Chapter XXIX: Appendix: To the Third Edition (4)

_ 94 I.e._ like the ruins of cities which had been swept away by a
flood. In both Assyria and Babylonia floods were common things, and
the devastation they caused naturally gave rise to the simile.

95 According to Fried. Delitzsch, this is incorrectly given for Sewe,
the Sib’e of the Assyrian inscriptions.

96 If it be Sargon, then it was naturally he who carried Israel captive
to Assyria, placing them in Halah, Habor, and the cities of the
Medes.

_ 97 I.e._ those of the island of Tyre, which still held out.

98 Lit. “I smote their overthrow.”

99 See the chapter upon the Tel-el-Amarna letters (p. 281 ff.).

100 It is noteworthy, however, that Sabaco is elsewhere called Sabaku
(see below, p. 389).

101 “The two borders,” see Sayce. The Assyrian form is singular, as is
also the Babylonian Miṣir, which has _i_ for _u_ in both syllables.
The Arabic form is Miṣr. Muṣur(u), Misir(u), Miṣraim, and Misr are
all forms of the same name.

102 Compare p. 366, where the earlier payment of tribute is referred to.

103 See pp. 283, 291, 292.

104 The land of Heth, Syria in general.

105 Lit. “wrought anew.”

106 Or Ya(w)anana. (This is added from the bull-inscription.)

107 Or _Ṣidqaa_ (for _Ṣidqaia = Zedekiah_).

108 Unknown objects—perhaps gold bangles or similar things.

109 Lit. “whatever its name.”

110 Or “I.”

111 Elibus in Alexander Polyhistor, as quoted by Eusebius, _Armenian
Chronicle_, 42.

112 It is impossible, with our present knowledge, to determine the date
of Merodach-baladan’s envoy to Hezekiah (2 Kings xx. 12), but if at
the late period indicated, he must have been in hiding, and waiting
for the chance to mount the throne again.

113 This, together with Nagitu, and Nagitu-di’ibina, are apparently
different from the Nagite-raqqi or Nagitu-raqqu mentioned above.
Apparently Merodach-baladan had fled from the Nagitu “within the
sea” to the mainland.

114 The Babylonian Chronicle claims victory for the allies, and
Sennacherib for the Assyrians. The sequel implies that the latter is
the more trustworthy.

_ 115 I.e._ Mer-en-Ptah, Seti I. As, however, this king reigned as early
as 1350 B.C., Herodotus must have been misinformed. Tirhakah, “king
of Ethiopia,” was Sennacherib’s opponent at the period of the siege
of Jerusalem (2 Kings xix. 9).

116 Tel-Assar (Isaiah xxxvii. 12)—Assar probably = Asari (p. 54).

117 There were twenty provinces in all, including those of Nikû, king of
Mempi and Sâa (Necho of Memphis and Sais); Šarru-lû-dâri (an
Assyrian name), king of Ṣi’anu (Zoan or Tanis), Susinqu (Sheshonq),
king of Buširu (Busiris), and many others.

118 “To the long chariot, the vehicle of my royalty.”

119 As pointed out by Commander Jones in 1852, the river responsible for
the disaster was not the Tigris, but must have been the Khosr, which
flows through Nineveh from the N.E., and runs into the Tigris W.S.W.
of the village of Armushieh.

120 Apparently Duwair, S.S.E. of Babylon. This, however, is probably not
a real place-name, the word really meaning “mound.”

121 A part of Babylon.

122 Lit. “like as a corpse.”

123 Lit. “went round” or “about.”

124 Probably meaning Asiatics, in contradistinction to the fair
inhabitants of Europe.

125 The old name of Babylon as “the seat of life” = old Babylon.

126 Lit. “their number cannot be announced.”

127 Lit. “of the land of Amoria.”

128 The old capital of Assyria.

129 An addition by the scribe of the first tablet (the more correct
copy), seemingly partly erased.

130 The second copy (the less correct) has, instead of “who is over the
city,” the words “the son of the king ...,” which (judging from the
word for “man” before “king”) the scribe must have read into the
traces which he saw.

131 This must be another Marduka—it is most unlikely that it is the son
of Adi’îlu and Ḫulîtu, concerning whom the document was written.

132 Variant, Adi’îlu, possibly the seller of Marduka, and if so,
Ukîn-zēra must have been the brother of the man sold.

133 See above, p. 445, where the husbandmen are referred to.

134 Probably = “under.”

135 Apparently from the root _par_, “to be bright.” These stones were
probably sacred to the Sun-god.

136 Or “the woollen stuffs.”

137 Lit. “thou (art) in thy house, in thy heart (there is) good to
thee.”

138 It seems to have been sometimes the custom for a man to be known by
more than one name.

139 Lit. “gardenership.”

140 This may mean “the Egyptian,” but as there were more than one Miṣir,
this is doubtful.

141 Nabonidus.

142 Or, perhaps, “(in) the plantation-territory.”

143 Or, perhaps, “the territory of the great farther side.”

144 As the Babylonians had no means of indicating the sound of _o_,
characters containing _u_ had to be used in such words as these. The
Babylonian pronunciation of the Greek πολίτης was, therefore,
_poliṭē_. Another form of this plural word, namely, _puliṭannu
(poliṭānu)_, also occurs.

145 In 1890, when this inscription was copied, it was in the possession
of Mr. Lucas, who kindly gave me permission to publish it. I do not
know who possesses the tablet at present. The seal-impression at the
end is exceedingly indistinct.

146 The spirits of the earth.

147 The Sungod was the god of justice, hence this comparison.

148 The inhabitants of the land.

149 The temple-tower of Niffur.

150 The temple of Bel at Niffur.

151 The temple of Eridu.

152 The temple of Bel at Babylon.

153 See p. 193.

154 The temple of Ur—see p. 194 ff.

155 The moon-goddess of Sippar.

156 The temple of the sun at Sippar.

157 Ellasar.

158 The temple of the sun at Larsa (Ellasar).

159 The god and goddess of Ê-anna, the temple of Erech.

160 The temple of Isin or Nisin.

161 The temple of Kiš.

162 Apparently a conflict had taken place here, and the success of the
Babylonian arms was attributed to the god of the place.

163 The temple of Cuthah.

164 Merodach—see p. 30 ff.

165 The temple of Borsippa.

166 The modern Dailem.

167 The god of Dilmu.

168 The temple at Lagas.

169 Goddess of Ḫallabu.

170 Lit.: “the raising of the hand.”

171 Hadad.

172 Or, with Scheil: who has rectified the course of the Tigris. As,
however, the sign for “river” is wanting, the meaning “family,”
“race,” which this word has, is to be preferred.

173 The temple of Ištar of Nineveh, later called E-masmas.

174 Lit.: “to the river-god,” and so throughout the clause.

175 A matter of life and death.

176 Lit.: “which is in that judgment.”

177 Cf. 126, 131.

178 Lit.: “a period to the sixth month.”

179 Lit.: “in the sixth month.”

180 Lit.: “shall call upon the spirit of God.”

181 Lit.: “In the house of a man fire has been kindled.”

182 Lit.: “a man of substitution.”

183 The officer, etc.

184 Lit.: “for opening.”

185 Lit.: “the god Hadad.”

186 Or, “did not cover the cost.”

187 Lit.: “the god Hadad.”

188 Lit.: “the lord of the interest.”

189 Lit.: “profit.”

190 Or, “its interest.”

191 Lit.: “sons,” or “children.”

_ 192 I.e._ in the same proportion.

193 Lit.: “in days not full.”

194 In the British Museum fragment 80-11-12, 1235, found by Mr. Rassam
in Babylonia, 100 and 101 form a single section, the last one of the
5th tablet.

195 Lit.: “invoke the spirit of God.”

196 In other words, “he shall take a receipt for the amount.”

197 Probably = “shall not be placed to his credit.”

198 Lit.: “dwells on the road.”

199 Lit.: “the possessions of his hand.”

200 Lit.: “and to whatever its name, as much as he gave, he shall
renounce.”

201 Lit.: “the distraint.”

202 Apparently the agent who lent him the money, and who is called “the
distrainer” in the foregoing lines.

203 Has not made a contract for her.

204 Lit.: “If the wife of a man her husband accuse her.”

205 Lit.: “she shall invoke the spirit of God.”

206 The original text adds “before him,” probably meaning “before he
left.”

207 Or “may.”

208 Lit.: “after him.”

209 Or “need.”

210 Lit.: “she may take the husband of her heart.”

211 Lit.: “take.”

212 Or “a chain.”

213 Lit.: “her after (property).”

214 Lit.: “a lord of interest.”

215 Lit.: “set her upon a stake.”

216 There is a mistake in the text here, the most probable reading being
“cast _him_ into the water.”

217 Lit.: “movable(s),” French _du meuble_.

218 Perhaps “shall add to it an equal amount,” as a kind of
compensation. Scheil has “il égalera.”

219 That is, to the man himself.

220 In all probability it is an adopted son who is meant—it is doubtful
whether a man could do more than disinherit his own child.

_ 221 I.e._ decide to marry again.

222 Lit.: “her sonhood, of her brothers it is.”

223 The same word is used as in the case of a marriage-gift.

224 The same word is used as in the case of a marriage-gift.

225 That is, she must content herself with the marriage-gift.

226 Lit.: “taken to childship.”

227 Or “in his name.”

228 These were in the position of orphans, having no proper home.

229 Lit.: “the son of a worker.”

230 Or “as a foster-child.”

231 Here the term would seem to be equivalent to “apprentice.”

232 Evidently such a denial on the child’s part was regarded as the
height of ingratitude (see the footnote to § 187).

233 In the original “his eye.”

234 Lit.: “price.”

235 Or “skull,” Scheil: “cerveau.” Peiser’s rendering, “cheek” (Backe),
seems to be the best. (This applies to laws 203-205 as well.)

236 According to Winckler, this expression (“son of a man”) means “a
free-born man.”

237 Lit.: “slave like slave.”

238 Lit.: “the silver of half his price.”

239 Lit.: “lord of the injury.”

240 This was regarded as a fraud, and punished as such.

241 Or “the boatman shall repair that vessel, and strengthen (it) with
his own capital, and give the strengthened vessel (back) to the
owner of the vessel.”

242 Lit.: “price.”

243 Lit.: “ox like ox.”

244 Such is the general translation. An injury of this kind would render
the animal useless, as it would be unable to bear the yoke, hence
this enactment.

245 Or “slit.”

246 Lit.: “shall invoke the spirit of God.”

247 As the dog his first bite, so the bull was allowed his first toss
free.

248 Or “failing,” “defect.”

249 Or “weakened,” “starved.”

250 Lit.: “given.”

251 Lit.: “it is good to his heart.”

252 Lit.: “the fate,” _i.e._, divine decree concerning them.

253 Lit.: “of.”

254 The character used is the same as that for grain (wheat, etc.), but
the weight is unknown.

255 Winckler: “potter.”

256 Lit.: “man of linen.” Scheil, Winckler, and Johns translate
“tailor.”

257 A part only of the word is preserved.

258 Lit.: “he has had a claim.”

259 Lit.: “shall answer the claim.”

260 Lit.: “he shall make their freedom without silver.” This law seems
to indicate that neither owner was regarded as having a right to
them.

261 Lit.: “silver.”

262 The people.

263 The Ninevite duplicate has a different reading.

264 Probably = “north and south,” or “in mountain and valley.”

265 Winckler: “put an end to battles.”

266 Lit.: “proclaimed.”

267 Apparently meaning the head of the stone bearing this inscription.

268 The Nineveh duplicate has: “by the command of Šamaš and Hadad,
judges of justice, deciders of decisions, may justice have power.”

269 Lit.: “a word.”

270 Lit.: “good flesh.”

271 Lit.: “thoughts.”

272 Lit.: “the going forth.”

273 Lit.: “his dark of head.”

274 Scheil: “given rectitude.”

275 The future king.

276 Lit.: “cause another to take (this responsibility).”

277 Lit.: “whose name has been proclaimed.”

_ 278 I.e._, his throne.

279 Lit.: “honourable.”

280 Lit.: “go before.”

281 Lit.: “ear.”

282 Or “oblivion.”

283 Or “visions.”

284 Lit.: “spirits” (_utukke_). Perhaps the “soul” and “spirit” are
meant, the plural being indicated by writing the character twice,
though nothing certain can be deduced from this.

285 Scheil and Winckler: “sickle” (= crescent), but this seems to be a
different word.

286 Scheil: “is in conflict.”

287 Mounds of an inundation, such as the great Flood was supposed to
have produced.

288 Probably repeated by an error of the stone-cutter.

289 The Nineveh duplicate has: “whose battle has no equal.”

290 Or “bind.”

291 Or “strength,” apparently meaning the imperfectness of that quality.

292 Generally referred to under the fuller form Anunnaki.

293 Or “temple,” either that of Merodach at Babylon, or Ê-babbara.

294 The temple of the Sun at Sippar or at Larsa—probably the former.

295 In Ex. xxi. 8 it is presumed that the master of the girl betrothed
her to himself, as in the case of Šamaš-nûri (p. 185), who, however,
could be sold as a slave if she denied her mistress.

296 The old Sumerian law referring to injuries to slaves (p. 191)
inflicts a fine on the _hirer_, not on the owner.

297 Isaiah xlv. 20: “They have no knowledge that carry the wood of their
graven images.” R. V.

298 Num. vi. 26: “The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee,”
equivalent to “to raise the eyes” in Assyro-Babylonian.

299 Lit.: “shall not bring his hand to the sick.”

300 Lit.: “the raising of his hands.”

301 This form is due to a false etymology, but it is used by Delitzsch
as a very convenient compound word.

302 The word may also be translated “inhabiting,” but this does not seem
to be so good.

303 Lit.: “ill.”

304 For parallels to the Babylonian legend of Tiamtu in the Talmud and
Midrash, see S. Daiches in the _Zeitschrift für Assyriologie_, xvii.
(1903), pp. 394-399.

305 Similar figures are shown on the slabs in the British Museum
(Nimroud Gallery) standing before the sacred tree.

_ 306 The Religious Ideas of the Babylonians_, in the Journal of the
Transactions of the Victoria Institute, 1895.

307 P. 181.

308 P. 183, where the reading is Ibsina-ili.

309 P. 184.

310 For a list of these, see “Observations sur la Religion des
Babyloniens 2000 ans avant Jésus-Christ,” by Th. G. Pinches, in the
_Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, 1901.

311 See Hugo Winckler, _Die im Sommer 1906 in Kleinasien ausgeführten
Ausgrabungen_, Orientalische Literatur-Zeitung, Dec. 15, 1906;
_Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-Köi im
Sommer 1907_, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, Dec.
1907 (No. 35).

312 See pp. 297, 298, where Cassites (_Kâsi_) are referred to. The
Kassites east of Babylonia were the Cosssæans of the Greeks. (Cf.
pp. 122, 140, 170.)

313 See pp. 275 ff.

314 See pp. 222 ff.

315 It will be noticed that the Hittite-Babylonian transcription is of
considerable value for the pronunciation of Egyptian.

316 See p. 232.

_ 317 Aramaic Papyri discovered at Assuan_, edited by A. H. Sayce and A.
E. Cowley. London, 1906.

318 Lit.: “they shall remove.”

319 Sachau suggests that this may be gentilic, and mean “the Lachite.”

320 Possibly “companions” (Sachau).

321 Variant: “the 7 great doors.”

_ 322 QYMu_, a word of doubtful meaning.

323 Or “bronze.”

324 Sachau suggests that this may be the name of Waidrang’s tribe—that
of Caleb, or the like.

325 Possibly signs of dignity or wealth, made of some precious metal.

326 In the original _Ostan âḫûhi zi ’Anani_, a construction which
reminds us of the Babylonian _âbli-šu ša_, “son of.” May we,
therefore, read “Ostanes, brother of ’Anani?”

327 That is, the receivers of Bagohi’s benefits.

328 As such a reward would be much too small, Sachau suggests that the
_kinkar_ (? talent) was much below the value of an ordinary talent.

329 See page 539.

330 Chnub, the Greek _Chnubis_, _Knuphis_, or _Kneph_.

331 If this be the case, _Waidareng_ is also a possible reading.

332 Sanballat in Nehemiah. The transcription here used is that of the
Septuagint, but the vocalization is in both cases incorrect—it
should be Sin-uballiṭ. This name, which is Babylonian, means “the
moon-god has given life.” He is called a Horonite in Neh. ii. 10,
19.

333 Lit.: “going.”

334 See the Author’s _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_ (A. Constable &
Co., 1906), pp. 43-44.

_ 335 Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1902, I.: _Ein
Altbabylonisches Fragment des Gilgamosepos_, von Bruno Meissner.
Berlin, Wolf Peiser Verlag.

336 Oriental Translation Fund, New Series, I. _The Rauzat-us-Safa; or
Garden of Purity_, by Mirkhond. Translated by E. Rehatsek. Royal
Asiatic Society, 1891.

_ 337 The Babylonian Excavations and Early Bible History_, by Prof.
Kittel, translated by Edmund McClure, M.A., with a preface by Henry
Wace, D.D. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903.

_ 338 Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, vol. v., pl. 2, l. 40, and
_Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets_, part xii., pl. 6. Cf. p.
144.

339 Probably illustrating the Sumerian Laws.

340 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1897.

_ 341 The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates of Balawat_, with an
introduction by Walter de Gray Birch, and descriptions and
translations by Theophilus G. Pinches. Published at the Offices of
the Society of Biblical Archæology, Bloomsbury, W.C.

342 Or “images.”

343 Assyria.

344 See p. 207, upper part.

345 That is, Babylonia.

_ 346 Collection de Clercq. Catalogue méthodique et raisonné_, par M. de
Clercq, avec la collaboration de M. J. Menant. Paris, Leroux, 1885,
etc.