Chapter X (3)

It is difficult to draw a diagram of the action between the _Hornet_ and _Peacock,_ although it was so short, the accounts contradicting one another as to which ship was to windward and which on the "larboard tack;" and I do not know if I have correctly represented the position of the combatants at the close of the engagement. Lieutenant Conner reported the number of men aboard the _Hornet_ fit for duty as 135; Lawrence says she had 8 absent in a prize and 7 too sick to be at quarters. This would make an original complement of 150, and tallies exactly with the number of men left on the _Hornet_ after the action was over, as mentioned by Lawrence in his account of the total number of souls aboard. The log-book of the _Hornet_ just before starting on her cruise, states her entire complement as 158; but 4 of these were sick and left behind. There is still a discrepancy of 4 men, but during the course of the cruise nothing would be more likely than that four men should be gotten rid of, either by sickness, desertion, or dismissal. At any rate the discrepancy is very trivial. In her last cruise, as I have elsewhere said, I have probably overestimated the number of the _Hornet's_ crew; this seems especially likely when it is remembered that toward the close of the war our vessels left port with fewer supernumeraries aboard than earlier in the contest. If such is the case, the _Hornet_ and _Penguin_ were of almost exactly equal force.

My own comments upon the causes of our success, upon the various historians of the war, etc., are so similar to those of Professor Soley, that I almost feel as if I had been guilty of plagiarism; yet I never saw his writings till half an hour ago. But in commenting on the actions of 1812, I think the Professor has laid too much stress on the difference in "dash" between the combatants. The _Wasp_ bore down with perfect confidence to engage an equal foe; and the _Hornet_ could not tell till the _Peacock_ opened fire that the latter was inferior in force, and moreover fought in sight of another hostile vessel. In the action with the _Guerrière_ it was Hull and not Dacres who acted boldly, the Englishman delaying the combat and trying to keep it at long range for some time. In this fight it must be remembered that neither foe knew the exact force of the other until the close work began; then, it is true, Dacres fought most bravely. So with the _Macedonian;_ James particularly says that she did not know the force of her foe, and was confident of victory. The _Java,_ however, must have known that she was to engage a superior force. In neither of the first two frigate actions did the Americans have a chance to display any courage in the actual fighting, the victory was won with such ease. But in each case they entered as bravely, although by no means as rashly or foolishly, into the fight as their antagonists did. It must always be remembered that until this time it was by no means proved that 24-pounders were better guns than 18's to put on frigates; exactly as at a little later date it was vigorously contended that 42-pounders were no more effective guns for two-deckers than 32-pounders were. Till 1812 there had been no experience to justify the theory that the 24-pounder was the better gun. So that in the first five actions it cannot be said that the British showed any especial courage in _beginning_ the fight; it was more properly to be called ignorance. After the fight was once begun they certainly acted very bravely, and, in particular, the desperate nature of the _Frolic's_ defence has never been surpassed.

But admitting this is a very different thing from admitting that the British fought more bravely than their foes; the combatants were about on a par in this respect. The Americans, it seems to me, were always to the full as ready to engage as their antagonists were; on each side there were few over-cautious men, such as Commodore Rodgers and Sir George Collier, the opposing captains on Lake Ontario, the commander of the _Bonne Citoyenne_, and perhaps Commodore Decatur, but as a rule either side jumped at the chance of a fight. The difference in tactics was one of skill and common sense, not one of timidity. The _United States_ did not "avoid close action" from over-caution, but simply to take advantage of her opponent's rashness. Hull's approach was as bold as it was skilful; had the opponent to leeward been the _Endymion_, instead of the _Guerrière_, her 24-pounders would not have saved her from the fate that overtook the latter. Throughout the war I think that the Americans were as bold in beginning action, and as stubborn in continuing it, as were their foes--although no more so. Neither side can claim any superiority on the average, though each can in individual cases, as regards courage. Foolhardiness does not imply bravery. A prize-fighter who refused to use his guard would be looked upon as exceptionally brainless, not as exceptionally brave; yet such a case is almost exactly parallel to that of the captain of the _Macedonian_.

Appendix D

In the "Historical Register of the United States" (Edited by T. H. Palmer, Philadelphia, 1814), vol. 1 p. 105 (State Papers), is a letter from Lieut. L. H. Babbitt to Master-commandant Wm. U. Crane, both of the _Nautilus_, dated Sept. 13, 1812, in which he says that of the six men imprisoned by the British on suspicion of being of English birth, four were native-born Americans, and two naturalized citizens. He also gives a list of six men who deserted, and entered on the _Shannon_, of whom two were American born--the birthplaces of the four others not being given. Adding these last, we still have but six men as the number of British aboard the _Nautilus_, It is thus seen that the crack frigate _Shannon_ had American deserters aboard her--although these probably formed a merely trifling faction of her crew, as did the British deserters aboard the crack frigate _Constitution._

On p. 108, is a letter of Dec. 17, 1812, from Geo. S. Wise, purser of the _Wasp_, stating that twelve of that ship's crew had been detained "under the pretence of their being British subjects"; so that nine per cent. of her crew may have been British--or the proportion may have been very much smaller.

On p. 117, is a letter of Jan. 14, 1813, from Commodore J. Rodgers, in which he states that he encloses the muster-rolls of H. B. M. ships, _Moselle_ and _Sappho_, taken out of the captured packet _Swallow_; and that these muster-rolls show that in August 1812, one eighth of the crews of the _Moselle_ and _Sappho_, was composed of Americans.

These various letters thus support strongly the conclusions reached on a former page as to the proportion of British deserters on American vessels.

In "A Biographical Memoir of the late Commodore Joshua Barney, from Autographical Notes and Journals" (Edited by Mary Barney, Boston, 1832), on pages 263, and 315, are descriptions of the flotilla destroyed in the Patuxent. It consisted of one gun-boat, carrying a long 24; one cutter, carrying a long 18, a columbiad 18, and four 9-pound carronades, and thirteen row barges, each carrying a long 18 or 12 in the bow, with a 32-pound or 18-pound carronade in the stern. On p. 256, Barney's force in St. Leonard's creek, is described as consisting of one sloop, two gun-boats, and thirteen barges, with in all somewhat over 500 men; and it is claimed that the flotilla drove away the blockading frigates, entirely unaided; the infantry force on shore rendering no assistance. The work is of some value, as showing that James had more than doubled the size, and almost doubled the strength, of Barney's various gun-boats.

It may be mentioned that on p. 108, Commodore Barney describes the Dutch-American frigate _South Carolina_, which carried a crew of 550 men, and was armed with 28 long 42's on the maindeck, and 12 long 12's on the spardeck. She was far heavier than any of our 44-gun frigates of 1812, and an overmatch for anything under the rank of a 74. This gives further emphasis to what I have already stated--that the distinguishing feature of the war of 1812, is _not_ the introduction of the heavy frigate, for heavy frigates had been in use among various nations for thirty years previously, but the fact that for the first time the heavy frigate was used to the best possible advantage.

Appendix E

In the last edition of James' "Naval History of Great Britain," published in London, in 1886, by Richard Bentley & Son, there is an appendix by Mr. H. T. Powell, devoted to the war of 1812, mainly to my account thereof.

Mr. Powell begins by stating with naïf solemnity that "most British readers will be surprised to learn that, notwithstanding the infinite pains taken by William James to render his history a monument of accuracy, and notwithstanding the exposure he brought upon contemporary misstatements, yet to this day the Americans still dispute his facts." It is difficult to discuss seriously any question with a man capable of writing down in good faith such a sentence as the above. James (unlike Brenton and Cooper) knew perfectly well how to be accurate; but if Mr. Powell will read the comments on his accounts which I have appended to the description of almost every battle, he will see that James stands convicted beyond possibility of doubt, not merely of occasional inaccuracies or errors, but of the systematic, malicious, and continuous practice of every known form of wilful misstatement, from the suppression of the truth and the suggestion of the false to the lie direct. To a man of his character the temptation was irresistible; for when he came to our naval war, he had to appear as the champion of the beaten side, and to explain away defeat instead of chronicling victory. The contemporary American writers were quite as boastful and untruthful. No honorable American should at this day endorse their statements; and similarly, no reputable Englishman should permit his name to be associated in any way with James' book without explicitly disclaiming all share in, or sympathy with, its scurrilous mendacity.

Mr. Powell's efforts to controvert my statements can be disposed of in short order. He first endeavors to prove that James was right about the tonnage of the ships; but all that he does is to show that his author gave for the English frigates and sloops the correct tonnage by English and French rules. This I never for a moment disputed. What I said was that the _comparative_ tonnage of the various pairs of combatants as given by James was all wrong; and this Mr. Powell does not even discuss. James applied one system correctly to the English vessels; but he applied quite another to the American (especially on the lakes). Mr. Powell actually quotes Admiral Chads as a witness, because he says that his father considered James' account of the _Java's_ fight accurate; if he wishes such testimony, I can produce many relatives of the Perrys, Porters, and Rodgers of 1812, who insist that I have done much less than justice to the American side. He says I passed over silently James' schedule of dimensions of the frigates and sloops. This is a mistake; I showed by the testimony of Captains Biddle and Warrington and Lieutenant Hoffman that his _comparative_ measurements (the absolute measurements being of no consequence) for the American and British sloops are all wrong; and the same holds true of the frigates.

Mr. Powell deals with the weight of shot exactly as he does with the tonnage--that is, he seeks to show what the _absolute_ weight of the British shot was; but he does not touch upon the point at issue, the _comparative_ weight of the British and American shot.

When he comes to the lake actions, Mr. Powell is driven to conclude that what I aver must be accurate, because he thinks the _Confiance_ was the size of the _General Pike_ (instead of half as large again; she mounted 30 guns in battery on her main deck, as against the _Pike's_ 26, and stood to the latter as the _Constellation_ did to the _Essex_), and because an American writer (very properly) expresses dissatisfaction with Commodore Chauncy! What Mr. Powell thinks this last statement tends to prove would be difficult to say. In the body of my work I go into the minute details of the strength of the combatants in the lake action; I clearly show that James was guilty of gross and wilful falsification of the truth; and no material statement I make can be successfully controverted.

So much for Mr. Powell. But a much higher authority, Mr. Frank Chiswell, has recently published some articles which tend to show that my conclusions as to the tonnage of the sea vessels (not as to the lake vessels, which are taken from different sources) are open to question. In the appendix to my first edition I myself showed that it was quite impossible to reconcile all the different statements; that the most that could be done was to take one method and apply it all through, admitting that even in this way it would be impossible to make all the cases square with one another.

Mr. Chiswell states that "the American tonnage measurements, properly taken, never could give results for frigates varying largely from the English tonnage." But a statement like this is idle; for the answer to the "never could" is that they _did_. If Mr. Chiswell will turn to James' "Naval Occurrences," he will find the _Chesapeake_ set down as 1,135 tons, and the _Macedonian_ as of 1,081; but in the American Navy lists, which are those I followed, the _Chesapeake_ is put down as of 1,244 tons. A simple application of the rule of three shows that even if I accepted James' figures, I would be obliged to consider the _Macedonian_ as of about 1,185 tons, to make her correspond with the system I had adopted for the American ships.

But this is not all. James gives the length of the _Macedonian_ as 154 ft. 6 in. In the Navy Department at Washington are two plans of the _Macedonian_. One is dated 1817, and gives her length as 157 ft. 3 in. This difference in measurement would make a difference of 20 odd tons; so that by the American mode she must certainly have been over 1,200 tons, instead of under 1,100, as by the British rules. The second plan in the Navy Department, much more elaborate than the first, is dated 1829, and gives the length as 164 ft.; it is probably this that Emmons and the United States Navy lists have followed--as I did myself in calling the tonnage of the _Macedonian_ 1,325. Since finding the plan of 1817, however, I think it possible that the other refers to the second vessel of the name, which was built in 1832. If this is true, then the _Macedonian_ (as well as the _Guerrière_ and _Java_) should be put down as about 120 tons less than the measurements given by Emmons and adopted by me; but even if this is so, she must be considered as tonning over 1,200, using the method I have applied to the _Chesapeake_. Therefore, adopting the same system that I apply to the American 38-gun frigates, the British 38-gun frigates were of over 1,200, not under 1,100, tons.

As for the _Cyane_, James makes her but 118 ft. and 2 in. long, while the American _Peacock_ he puts at 119 ft. 5 in. But Lieut. Hoffman's official report makes the former 123 ft. 3 in., and the plans in the State Department at Washington make the latter 117 ft. 11 in. in length. I care nothing for the different methods of measuring different vessels; what I wish to get at is the comparative measurement, and this stands as above. The comparative tonnage is thus the very reverse of that indicated by James' figures.

Finally, as to the brigs, James makes them some ten feet shorter than the American ship-sloops. In the Washington archives I can find no plan on record of the measurements of the captured _Epervier_; but in the Navy Department, volume 10, of the "Letters of Master Commandants, 1814," under date of May 12th, is the statement of the Surveyor of the Port of Charleston that she measured 467 tons (in another place it is given as 477). James makes her 388; but as he makes the American _Wasp_ 434, whereas she stands on our list as of 450, the application of the same rule as with the frigates gives us, even taking his own figures, 400 as her tonnage, when measured as our ships were. But the measurements of the Surveyor of the Port who examined the _Epervier_ are corroborated by the statements of Captain Biddle, who captured her sister brig, the _Penguin_. Biddle reported that the latter was two feet shorter and a little broader than his own ship, the _Hornet_, which was of 480 tons. This would correspond almost exactly with the Surveyor's estimate.

It still seems impossible to reconcile all these conflicting statements; but I am inclined to think that, on the whole, in the sea (not the lake) vessels I have put the British tonnage too high. On the scale I have adopted for the American 44-gun and 38-gun frigates and 18-gun sloops like the Hornet and _Wasp_, the British 38-gun frigates ought to be put down as of a little over 1,200, and the British 18-gun sloops as of between 400 and 450, tons. In other words, of the twelve single-ship actions of the war five, those of the _Chesapeake_ and _Shannon_, _Enterprise_ and _Boxer_, _Wasp_ and _Frolic_, _Hornet_ and _Peacock_, _Hornet_ and _Penguin_, were between vessels of nearly equal size; in six the American was the superior about in the proportion of five to four (rather more in the case of the frigates, rather less in the case of the brigs); and in one, that of the _Argus_ and _Pelican_, the British sloop was the bigger, in a somewhat similar ratio.

This correction would be in favor of the British. But in a more important particular I think I have done injustice to the Americans. I should have allowed for the short weight of American metal on the lakes, taking off seven per cent, from the nominal broadsides of Perry and Macdonough; for the American ordnance was of exactly the same quality as that on the ocean vessels, while the British was brought over from England, and must have shown the same superiority that obtained on the sea-going ships.

Moreover, I am now inclined to believe that both the _Guerrière_ and the _Java_, which were originally French ships, still carried French 18's on their main-deck, and that, therefore, about 20 pounds should be added to the broadside weight of metal of each. The American accounts stated this to be the case in both instances; but I paid no heed to them until my attention was called to the fact that the English had captured enormous quantities of French cannon and shot and certainly used the captured ordnance on some of their ships.

In writing my history I have had to deal with a mass of confused and contradictory testimony, which it has sometimes been quite impossible to reconcile, the difficulty being greatly enhanced by the calculated mendacity of James and some others of the earlier writers, both American and British. Often I have had simply to balance probabilities, and choose between two sets of figures, aware that, whichever I chose, much could be said against the choice. It has, therefore, been quite impossible to avoid errors; but I am confident they have been as much in favor of the British as the Americans; and in all important points my statements are substantially accurate.

I do not believe that my final conclusions on the different fights can be disputed. James asserts that the American ships were officered by cunning cowards, and manned to the extent of half their force in point of effectiveness by renegade British. I show that the percentage of non-American seamen aboard the American ships was probably but little greater than the percentage of non-British seamen aboard the British ships; and as for the charges of cowardice, there were but two instances in which it could be fairly urged against a beaten crew--that of the British _Epervier_ and that of the American _Argus_ (for the cases of Sir George Collier, Commodore Rodgers, Chauncy, Yeo, the commander of the _Bonne Citoyenne_, etc., etc., cannot be considered as coming under this head). James states that there was usually a great superiority of force on the side of the Americans; this is true; but I show that it was not nearly as great as he makes it, and that in dealing with the lake flotillas his figures are absolutely false, to the extent of even reversing the relative strength of the combatants on Lake Champlain, where the Americans won, although with an inferior force. In the one noteworthy British victory, that of the _Shannon_, all British authors fail to make any allowance for the vital fact that the _Shannon's_ crew had been drilled for seven years, whereas the _Chesapeake_ had an absolutely new crew, and had been out of port just eight hours; yet such a difference in length of drill is more important than disparity in weight of metal.

As a whole, it must be said that both sides showed equal courage and resolution; that the Americans usually possessed the advantage in material force; and that they also showed a decided superiority in fighting skill, notably in marksmanship.

INDEX

_Abeille_
Aboukir
_Acasta_
_Adams_
Adams, Chaplain
Adams, Lieutenant
Adonis
_Aeolus_
_Aetna_
_Africa_
_Alacrity_
_Albion_
_Alert_
_Alexandria_
_Alfred_
Alison, Mr.
_Allen_
Allen, Lieutenant William Henry
_Alligator_
Almy, Sailing-master Thomas C.
Alwyn, John C.
_Ambuscade_
_Amelia_
_American_
American Revolution
_American State Papers_
Angus, Commander S.
Annapolis, Maryland
Appling, Major
_Arab_
Arbuthnot, Captain James
_Arethuse_
_Argo_
_Argus_
_Ariadne_
_Ariel_
_Armada_
_Armide_
Armstrong, Lieutenant
Arundel, Sailing-master
_Asp_
Aspinwall, Lieutenant
_Atalanta_
_Atlas_
Austria
_Avenger_
_Avon_
_Aylwin_
Ayscough, Sir George
Azores

Babbit, Lieutenant L.H.
Badajos
_Badere Zaffer_
Bainbridge, Master Commandant
Baker, Captain
_Ballahou_
_Ballard_
Ballard, Captain
Baltic Sea
Baltimore, Maryland
Barbadoes
Barclay, Captain R.H.
Barney, Captain Joshua
Barnwell, Sailing-master
_Barossa_
Barras, Admiral
Barrie, Sir Robert
Barry, Captain
Bartholomew, Captain
Bartlett, Mr.
Bassett, Sailing-master R.
Bastard, Captain John
Bay of Fundy
Bayne, Adjutant General E.
_Bayonnaise_
Beale, George, Jr.
Bell, Lieutenant
_Bellepoule_
_Bellone_
_Belvidera_
Bentham, Captain George
_Berceau_
_Beresford_
Beresford, Captain John Poer
Bermuda
Biddle, Captain
Biddle, Lieutenant
Bignall, Lieutenant G.
Bingham, Captain
Black Rock
_Black Snake_
Bladensburg, Maryland
Blake, Mr.
Blakely, Captain Johnston
Bland, Francis
blockading
Blucher, Mr.
Blyth, Captain Samuel
Boerstler, Colonel
_Bonne Citoyenne_
_Boston_
Boston, Massachusetts
_Boxer_
Boyce, Lieutenant
Boyd, General
Boyd, Master's Mate
Boyle, Captain Thomas
Brailesford, Midshipman
Braimer, Captain
_Brant_
Breckenbridge, Lieutenant
Brenton, Edward P.
Brine, Captain
Brock, General
Broke, Admiral Philip Vere
Brooks, Lieutenant
Broom, Lieutenant James
Brown, Captain Thomas
Brown, General
Brown, Lieutenant
Bruce, Lieutenant
Buchan, Lieutenant Edward
Budd, Lieutenant Charles
Budd, Lieutenant George
Buffalo, New York
Bulger, Lieutenant
Bulloch, Captain James D.
Bunker Hill,
Burleton, Admiral Sir George
Burlington, Vermont
_Burrows_
Burrows, Lieutenant William
Bush, Lieutenant William S.
Byng, Captain Henry D.
Byron, Captain Richard

Cabul, Mr.
Calder, Sir Robert
_Caledonia_
Call, William
Campbell, Lieutenant
Campbell, Master's Mate J.
Camperdown
Canada
Cape of Good Hope
Cape Race
_Capricieuse_
Carden, Captain John Surnam
_Carnation_
_Carolina_
Carroll, General
_Carron_
Carter, Sailing-master
Cassin, Captain
_Castilian_
Cathcart, Captain
_Centipe_
_Ceres_
_Cerf_
Chads, Lieutenant Henry D.
_Chameleon_
Champlin, Sailing-master Stephen
Chandeleur Islands
Chandler, General
Charleston, South Carolina
_Charwell_
Chauncy, Commodore
Chauncy, Lieutenant Wolcott
_Chausseur_
_Cherub_
_Chesapeake_
Chesapeake Bay
Chicago, Illinois
_Childers_
_Chippeway_
Chippeway
Chiswell, Frank
_Chlorinde_
Chrystler's Farm
_Chubb_
Civil War
Claxton, Lieutenant
Clement, Sailing-master George
_Cleopatra_
_Clyde_
Cochrane, Admiral Sir Alexander
Cockburn, Rear Admiral
Codrington, Lord Edward
Coffee, General
Collier, Sir George
Collier, Sir Ralph
_Columbia_
_Comus_
_Confiance_
_Congress_
Congress
Conklin, Lieutenant A.H.M.
Conkling, Lieutenant
Conner, Lieutenant
Connor, Lieutenant D.
_Conquest_
_Constellation_
_Constitution_
_Contest_
Cooper, J. Fenimore
Copenhagen
Cornick, Lieutenant H.D.
_Cornwallis_
Coshnahan, Midshipman
Coswell, Lieutenant J.G.
_Courageous_
_Courier-National_
_Courser_
Cox, W.S.
Cox, Lieutenant
Crab Island
Crane, Lieutenant
Crane, Master Commandant William V
Craney Island
Crawford, Minister
Creerie, Lieutenant John
Croghan, Colonel
Croker, Mr.
Cuba
Cumberland Island
Cummings, Midshipman J.C.
_Curlew_
Curry, Lieutenant Rodger C.
_Cyane_
_Cyprus_

Dacres, Captain James R.
_Daedalus_
Daily, Sailing-master
_Dant_
Davies, Lieutenant David
Dearborn, General
Decatur, Stephen
Deforest, Midshipman
de Grasse, Comte
de la Gravière, Admiral Jurien
Delaware Bay
Denmark
Dent, Captain
De Ruyter
_Desiree_
_Despatch_
De Suffrein
_Detroit_
Detroit, Michigan
_Devastation_
_Diadem_
Dickenson, Captain James
_Dictator_
_Didon_
Dixon, Sailing-master
Dobbs, Captain
Doggerbank
_Dolphin_
_Dover_
Douglass, Captain George
Douglass, Lord Howard
Downie, Captain George.
Downes, Lieutenant
Downs, Lieutenant
_Dragon_
_Drummond_
Drummond, General
Dudley, Midshipman
Dundonald, Lord
Durham, Admiral

_Eagle_
_Earl of Moira_
Earle, Commodore
East Indies
Eckford, Henry
Edwards, Lieutenant
_Egyptienne_
Elliott, Lieutenant
Ellis, Captain
Emmons, Lieutenant George E.
_Endymion_
English Channel
_Enterprise_
_Epervier_
Epworth, Captain
_Erebus_
_Erie_
_Espiegle_
_Essex_
_Essex Junior_
_Etoile_
_Eurotas_
_Euryalus_
_Eurydice_
Evans, Amos A.
Everard, Captain Thomas
_Experiment_

_Fair American_
_Fairy_
Falcon, Captain Gordon Thomas
Falkiner, Lieutenant
False Duck Island
Farragut, Admiral David Glasgow
Ferris, Sailing-master John D.
_Finch_
Finch, Lieutenant Bolton
Finnis, Captain
_Firefly_
Fischer, Lieutenant Colonel
_Flambeau_
_Florida_
Florida
Floyd, Captain Robett
Forrest, Lieutenant
Fort Bowyer
Fort Erie
Fort George
Fort McHenry
Fort Mackinaw
Fort Meigs
Fort St. Philip
Fort Stephenson
Fort Washington
_Forte_
_Fortune of War_
Forty Mile Creek
14th Light Dragoons
France
_Franklin_
_Fredrickscoarn_
Frenchtown
French Revolution
_Frolic_
_Fulton_
Funk, John Messer
_Funon_

Gaines, General
_Galatea_
Gamble, Lieutenant Peter
_Gamo_
Garden, Captain S.J.
_Garland_
Garland, Lieutenant
_General Armstrong_
_General Pike_
Georgia
_Georgiana_
Ghent
Gibbs, General
_Glasgow_
_Gloire_
_Gloucester_
Gordon, Captain James A.
Gordon, Lieutenant H.C.
_Governor Tompkins_
Grand Banks
Graves, Sir Thomas
Greene, Captain Pill Barnaby
_Greenwich_
Gregory, Lieutenant Francis A.
Griffeth, Rear Admiral
_Growler_
Guérin, Leon
_Guerres Maritimes_
_Guerrière_
_Guemere_
Gunboat #5
Gunboat #23
Gunboat #156
Gunboat #162
Gunboat #163
Gunboat #168
_Gypsy_

_Hamilton_
Hamilton, Secretary Paul
Hampton, General Wade
Hampton Roads
Hanahett, Captain
Hardy, Captain
Hardy, Sir Thomas
Harrison, General
Hart, Midshipman
_Havannah_
Hawkins, Captain Richard
Hayes, Captain John
Head, Captain Michael
_Hebrus_
_Hector_
Henderson, Captain
Henly, Captain J.D.
Henly, Captain Robert
_Hermes_
Hicks, Lieutenant William
_Highflyer_
Hilyar, Captain James
Hinn, Mr.
Hislop, Lieutenant General
_History of the British Navy_
_History of the U.S. Navy_
Hoffman, Lieutenant B.F.
Holdup, Lieutenant
Hollaway, Captain
Holmes, Captain
Honduras
Hood, Sir Samuel
Hope, Captain Henry
Hope, Lieutenant David
_Hornet_
Horseshoe Bend
Howe, James
Hughes, Sit Edward
Hull, General Isaac
Humbert, General
Humble, James
Hunt, William H.
_Hunter_
Hurlburt, Mr.
Hutchinson, Lieutenant William

_Icarus_
impressment
_Indefatigable_
_Independence_
Indian Ocean
Indians
Inglis, Lieutenant George
Ingram, Lieutenant William
_Insurgente_
Irvine, Lieutenant
Isle-au-noix
Italy
Izard, General

Jackson, General Andrew
Jamaica Plate
James, William
_Jasseur_
_Java_
_Jefferson_
Jefferson, Thomas
_John Adams_
John, Lieutenant Colonel
Johnson, Lieutenant Robert
Johnson, Sailing-master
Johnston, Sailing-master
_Jones_
Jones, Captain Jacob
Jones, Lieutenant Thomas Catesby
_Julia_
_Junon_

Keane, General
Kearney. Captain Palmer
Kent, Lieutenant Bartholomew
Kentucky
Kerr, Captain Robert
King, Captain
King, Lieutenant
Kingston
Klaeson, Captain

LaColle Mill
_La Diane_
_Lady Gore_
_Lady Murray_
_Lady of the Lake_
_Lady Prevost_
Lafitte
Lake Borgne
Lake Champlain
Lake Erie
Lake Huron
Lake Ontario
Lamb, Midshipman
Lambert, Captain
Lambert, General
Landon, Captain H.
_Landrail_
Lang, Jack
Laugharne, T.L.O.
_Lawrence_
Lawrence, Captain
_Leander_
_Lejoille_
_Leopard_
Les Petites Coquilles
_Levant_
_Linnet_
_Little Belt_
Lockyer, Captain
_Loire_
_London Naval Chronicle_
Long Island Sound
Losack, Captain Woodley
_Lottery_
_Louisiana_
Low. Lieutenant
_Ludlow_
Ludlow, Lieutenant A.
Lumly, Captain
Lundy's Lane
_Lynx_

McCall, Lieutenant Edward
McClintock, Midshipman
McClure, General
McCreery, Lieutenant David
McDonald, Lieutenant
Macdonough, Commodore
_Macedonia_
McGhie, Lieutenant James
McGowan, Midshipman
McKay, Charles
McKeever, Lieutenant Isaac
McKnight, Lieutenant Decatur
Macomb, General
McPherson, Lieutenant
_Madison_
Madison, James
_Magnet_
Maine
Maitland, Captain
_Majestic_
_Manly_
Manners, Captain William
Maples, Captain John F
Marblehead, Massachusetts
_Mars_
Marshall, Lieutenant John
_Martin_
_Mary_
Maryland
Matterface, Lieutenant William
_Meduse_
_Medway_
_Melville_
_Menelaus_
Mensing, Commander Adolf
_Merrimac_
_Meteor_
Mexico
_Milan_
_Milbrook_
Miller, Captain
Mills, Colonel
Milne, Captain
Mindham, William
_Minerva_
_Minerve_
Mississippi River
Mitchell, Colonel
Mix, Sailing-master
Mobile Point
_Mohawk_
Moltke
Monk, Sailing-master James
_Montagu_
_Montgomery_
_Montreal_
Montresor, Captain
Morgan, General
Morgan, Major
Morris, Captain Charles
_Moselle_
Muir, Captain
Mulcaster, Captain William Howe,
Murray, Colonel J.

_Nancy_
Nantucket
Napoleon
_Narcissus_
_Nautilus_
_Naval Chronicle_
_Naval Gunnery_
_Naval History of Great Britain_
_Naval History of the United States_
_Naval Occurrences_
Navy Department
_Nayaden_
Nazer, Lieutenant Kelly
Neale, Lieutenant
Nelson, Lord
_Nereide_
_Nereyda_
_Netly_
_Nettle_
_Neufchatel_
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Orleans
_New York_
New York
Newark
_Newcastle_
Newfoundland
_Niagara_
Niagara
Nicholson, Lieutenant N.J.
_Nile's Register_
_Nocton_
_Nonsuch_
Norman, Lieutenant Charles R.
North Point
_Norwich_
_Nymphe_

O'Brien, Mr.
O'Connor, Captain
Odenheimer, Lieutenant
Ogdensburg
_Ohio_
Oliver, Captain R.D.
_Oneida_
_Ontario_
Ordronaux, Captain
_Orpheus_
Osgood, Lieutenant
Oswego

Packenham, General Edward
Packet, Lieutenant John H.
Paine, Sailing-master Thomas
_Palunure_
Palmer, Captain
Parker, Captain
Parker, George
Parker, Lieutenant
Parker, Sir Peter
_Pasley_
Patterson, Captain
Patuxent River
Paulding, Admiral
Paulding, Midshipman Hiram
_Peacock_
_Peacock_ (British)
Peake, William
Pechell, Captain
_Pelican_
Pendleton, Thomas M.
_Penguin_
_Perry_
Perry, Captain Oliver H.
_Pert_
_Peterel_
Pettigrew, Lieutenant
Pettipauge
_Philadelphia_
Phillot, Captain
_Phoebe_
_Phoenix_
_Pictou_
_Piedmontaise_
Pigot, Captain
_Pike_
Pike, Brigadier General
_Pilot_
_Pique_
_Plantagenet_
Plattsburg
_Poictiers_
Polkinghorne, Lieutenant James
_Pomona_
_Pomone_
Popham, Captain
_Porcupine_
Porter, Captain David
Porto Praya
Porto Rico
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Portugal
Potomac River
Powell, H.T.
Pratt, Lieutenant
_Preble_
_President_
Presque Isle
Prevost, Sir George,
_Primrose_
_Prince Regent_
_Princess Charlotte_
Pring, Captain Daniel
privateers
Proctor, Colonel
_Prometheus_
_Prosperous_
_Prudente_
_Psyche_

Quasi-War (1799-1800)
_Queen Charlotte_
Queenstown
_Quidproquo_

_Racer_
Radchffe, Lieutenant
Raderhurst, Lieutenant
_Rainbow_
_Raleigh_
_Ramillies_
_Rattlesnake_
Rattray, Captain James
_Raven_
Rawle, Lieutenant Richard
Read, George Campbell
Reade, Colonel
Ready, Lieutenant Henry
Red House
Reid, Captain Samuel C.
_Reindeer_
Rennie, Colonel
Renshaw, Lieutenant Commander,
_Resolution_
Riall, General
_Rifleman_
Ripley, Mr.
_Rivoli_
Roach, Lieutenant Isaac
Roberts, Captain
Robinson, Batty
Rodgers, Commodore John,
Rodney
Rolette, Lieutenant
Ross, General
_Rota_
Rouvier, Charles
_Royal George_
Russia
Sackett's Harbor
_St. Lawrence_
St. Lawrence
Salamanca
Samwell, Midshipman
_San Domingo_
_San Florenzo_
San Salvador
San Sebastian
Sanders, Captain
Sandy Creek
Sandy Hook, New Jersey
_Sappho_
_Saranac_
_Saratoga_
Saunders, Lieutenant
Sawyer, Vice Admiral
_Schooner_
Scott, Colonel
Scott, General
Scott, Robert
_Scorpion_
_Scourge_
_Sea Horse_
_Seine_
_Seneca_
_Seringapatam_
_Severn_
_Shannon_
Sheafe, Major General
_Shelburne_
Sherbroke, Lieutenant General
Sherriff, Captain
Shields, Thomas
Shubrick, Lieutenant J.T.
Sigourney, Mr.
_Simco_
Simmons, Captain T.F.
Sisson, Sailing-master
Sinclair, Captain Arthur
Smith, Lieutenant Sydney
Smith, Midshipman
Sohomberg,
Solcy, J. Russell,
_Somers,_
Somerville, Captain Philip
Sorel River
_Soult_
_South Carolina_
_Southampton_
Southcombe, Captain
Spain
_Spark_
_Speedy_
Spilsbury, Captain,
_Spitfire_
Speddes, Lieutenant Robert
Squaw Island
_Star_
_Statira_
Stephens, John
Stewart, Captain George
Stoddart, Benjamin
Stokes, Lieutenant Thomas
Stone, Major-General
Stuart, Lord
_Superb_
_Superior_
_Suret_
_Surveyor_
_Swallow_
_Sybille_
_Sydney Smith_
Sykes, Lieutenant
_Sylph_
_Syren_

_Tagus_
Tarbell, Captain
_Tartarus_
Tattnall. Lieutenant
Taylor, Captain John
Taylor, Major-General
Tecumseh
_Tenedos_
Tennessee
_Terror_
_Thalia_
Thames River
_Thorn_
Thornton, Colone
_Ticonderoga_
_Tigress_
_Tigris_
_Tom Bowline_
_Tompkins_
tonnage,
_Tonnant_
_Torch_
Toronto (see York)
_Torpedo_
Toulouse
Townsend, Captain Lord James
Towson, Captain N.
Trafalgar
Trant. Sailing-master
Travis. William S.
_Trent_
Tripoli
_Trippe_
Tromp
Troude
Truxtun, Commodore
Tucker, Captain Thomas Tudor
Tucker, General
Turkey
Turner, Lieutenant Daniel
Tyler, Vice Admiral

Ulrick, Sailing-master George
_United States_
Upton. Captain

Valparaiso
Van Horne, Colonel
Van Rensselaer. General
Vashon. Captain
Vaughan, Sailing-master
_Vengeance_
Vermont
_Vestale_
_Victorious_
_Victory_
Villeneuve. M.
Vincent. General
_Viper_
_Virgin_
Virginia
_Vixen_
_Volcano_

Wadsworth, Colonel
Wales. Captain
War Department
Ward, Commander J.H.
Wareham
Warren, Admiral Sir John.
Warrington, Master Commandant Lewis.
_Washington_
Washington, D.C.
_Wasp_
Waters, Midshipman Kervin
Watson, Lieutenant
Watt, Lieutenant
Watts, George
_Weasel_
Wellington, Duke of
Wells, Lieutenant Henry
West Indies
Westphal, Lieutenant Philip
Whinyates, Captain Thomas
Wilkes, Commodore
Wilkinson, General
_William_
Williams, Lieutenant Alexander D.
_Wilmer_
Wilmer, Lieutenant
Winchester
Winder, General
Wintle, Lieutenant
Wise, George S.
_Wolfe_
Wood, Lieutenant Peter V.
_Woodbridge_
Woolsey, Captain M.T.
Worsely, Lieutenant
Worth, Lieutenant Frederick A.
Wragg, Midshipman
Wright, Lieutenant

Yarnall, Lieutenant
Yeo, Sir James Lucas
York (Toronto)
York Bay
_Young Wasp_

End of Project Gutenberg's The Naval War of 1812, by Theodore Roosevelt