210

—— Church, I, 49, 54, 61

—— manor-house, I, 49, 55

Augustine, St, II, 57

Axholme, the Isle of, I, 100, 148–9, 282

Aylesbury, II, 165

Aylesham, II, 177

Ayrey, John, I, 345

Ayton, I, 84

Babthorpe, William, I, 144, 145, 148, 150, 186, 238, 308, 309, 312,
314, 316, 342, 345, 346, 357; II, 92, 104, 201, 229, 258, 260,
271–2

Bachelor, Mr, I, 388

Badge
of Sir Robert Constable, I, 240
of the Five Wounds of Christ, I, 19, 238–9, 240, 255, 261, 274; II,
17, 190, 324
St George’s Cross, I, 175, 245, 256; II, 77
of the Howards, I, 245; II, 252
of I.H.S., I, 255
of the Princess Mary, II, 323
of the northern families, I, 83
of the Percys, I, 84, 232; II, 252
of the Poles, I, 23; II, 323
Tudor, I, 84–5

Bainton, II, 72–4

Baker, John, attorney-general, II, 200, 211

Bale, John, I, 43, 324; II, 166

Balliol, family of, I, 36

Balderstone, William, I, 101

Bamborough, I, 199; II, 41

Banister, Simon, I, 47

Bankes, Robert, I, 306

Banner
the church cross used as, I, 156, 175, 221, 236, 330; II, 114, 147
of Sir Robert Constable, I, 336
of the Cornish rebels, II, 171, 181
of St Cuthbert, I, 205, 238, 261
of the Five Wounds of Christ, I, 139, 238, 261, 344; II, 300
the King’s, I, 119, 122; II, 119, 121, 122
of the Lincs. rebels, I, 106, 114, 124, 129, 130, 139; II, 154

Bapst, M. ‘Deux Gentilshommes Poètes de la Cour de Henry VIII’, I, 272

Bardney Abbey, I, 104, 114; II, 152, 153, 154

Bardon, I, 211

Barker, William, I, 155, 160; II, 62

Barlings Abbey, I, 104, 107, 128; II, 138, 152, 153–5

Barlings, Abbot of. _See_ Mackerell, Matthew

Barlings Grange, I, 107

Barlow, William, Bishop of St David’s, I, 67, 353.
_See also_ Demands of the rebels

Barnard Castle, I, 36, 190, 202, 207, 237, 239; II, 28, 34, 44, 110,
117, 128

Barnes, Robert, I, 68, 324, 346, 353

Barnesdale, I, 208, 252

Barnfield, John, II, 116

Barnsley, I, 208

Barton-on-Humber, I, 78, 104, 105, 282, 289, 301, 319

Barton, the bailiff of, I, 130

Barton, —, I, 345

Bashall in Bolland, I, 210; II, 211

Bateman, Harry, I, 345

Bath, I, 326

Bawne, George, I, 157

Baynton, Mary, I, 87

Baynton, Thomas, I, 87

Bax, E. B. ‘The Peasants’ War’, I, 78, 139–40, 225

Beacons, I, 104, 128, 143, 145, 148, 151, 153, 300, 318; II, 66, 96,
106, 175

Beaconsfield, I, 247

Beamish, I, 33

Beaton, David, Privy Seal of Scotland, Abbot of Arbroath, II, 242,
267, 268

Beauchamp, Viscount, II, 193, 206

Beck, John, I, 221

Becket, Thomas a, I, 64; II, 169

Beckwith, Leonard, I, 154, 234, 243, 278; II, 38, 80, 133, 138, 139,
218, 219

Beckwith, Mrs, I, 234–5, 279

Bedall, I, 202

Bede, St, I, 83, 84, 86

Beetham, II, 106, 113

Belchford, I, 101, 124

Belchford, the vicar of. _See_ Leache, Nicholas

Bell, John, II, 47

Bellasis, Richard, II, 272

Bellay, John du, Cardinal, I, 333, 334

Bellingham, II, 234

Bellingham, Sir Robert, I, 50, 218

Bellingham, Margaret, wife of Sir Robert, I, 50, 218

Bellowe, John, I, 95, 112, 126, 135, 165

Benefit of Clergy, Act limiting, I, 8, 355

Benham, II, 175

Bentham Moor, I, 218

Berlichingen, Gotz von, I, 140

Berwick upon Tweed, I, 35, 174, 187, 190, 192, 200, 201, 223, 225,
239, 286; II, 9, 28, 34, 94, 104, 106, 228, 230, 231–3, 245, 246,
248, 250, 254, 255, 261, 267

—— the mayor of, II, 248

Berwick pursuivant. _See_ Ray, Henry

Berwick, Thomas, I, 221

Beswick, the parish clerk of. _See_ Marshall, Dr

Beverley
and the Archbishop of York, I, 48, 143, 150
Bigod’s appointed meeting-place, II, 61–3, 67, 80, 97
Bigod at, II, 74–6, 78, 90
the Grey Friars, I, 57, 146, 147
rivalry with Hull, I, 159, 161, 282
communications with the Lincs. rebels, I, 104, 115, 130, 145; II,
156
its liberties, I, 61, 355; II, 61
meeting at, after the Pilgrimage, II, 48–51, 54, 59
the Minster, I, 45
outbreak of the rebellion at, I, 58, 115, 144–8, 151–60, 168, 201,
208
pardon proclaimed at, II, 27
parliamentary representation of, I, 359, 388
printing press at, I, 252
sedition at, I, 78, 83, 144; II, 49, 51, 52, 56, 62
the Tabard inn, I, 145
the town hall, I, 145
the town seal, I, 115, 146, 152
West Wood Green, I, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 160; II, 90
reference, I, 57, 79, 150, 164, 192, 235, 270, 273, 288, 298, 314;
II, 60, 72, 82, 87, 98, 102, 126, 194, 198, 266

Bewley, Richard, I, 222

Biggis, James, II, 178

Bigod, family of, I, 40

Bigod, Agnes, wife of Sir Ralph, I, 40

Bigod, Dorothy, I, 41

Bigod, Elizabeth, wife of Sir John, I, 40

Bigod, Sir Francis
his arrest, II, 106, 110, 133, 136
his book on the King’s supremacy, I, 347; II, 57, 58, 60, 75, 211
his chaplain. _See_ Pickering, John, priest
his character and opinions, I, 22, 43–44; II, 56, 71–2, 199
his confession, II, 198–9
early life and family, I, 40–41; II, 136, 185, 199
his execution, II, 216
his flight, II, 75–7, 80, 87, 88, 90
and John Hallam, II, 57, 60–3, 65, 67, 72, 75, 213
his insurrection, II, chap. xvii, pp. 55–98, 101, 104, 114, 126,
131, 132, 158, 187, 188, 198, 199, 201–3, 205, 211–3
and the monasteries, I, 42–3; II, 56, 58, 59, 60, 211
his papers, II, 75, 205
his share in the Pilgrimage of Grace, I, 205–6; II, 56–7
a prisoner, II, 114, 118–9, 121, 198
his speech to the rebels, II, 67–9
his trial, II, 135, 136, 197–9
reference, I, 214; II, 97, 111

Bigod, Joan, wife of Sir John, I, 40

Bigod, Sir John, the elder, I, 40

Bigod, Sir John, the younger, I, 40

Bigod, Katherine, wife of Sir Francis, I, 41–2; II, 87, 199

Bigod, Margaret, wife of Sir Ralph, I, 40

Bigod, Sir Ralph, I, 38, 40, 49

Bigod, Ralph, I, 40; II, 57, 59, 199

Bigod, Ralph, son of Sir Francis, II, 185

Bilborough, I, 180, 231

Bilsby, Sir Andrew, I, 100

Bilsdale, II, 97

Bird, John, I, 86

Bishop Auckland, I, 203, 204, 205, 206; II, 44, 66, 268

Bishop Burton, I, 159

Bishopdale, I, 210

Blackborne, Thomas, I, 53

Blackborne, William, vicar of Skipton, I, 53, 210

Blackburn, the proctor of, II, 169

Blackburn, the vicar of. _See_ Lynney, Randolph

Black Death, the, I, 369; II, 173

Black Fast, II, 301

Black Lands, the, I, 196, 223; II, 120

Blackheath, the battle of, I, 45

Blackley, I, 56

Blackmoor, I, 41; II, 96

Blades, John of, II, 110

Blaunde, Christopher, I, 288

Blenkhow, Richard, I, 223

Blenkinsop, —, II, 159, 180

Blenkinsop, Christopher, I, 221

Bletsoe, I, 34

Blyth Priory, II, 39

Blythe, I, 234

Blythe Law, I, 233

Blytheman, William, I, 183, 184, 206, 207; II, 134–5, 138, 139, 257

Bockmore, II, 294, 304, 311

Boleyn, Anne, I, 1, 5, 7, 10, 16, 25, 26, 31, 56, 67, 69, 72, 76, 81,
82, 108, 149, 271; II, 15, 181

Bolingbroke, I, 89, 91, 92, 96, 101

Bolton, I, 40, 201

Bolton Castle, II, 79, 102, 108, 214

Bolton Priory, I, 210

Bonaventure. _See_ Johnson, Thomas

Bonner, Edmund, I, 367

Bontane, Constance, II, 324

Booth, Mr, I, 97

Borders, the, between England and Scotland
their characteristics, I, 29, 35, 89, 193; II, 269
jurisdiction of the Council of the North on, II, 272
exempted from the Statute of Handguns, I, 364
fortresses, I, 190; II, 228, 235, 238, 248, 250
the King’s plan for their government, II, 227–9, 234, 236, 237, 240,
250, 270–1
Council of the Marches, II, 228, 232–3, 237, 238, 261
the East Marches, II, 227–9, 236, 238, 239, 248, 251, 261
law of the Marches, II, 235
the Middle Marches, II, 41, 228–9, 232, 234, 236, 238, 239, 251,
261, 268
March treason, II, 234, 276
the West Marches, II, 224, 228, 229, 236, 239, 245, 248, 251, 263,
268
officers and pensioners, I, 18–9, 30–2, 198–9, 284, 285; II, 79,
103, 227–8, 229, 230–1, 232, 233–4, 235–6, 238–9, 240, 248,
260–1, 263–4, 268–9
influence of the Percys on, I, 32; II, 227
the Pilgrims ready to defend, I, 199, 221, 253, 304–5
raids, I, 29, 31, 33, 190, 192–3; II, 228, 248, 261, 263
expected war with Scotland. _See_ Scotland, expected war with
England
reference, I, 19, 45, 190, 272; II, 246, 252.
_See also_ Norfolk, the Duke of, and the Borders

Borough, II, 66, 67, 72

Borough, Thomas, Lord, I, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 106, 108,
110, 112, 132, 319; II, 193, 196

Borough-under-Stainmore, I, 220
the vicar of. _See_ Thompson, Robert

Borrodale, Gawen, II, 138

Boston, I, 87, 111, 121

Bowes, family of, I, 36

Bowes, Alice, wife of Robert, I, 36

Bowes, Elizabeth, wife of Richard, I, 36; II, 180

Bowes, George, I, 202

Bowes, Margaret, wife of Sir Ralph, I, 36

Bowes, Sir Ralph, I, 36

Bowes, Richard, I, 36, 39, 202, 345; II, 180

Bowes, Robert
King’s attorney, II, 119
his character, I, 37; II, 239, 260
the commons attack him, II, 61
his company of Pilgrims, I, 202–5, 237, 239, 252, 255, 261, 262
at the first conference at Doncaster, I, 259, 262, 263, 265
and the second conference at Doncaster, II, 12, 21
at the council at Pontefract, I, 345, 346
at the council at York, I, 312, 313, 316, 318
his influence in Durham, II, 239
his mission to the King, I, 267, 270, 274, 278–80, 289, 290, 292,
293, 296, 297, 298, 308, 311–3, 320, 326, 330, 331, 333, 339;
_II_, 1, 31, 119, 194
on the Council of the North, I, 37; II, 271, 272, 274
on the Duke of Norfolk’s council, II, 229
pacifies the North Riding, II, 94
his servant, I, 377
and the spiritual articles, I, 342, 378
and the suppression of the monasteries, II, 21
his feud with Tunstall, II, 268
reference, I, 36, 55, 231, 238; II, 95, 130, 135, 139

Bowgham, George, I, 90

Bowyer (Bowier), Richard, I, 174, 175, 176, 344, 346, 353, 378, 382;
II, 130, 219

Boynton, Matthew, II, 75, 76, 88, 98, 212

Brabson, —, I, 368

Brackenbury, Anthony, I, 253

Bradford, II, 28

Bradford, Brian, I, 310

Bradford, Edward, I, 200

Bradforde, —, monk of Sawley, II, 83, 266

Brancepeth, I, 204, 207; II, 66, 78

Brandling, Robert, mayor of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, I, 206, 207

Brandon Bridge, II, 175

—— Ferry, II, 175

Brandsburton, the bailiff of, II, 62

Brandsby, Dr John, I, 377, 378, 382, 383

Brantingham, I 154

Brasse, Henry, II, 134

Bray, Lord, II, 193

Brayton, the vicar of. _See_ Maunsell, Thomas

Breamore Priory, I, 330

Brenan and Statham, ‘The History of the House of Howard’, i, 61

Breyar, William, I, 78, 145, 150, 207

Brian, Sir Francis, I, 55, 122, 123, 135, 136, 246, 289, 293, 305,
319, 320, 358; II, 3, 6, 7, 8, 53, 256, 281, 282, 285

Bricket, —, II, 30

Bridewell, I, 303

Bridgewater, I, 87

Bridlington, I, 87, 281; II, 211, 255

Bridlington Priory, I, 233, 280; II, 69, 121, 138, 139, 212, 252

—— the shrine of St John, II, 139

Bridlington, the Prior of. _See_ Wood, William

Brigg, Mabel, II, 301

Brigham, —, II, 133

Brighton, II, 167

Bristol, I, 65, 80
Christchurch, II, 167
the Grey Friars, II, 167
the Friars Preachers, II, 167

Broadfield Moor, II, 116

Brocke, Edmund, I, 70

Broderton, Richard, II, 84

Brodly, Nicholas, I, 61

Bromley, II, 208

Bromsgrove, I, 328

Brougham Castle, II, 113

Broughton, I, 67; II, 44

Brown, —, I, 156, 345

Browne, Sir Anthony, I, 136, 247, 248, 289, 319, 327, 344, 377; II, 3,
8, 10, 103, 229–34, 237

Browne, George, Bishop of Dublin, I, 98, 353

Browne, Humphry, II, 200

Browne, John, I, 95

Browne, Robert, I, 95, 126

Browne, Walter, curate of Kendal, II, 41

Bruchsal, I, 370

Brussels, I, 335; II, 224

Bucer (Bucerus), Martin, I, 346

Buckenham Priory, II, 173

Buckingham town, I, 246

Buckingham county, I, 69, 264; II, 165, 294

Buckingham, Henry Stafford, second Duke of, I, 15

Buckingham, Edward Stafford, third Duke of, I, 14, 15, 18, 37–8, 39,
332; II, 79, 186

Bug, —, I, 109

Bulmer, family of, I, 37–8, 40, 287

Bulmer, Anne, wife of Sir John, I, 38–40

Bulmer, Anne, wife of Ralph, I, 38

Bulmer, Anne, wife of Sir Ralph, I, 39; II, 180

Bulmer, Elizabeth, wife of Sir William the younger, I, 39–40; II, 200,
202

Bulmer, John of Pinchinthorpe, I, 39, 61

Bulmer, Sir John
his arrest II, 133, 163
at the first conference at Doncaster, I, 265
his connection with Bigod’s rising, II, 76
his confession, II, 201–2
his correspondence, II, 52, 96, 160, 180, 183, 200–1
his early life, I, 37, 38, 39, 40
evidence against, II, 200–1, 213
his execution, II, 214–5
his household goods, II, 252
and Guisborough Priory, I, 317; II, 40, 57
his imprisonment, II, 182–3, 200
his suspicion of the King, II, 95–6, 158–9
summoned to London, II, 158–9, 161–3, 164, 185
his preparations for a new rising, II, 96–7, 159–62, 184–5, 201
his trial, II, 135–6, 197–8, 200–2, 204
reference, I, 237; II, 75, 88, 95

Bulmer, Margaret, wife of Sir John, I, 39, 61; II, 76, 97, 135, 158–9,
161–3, 182, 198, 200–2, 204, 206, 215–6

Bulmer, Margery, I, 37

Bulmer, Ralph, I, 38, 345; II, 76, 95, 135, 158–60, 198, 200–2

Bulmer, Sir Ralph, I, 37, 38, 39, 205, 345, 346; II, 110, 180

Bulmer, Robert, II, 47

Bulmer, Sir William, the elder, I, 37–8

Bulmer, Sir William, the younger, I, 37–40, 237, 345; II, 95, 96, 97,
163, 200, 202

Bungay, II, 176

Buntingford, II, 207

Burbeck, Thomas, I, 221

Burford (Brunfelde) Oak, I, 223, 224

Burgh, Leonard, I, 203

Burn, I, 248

Burnley, I, 219

Burnsall in Craven, II, 43

Burscough Priory, I, 316

Burton-upon-Stather, I, 142, 145

Burton-on-Trent, I, 282, 294, 299

Burwell, Richard, I, 131

Bushell, James, I, 217

Bushop, Richard, II, 176, 177

Butley, the Prior of, II, 166

Butts, Dr, II, 89

Byland Abbey, I, 233; II, 60, 97

Cadiz, I, 19

Caistor, I, 96–9, 113, 116, 124, 135, 347; II, 149, 154

Caistor Hill, I, 96, 97

Calais, I, 72, 335; II, 19, 245, 282, 284, 299

Caldbeck, I, 222

Calkhill, I, 152; II, 61

Cambrai, II, 281, 282, 285

Cambridge, I, 63, 241, 242, 244–5, 246, 247, 249, 260, 266
All Hallows, II, 168
university, II, 168

Cambridge county, II, 164

Canell, Robert, II, 165

Cante, Andrew, II, 63, 110

Canterbury, I, 64, 65, 326; II, 219

Canterbury, the Archbishop of general reference, I, 348; II, 57
_See_ Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury

Captain Cobbler (Nicholas Melton), I, 92–96, 116, 133, 138, 140; II,
149, 150, 155

Captain Poverty, I, 199, 220, 221, 226; II, 113

Carleton, I, 211

Carew, Elizabeth, wife of Sir Nicholas, II, 321

Carew, Sir Nicholas, II, 319–21, 324

Carlisle, I, 27, 35, 190, 208, 211, 223, 224, 225, 239, 305, 312, 382;
II, 6, 8, 9, 28, 42, 44, 111, 113–20, 122, 123, 126, 138, 142, 219,
226, 245, 246, 248, 250, 263, 276
the Captain of. _See_ Cumberland, the Earl of, and Wentworth, Sir
Thomas
the Bishop of. _See_ Kite, John
Castle, I, 223; II, 42, 110, 114, 116, 117, 138, 246, 249
the mayor of, I, 224; II, 42
Priory, I, 222; II, 263

Carlisle Herald, I, 270

Carlton, I, 124

Carnaby, family of, I, 195, 199, 285, 299; II, 41, 231–2, 238

Carnaby, Sir Reynold, I, 31–3, 193–4, 195, 199, 200; II, 9, 124, 203,
231–2, 239, 261, 263, 269, 275

Carnaby, Thomas, I, 197; II, 263

Carnaby, William, I, 194–7

Carpyssacke, —, II, 171

Carr, family of, II, 228, 231

Carr, Ralph, I, 59

Carr, Mrs, wife of Ralph, I, 59–60

Carre, Robert, I, 113, 127, 131–2; II 153

Carter, Thomas, abbot of Holm Cultram, I, 222–5, 312; II, 116, 122–3,
138

Carthusians
of London, I, 23, 62, 63, 75, 80, 189, 271; II, 137, 193
of Hull, I, 62, 163, 164; II, 137

Cartlogan Thorns, I, 222

Cartmell Priory, II, 20, 39, 142, 144

—— the Prior of, I, 218; II, 21, 148

Castelforth, Robert, II, 39

Castillon, Louis de Perreau, Sieur de, French ambassador, II, 241,
277, 310, 319

Catherell, —, II, 61

Catherick, —, I, 211

Catton, II, 273

Cavendish, John, I, 299

Cawood, I, 143, 150, 151, 170, 380

Cawood, Gervase, I, 48, 148, 181

Caxton, II, 168

Cervington, —, II, 199

Chalcedon, the Bishop of. _See_ Mackerell, Matthew, abbot of Barlings

Chaloner (Challoner), Robert, I, 238, 262, 312, 345, 346, 353, 357,
383; II, 189, 258, 260, 271, 272

Chamber, Dr, I, 244

Chamley. _See_ Cholmley

Chancellor of the Augmentations. _See_ Riche, Richard

Chancery, I, 45, 273, 360, 366–7; II, 29–30, 68, 192

Chapuys, Eustace, Imperial ambassador in England, I, 8, 22–3, 24–8,
55, 117, 144, 310, 325, 330–3, 335–6, 338; II, 25, 191, 205, 223–4,
305, 313, 319–21, 325–6

Chapuys, Eustace, nephew of the Imperial ambassador, I, 133, 336

Charles I of England, II, 55, 333, 334

Charles V, the Emperor, I, 2, 11, 16, 17, 18, 24, 83, 87, 117, 134,
287, 310, 325, 333–4, 336, 340, 356–7; II, 25, 176, 243, 245, 247,
281, 282, 298–9, 308, 320, 326, 331

Charleton, family of, II, 228, 275

Charleton, Cuthbert, I, 195; II, 41, 230–3, 261–3, 275

Charleton, Edward, I, 195; II, 41, 230–3, 261, 262, 263, 275

Charleton, Gerrard, of Wark, II, 238

Charleton, Gerry, of the Bourne, II, 238, 261

Charleton, Gilbert, II, 238

Charleton, John, II, 234, 246, 261

Charleton, Rinian, II, 234, 238, 246, 261

Charleton, Thomas, II, 238

Cheshire, I, 213, 215, 219, 282, 294, 314, 382; II, 7, 52, 141

Chester Castle, I, 214

Chester Herald, I, 270

Chester-le-Street, II, 244

Cheyne, Margaret. _See_ Bulmer, Margaret

Cheyne, William, I, 39

Chichester, I, 70; II, 308, 326

Chichester, the Bishop of. _See_ Sampson, Richard

Chichester Cathedral, the Chancellor of. _See_ Croftes, George

Chideock, I, 80

Chillingham Castle, I, 199–201, 225, 239

Chipchase, I, 195–7; II, 41, 230, 233, 261–3

Cholmley, —, I, 231

Cholmley (Chamley), Sir Roger, II, 136, 184

Chorley, I, 319

Church of Rome, I, 6, 9, 15, 16, 25, 28, 44, 48, 55, 60, 64, 70, 81,
82, 114, 178, 218, 225–6, 229, 263, 294, 337, 341–3, 347–8, 352–3,
355, 360, 370, 383–7; II, 57, 179, 287, 330–3

Cifuentes, Fernando de Silva, Count of, Imperial ambassador at Rome,
I, 335, 338

Civil Code of Justinian. _See_ Common Law _v._ Civil Law

Civil War in England, the Great, I, 388; II, 271, 333–4

Clapham, the vicar of, I, 217

Clare, Stephen, II, 63

Clarence, the Duke of, I, 14; II, 324

Clarke, Sir John, I, 328–9

Cleeve Abbey, II, 172

Clement VII, Pope, I, 20–1

Clementhorpe nunnery, I, 244

Cleobury Mortimer (Cleeland), II, 166

Clergy of England
Act regulating the, I, 5
commission to inquire into their condition, I, 91, 96
the council of divines, II, 166
and the Cumberland rebels, I, 225, 370, 372
and the Act of First Fruits, I, 351
and Henry VIII, I, 5–10, 67–9, 244, 326, 383, 385; II, 164–5
their influence, I, 56–8
and the New Learning, I, 66
and the Statute of Praemunire, I, 6, 385
their allegiance to the Pope, I, 342–3
punishment of, without degradation, I, 9, 355, 384
their part in the rebellion, I, 58, 79, 96, 134, 203, 217, 221, 261,
342, 343, 386; II, 28, 40–41, 74, 159, 330–31
submission of the, I, 6
taxation of the, I, 351–2, 371–2, 384
reference II, 68

Cleveland, I, 202, 262; II, 67, 76, 80, 94–7, 105–6

Cliff, Dr William, I, 382–4, 386

Clifford, family of, I, 34–5, 224; II, 42, 115, 252

Clifford, Anne, wife of Henry, Lord, I, 34

Clifford, Lady Eleanor, I, 35, 210

Clifford, Henry, Lord, the ‘Shepherd Lord’, I, 34, 49

Clifford, Henry, Lord, son and heir of the first Earl of Cumberland,
I, 35, 208, 223–4; II, 6, 8, 9, 42, 43

Clifford, John, Lord, I, 49

Clifford, Sir Thomas, I, 35, 200–1, 223; II, 9, 104, 228, 230, 232,
248, 254, 255, 261, 266

Clifford, Thomas, I, 35; II, 111–3, 116, 117, 120, 138

Clifton, —, I, 155

Clifton, Walter, I, 155

Clinton, Lord, I, 96, 118, 128, 132; II, 193

Clitheroe, Hugh, I, 154

Clyfton, Gervis, I, 306

Cobham, Lord, II, 193

Cockerell, James, quondam prior of Guisborough, II, 40, 56–9, 135,
183, 211, 214

Cockermouth, I, 223; II, 28, 44, 105, 112, 119, 120

Coinage, the, I, 2

Coke, Henry, I, 273

Cokke, John, II, 175

Colchester, I, 241

—— St John’s Abbey, II, 24

Colins, Lancelot, treasurer of York Minster, I, 178, 183–4, 232

Collingwood, Robert, I, 194, 198, 199; II, 232

Collins, John, II, 294–5, 305–6, 310, 312, 315

Collins, William, I, 213, 216, 345; II, 20, 21, 30, 31, 106, 113, 114,
144, 148, 219, 220

Colne, I, 219

Colsell, John, I, 65

Colwick, I, 109, 113

Commission of the Peace, II, 245

Commission, the King’s. _See_ Letters Royal

Common Law _v._ Civil Law, I, 366–8; II, 182

Comperta, the, I, 350

Compiègne, II, 242

Confessa Germaniae (the Augsburg Confession), I, 346

Conishead Priory, I, 213; II, 39

—— the prior of, II, 21

Conisholm, the parson of, I, 91

Constable, family of, I, 44, 47, 48; II, 53, 206

Constable, Christopher, I, 47

Constable, Eleanor, I, 45

Constable, Elizabeth, wife of Marmaduke, I, 46

Constable, James, of the Cliff, I, 157

Constable, Jane, wife of Sir Robert, I, 45

Constable, John, brother of Sir Robert, I, 45

Constable, Sir John of Holderness, I, 46–7, 155, 158, 164, 345; II, 81

Constable, Joyse, wife of Sir Marmaduke the little, I, 45

Constable, Leonard, I, 58

Constable, Sir Marmaduke the little, I, 45, 46