Chapter VIII: Part II (4)

[211] Erysimum orientale folio sonchi flore sulphureo siliquis longissimis, Boer. Ind. Alt.

Erysimum vulgare, C. B. P. 100.

An Erysimum Græcum angustifolium majus procerius & minus hirsutum, T. Cor. 17.

[212] Sinapi arvense precox semine nigro, Mor. Hist. ii. 216.

An Sinapi Græcum maritimum tenuissime laciniatum flore purpurascente, T. Cor. 17.

[213] Glaucium flore violaceo, Inst. R. H. 254.

Glaucium flore luteo, ditto.

Glaucium orientale flore magno aureo, T. Cor. 18.

[214] Lychnis orientalis saponariæ folio subhirsuto, T. Cor. 24.

Lychnis viscosa flore muscoso minor, H. R. Par.

Lychnis sylvestris hirsuta annua flore minore carneo, Mor. Hist. ii. 541.

Lychnis sylvestris quæ saponaria vulgo, Inst. R. H. 356.

Lychnis papaver spumeum angustifolio glabra flore purpureo, H. R. Bloss.

Lychnis orientalis calyce pyramidato striato longissimo, T. Cor. 24.

Lychnis segetum rubra foliis perfoliata, C. B. P. 204.

Lychnis sylvestris alba spica reflexa, Bot. Monsp.

Lychnis sylvestris pluribus foliis simul junctis, C. B. P. 205.

Lychnis segetum rubrum foliis perfoliatæ amplioribus, Jussieu.

Lychnis supina sicula calyce amplissimo striato, T. Cor. 24.

Lychnis sylvestris viscosa rubra altera, C. B. P. 205.

Lychnis orientalis supina maritimi capsulis lychnidis coronaria, T. Cor. 24.

An Lychnis orientalis minime granimeo folio calyce purpurascente striato, T. Cor. 24.

[215] Anagallus cæruleo flore, C. B. P. 252.

[216] Scrophularia orientalis chrysanthini folio flore minimo atro purpureo, T. Cor. 9.

[217] Cucubalus Lugd. 1429.

[218] Linum orientale pumilum flore luteo magno, T. Cor. 24.

Linum sativum humilius flore majore, Mor. Hist. ii. 573.

[219] Gladiolus floribus uno verso dispositis major & procerior flore purpureo rubente, C. B. P. 41.

[220] Lilio narcissus polyanthus flore incarnato fundo ex luteo albescente, Sloan.

Lilio narcissus luteus autumnalis major, Inst. R. H. 386.

[221] Delphinium segetum flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 426.

Delphinium arvense flore versicolore, Clus. App. 2.

[222] Buglossum angustifolium majus flore cæruleo, C. B. P. 256.

Buglossum vulgare albo & violaceo colore, H. R. Par.

Buglossum sylvestre minus, C. B. P. 256.

[223] Galium luteum, C. B. P. 335.

Galium arvense flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 115.

Galium album linifolium Micheli.

[224] Aristolochia longa vera, C. B. P. 162.

Aristolochia orientalis foliis lanceolatis.

[225] Sideritis orientalis phlomidis folio, T. Cor. 12.

Sideritis foliis hirsutis profunde crenatus, C. B. P. 233.

Sideritis Cretica viscosa angustifolia, Zan.

[226] Cassida orientalis chamedrys folio flore luteo, T. Cor. 11.

[227] Trifolium capitulo spumoso aspero majus, C. B. P. 329.

Trifolium pratense luteum capitulo lupuli vel agrarium, C. B. P. 328.

Trifolium pratense album, ditto, 327.

Trifolium stellatum, ditto, 329.

Trifolium cum glamerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis, Raii Syn. 194.

[228] Melilotus Messanenses procumbens foliculis rugosis sublongis spicis florum brevibus, Raii Hist. 952.

Melilotus.

[229] Antirrhinum arvense majus, C. B. P. 212.

[230] Moldavia orientalis salicis folio flore parvo cæruleo, T. Cor. 11.

[231] Medica major erectior floribus purpurascentibus, J. B. ii. 382.

Medica cochleata δικαρπος capsula rotunda spinosa foliis eleganter dissectis, H. L. Bat.

Medica sylvestris, _an. Tourn._ 47.

Medica orbiculata elegans orbiculis circumoras rugosis, Raii Hist. 962.

Medica sylvestris floribus e luteo pallescentibus, Inst. R. H. 410.

Medica Cretica orbiculata fructu utrinque turbinato, T. Cor. 28.

Medica orbiculata fructu lato simplice voluto, Raii Hist. 962.

[232] Anonis spinis carens ruteo minor, Bot. Monsp.

Anonis flore luteo parvo, H. R. Par.

[233] Galega vulgaris floribus cæruleis.

[234] Reseda vulgaris, C. B. P. 100.

[235] Vulneraria flore purpurascente, Inst. R. H. 391.

[236] Valerianella fructu stellato.

[237] Orchis.

[238] Jacea montana pumila capite magno straboli, J. B. iii. 30. _Centaurium majus incanum humile capiti pini_, _Inst. R. H._ 448.

[239] Coronilla Cretica herbacea flore parvo purpurascente, T. Cor. 44.

[240] Aquilegia sylvestris, C. B. P. 144.

[241] Scabiosa orientalis argentea foliis inferioribus incisis, T. Cor. 34.

[242] Thymus vulgaris tenuiore folio, C. B. P. 219.

[243] Echium vulgare, C. B. P. 254.

Echium majus & asperius flore diluto purpureo, Bot. Monsp.

Echium foliis angustis & villosis, Inst. R. H. 130.

Echium rorismarini folio, ditto.

Echium Creticum angustifolium rubrum, C. B. P. 234.

Echium orientale majus & asperius flore leucophæo, T. Cor.

[244] Chamæpytis lutea vulgaris, sive folio trifido, C. B. P. 249.

Chamæpytis Austriaca Gerard. Ruyschiana flore cæruleo magno, Boer. Ind. Alter.

[245] Nasturtium orientale foliis inferioribus millefolium, superioribus perfoliatum referentibus, Inst. R. H. 214.

Nasturtium hortense vulgatum, C. B. P. 103.

[246] Alysson vulgare polygoni folio caule nudo, Inst. R. H. 217. Paronychia vulg. Dod. pempt.

[247] Alysson orientale polygoni folio flore luteo, T. Cor.

[248] Eryngium stellatum capitulis cæruleis, Rawolf.

[249] Onobrychis foliis viciæ fructu echinato major floribus dilute rubentibus, C. B. P. 350.

Onobrychis orientalis incano flore luteo fructu magno radiato, T. Cor. 26.

Onobrychis orientalis Galegæ foliis erectior floribus lineis purpereis utrinque reticulato, ditto.

[250] Ornithopodium scorpoides siliqua compressa, Inst. R. H. 400.

Ornithopodium portulacæ folio, ditto, 401.

[251] Ferrum equinum siliqua singulari, C. B. P. 349.

[252] Lotus.

[253] Medicago annua trifolii facie, Inst. R. H. 412.

Medicago vulnerariæ facie Cretica, ditto.

[254] Vicia segetum siliquis singularibus glabris, C. B. P. 345.

Vicia orientalis flore suave rubente siliquis brevissimis, Boer. Ind. Alt. 2.

Vicia sylvestris hirsuta incana, C. B. P. 345.

Vicia angustifolia purpuro violaceo siliqua lata glabra, Bot. Monsp.

[255] Astragalus orientalis incanus foliorum alis prodeuntibus, T. Cor. 28.

Astragalus orientalis incanus foliorum conjugationibus densissimus, ditto, 29.

Astragalus incanus siliqua incurva, Bot. Monsp.

Astragalas orientalis maximus incanus erectus caule ab imo ad summum florido, T. Cor. 29.

Astragalus luteus annuus Monspelianus procumbens, Mor. Hist. ii. 108.

An. Astragalus montanus vel onobrychis aliis, J. B. ii. 339.

[256] Betonica orientalis sideritidis facie flore dilutissime purpurascente, T. Cor. 13.

[257] Jacea montana pumila capite magno straboli, J. B. iii. 30. Centaurium majus circanum humile capite pini, Inst. R. H. 448.

[258] Borago floribus cæruleis, J. B. iii. 574.

[259] Asperago vulgaris, Inst. R. H. 135.

[260] Cynoglossum Creticum latifolium fœtidum, C. B. P. 257.

[261] Orobanche major garophyllum olens, C. B. P. 87.

Orobanche subcæruleo flore sive 2 Clus. Hist. 271.

[262] Mentha sylvestris longiore folio, C. B. P. 227.

Mentha angustifolia spicata, ditto.

Mentha.

[263] Juncus.

[264] Melissa hortensis, C. B. P. 229.

[265] Thymus vulgaris tenuiore folio, C. B. P. 219.

[266] Verbena tenuifolia, C. B. P. 269.

Verbena.

[267] Lepidium latifolium, C. B. P. 97.

Lepidium humile minus incanum Alepicum, Inst. R. H. 216.

[268] Malva rosea folio subrotundo flore dilutius rubente, C. B. P. 315. Alica, Lin. Sp. pl. 1.

Malva rosea flore candido, ditto.

[269] Quinquefolium.

[270] Lilium album vulgare, J. B. ii. 685.

Lilium purpuro croceum majus, C. B. P. 76.

[271] Lappa major arctium Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 198.

[272] Artemisia.

[273] Leontopetalon foliis costæ ramosæ innascentibus, T. Cor. 49.

Leontopetalon foliis costæ simplici innascentibus, ditto.

[274] Hyosciamus rubello flore, C. B. P. 169.

Hyosciamus vulgaris vel niger, ditto.

Hyosciamus Creticus luteus major, C. B. Prodrom. 92.

[275] Ruta sylvestris flore magno albo, C. B. P. 336. _Harmala Dod. pempt._ 121.

Ruta sylvestris linifolia Hispanica, Bocc. Mus. p. ii. 82. tab. 73.

[276] Tabago Belgarum, sive peplus Parisiensium, Lugd. 456.

[277] Capparis spinosa fructu minore folio rotundo, C. B. P. 480.

[278] Asphodelus albus ramosus mas, C. B. P. 28.

Asphodelus albus minimus, ditto, 29.

Asphodelus luteus & flore & radice, ditto, 28.

Asphodelus flore suave rubente, Lob. Icon. 91.

[279] Ornithogalum majus spicatum flore albo, C. B. P. 70.

Ornithogalum angustifolium bulbiferum, ditto, 71.

Ornithogalum umbellatum angustifolium medium, ditto, 70.

Ornithogalum spicatum flore viride lactescente, ditto.

Ornithogalum Byzantinum flore albo, Inst. R. H. 380. _Hyacinthus stellaris amænus flore albo_, _C. B. P._ 46.

Ornithogalum Lusitanicum capillaceo flore luteo, T. Inst. 380.

[280] Glycyrrhiza siliquosa vel Germanica, C. B. P. 352.

[281] Solanum officinarum acinis luteis, C. B. P. 166.

Solanum bacciferum fruticosum, ditto.

[282] Fœniculum sylvestre perenne færulæ folio breviori, Inst. R. H. 311.

Fœniculum dulce majore & albo semine, ditto.

Fœniculum annuum umbello contracta oblonga, ditto. _Visnaga_, _J. B._ 3. 2. 31.

Fœniculum orientale cuminum dictum, Inst. R. H. 312.

[283] Cnicus sylvestris hirsutior sive carduus benedictus, C. B. P. 378.

Cnicus exiguus capite cancellato semine tomentoso, Inst. R. H. 351.

[284] Cucumis sylvestris asininus dictus, C. B. P. 314. _Elaterium_, _Boer. Ind._

[285] Al hagy Maurorum, Rawolf 94. T. Cor. 54.

[286] Acacia.

[287] Tragacantha orientalis humillima incana flore purpurante, T. Cor. 29.

[288] Kali.

[289] Carduus stellatus luteus foliis Cyani, C. B. P. 387. _Spina solstitialis_, _Dod. pempt._ 734.

Carduus orientalis lanceolatus flore parvo purpureo, T. Cor. 31.

Carduus orientalis calcitrapa folio flore flavescente odoratissimo, ditto.

Carduus tomentosus acanthi folio Alepicus magno flore, Inst. R. H. 441.

[290] Gundelia orientalis acanthi aculeati folio floribus intense purpureis capite araneosa lanuguine obsito, T. Cor. 51.

[291] Molucca lævis, Dod. pempt. 92.

Molucca spinosa, ditto.

[292] Stachys major Germanica, C. B. P. 236.

[293] Marrubium nigrum fœtidum Ballote Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 230.

[294] Chamænerion villosum majus flore parvo, Inst. R. H. 303.

[295] Ricinoides ex qua paratur turnsol Gallorum, Inst. R. H. 655.

Ricinoides Americana verbasci folio, Plum. lat.

[296] Stramonium fructu spinoso rotundo flore albo simplice, Inst. R. H. 118.

[297] Heliotropium majus Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 253.

Heliotropium minus supinum, C. B. P. ditto.

[298] Plumbago quorundam, Clus. Hist. 123.

[299] Anagallis cæruleo flore.

[300] Dipsacus.

[301] Cotula Cretica montana abrotani folio, T. Cor. 37.

[302] Ptarmica orientalis foliis santolini incanis semiflosculis florum pallide luteis, ditto.

Ptarmica orientalis santolini folio radice repente, Miller.

[303] Millefolium orientale altissimum luteum abrotani folio, T. Cor. 37.

[304] Elichrysum sylvestre latifolium flore magno singulare, Inst. R. H. 452.

[305] Conyza orientalis pumila incana oleæ folio. T. Cor. 33.

[306] Gramen pratense.

Gramen segetale.

Gramen panaceum.

Gramen dactylum Ægyptiacum.

[307] Jacobea orientalis cacaliæ folio, T. Cor. 37.

Jacobea senecionis folio tenuissime diviso non incano flore magno.

[308] Chenopodium fœtidum, Inst. R. H. 506.

[309] Chenopodium folio sinuato candicante, ditto.

[310] Scorzonera purpureo flore chalepense, Cat. Stirp. Or.

Scorzonera foliis laciniatis supina, Bocc. Boer. Ind. Alt.

Scorzonera latifolia sinuata, C. B. P. 275.

[311] Buphthalmum.

[312] Calendula.

[313] Chrysanthemum majus folio profundus laciniato magno flore, C. B. P. 134.

[314] Tragopogon purpureum.

Tragopogon pratense luteum majus, C. B. P. 274.

[315] Achillea.

[316] Phytolacca Americana majori fructu, Inst. R. H. 299.

[317] Lathyrus latifolius, C. B. P. 344.

Lathyrus Bæticus flore luteo, Park. Theat. 1064.

Lathyrus luteus latifolius, Bot. Monsp.

Lathyrus angustissimo folio semine rotundo, H. R. Par.

[318] Clymenum Hispanicum flore vario siliqua plana, Inst. R. H. 396.

[319] Hedysarum clypeatum flore suaviter rubente, Hort. Eyst.

[320] Matricaria orientalis tannaceti folio incano & villoso flore parvo, T. Cor. 37.

[321] Chamomælum Chium vernum folio crassiore flore magno, ditto.

Chamomælum orientale foliis pinnatis, ditto.

[322] Cannabis.

[323] Lapathum acutum sive oxylapathum, J. B. ii. 983.

[324] Lapathum folio acuto rubente, C. B. P. 114.

[325] Parletaria orientalis polygani folio canascente, Hort. Pis.

[326] Adianthum foliis coriandri, C. B. P. 355.

[327] Urtica urens minor, C. B. P. 232.

Urtica pilulifera folio angustiore caule viride belliarica of Salvadore, Boer. Ind.

[328] Rhagodiolus alter, Cæsalp. 511.

[329] Senecio minus vulgaris, C. B. P.

[330] Salix orientalis flagellis deorsum pulchre pendentibus, T. Cor.

[331] Nymphœa lutea major, C. B. P. 193.

[332] Convolvulus Syriacus. _Scammonia Syriaca_, _C. B. P._ 294.

[333] Siliquastrum, Cast. Dur. 415.

Cotinus coriaria, Dod. P. 780.

Tamariscus Germanicus, Lob. Icon. 218.

Vitex foliis angustioribus cannabis modo dispositis, C. B. P. 475.

Paliurus, Dod. pemp. 756.

Agnus castus.

Emerus Cæsalpini.

Colutea foliolis ovatis integerrimis caule fruticoso.

Erica humilis cortice cinericeo arbuti flore albo, H. R. Par.

Cistus fœmina folio salviæ elatior & rectis virgis, C. B. P.

Cistus mas folio oblongo incano, C. B. P.

Genista tinctoria Lusitanica maxima, Inst. R. H.

Aristolochia Cretica scaudens altissimæ pistalochiæ foliis.

Securidaca lutea, C. B.

Valeriana hortensis, C. B.

Echium Creticum.

An. Valeriana orientalis minime flore leucophæo.

Tithymalus myrsinites angustifolius, C. B. P.

Horminum orientale annuum sativo simile coma carens flore violaceo.

Trifolium bituminosum arboreum angustifolium ac sempervirens, Hort. Carth.

An. Campanula angustifolia pumila floribus cæruleis uno versu dispositis.

Bupleurum orientale angustifolium semine longiore.

Bryonia Cretica maculata, C. B.

Cuminoides.

Chamædrys Alpina frutescens folio splendente.

Gallium montanum latifolium ramosum.

Quinquefolium orientale erectum montanum hirsutum luteum flore majore.

Anonis viscosa spinis carens lutea major, C. B. P.

Cannabina Cretica fructifera.

An. Phlomis orientalis hormini folio flore minore calyce Glabro.

Phlomis orientalis angusto & longiore folio flore luteo.

Elichrysum montanum longiore folio & flore purpureo.

Elichrysum angustifolium incanum maximo flore.

Onobrychis.

Thymbria legitima, Clus.

Alysson fruticosum incanum.

Clematites.

Carduus Creticus rapifolio.

Stæchas purpurea, C. B. P.

Vulneraria flore purpurascente.

Pastinaca sylvestris altissime.

Astragalus Alpinus procerior alepecuroides.

Lunaria leucoii folio siliqua oblonga majore.

Nigella orientalis flore flavescente semine alato plano.

Atriplex latifolia sive halimus fruticosus, Mor. Hist.

An. Thymellæa Cretica oleæ folio utrinque glabro.

Marrubium sideritidis folio flore luteo.

Satureia sativa.

Vicia perennis incana multiflora, Bot. Monsp.

[334] A rotoloe of _Aleppo_ is five pounds.

[335] Leban is a coagulated sour milk, usually prepared by boiling the milk, and, when hot, putting a small proportion of leban into it, which coagulates the whole before next morning. How it was made originally, I could never learn, the natives never using any other than the above method: but, from some experiments which I have been told were made, it would appear, that by first letting some milk stand till sour, then putting a little of it to some fresh milk, which it will turn also, next day repeating the same with this new-turned milk, and so continuing for a number of days, one may at last produce the true leban.

[336] I dissected a male of this species, which was shot a few hours from the city. It was a little bigger than a large mastiff-dog, which it resembled in many respects. Its colour was grey, and streaked transversely with black; the hair harsh, and somewhat longer than that of a dog; and from the hind-part of the head, down the neck and back, it had a long white mane, as described by Aristotle[A]. The opinion of this animal’s being incapable of moving the neck, _&c._[B], is without foundation, it having vertebræ, and as easy a motion of the head as dogs, or other animals of that species. I could not observe any thing in the eye particular when dead: however, as I saw it not alive, I cannot contradict what Pliny says, _Oculis mille esse varietates colorumque mutationes_. Just over the anus was an aperture, which at first sight appeared like a female pudendum, but proved on examination only a shallow kind of sack. Its use I could not find out: but this seems to have given rise to what the ancients report of this animal, and what the natives of this country still believe, _viz._ that it changes its sex every year. The penis differed from that of a dog, in having no bone. The scrotum was but small, and at first sight seemed to contain but one testicle, the other being close bound up by the skin, so as not to appear externally. The vasa præparantia and deferentia were traced from the testicle through the rings of the muscles; but they were unfortunately cut out with the entrails, which the person who killed the animal had thrown away for the lighter carriage.

[A] Hist. Animal. lib. 8. cap 899.

[B] Plin. Hist. Natural. vol. 2. lib. 8. p. 184.

[337] Rana arborea, seu ranunculus viridis.

[338] Gallus gallinaceus & gallina domestica.

[339] Gallus & gallina ex Persia.

[340] Gallo pavo.

[341] Anser.

[342] Anas.

[343] Galinula choloropus major Aldrovandi.

[344] Rallus aquaticus Aldrovandi.

[345] Anser ferus.

[346] Boscas major, anas torquata major Aldrovandi.

[347] Penelope Aldrovandi.

[348] Tulica.

[349] Platea seu Albordeola.

[350] Querquedula secunda Aldrovandi.

[351] Scolopax Aldrovandi.

[352] Coturnix.

[353] Ortygometra Aldrov. Crex Aristotelis.

[354] Oriolus Alberti.

[355] The kata (See plate IX.) is about the size of a partridge, and its shape between that and a pigeon. The bill is of a light colour, tipp’d with black, short, and thick; the legs white, covered with short feathers on the fore-part; three toes stand forward, and a small spur behind. There is a good deal of variety in their plumage. The bird now described is one of the most beautiful. Round the eyes, and the fore-part of the neck (except under the throat, where it is black), the feathers are of a bright colour; the tips being black, form a sort of ring on the upper part of the breast, which is of a cinnamon colour, terminated at the lower part by a ring of black, like the former. The belly is white. The back, and that part of the wing next to it, is of a mouse-colour, with most of the feathers tipp’d with a bright yellow. Of the same colour is the tip of the pinnion; but the short feathers under it are broad, and tipp’d with black, or a coffee-colour, with a narrow rim of white at the very extremity, having the appearance of so many half-moons. The long feathers of the wing are of a mouse-colour, with the quill black. The feathers on the rump are agreeably variegated with black, white, and yellow. The tail, which is short, like that of a pigeon, ends in two long, very narrow, black feathers or quills, running out near three inches beyond the others, and ending in a point. These birds are in such plenty in the months mentioned in the text, that a whole ass-load has often been taken at once shutting of a clasp-net.

[356] Otis seu tarda avis.

Stella avis.

[357] Perdix ruffa Aldrov.

[358] Francolinus olinæ, known to the French by the name of _gelinot_.

[359] Alauda vulgaris.

[360] Totavilla olinæ.

[361] Alauda cristata galerita.

[362] Calandra.

[363] Hortulanus Aldrovandi.

[364] Citrinella.

[365] Galinago minor.

[366] Galinago minime.

[367] Turdus.

[368] Turdus Iliacus.

[369] Turtur.

[370] Œnas, sive vinago.

[371] Columba tabellaria.

[372] Vultur niger.

[373] Anocratulus sive pelicanus Aldrov.

[374] Tinnunculus vel centheris.

[375] Ciconia alba vulgaris.

[376] Ciconia nigra.

[377] Buba.

[378] Grus Γερανος.

[379] Grus Numidica.

[380] Ardea cinerea major sive pella.

[381] Phœnicopterus.

[382] Corvus aquaticus.

[383] Œdicnemus Bellon. Charadrius Gesner.

[384] Corvus.

[385] Cornix cinerea frugilega.

[386] Cornix.

[387] Monedula.

[388] Pica varia caudata.

[389] Ardea cinerea minor, Germanis nycticorax.

[390] Sturnus.

[391] Merula vulgaris.

[392] This bird is about the size and shape of a starling, and seems of that species. The bill is short, and black; of which colour are also the legs. The plumage on the body is of a flesh-colour: the head, neck, wings, and tail, are black.

[393] Larus cinereus tert. Aldrov.

[394] Hirundo domestica.

[395] Hirundo agrestis sive rustica Plinii.

[396] Hirundo apis.

[397] Upupa.

[398] Merops sive apiaster.

[399] Passer domesticus.

[400] Fringilla.

[401] Carduelis.

[402] Linaria vulgaris.

[403] Turdus pilaris.

[404] Motacilla alba.

[405] Cuculus.

[406] Ispida, An veterum Alcyon?

[407] Picus varius major.

[408] Œnanthus nostra tertia. Muscicapa tertia Aldrov.

[409] Passer troglodites Aldrov.

[410] Jaquacati guacu Margrav.

[411] Pluvialis viridis.

[412] Pluvialis cinerea.

[413] Luscinea, seu philomela.

[414] See Plate X. where it is drawn with its neck stretched out, being the common action of this bird. The length of the bird in this posture, from the point of the bill to the end of the tail, is 15 inches; the neck, from the setting on of the shoulders, 5½; the bill 2 inches; from the tip of one wing to that of the other, when extended, 20½ inches. The body of the bird is but small, about the size of a rail; and the colour of the feathers resemble also those of that bird. The top of the head, and tips of the wings, are black; the legs are long, of a greenish white colour: the toes four. This bird is common on the river Coic near Aleppo.

[415] See Plate XI. The description is as follows. From the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, 11½ inches; the breadth between the tips of the extended wings 23 inches; weight of the bird 4 ounces. The bill is somewhat more than an inch in length, the upper mandible being the longest, and a very little crooked at the extremity. From the upper part of the thigh to the extremity of the middle claw, is 7 inches. These long legs are bare of feathers from the middle of the thigh, and black. The claws are also black, three in number; of which the middle one is the longest, and is joined by a membrane to the outer claw. This bird has no back-claw.

The crown of the head is black; the neck white, except a streak of black, which is continued from the chin to the breast. The breast, with the greater part of the belly, is black; the feathers of the lower part of the belly and the thighs white. The back is of a mouse-colour. The tail is not forked, and about 4 inches in length; the half next to the body white, the other half black[C]. The nine longest quill-feathers of the wings are black; the others white, but black at the tips; so that the whole lower part of the wing appears of that colour. The covert-feathers are of the same colour with the back[D]. In the fore-part of each wing is a little sharp, straight, blackish horn, like a cock’s spur; below which for a little way the covert-feathers are white.

This bird is also found nigh the river Coic.

[C] The two outer feathers tipp’d with white.

[D] Seven of the outer covert-feathers black.

[416] Cyprinus Rondeletii, Gesneri, & aliorum.

[417] Mystus Niloticus Bellonii.

[418] Barbus Rondel.

[419] Nasus Alberti, Aldrov.

[420] Tœnia cornuta Schonfeldii.

[421] Anguilla Rondeletii, & omnium fere autorum.

[422] The fish, Plate XII. No. 1. in its shape resembles very much the Silurus Rondeletii, like it too having no scales. Its length (from the nose to the tip of the tail) 20 inches, weight 20 ounces; but they are of different sizes. The head and back are black: the lateral line runs quite from the head to the tail, on the middle of the side; below which, to the belly, the colour generally changes to a dark purple. Of the same colour is the under-part of the head. The head is flat, and in length near 5 inches; the body is round, till within a few inches of the tail, where it grows flat. The mouth is not so large in proportion as that of the silurus. It has no tongue; and the structure of the mouth and palate agree exactly with the description of that fish. From the edge of the nostril on each side arises a small cirrus, and from the angles of the mouth two others, that are stronger, and twice as long. On the lower lip are four more, the two external being the longest. The eyes are situated near the corner of the mouth, close upon the inferior edge of the upper jaw. The branchiæ are four on each side; and all of them have a double row of sharp points, like the teeth of a comb. It has two fins near the branchiæ, consisting of seven radii; to the anterior part of which joins a pretty strong prickly bone. About an inch above the anus are two smaller fins. A long fin extends from under the anus to the tail, as another of the same kind does from the neck all along the back: neither of these join with the tail, which is round at the tip, and composed of about 22 feathers.

This fish is found in the river Orontes, and, I believe, also in some stagnant waters near it. The markets of Aleppo are plentifully supplied with it from the month of November till the beginning of March. The flesh is red, like beef, of a rank taste; and though, for want of better, ate much by the people, yet is esteemed unwholsome. The name it usually goes by is _simack il aswad_, which signifies the black fish. Its proper name however among the natives is _siloor_.

[423] Silurus Rondeletii, Gesneri, P. 1047.

[424] Cobitis fluviatilis barbatula Gesner.

[425] Alburnus Ausonii.

[426] Capito sive cephalus Ges. p. 215.

[427] Rutilus sive rubellus fluviatilis Gesner.

[428] Gobius fluviatilis Gesner.

[429] Mugilis vel cephali fluviat. spec. min.

[430] Leuciscus Bellonii.

[431] Carassius simpliciter dictus.

[432] Phoxinus squamosus major.

[433] The fish, Plate XII. fig. 2. has, upon a slight view, so much the appearance of an eel, and, except its not being so fat, eats so like that fish, that though it is much oftener brought to the tables of the Europeans at Aleppo than any other fish found in the river Coic, it has never been suspected of being any ways different from the common eel; and yet, upon examination, it will be found of quite another genus.

The head is long and small: the extremity of the upper jaw runs out to a narrow point, like the bill of a bird; on each side of which, a little distant from the extreme point, are two tubuli, or processes. As in the common eel there are two fins at the gills, from the occiput, all along the ridge of the back, small prickles are placed at little distances, resembling the teeth of a saw. These terminate at the origin of a membranaceous fin, rising about four inches from the tail, and is continued (as in the eel) along the lower part of the belly to the anus; at which place are also found two or three prickles. The colour of the head and back is blackish, variegated with dark yellow spots; the lower belly white, changing gradually into a yellowish cast. The fin of the lower belly, near to the anus, is yellow; the other half spotted with black. The length of the fish described was eleven inches.

[434] The fish, Plate XIII. fig. 1. is about four inches long. The head is large and flat, the body oblong and compressed. Its colour is mostly of a dark silver. The eyes are large and protuberant. From the lower jaw arise four cirri; the longer measure one inch, the shorter two-thirds of an inch. From the upper jaw arise two longer, each measuring two inches and a half, of a firmer texture than either those of the lower jaw, or of two other small ones placed just by the nostrils. Between the two long cirri are two small tubuli. The whole of the cirri are of a white colour, excepting the two longest, which are of a darkish colour, like the upper part of the head. The fins are eight in number; two by the gills, each furnished with a strong saw-like bone: two small ones near the anus; one of eight radii, situated half-way between the anus and the tail; one consisting of seven radii on the back. Another fin, of a membraneous and fleshy texture, arises from the middle of the back, and is continued all along to the tail. The tail is forked.

[435] Plate XIII. fig. 2. represents a fish, which in its general form, somewhat resembles the above. It is in length three inches: the head is rather flatter: the mouth has a more inferior situation, and is in proportion larger, than that of the former fish: eyes much smaller. The cirri, situated as in the other, are eight in number, but much shorter, these that rise from the upper jaw (being the longest) measuring only one inch; they are also flatter at their origin. They both agree in the number of their fins; neither has the saw-like bone in the fin of the back, but only in those near the gills. The fleshy fin of the back is much smaller than in the _zakzuk_, and rises at a much greater distance from the backfin. The colour is a pale silver, marbled with grey, particularly the lower part of the fins and tail; the two larger cirri likewise marbled, the others white.

These two fishes, fig. 1. & 2. have no scales; and the palate, and other structure of the inside of the mouth, is like that of the silurus.

This last described fish is also from the river Coic.

[436] This calculation was made by some priests from the harach, (a pole-tax levied upon the male Christians and Jews, after they arrive at a certain age that they are supposed to be capable of work): an estimate of the bread consumed in the city, and the number of those who died of the plague in 1742; which they found to be among the Christians in the proportion of five to the hundred, and from thence they calculated the Turks to be in the same proportion, and so reckoned the number at 300,000: but as all the Christians who can afford it keep out of the way of infection, which but few Turks dare do, it is plain a much greater proportion of the latter must die of the disease, and so cause a fallacy in this calculation; so that I have only reckoned them at 200,000.

[437] Their menses begin from the age of twelve to fourteen, and continue till forty, sometimes forty-five. In most they return once in four weeks, and continue from three to seven days.

[438] See Plate XIV.

[439] This appears to be the same with what in India they call _bing_, and is no other than the leaves of the female hemp, first powdered, then put into wet pepper, and covered with hot ashes till it forms a sort of paste, which they press into a thin cake, and then cut it into small lozenges, and dry it. About half a drachm of this put into a pipe of tobacco, or rather the nargeery, and smoked with the tobacco, will make a person drunk, or rather mad; and a few grains, mixed with any thing sweet (particularly, as they say, figs, though perhaps what it is swallowed in is of little consequence), will, if taken inwardly, have the same effect. They assert that acids will immediately put a stop to its effects. This intoxicating quality of the hemp is mentioned by Galen.

[440] Composed of 720 drachms of quick-lime, and 90 drachms of orpiment powdered. This they moisten a little at the time of using.

[441] _Jareed_ is a kind of javelin, or small stick, about two feet and a half long, which they learn to throw very dextrously, so as to go pointed as a dart. The exercise here meant is the throwing this when on horseback, a mock-fight with this weapon being a common entertainment: and it is surprising to see with what dexterity they manage their horses, so as to avoid running one against another, when numbers are galloping seemingly in the greatest disorder.

[442]

Forsitan expectes ut Gaditana canoro
Incipiat prurire choro plausuque probata
Ad terram tremulo descendant clune puellæ.

Juv. sat. xi. l. 162.

[443] Zumr.

[444] Napheer.

[445] Snooge.

[446] Tabble.

[447] Nakara.

[448] Santeer.

[449] Tamboor.

[450] Naii.

[451] Kaman jee.

[452] Diff.

[453]

Jampridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes,
Et linguam & mores, & cum tibicine chordas
Obliquas necnon gentilia tympana secum
Vexit.

Juv. sat. iii. l. 62.

[454] Explanation of Plate XV. The windows are represented as opening on the outer court-yards of a great house, where the colonade, or gallery, and stair-case, are easily distinguished. In the front of the picture, the Turkish method of decorating their rooms with Arab inscriptions, painting and carving, is exhibited. The carpet, matrass, and cushions, denote the divan properly furnished; in the nearest corner of which sits a _kadee_, smoking the nargeery after the Persian manner. He is dressed in what they call a _ferragee_, which is lined with fur, and has wide sleeves. This dress, though most commonly worn by the lawyers, is also sometimes wore by other persons of distinction: but the turbant is of that sort which is peculiar to that profession. In the centre sits a _sardar_, or aga of the Janizaries. The form of his turbant is that which belongs to the officers of that body; but that of his robe is what is wore indiscriminately by all well-dressed people, only peculiar to such vests as are lined with short-haired furs, as sable, ermin, squirrel, _&c._ which they wear in the spring and autumn. He is drinking coffee; and before him stands a servant to receive the coffee-cup, in that dress, and humble, submissive attitude in which they are accustomed to wait upon their masters. In the farther corner sits a bashaw, smoking a pipe after the manner of the Turks. His turbant is in the form that all the people of fashion in that country wear, and his robe that which constitutes a full dress in the winter; when it is lined with long-haired fur, such as is taken from the ounce, foxes of different kinds, _&c._ The whole forms a scene of a Turkish entertainment.

Plate XVI. represents a Turkish lady of condition in the proper dress of Aleppo. She is represented as sitting carelessly on a divan, smoking a pipe, and her servant presenting a dish of coffee in the usual manner.

[455] They have several methods of doing this; but the most common composition is the following, _viz._ Take 120 drachms of sumach, and boil it in 360 drachms of water, to the consumption of two-thirds of the liquor. In this decoction, when strained, infuse the following ingredients for some days; green vitriol, galls, allum, fresh branches of walnut-tree, of each 5 drachms. With this the beard being first washed, and well dried, is rubbed over, and the tincture suffered to remain on about the space of an hour, after which they wash with warm water.

[456] The composition is as follows. Put 60 drachms of oil into an earthen vessel on a gentle fire; and, when it begins to boil, throw in by degrees 60 drachms of galls: cover the vessel with a smooth stone, and let it remain on the fire till the galls become of a black, burnt colour. It is then to be removed from the fire, and what is found sticking to the cover being taken off, mixed with the finer part of what remains in the vessel. To this must be added the following ingredients, finely powdered, crude sal. ammoniac 20 drachms, æs. ust. 20 drachms, henna 120 drachms: the whole, by kneading with the hands, is formed into little pieces or tablets. It is applied with a little bit of wet stick.

[457] This is made of a mineral substance, called also _Ispahany_, from the place it is brought from. It appears to be a rich lead-ore, and is prepared by roasting it in a quince, apple, or trufle: then it is levigated with oil of sweet almonds on a marble-stone. If intended to strengthen the eyes, they often add flowers of olibanum or amber.

[458] The method of applying the henna is thus. They take some of the henna in powder, and making it into a paste with water, roll or spin it out into small threads; then they take a piece of leaven, and with a rolling-pin roll it out into a very thin cake, which they cut out into proper forms, for covering the hands, feet, fingers, and toes; and upon this the threads of the henna-paste are placed in the forms they intend to imprint upon the parts. A piece of the henna-paste is applied to the tip of each finger and toe; and then the pieces of leaven-cake, prepared as above, are tied on to the different parts they are intended for, and suffered to remain there for two or three hours; at the expiration of which all is taken off, and the mark of the several figures made with the henna are found imprinted on the parts to which they were applied. They then cover the whole hands and feet with a paste made of wheat-flour, a small proportion of crude sal ammoniac, and a little quick-lime, with a sufficient quantity of water, which in about half an hour turns all the parts that had been before dyed of a dirty red or yellow, with the henna, into a sort of black, or rather very dark green colour.

[459] Chinganas are a race of people, who are generally esteemed to be the same with our Gypsies. They very much resemble Arabs, and, like them, live under tents; but they are not acknowledged by them, or esteemed orthodox Moslems. They are extremely poor, and some few are lodged in tents round the skirts of the town all the year round, and hire themselves for labourers, and other menial offices; but the greatest number come thither in the spring from all parts, to assist in reaping the corn.

[460] Shorba.

[461] Kabab.

[462] Yahny.

[463] Kharoof Mahshee.

[464] Yaprak.

[465] Kheiar Mashsee.

[466] Badinjan Mahshee.

[467] Paloosa.

[468] _Kennafy_ is a mixture of flour and water, made just thin enough to run through the holes of a vessel they have on purpose, held over a hot copper plate, which dries it quickly; so that it has the appearance of a number of threads. This is mixed with butter and honey, and baked in the oven.

[469] The fast of _Ramadan_ happens successively in every season of the year: for as the Turks keep the lunar months, without any allowance, as the Jews have, to make them correspond with the seasons, so they lose about eleven days in every solar year; and by this means the month of _Ramadan_ anticipates about that number of days every year. In other affairs, that are requisite to fall at particular seasons, as farming their duties on tobacco, _&c._ they observe the Greek months, which correspond to the Julian calendar.

[470] _Sallah il Subh_, at day-break.

_Sallah il Dohr_, at noon.

_Sallah il Assr._ The common opinion is, that this praying-time is mid-way between noon and sunset; but their true calculation, I have been told, is as long after noon as half the distance of time between _Sallah il Subh_ and _Sallah il Dohr_ amounts to.

_Sallah il Muggreb_, at sunset.

_Sallah il Ashie_, at an hour and a half after sunset.

[471] The Koran expressly says, that they shall have but four women, whether wives or concubines (Sale’s Koran, ch. iv. p. 60.); and most of the learned among them know this strictly to be their law: but what I have mentioned above being the common practice, the far greater part of the people believe it to be lawful. See Sale’s Koran, Preliminary Discourse, § 6. p. 133.

[472] The tokens of virginity are expected by all sects in this country, but more indecently exposed by the Turks than any other.

[473] _Sheih_ here signifies a saint, or holy man; but the name is also applied to the head person in a village.

[474] _Hara_ is the general name given to the different divisions of the city, which answers to our word _parish_.

[475] This service in English may be rendered thus. “O man, from the earth thou wert at first created, and to the earth thou dost now return. This grave being the first step in thy progress to the mansions of the other world, if in thy actions thou hast been benevolent, thou art absolved by God; but if, on the contrary, thou hast not been so, the mercy of God is greater than all things. But remember what thou didst believe in this world, That God is thy Lord, Mohammed thy Prophet, and in all the Prophets and Apostles, and pardon is extensive.”

The Curds have a different service; which though it does not so much regard the people of Aleppo, yet for its singularity I shall mention.

“If thou hast taken, thou shalt give: If thou hast done, thou shalt find: If thou believest not, thou shalt see presently.”

[476] _Burgle_ is wheat boiled, then bruised by a mill, so as to take the husk off, then dried, and kept for use. The usual way of dressing it is either by boiling it like rice into a pilaw, or made into balls with meat and spices; and, either fried or boiled, these balls are called _cubby_.

[477] The Greeks, Syrians, and Maronites, are kept upon the same occasions, but differ as to the number of days. They are as follows:

Greeks. Syrians. Maronites.
_Soom il Kebeer_, or Great Lent before
Easter 48 days. 48 days. 48 days.
_Soom il Rassle_, or Fast of the Apostles 12 12 4
_Soom il Seida_, or Fast of the Holy Virgin 15 15 15
_Soom il Milaad_, or Lent before Christmas 40 25 20
--- --- --
115 100 87

The Armenian Lents differ considerably from the others, and are

_Soom il Ratas_ 7 days.
_Soom il Rasheishie_ 7
_Soom Mar Elias_ 7
_Soom il Kebeer_, or Great Lent before Easter 48
_Soom Kirkoor Saureech_ 7
_Soom il Seida_ 7
_Soom il Raffa il Saleeb_, or Elevation of the Cross 7
_Soom il Ajeeb il Saleeb_ 7
_Soom Sarkees_ 7
_Soom Mar Jacob_ 7
----
111
_Soom Marè Hannah il Chinkaly_, which is a voluntary
fast, and all not obliged to keep it 48

Besides these Lents, all the native Christians keep fast Wednesdays and Fridays (one or two excepted), through the whole year.

[478]

1 Day fast the 3d of the month _Tishereen il Awal_.
1 ditto the 10th of ditto.
1 ditto the 10th of the month of _Taibaat_.
1 ditto the 14th of the month _Adar_.
1 ditto the 17th of the month _Tammoose_.
1 ditto the 9th of the month _Abb_.
--
6

[479] From the Italian word _franco_, free or exempt, in allusion to the privileges the Europeans enjoy.

[480] 1753.

[481] An officer of ceremony (in the nature of one among the Turks of the same name), who walks before the consul with a staff tipp’d with silver. He is also employed as a messenger, and takes care of all letters.

[482] Or interpreters.

[483] One of the _Terra Santa_, pretty large, whose church the French, and many of the natives of the Romish faith (when not prohibited by the bashaw) frequent.

One of _Capuchins_. } Each has only two or three friars.
One of _Carmelites_. }

The _Jesuits College_ seldom has more than two or three.

[484] This is attributed to the dews, which fall in small quantities during the nights at that season, and which the natives who sleep abroad have nothing to shelter them from; and as the Europeans, who usually sleep on bedsteads, are exempted from this complaint, and, by lying abroad without this conveniency, have been seized with the ophthalmia, this conjecture seems to have some foundation in experience.

[485] Lowthorp’s Abridgment of the Phil. Transactions, vol. iii. p. 605.

[486] See Page 4.

[487] On the 16th of this month, the thermometer was unfortunately broke, and it was the beginning of September before another could be procured.

[488] The thermometer now used was a small portable one.

[489] A town in the gulf of Scanderoon, the chief port in that part of the country for landing goods from Egypt; the inhabitants of which have a good deal of commerce with the Curds, who dwell on these mountains.

[490] See the method in the chapter on the plague.

[491] From what I have since seen of the manners of the people, I have reason to believe that those symptoms were often concealed.

[492] A high part of the suburbs to the north-east.

[493] In a letter written, at Aleppo in the year 1719, by an English gentleman who had then been about thirty years in that country, the author says, that, since he had been there, the plague had never visited them oftener than once in ten or twelve years. Those within the memory of the people were in 1719, 1729, 1733, and the late one, which ended in the year 1744; since which time ten years are now elapsed without any appearance of it, either here or upon the coast of Syria.

[494] Some have told me, that the plague of 1719 came from the northward; but none of the journals or letters I have perused make any mention of this circumstance; though all of them confirm its raging at Tripoli, Sidon, _&c._ some months before it appeared at Aleppo.

In the year 1728 the plague made great havock in Egypt, and in the summer of that year it raged at Byass, and the parts adjacent; but did not break out at Aleppo till the year 1729.

At Tripoly, Sidon, and Damascus, the plague raged in the year 1732. It was 1733 before it raged at Aleppo.

For the progress of the last plague, see p. 191. concerning its coming to Aleppo; from thence it went to Damascus, and the coast of Syria, where its greatest force was exerted in the year 1744; at which time it was greatly abated at Aleppo.

[495] In the year 1719, the plague made great havock, and advanced so fast in the spring, that the Europeans shut up about the middle of March, and opened about the middle of July.

In 1729 the number of the sick being few, it was the middle of May before any shut up, and they were not above a month confined.

In 1733 the disease raged with violence, though not quite so much as in 1719. The Europeans, however, shut up, and got abroad again at the same seasons as in the former year.

In 1742 they were confined much about the same time as in 1729.

In 1743 the distemper raged with violence, though not quite to that degree as in 1733. The Europeans shut up the 11th of April, and opened about the middle of July.

In 1744 the number of the sick being inconsiderable, and the terror from the distemper much abated by being used to it, few of the Europeans shut up. The progress of the disease was just as above mentioned.

[496] Unde fit ut in peste fallat nos sensus, fallat ratio, fallant Hippocratis aphorismi; & ipse, ut puto, in his falleretur Hippocrates. _De Febre Pestil. c. 5._

[497] Curds, or, as the English commonly call them, _Gourdeens_, are a race of hardy, robust people, who inhabit most of the mountains Amanus, and live chiefly by plunder, making excursions for this purpose into the neighbouring plains, and retiring to the mountains again whenever any force is sent against them.

[498] It is lawful for them to abstain from going into an infected city, but not to fly from one infected while they are in it.

[499]

Take of Sulphur, six pounds.
Orpiment.
Crude Antimony.
Litharge.
Cummin seeds.
Euphorbium.
Black pepper.
Ginger, of each four pounds.
Assa fœtida.
Cinnabar.
Sal Ammoniac, of each three pounds.
Arsenic, one pound.
Reduce these into a powder, to which add:
Of Raspings of pine wood, six pounds.
Bran, fifty pounds.

INDEX.

A.

_Air_, how regulated in the plague, _page_ 246.

_Aleppo_, its buildings inferior to no Turkish city, 1.
Its situation, _ibid._ 2, and extent, 2.
Its buildings described, 2-5.
Streets, markets, and other conveniencies, 5, 6.
Water and fuel, 7.
Adjacent country, 8.
Latitude and longitude, 9, 10.
Seasons, 12, 13.
Rains and winds, 14, 15.
Soil, culture, and produce, 15, 16, 17.
Different religions professed there, 77, 119.
Number of inhabitants, 77.
Languages, 78.
Persons of different sexes described, _ibid._ 79.
Dress, 79, 100, 101.
Dispositions, _ibid._ 80.
Food, 80, 81.
Ceremonies and entertainments of visits, 82, 83.
Bagnios, 84-88.
Manner of travelling, 89.
Time and manner of sleeping, _ibid._ 90.
Amusements or diversions, 91, 92, 93.
Music and musical instruments of various kinds, 93-96.
Education and literature, 96, 97.
Physic and physicians, 98, 99, 100.
Manner of painting their beards, eye-lids, and other parts of the
body, 102, 103.
Ornaments of their women, _ibid._ 104.
Military and civil government, 120, 121.
Capital and other punishments, 121, 122.
Different sects of christians, 77, 123.

_Animals_ about Aleppo used for food, an account of, 50-56.
For burden, 56, 57, 58.
Noxious, _&c._, 59-63.

_Anodynes_, used in the plague, 246.

_Antelopes_, two kinds about Aleppo, described, 54.
How caught by falcons, 67.

_Apoplexies_ at Aleppo commonly end in hemiplegias, 220.
Several die suddenly of them, 223.

_Arab Camel_, an account of, 57.

_—— Horses_, valued for their fleetness, 58.

_Arabia Deserta_, described, 11.

_Armenians_, their lents, and how kept, 124.

_Ass_, two kinds of in Syria, 58.
Both of considerable use there, _ibid._

_Astrology_, much regarded by the Turks, 96.

B.

_Bagnios_ of Aleppo described, 84, 85.
How used by the men, 85, 86;
and by the women, 87, 88.
Entertainments of, 87.

_Baraban_, a large falcon used for hawking at Aleppo, 67.

_Bazar._ See market.

_Beards_, the method of dying them used by the Turks, 102.

_Beef_, not much used by the Turks or Jews at Aleppo, 50.
Why best there in the summer, _ibid._

_Bees_, cultivated about Aleppo, 62.

_Birds_ about Aleppo at different seasons, 64-72.
The locust bird described, 70.

_Bittern_, a remarkable sort of, described, 71, 72.

_Black-fish_, very plentiful at Aleppo, 73.
A description of, _ibid._ 74.

_Bleeding_, scarce ever performed on children at Aleppo, 201.
What used in place of it, _ibid._
Its use in the plague, 242, 245.

_Blistering_, the people at Aleppo very averse to, 201, 248.
Its use in the plague, 248.

_Buboes_, Pestilential, their first appearance, progress, and cure,
231, 234, 237, 238, 248, 249.

_Buffaloes_, plenty of in Syria, 51;
but few near Aleppo, _ibid._

_Buffoons_, used in all merry-makings by the Turks, 23.

_Buildings_ at Aleppo described, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Materials for, some account of, 48, 49.
Are carried on with great ease and dexterity, 49.

_Burgle_, a food at Aleppo, described, 123.

_Butter_, how supplied at Aleppo, 53.
Commonly bad, _ibid._

C.

_Camels_, of great use in Syria, 56.
Four sorts described, _ibid._ 57.

_Carbuncles_ in the plague described, 233, 239.
Method of cure, 249, 250.

_Cats_, dangerous animals in the time of a plague, 255.

_Cheaux_ at Aleppo, who, 132.

_Chincough_, a disease frequent among children, 217.
Its symptoms and cure, 201, 217.

_Chinganas_, a race of people among the Turks, described, 104.
Bring the plague to Aleppo, 191.

_Christians_, number of at Aleppo, 77.
Different sects, _ibid._
Manner of living, 123, 124, 125.
Of burying and mourning, 130.

_Coaches_, none used at Aleppo, 89.

_Coffee_, in high esteem at Aleppo, 21.
Ceremonies of at a visit, _ibid._

_Coffee-houses_ frequented only by the vulgar at Aleppo, 91.

_Coic river_ near Aleppo described, 8, 9.

_Colleges_, a number of insignificant ones at Aleppo, 96, 97.

_Cordials_ and diaphoretic medicines, the most efficacious in the
plague, 243, 244, 246.

_Cotton_ produced in Syria, 18.

_Coursing_, in great esteem among the people of fashion at Aleppo, 67.

_Crabs_, abundance of at Aleppo, 77.

_Curds_, a race of people in Syria, some account of them, 250.

D.

_Dancing_, not esteemed a fashionable accomplishment among the Turks,
92.

_Diarrhœas_ and _Dysenteries_, frequent at Aleppo, 192, 200, 203.
Their symptoms and cure, 192.
In the plague, 236.

_Diseases epidemical_, at Aleppo, from 1742 to 1747, inclusive; some
account of, 190-212.
In 1752, 212-218.
In 1753, 218-223.

_Divan_ among the Turks described, 4.

_Dogs_ of several kinds, in great plenty at Aleppo, 60.
Not subject to madness, _ibid._

_Dromedary_, a beast of burden in Syria, an account of, 57.

_Druggoman_ at Aleppo, who, 132.

_Dysentery_, produced from bad bread, 212.

E.

_Emeers_ among the Turks, who, 122.
Their priviledges, _ibid._

_English_ at Aleppo, some account of, 135.

_Europeans_ at Aleppo, some account of, 132, 133, 134.
Why not so liable to epidemics as the natives, 138.
Subject of a fever on their first arrival, 140.

_Exercises_, little used among the Turks, 88.
Some of them described, 89.

F.

_Falcons._ See _Hawking_.

_Fever_, acute at Aleppo, 190.
Its symptoms and method of cure, _ibid._
Intermittent, its progress and cure, 99, 200, 202.
Inflammatory among children, 201.
Method of cure, _ibid._
Malignant, 202.
Symptoms and cure, 203.
Putrid, its symptoms, 206, 207.
Cure, 207.
A different kind of fatal fever, 207.
Its symptoms, 208, 209.
Cure, 209, 210.
Continual, 212, 213, 218, 219, 220.
Symptoms and cure, 215, 216.
Frequent among children, 217.
Concomitants, _ibid._
Continual, of a more violent kind, 220.
Symptoms, 220, 221.
Cure, 222.
Summer fever among children, _ibid._
Continual fever, very infectious, 223.
Fever, violent in the plague, 230.

_Fish_, seldom used by the Turks, 72.
The different sorts at Aleppo, 73-77.

_Flowers_, a great variety about Aleppo, some account of, 27, 28, 29.

_Fowls_, tame, several kinds used for food at Aleppo, 63.
Those of the game kind, 63, 64, 65.

_Foxes_, found in Syria, 66.

_French_, their number at Aleppo, 132.

_Frogs_ are in great abundance about Aleppo, 55.
Used for food by the christians, 56.
Some tree-frogs, 63.

_Fruits_, various kinds about Aleppo, an account of, 20, 21, 22, 29.

_Fuel_, at Aleppo, account of, 7.

_Funeral rites_ and _service_ at Aleppo described, 115-119.

_Furunculi_ at Aleppo, frequent, 222.

G.

_Games_, of what kinds used at Aleppo, 91.
Not practised for money by the Turks, 92.

_Gardens_ about Aleppo, some account of, 9.

_Goats_, two kinds about Aleppo, 52, 53.
Used chiefly for their milk, 53.

_Gonorrhæa_, the Turks ignorant of its nature or the cure, 143.

_Goose_, a distemper at Aleppo described, 140, 141.
Its cure, 141.

_Greeks_, the most numerous sect of christians at Aleppo, 77.
Some account of their manner of living, 123.
Of their lent or fast-days, _ibid._

_Greyhounds_ about Aleppo described, 61.

_Gypsum_, in small quantities produced in Syria, 49.
Its use, _ibid._

H.

_Haleb._ See _Aleppo_.

_Hara_ and _Harem_ among the Turks, what, 114, 115.

_Hares_ in great plenty about Aleppo, 55.
A particular method of dressing them by the Arabs, _ibid._
Hares caught by the hawks frequently there, 67.