Chapter VII: The Mythology of Peru (3)

Mannikins. In the Kiche story of the creation related in the Popol Vuh, 209-210

Markham, Sir Clements. On Inca architecture, 269

Matlatzincas. Aztec tribe, 233

Maxtla.
I. King of the Tecpanecs; and Nezahualcoyotl, 125-128.
II. A noble; in the story of the vicious princess, 130

Maya. The most highly civilised of ancient American peoples, 1, 143;
their culture erroneously stated to be of Asiatic origin, 1;
theory as to Toltec relationship, 143;
sphere of the civilisation, 144;
the nucleus of the civilisation, 144-145, 149;
the dialects, 145;
origin of the race, 145;
their civilisation self-developed, 143, 146;
blood and cultural relationships with Nahua, 146-147;
efforts at expansion, 147-148;
climatic influence on the civilisation and religion, 148;
sources of their history, 148-149;
division of the aristocratic and labouring classes, 150;
influence of the Nahua invasions, 151;
cleavage between Yucatan and Guatemala peoples, 151;
the Yucatec race, 151-152;
incidents in migration myths represent genuine experience, 152;
the race in Guatemala, 157;
the writing system, 159-166;
the manuscripts, 160-161;
the numeral system, 165;
the mythology, 166-169, 207-247;
the calendar, 38, 39, 169;
the pantheon, 168, 170-177;
architecture, 178-198;
relationship of the mythology to that of the Nahua, 166;
Dr. Le Plongeon's theories as to, 239

Mayapan. City-state in Yucatan, 152;
rises into prominence, 153, 155;
overthrown by allies, 156

Mayta Ccapac. The fourth Inca, 283

Meahuan, Mount. In the Kiche myth of Vukub-Cakix, 216

Medicine-men. Account of the methods of, among Peruvians, 314-315

Metztli (or Yohualticitl) (The Lady of Night). Mexican goddess of the moon, 106; in myth of Nanahuatl, 93, 106

Mexicatl Teohuatzin (Mexican Lord of Divine Matters). Head of the Aztec priesthood, 116

Mexico.
I. The city; capital of the Aztecs, native name Tenochtitlan, 26, 47;
origin of the name, 73;
said to have been founded by Acolhuans, 26;
Huitzilopochtli and, 28, 73;
legends of the foundation of, 28-29;
at the period of the conquest, 29-30;
the annual "bloodless battle" with Tlascala, 48.
II. The state; the civilisation of, 1, 9;
possibly reached by early Norsemen, 5

Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Native name of city of Mexico, 29

Mexitli (Hare of the Aloes). A name of Huitzilopochtli, 74

Mictecaciuatl. Wife of Mictlan, 96

Mictlan (or Mictlantecutli) (Lord of Hades).
I. Mexican god of the dead and the underworld, 37, 76, 95-96;
God A probably identical with, 173.
II. The abode of the god Mictlan; Mitla identified with, 198.
III. Village mentioned by Torquemada, 199

Migration Myths. Probably reflect actual migrations, 234-235

Mitla. Maya city, 31, 144;
ruins at, 197-198;
identified with Mictlan, the Mexican Hades, 198;
description of, by Father Torquemada, 199;
description of, by Father Burgoa, 199-206

Mixcoatl (Cloud Serpent). Aztec god of the chase, 110-111;
Camaxtli identified with, 111

Mixe. Aboriginal Mexican race, 24

Mixteca. Aboriginal Mexican race, 23;
creation-myth of, 120-121;
a medium through which Maya civilisation passed north, 147

Moche. Place in Peru; sepulchral mound at, 271

Mohanes (or Agoreros). Members of Peruvian tribes who claimed power as oracles, 297-298, 314

Moneneque (The Claimer of Prayer). A name of Tezcatlipoca, 67

Montezuma II. Mexican emperor, native name Motequauhzoma; mentioned,
35, 44;
and the coming of Cortés, 7;
in the story of Tlalhuicole, 136-137;
in the story of Princess Papan, 139-142

Móo, Queen. The story of, 239-247

Moon, The. Mythic mother of the Inca dynasty, 262;
temple of, at Cuzco, 261-262;
wife of the sun, in the mythology of the Chibchas, 276

Muluc. A minor Maya deity, 170

Mummification. Among the Peruvians, 262-264

N

Nadaillac, Marquis de. Account of the use of quipos, 278-279

Nahua (Those who live by Rule). Ancient Mexican race, 9;
civilisation, features in, and character of, 9, 146, 148;
compared with Oriental peoples, 10;
meaning of the name, 10;
place of origin, 10-11;
route of migrations to Mexico, 12;
theory of Toltec influence upon, 22;
and cliff-dwellers, 24-25;
territories occupied by, 25;
writing system of, 34-35;
calendric system of, 38-41;
language of, 42-43;
science of, 43;
form of government, 43-44;
domestic life of, 44-45;
distribution of the component tribes, 47;
authentic history of the nation, 48-53;
religion, 54;
Tezcatlipoca and, 67;
influence of the Maya civilisation upon, 147;
culture and religion influenced by climatic conditions, 148;
invade Maya territory, 150-151;
influence Maya cleavage, 151;
in the Maya conflict in Guatemala, 159;
the relationship of the mythology of, to that of the Maya, 166;
difference in sun-worship of, from Peruvian, 307-308

Nahuatlatolli. The Nahua tongue, 25

Nanahuatl (Poor Leper) (or Nanauatzin). Mexican god of skin diseases,
93;
the myth of, 93;
Xolotl probably identical with, 93

Nanauatzin. Same as Nanahuatl, which see

Nanihehecatl. Form of Quetzalcoatl, 84

Nata. The Mexican Noah, 122-123

Nauhollin (The Four Motions). Mexican sacrificial ceremonies, 99

Nauhyotl. Toltec ruler of Colhuacan, 20

Nemontemi (unlucky days). In Mexican calendar, 39, 40

Nena. Wife of Nata, the Mexican Noah, 122-123

Nexiuhilpilitztli (binding of years). In Mexican calendar, 39, 40

Nextepehua. Fiend in the Mexican Other-world, 38

Nezahualcoyotl (Fasting Coyote). King of Tezcuco; the story of,
125-128;
his enlightened rule, 128;
as a poet, 128;
his theology, 128;
and his son's offence, 129;
his palace, 132;
his villa of Tezcotzinco, 133-136

Nezahualpilli (The Hungry Chief).
I. A manifestation of Tezcatlipoca, 66.
II. Son of Nezahualcoyotl; story of his wife's crime, 129-132;
in the story of Princess Papan, 140

Nima-Kiche. The ancestor of the Kiche race; the legend of, 158

Ninxor-Carchah. Place in Guatemala; mentioned in Popol Vuh myth, 224

Nitiçapoloa. Ceremony connected with worship of Centeotl the son, 90

Nonohualco. Place in Mexico; Tutul Xius may have come from, 153

Norsemen. Voyages of the, to America, 5

Nunnery. The ruin at Chichen-Itza, 189-190

O

Obsequies. In Peru; a description of, 316-317

Ocosingo. Ruined Maya city, 149

Ollanta. Inca chieftain; in the drama Apu-Ollanta, 251-253

Ollantay-tampu. Prehistoric ruins at, 250-251;
Apu-Ollanta, the drama legend of, 251-253

Omacatl (Two Reeds). Mexican god of festivity, 112-113

Omeciuatl. Mexican mother god of the human species, associated with Ometecutli, 103-104, 118; Xmucane the Kiche equivalent of, 236

Ometecutli (Two-Lord). Father god of the human species, associated with Omeciuatl, 103-104, 118; Xpiyacoc the Kiche equivalent of, 236

Ometochtli.
I. A pulque-god, 104.
II. A day in the Mexican calendar, 105

Opochtli (The Left-handed). Mexican god of fishers and bird-catchers, 113-114

Oracles in Peru, 296-297;
a legend connected with an oracle, 302-303

Otomi. Aboriginal Mexican race, 23, 25, 50

Owen, Guttyn. Mentioned, 6

Oxford Codex, 37

P

Paapiti. Island on Lake Titicaca; Huaina Ccapac and the lake-goddess and, 299

Pacari Tampu (House of the Dawn). Place of origin of four brothers and sisters who initiated the systems of worship and civilised Peru, 305, 307

Pacaw. A sorcerer mentioned in Popol Vuh myth, 227

Paccariscas. Holy places of origin of the Peruvian tribes, 292, 293, 305

Pachacamac.
I. The supreme divinity of the Incas, known also as Pacharurac,
257, 303-304;
not a primitive conception, 257;
in the local creation-myth of Irma, 258-259;
the Ccapac Raymi the national festival of, 267;
Yatiri the Aymara name for, 299;
symbol of, in the Coricancha, 304;
regarded as son of the sun, 306;
daughters of, in the Coniraya myth, 323.
II. Sacred city of the Incas, 310;
ruins of, 273;
in the Coniraya myth, 322

Pachacamama (Earth-Mother). Name given by the Incas to their conception of the earth, 257

Pachacta unanchac. Inca device for determining the solstices, 265-266

Pachacutic (or Yupanqui Pachacutic) (He who changes the World). Ninth
Inca; in the drama Apu-Ollanta, 251-252;
defeats Hastu-huaraca, 282, 284-285;
formerly known as Yupanqui, 285;
his extensive dominion, 286;
his achievements as ruler, 286-287;
a man like the Mexican Nezahualcoyotl, 291;
and the legend of the stones that turned into warriors, 294;
and the thunder-god, 300;
and the conception of the creator, 304;
introduces sun-worship, 308;
the vision of, 317-318

Pachamama (or Mamapacha) (Earth-Mother). The Peruvian earth-goddess, 303

Pacharurac. A name of Pachacamac, which see

Pachayachachic. A form of Pachacamac, regarded as direct ruler of the universe, 299, 304; Viracocha called, 307

"Palace of Owls." Ruin at Aké, 186

Palace, The, at Palenque, 183-185

Palenque. Maya city, 144, 149, 182-186;
the Palace at, 183-185;
Temple of Inscriptions at, 185;
Temple of the Sun, 185;
Temple of the Cross, 185;
Temple of the Cross No. II, 186;
"Tablet of the Cross" at, 161, 185-186

Palpan. Hill near Tollan; excavations at, 34

Papantzin. Sister of Montezuma II; the story of her return from the tomb, 139-142

Papaztac (The Nerveless). A pulque-god, 104

Pariacaca.
I. A name of the Peruvian thunder-god, 299-300;
and the lake of Pariacaca, 300.
II. The lake of, 300

Paricaca. A hero, father of Huathiacuri; in the Huathiacuri myth,
324-326;
in a flood-myth, 326-327;
and the Choque Suso myth, 327

Paris (or Tellerio-Remensis) Codex, 37

Patecatl. A pulque-god, 104

"Path of the Dead, The," at Teotihuacan, 33

Payne, E. J. On the origin of the Maya culture, 1;
on the origin of the Nahua, 10;
on the Toltecs, 21;
on the Teoyaominqui fallacy, 88-90

Peru. The civilisation of, 1, 248-290;
the country, 248-249;
the people, 253-255;
the mythology, 255-259, 291-327;
government, 259-260, 290;
laws and customs, 264-265;
the calendar, 265-266;
the festivals, 267;
architecture and architectural remains, 259, 268-273;
irrigation works, 273;
no writing or numeral system, 278;
craftsmanship, 259, 279-281;
history, 281-290;
religion, 291-313;
human sacrifice, 313

Peten-Itza. Maya city, founded by a prince of Chichen-Itza, 156;
the incident of Cortés and his horse at, 195-196;
a city "filled with idols," 196

Petlac. Place mentioned in myth of Huitzilopochtli's origin, 72

Piedras Negras. Ruined Maya city, 149

"Pigeon House." Ruin at Uxmal, 194

Piguerao. Peruvian deity, brother of Apocatequil; in a creation-myth, 301

Pillan. Thunder-god of aborigines of Chile, analogous to Tlaloc, 78

Pillco-puncu. Door to be passed before reaching Rock of Titicaca, 311

Pinturas. Mexican hieroglyphs, or picture-writing, 7, 34-37

Pipil dialect, 145

Piqui-Chaqui (Flea-footed). Servant of Ollanta, 251

Pissac. Ruined Inca fortress at, 250

Pitu Salla. Guardian of Yma Sumac, 253

Pizarro, Francisco. Conqueror of Peru, 255

Pizarro, Pedro. Cousin of Francisco Pizarro, 262

"Place of Fruits." Valley in which Tollan stood, 14

Pleiades. Kiche myth of the origin of, 215

Pocomams. District in Guatemala, 158

Popocatepetl. The mountain; sacred to Tlaloc, 77

Popolcan. Aboriginal Mexican race, 24

"Popol Vuh" (The Collection of Written Leaves). A volume of Maya-Kiche
mythology and history, 152, 157, 158;
description, 207-209;
genuine character, 208;
probable date of composition, 235;
antiquity, 236, 238;
the gods and others mentioned in, 236-237;
probably a metrical composition originally, 237-238.
The first book:
The creation, 209;
the downfall of man, 209-210;
story of Vukub-Cakix, 210-213;
the undoing of Zipacna, 213-216;
the overthrow of Cabrakan, 216-219;
the creation-story probably the result of the fusion of several
myths, 235.
The second book:
Hunhun-Apu and Vukub-Hunapu descend to the Underworld, 220-221;
Hunhun-Apu and Xquiq, 222;
birth and exploits of Hun-Apu and Xbalanque, 223-224;
the hero-brothers in Xibalba, and the discomfiture of the Lords
of Hell, 225-227;
the conception in this book common to other mythologies, 228;
the savage dread of death probably responsible for the conception
of its vanquishment, 228;
other sources of the myth, 228.
The third book:
Man is created, 229;
woman is created, 230;
gods are vouchsafed to man, 230;
Tohil provides fire, 230-231;
the race is confounded in speech and migrates, 231;
the sun appears, 231;
death of the first men, 232;
resemblance of the myth to those of other American peoples, 232;
similarity of the migration-story to others, 233-234;
probable origin of the migration-myth, 234-235.
The fourth book, 238-239

Potosi. Peruvian city, 248

Powel. History of Wales, cited, 5

Poyauhtecatl, Mount. In Quetzalcoatl myth, 65

Ppapp-Hol-Chac (The House of Heads and Lightnings). Ruin at Itzamal, 187

Priesthood, Mexican, 114-117;
power of, 114;
beneficent ministrations of, 115;
revenues of, 115;
education conducted by, 115-116;
orders of, 116;
rigorous existence of, 116-117

Pucara. Peruvian fortress-city; leader in the Huanca alliance, 282

Pueblo Indians. Probably related to Nahua, 24

Pulque. The universal Mexican beverage, 45

Pulque-gods, 104-105

Puma-puncu. Door to be passed before reaching Rock of Titicaca, 311

Puma-Snake. Mixtec deer-god; in creation-myth, 120

Pumatampu. Place in Peru; Inca Roca defeats the Conti-suyu at, 283

Purunpacha. The period after the deluge when there was no king, in Peru, 324

Pyramid of Sacrifice. Ruin at Uxmal, 194

Q

Quäaqua. Sun-god of the Salish Indians, 83

Quacamayo Birds. In a myth of the Canaris Indians, 319

Quaquiutl. Indian tribe, 83

Quatlapanqui (The Head-splitter). A pulque-god, 104

Quatavita, The Lake of. The Chibchas and, 276

Quauhquauhtinchan (House of the Eagles). Sacrifice to the sun in, 99

Quauhtitlan. Place mentioned in legend of Quetzalcoatl's journey from Tollan, 64

Quauhxicalli (Cup of the Eagles). Mexican sacrificial stone, 99, 100

Quauitleua. Festival of Tlaloc, 77

Quauitlicac. In myth of Huitzilopochtli's origin, 71, 72

Quemada. Place in Mexico; cyclopean ruins at, 32

Quenti-puncu. Door to be passed before reaching Rock of Titicaca, 311

Quetzalcoatl ("Feathered Serpent" or "Feathered Staff"). The Kukulcan
of the Maya, god of the sun, the wind, and thunder, common to Mexican
and Maya mythologies; Mexican legend of, 6-7;
probably cognate with Yetl, 12;
king of the Toltecs in Nahua myth, 21;
Tezcatlipoca and, 60, 79;
Huitzilopochtli, Tezcatlipoca, and Tlacahuepan plot against, 60;
quits Tollan and proceeds to Tlapallan, 64-65, 79;
probably a god of pre-Nahua people, 78;
"Father of the Toltecs," 79;
enlightened sway as ruler of Tollan, 79;
consequences of his exile, 79;
legend of, in connection with the morning star, 80, 96;
whether rightly considered god of the sun, 80;
conception of, as god of the air, 80;
as wind-god and god of fire and light, 80-81;
whether originating from a "culture-hero," 81;
the "St. Thomas" idea, 81;
as Man of the Sun, 81-82;
as usually represented, 82;
regarded as a liberator, 82;
various conceptions of, 82-84, 167;
probable northern origin, 83;
Hueymatzin and, 84;
the worship of, 84-85;
the priesthood of, 116;
place in the Mexican calendar, 122;
vogue among Maya, 144, 167;
regarded as foreign to the soil in Mexico, 167;
differences in the Maya and Nahua conceptions of, 167;
called Kukulcan by the Maya, 167;
called Gucumatz in Guatemala, 167, 236;
God B probably is, 173

Quetzalpetlatl. Female counterpart of Quetzalcoatl, 79

Quiche. Same as Kiche, which see

Quichua. Peruvian race, 254-255;
fusion of, with Aymara, 285-286

Quichua-Aymara. The Inca race. See Incas

Quichua Chinchay-suyu. One of the four racial divisions of ancient Peru, 255

Quinames. Earth-giants; in Toltec creation-myth, 120

Quineveyan. Grotto, mentioned in Aztec migration-myth, 233

Quinuamama. Guardian spirit of the quinua plant, in Peru, 295

Quipos. Cords used by the Incas for records and communications, 278-279; account of the use of, by the Marquis de Nadaillac, 278-279

Quito. Sometime centre of the northern district of Peru, 286, 289

R

Raxa-Cakulha. A sub-god of Hurakan, 237

Religion.
I. Of the Nahua, 54-55;
the worship of one god, 58-59.
II. Of the Peruvians, 291;
inferior to the Mexican, 248;
the legend relating to the evolution of, 305-306

Riopampa. Sometime centre of the northern district of Peru, 286

Rosny, Léon de. Research on the Maya writing by, 161-162

Rumi-ñaui. Inca general; in the drama Apu-Ollanta, 252-253

S

Sacrifice, Human. In connection with Teotleco festival, 69;
with Toxcatl festival, 69-70;
with Tlaloc, 76-77;
displaced by "substitution of part for whole," 85, 116;
in the Xalaquia festival, 87;
in connection with Xipe, 92;
Xolotl the representative of, 93;
in worship of the planet Venus, 96;
in sun-worship, 98-100, 101;
the keynote of Nahua mythology, 166;
among the Maya, 166;
at Mitla, described by Father Burgoa, 202-203;
among the Chibchas, 276;
in Peru, 313

Sacrificed Princess, the legend of the, 123-124

Sacsahuaman. Inca fortress; the ruins of, 250;
built by Pachacutic, 287

Sahagun, Father Bernardino. His work on Mexican lore, 56-57;
account of the Teotleco festival, 68-69;
account of a confession ceremony, 106-108

Salish Indians, 83

"Salvador," The. A curious Inca vase, 281

San Carlos. The University of, in Guatemala; the lost Popol Vuh found in, 207

San Lorenzo. Village; in a myth of Paricaca, 327

Saramama. Guardian spirit of the maize plant, in Peru, 295

Schellhas, Dr. And the Maya writing, 162;
and names of the Maya deities, 168

Scherzer, Dr. C. Finds the lost Popol Vuh, 207

Sea. Worshipped by the Peruvians as Mama-cocha, 306

Seler, Dr. On Quetzalcoatl, 80-81;
on Xolotl, 93-94;
and the Maya writing, 162, 164;
on God K, 175-176;
on God P, 177;
on Mitla and the origin of the American race, 198

Serpent. Varied significance of the, 72, 74, 76;
association of Huitzilopochtli with, 72-73;
associated with the bird, 73

Seven Caverns. Myth of the, 123

Sierra Nevada (Mountain of Snow). In legend of Quetzalcoatl's migration, 65

Sinchi Roca (Wise Chief). The second Inca, 283

Skinner, J. Account of the discovery of a wooden cross, 274-275;
on mohanes, 297-298;
account of the methods of medicine men in Peru, 314-315;
account of obsequies among a Peruvian tribe, 315-317

Släalekam. Sun-god of the Salish Indians, 83

Sondor-huasi. An Inca building bearing a thatched roof, 269

Soto, Hernando de. Mentioned, 7

Squier, E. G. On the Coricancha, 261

Stephens, J. L. Legend of the dwarf related by, 192-194;
story of the unknown city, 195

Stones, worship of, in Peru, 292-293

Suarez. Lorillard City discovered by, 195

Sun. Prophecy as to coming of white men from, 7;
symbolised as a serpent by Hopi Indians, 82;
pictured as abode of Quetzalcoatl, 82;
"father" of Totonacs, 82;
Quaquiutl myth respecting, 83-84;
worship of the, in Mexico, 97-102;
the supreme Mexican deity, 97;
the heart his special sacrifice, 97;
blood his especial food, 98;
destruction of successive suns, 98;
human sacrifice to, in Mexico, 98-100;
as god of warriors, 99;
conception of the warrior's after-life with, 101;
the feast of Totec, the chief Mexican festival of, 101-102;
the supreme Maya deity, 171;
in Inca creation-myth, 258, 305;
in the mythology of the Chibchas, 276;
worship of, in Peru, 306, 307-313;
the possessions of, and service rendered to, 308-309;
and the Rock of Titicaca, 309-311;
especially worshipped by the aged, 310;
the Intip-Raymi festival of, 311-312;
the Citoc-Raymi festival, 312-313;
human sacrifice to, in Peru, 313

Sunrise, Land of. In early American belief, 6

"Suns," the Four. In Aztec theology, 55

Susur-pugaio. A fountain; and the vision of Yupanqui, 318

T

Tabasco. Same as Tlapallan, which see

"Tablet of the Cross," 161, 185-186

Tancah. Maya city, 8

Tapac-yauri. The royal sceptre of the Incas, 321

Tarahumare. Mexican tribe; and cliff-dwellings, 25

Tarma. Place in Peru; Huanca defeated at, 285

Tarpuntaita-cuma. Incas who conducted sacrifice, 311

Tata (Our Father). A name of the Mexican fire-god, 95

Tayasal. Maya city, 196

Teatlahuiani. A pulque-god, 104

Tecpanecs. Confederacy of Nahua tribes, 26, 50;
significance of the name, 26, 50;
rivals of the Chichimecs, 27;
of Huexotzinco, defeated by Tlascaltecs, 49;
Aztecs allies of, 51;
growth of their empire, 51;
conquer Tezcuco and Chichimecs, 51

Tecumbalam. Bird in the Kiche story of the creation, 209

Telpochtli (The Youthful Warrior). A name of Tezcatlipoca, 66

Temacpalco. Place mentioned in the myth of Quetzalcoatl's journey to Tlapallan, 65

Temalacatl. The Mexican gladiatorial stone of combat, 100

Temple of the Cross No. I, The, at Palenque, 185, 186;
No. II, 186

Temple of Inscriptions, The, at Palenque, 185

Temple of the Sun, The.
I. At Palenque, 185.
II. At Tikal, 196

Tenayucan. Chichimec city, 26

Tenochtitlan. Same as Mexico, which see

Teo-Amoxtli (Divine Book). A Nahua native chronicle, 45-46

Teocalli. The Mexican temple, 30

Teocuinani. Mountain; sacred to Tlaloc, 77

Teohuatzin. High-priest of Huitzilopochtli, 75

Teotihuacan. Sacred city of the Toltecs, 18, 47;
the fiend at the convention at, 18;
the Mecca of the Nahua races, 32;
architectural remains at, 32, 33;
rebuilt by Xolotl, Chichimec king, 33;
Charnay's excavations at, 33

Teotleco (Coming of the Gods). Mexican festival, 68-69

Teoyaominqui. Name given to the image of Chicomecohuatl by early investigators, 88; Payne on the error, 88-90

Tepeolotlec. A distortion of the name of Tepeyollotl, 102

Tepeyollotl (Heart of the Mountain). A god of desert places, 102-103;
called Tepeolotlec, 102

Tepoxtecatl. The pulque-god of Tepoztlan, 105, 117

Tepoztlan. Mexican city, 105

Tequechmecauiani. A pulque-god, 104

Tequiua. Disguise of Tezcatlipoca, 63

Ternaux-Compans, H. Cited, 4

Teteoinnan (Mother of the Gods). Mexican maize-goddess, known also as Tocitzin, and identical with Centeotl the mother, 85, 90

Tezcatlipoca (Fiery Mirror). Same as Titlacahuan and Tlamatzincatl. The
Mexican god of the air, the Jupiter of the Nahua pantheon, 37, 59, 67;
tribal god of the Tezcucans, 59;
development of the conception, 59-60;
in legends of the overthrow of Tollan, 60;
adversary of Quetzalcoatl, 60, 79;
plots against Quetzalcoatl, and overcomes him, 60-61;
as Toueyo, and the daughter of Uemac, 61-62;
and the dance at the feast in Tollan, 63;
as Tequiua, and the garden of Xochitla, 63;
and the legend of the amusing infant and the pestilence, 63-64;
as Nezahualpilli, 66;
as Yaotzin, 66;
as Telpochtli, 66;
as usually depicted, 66;
Aztec conception of, as wind-god, 66;
as Yoalli Ehecatl, 66;
extent and development of the cult of, 67-68;
as Moneneque, 67;
and the Teotleco festival, 68-69;
the Toxcatl festival of, 69-70, 74;
in the character of Tlazolteotl, 107, 108

Tezcotzinco. The villa of Nezahualcoyotl, 133-136

Tezcuco.
I. Chichimec city, 26, 47;
rivalry with Azcapozalco, 49;
its hegemony, 49;
conquered by Tecpanecs, 51;
allied with Aztecs, 52;
Tezcatlipoca the tribal god, 59;
the story of Nezahualcoyotl, the prince of, 125-128.
II. Lake, 26;
in legend of the foundation of Mexico, 28;
the cities upon, 47, 49-50

Tezozomoc, F. de A. On Mexican mythology, 58

Theozapotlan. Mexican city, 203

Thlingit. Indian tribe, 83

Thomas, Professor C. Research on Maya writing, 162;
on God L, 176

Thomas, St. The Apostle; Cortés believed to be, 7;
associated with the Maya cross, 187, 275;
and the wooden cross found in the valley of the Chichas, 274

Thonapa. Son of the creator in Peruvian myth; in connection with stone-worship, 293; myths of, 319-320

Thunder-god, Peruvian, 299-302

Tiahuanaco. Prehistoric city of the Andeans, 249-250;
the great doorway at, 249;
in a legend of Manco Ccapac, 256;
in Inca creation-myth, 258;
and legend of Thonapa the Civiliser, 293

Tiçotzicatzin. In the story of Princess Papan, 140

Tikal. Maya city; architectural remains at, 196

Titicaca.
I. Lake, 249;
settlements of the Quichua-Aymara on the shores of, 254;
Manco Ccapac and Mama Oullo Huaca descend to earth near, 256;
regarded by Peruvians as place where men and animals were created,
298;
called Mamacota by people of the Collao, 298;
idols connected with, 298-299.
II. Island on Lake Titicaca;
the most sacred of the Peruvian shrines, 270;
ruined palace on, 270;
sacred rock on, the paccarisca of the sun, 293, 309;
sun-worship and the Rock of Titicaca, 309-311;
the Inca Tupac and the Rock, 309-310;
effect on the island of the Inca worship of the Rock, 310;
pilgrimage to, 310-311;
Thonapa on, 320

Titlacahuan. Same as Tezcatlipoca, which see

Titlacahuan-Tezcatlipoca, 123

Tiya-manacu. Town in Peru; Thonapa at, 320

Tlacahuepan. Mexican deity; plots against Quetzalcoatl, 60;
and the legend of the amusing infant and the pestilence, 63-64

Tlachtli. National ball-game of the Nahua and Maya, 33, 220, 224, 227

Tlacopan. Mexican city, 26, 50;
Aztecs allied with, 52

Tlaelquani (Filth-eater). A name of Tlazolteotl, which see

Tlalhuicole. Tlascalan warrior; the story of, 136-138

Tlaloc. The Mexican rain-god,or god of waters, 29, 75;
and the foundation of Mexico, 29;
in association with Huitzilopochtli, 74;
as usually represented, 75-76;
espoused to Chalchihuitlicue, 75;
Tlalocs his offspring, 75;
Kiche god Hurakan his prototype, 76;
manifestations of, 76;
festivals of, 77;
human sacrifice in connection with, 76-77;
and Atamalqualiztli festival, 77-78;
similarities to, in other mythologies, 78

Tlalocan (The Country of Tlaloc). Abode of Tlaloc, 76

Tlalocs. Gods of moisture; and Huemac II, 16;
offspring of Tlaloc, 75

Tlalxicco (Navel of the Earth). Name of the abode of Mictlan, 95

Tlamatzincatl. Same as Tezcatlipoca, which see

Tlapallan (The Country of Bright Colours). Legendary region, 11;
Nahua said to have originated at, 11;
the Toltecs and, 11;
Quetzalcoatl proceeds to, from Tollan, 64-65, 79

Tlapallan, Huehue (Very Old Tlapallan). In Toltec creation-myth, 119

Tlapallantzinco. Place in Mexico; Toltecs at, 12

Tlascala (or Tlaxcallan). Mexican city, 47, 48;
and the "bloodless battle" with Mexico, 48, 98, 99;
decline, 49

Tlascalans. Mexican race, offshoot of the Acolhuans, 26;
helped Cortés against Aztecs, 26, 47

Tlauizcalpantecutli (Lord of the Dawn). Name of the planet Venus;
myth of Quetzalcoatl and, 80, 96;
Quetzalcoatl called, 84;
worship of, 96;
in the Mexican calendar, 96

Tlaxcallan. Same as Tlascala, which see

Tlazolteotl (God of Ordure) (or Tlaelquani). Mexican goddess of confession, 106-108

Tlenamacac (Ordinary Priests). Lesser order of the Mexican priesthood, 116

Tloque Nahuaque (Lord of All Existence). Toltec deity, 119

Tobacco. Use of, among the Nahua, 45

Tochtepec. Place in Mexico; Toltecs at, 12

Tocitzin (Our Grandmother). See Teteoinnan

Tohil (The Rumbler). Form of Quetzalcoatl, 84;
guides the Kiche-Maya to their first city, 152;
the god assigned to Balam-Quitze in the Kiche myth of the creation,
230;
gives fire to the Kiche, 230-231;
turned into stone, 231

Tollan. Toltec city, modern Tula; founded, 13, 26;
its magnificence, 14;
afflicted by the gods, 16-17;
Huehuetzin's rebellions, 18, 19;
overthrown, 19;
Charnay's excavations at, 34;
Tezcatlipoca and the overthrow of, 60;
Quetzalcoatl leaves, 64, 79

Tollantzinco. City of the Acolhuans, 48;
Toltecs at, 12

Toltecs. First Nahua immigrants to Mexico, 11;
whether a real or a mythical race, 11, 20-22;
at Tlapallan, 11, 12;
migration route, 12;
their migration a forced one, 12;
imaginative quality of their myths, 13;
elect a king, 14;
progress in arts and crafts, 14, 23;
under plagues, 17;
their empire destroyed, 19, 20;
and the civilisation of Central America, 20;
Dr. Brinton's theory, 21;
Quetzalcoatl king of, 21;
possible influence upon Nahua civilisation, 22;
Acolhuans may have been, 26;
Tezcatlipoca opposes, and plots against, 60-65;
and creation-myth recounted by Ixtlilxochitl, 119;
theory that the Maya were, 143

Tonacaciuatl (Lady of our Flesh). A name of Omeciuatl, which see

Tonacatecutli (Lord of our Flesh). A name of Ometecutli, which see

Tonalamatl (Book of the Calendar), 107

Torito. A bird-maiden; in the myth of origin of the Canaris, 319

Torquemada, Father. His work on Mexican lore, 57;
on Mitla, 199

Totec (Our Great Chief). A sun-god, 101-102;
his feast, the chief solar festival, 101-102

Totemism. Among the primitive Peruvians, 291-292

Totonacs. Aboriginal Mexican race, 23;
and the sun, 82

Toueyo. Tezcatlipoca's disguise, 61-63

Toveyo. Toltec sorcerer; and the magic drum, 16

Toxcatl. Festival; of Tezcatlipoca, 69-70;
of Huitzilopochtli, 74

Toxilmolpilia. Mexican calendar ceremony; and the native dread of the last day, 41

Troano Codex. Maya manuscript, 160;
Dr. Le Plongeon and the reference to Queen Móo in, 246

Tucuman (World's End). Name given by the Quichua-Aymara to their land of origin, 254

Tulan (or Tulan-Zuiva). City; the starting-point of the Kiche
migrations, 157-158, 231;
the Kiche arrive at, and receive their gods, 230;
parallel with the Mexican Chicomoztoc, 230;
the Kiche confounded in their speech at, 231

Tumipampa. Sometime centre of the northern district of Peru, 286, 289, 290

Tupac-atau-huallpa (The Sun makes Good Fortune). Son of Huaina Ccapac, 289

Tupac-Yupanqui (Bright). Tenth Inca, son of Pachacutic, 252-253,
287-288;
achievements as ruler, 287;
and the Huarcans, 288;
and the Rock of Titicaca, 309-310

Tutul Xius. Ruling caste among the Itzaes; found Ziyan Caan and
Chichen-Itza, 153;
expelled from Chichen-Itza by Cocomes, 153;
settle in Potonchan, build Uxmal, and regain power, 154;
again overthrown, and found Mani, 155;
finally assist in conquering the Cocomes, 156

Tzitzimimes. Demons attendant on Mictlan, 96

Tzompantitlan. Place mentioned in the myth of Huitzilopochtli's origin, 71

Tzompantli (Pyramid of Skulls). Minor temple of Huitzilopochtli, 31

Tzununiha (House of the Water). One of the first women of the Popol Vuh myth, 230

Tzutuhils. A Maya people of Guatemala, 158, 159

U

Uayayab. Demon who presided over the nemontemi (unlucky days), 177;
God N identified with, 177

Uemac. Tezcatlipoca and the daughter of, 61-63

Uitzlampa. Place in Mexico; in myth of Huitzilopochtli's origin, 72

Urco-Inca. Inca superseded by Pachacutic, 284

Uricaechea, M. His collection of Chibcha antiquities, 277

Uxmal. Mexican city, founded by Tutul Xius, 154;
abandoned, 155;
ruins at, 191-194;
primitive type of its architecture, 194

V

Vatican MSS., 37;
description of the journey of the soul in, 37-38

Vega, Garcilasso el Inca de la. Hist. des Incas, cited, 7;
on the gods of the early Peruvians, 291

Venus. The planet; worship of, 96-97;
the only star worshipped by Mexicans, 96;
Camaxtli identified with, 111;
temple of, at Cuzco, 262

Vera Cruz. Quetzalcoatl lands at, 6

Verapaz. District in Guatemala, 158

Vetancurt, A. de. On Mexican mythology, 58

Villa-coto. Mountain; in a Peruvian flood-myth, 323-324

Villagutierre, J. de Soto-Mayor. And the prophecy of Chilan Balam, 8

Viollet-le-Duc, E. On the ruined palace at Mitla, 197

Viracocha.
I. Eighth Inca, 284, 318.
II. Peruvian deity;
temple of, at Cacha, 270;
regarded as son of the sun, 306;
worshipped by Quichua-Aymara as a culture hero, and called
Pachayachachic, 307.
III. A higher class of sacred objects of the Peruvians, 294.
IV. Name given to any more than usually sacred being, 301

Vitzillopochtli. Same as Huitzilopochtli; in an Aztec migration-myth, 233

Voc. A bird, the messenger of Hurakan; in Popol Vuh myth, 225

Votan. Maya god, identical with Tepeyollotl; God L probably is, 176

Vukub-Cakix (Seven-times-the-colour-of-fire). A sun-and-moon god (Dr. Seler); in a Kiche myth recounted in the Popol Vuh, 210-213; possibly an earth-god, 237

Vukub-Came. One of the rulers of Xibalba, the Kiche Hades, 220, 221, 224

Vukub-Hunapu. Son of Xpiyacoc and Xmucane; in the myth in the second book of the Popol Vuh, 220-221, 224, 225, 227

W

"Wallum Olum." Records of the Leni-Lenape Indians; a migration-myth in, resembles Kiche and Aztec myths, 233-234

Wind-Nine-Cave. Mixtec deity; in creation-myth, 120-121, 122

Wind-Nine-Snake. Mixtec deity; in creation-myth, 120-121, 122

Women of the Sun. Women dedicated to the service of the sun in Peru, 308

Writing. Of the Nahua, 34-35;
of the Maya, 159-166;
Dr. Le Plongeon and the Maya hieroglyphs, 239

X

Xalaquia.
I. Festival of Chicomecohuatl, 86-87.
II. The victim sacrificed at the Xalaquia festival, 87, 90

Xalisco. District in Mexico Toltecs in, 12

Xaltocan. Mexican city, 50

Xan. An animal mentioned in Popol Vuh myth, 225

Xaquixahuana. Place in Peru, 284

Xauxa. Place in Peru, 285

Xbakiyalo. Wife of Hunhun-Apu, 220

Xbalanque (Little Tiger). A hero-god, twin with Hun-Apu; in a Kiche
myth, 211-219;
in the myth in the second book of the Popol Vuh, 220, 223-227;
mentioned, 237

Xecotcovach. Bird in the Kiche story of the creation, 209

Xibalba.
I. A semi-legendary empire of the Maya, 144.
II. The Kiche Hades, "Place of Phantoms"; in the myth in the second
book of the Popol Vuh, 220-222, 225-227;
possible origin of the conception, 229;
properly a "place of the dead," 229;
origin of the name, 229

Xibalbans. In the myth in the second book of the Popol Vuh, 221,
225-227;
the originals of, 228-229;
nature of, 229

Xilonen. Form of Chicomecohuatl, 85

Ximenes, Francisco. Copied and translated the Popol Vuh, 207

Xipe (The Flayed). Mexican god, 91-92;
his dress assumed by Aztec monarchs and leaders, 91-92;
Xolotl has affinities with, 95;
God A thought to resemble, 174

Xiuhtecutli (Lord of the Year). A name of the Mexican fire-god, 95

Xiumalpilli. In Mexican calendar, 40

Xiyan Caan. City in Yucatan, 153

Xmucane (Female Vigour). The mother-god in the Kiche story of the
creation in the Popol Vuh, 209;
in the Vukub-Cakix myth, 212-213;
in the myth in the second book of the Popol Vuh, 220-225;
equivalent to the Mexican Omeciuatl, 236

Xochicalco (The Hill of Flowers). A teocalli near Tezcuco, 33-34

Xochimilcos. Aztec tribe, 233

Xochipilli. A name of Macuilxochitl, which see

Xochitla. A flower-garden near Tollan; the legend of Tezcatlipoca and, 63

Xochitonal. Monster in the Mexican Other-world, 38

Xochiyayotl (The War of Flowers). Campaign for the capture of victims for sacrifice, 98-99, 100

Xolotl.
I. King of the Chichimecs, 20;
Teotihuacan rebuilt by, 33.
II. A sun-god, 93-94;
of southern origin and foreign to Mexico, 93;
probably identical with Nanahuatl, 93;
representative of human sacrifice, 93;
has affinities with Xipe, 93;
representations of, 94

Xpiyacoc. The father god in the Popol Vuh story of the creation, 209;
in the Vukub-Cakix myth, 212-213;
in the myth in the second book of the Popol Vuh, 220;
equivalent to the Mexican Ometecutli, 236

Xquiq (Blood). A princess of Xibalba, daughter of Cuchumaquiq; in Popol Vuh myth, 222

Xulu. A sorcerer mentioned in Popol Vuh myth, 227

Y

Yacatecutli. Tutelar god of travellers of the merchant class in Mexico, 114; the Maya Ekchuah probably parallel with, 177

Yahuarhuaccac. Seventh Inca, 283

Yahuar-pampa (Plain of Blood). Battle of, 285

Yamquisupa. Village; Thonapa and, 319

Yanacaca. Rocks; in a myth of Paricaca, 327

Yaotzin (The Enemy). A manifestation of Tezcatlipoca, 66

Yatiri (The Ruler). Aymara name of Pachacamac in his form of Pachayachachic; Huaina Ccapac and, 299

Year. The Mexican, 39, 40

Yetl. God of natives of British Columbia, 12;
probably cognate with Quetzalcoatl, 12, 83

Yma Sumac (How Beautiful). Daughter of Curi-Coyllur; in the drama Apu-Ollanta, 252-253

Yoalli Ehecatl (The Night Wind). A manifestation of Tezcatlipoca, 66

Yohualticitl. A name of Metztli, which see

Yolcuat. Form of Quetzalcoatl, 84

Yopi. Indian tribe; Xipe adopted from, 92

Yucatan. Settlement of the Maya in, 151-152;
architectural remains in, 178

Yucay. Inca ruins at, 269

Yum Kaax (Lord of the Harvest Fields). Maya deity; God E probably identical with, 174

Yunca. Name given to the tropical and lowland districts of Peru, 255

Yupanqui Pachacutic. Ninth Inca, known also as Pachacutic. See Pachacutic

Z

Zacatecas. Mexican province, 32

Zapoteca. Aboriginal Mexican race, 23;
builders of Mitla, 31;
their calendric system, 38;
and Quetzalcoatl, 84-85;
creation-myth of, 121-122;
Maya influences transmitted to the Nahua through, 147;
in effect a border people, influenced by and influencing Maya and
Nahua, 147;
of Nahua stock, 147

Zaque. Aboriginal Mexican race, 24

Zipacna (Cockspur or Earth-heaper). Son of Vukub-Cakix; in a Kiche myth in the Popol Vuh, 211-213, 216

Zippa. A chieftain of the Chibchas, 276

Zoque. A chieftain of the Chibchas, 276

Zotuta. Region in Yucatan inhabited by remnant of Cocomes, 156

Zotzilaha Chimalman. The Maya bat-god, called also Camazotz, 171-172

Zumarraga. Mexican chronicler, 13

Zutugil dialect, 145

NOTES

[1] By Payne in The New World called America, London, 1892-99.

[2] Garcilasso el Inca de la Vega, Hist. des Incas, lib. ix. cap. 15.

[3] See Payne, History of the New World called America, vol. ii. pp. 373 et seq.

[4] See Spence, Civilisation of Ancient Mexico, chap. ii.

[5] See Civilisation of Ancient Mexico, chap. ii.

[6] Payne, Hist. New World, vol. ii. p. 430.

[7] Unknown Mexico, vol. i., 1902; also see Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 309.

[8] Bulletin 28 of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology.

[9] See the author's article on "American Creation-Myths" in the Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, vol. iv.

[10] The suffix tzin after a Mexican name denotes either "lord" or "lady," according to the sex of the person alluded to.

[11] These words are obviously onomatopoetic, and are evidently intended to imitate the sound made by a millstone.

[12] See my remarks on this subject in The Popol Vuh, pp. 41, 52 (London, 1908).

[13] Queen Móo and the Egyptian Sphinx (London, 1896).

[14] Sacred things.

[15] Skinner's State of Peru, p. 313 (1805).

[16] This is the name by which he is generally alluded to in Peruvian history.

[17] Skinner, State of Peru, p. 275.

[18] Skinner, State of Peru, pp. 271 et seq.

[19] See Spence, article "Brazil" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, vol. ii.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Myths of Mexico & Peru, by Lewis Spence