Chapter XXIX: January 1869–1881 (2)

{45a} Dr Knapp identified the editor as “William Gifford, editor of _The Quarterly Review_ from 1809 to September 1824.” (Life of George Borrow, i. 93.) The late Sir Leslie Stephen, however, cast very serious doubt upon this identification, himself concluding that the editor of _The Universal Review_ was John Carey (1756–1826), whose name was actually associated with an edition of Quintilian published in 1822. Carey was a known contributor to two of Sir Richard Phillips’ magazines.

{45b} _The Monthly Magazine_, July 1824.

{46a} It appeared in six volumes.

{46b} The work when completed contained accounts of over 400 trials.

{46c} It appeared on 19th March following.

{46d} _Lavengro_, page 210.

{47} The picture was duly painted in the Heroic manner, the artist lending to the ex-mayor, for some reason or other, his own unheroically short legs. Haydon received his fee of a hundred guineas, and the picture now hangs in St Andrew’s Hall, Norwich.

{48a} Letter from Roger Kerrison to John Borrow, 28th May 1824.

{48b} _Memoirs_, _C. G. Leland_ 1893.

{49a} Borrow himself gave the sum as “eighteen-pence a page.” The books themselves apparently did not become the property of the reviewer.—_The Romany Rye_, page 324.

{49b} Borrow says that he demanded lives of people who had never lived, and cancelled others that Borrow had prepared with great care, because be considered them as “drugs.”—_Lavengro_, pages 245–6.

{50a} “‘Sir,’ said he, ‘you know nothing of German; I have shown your translation of the first chapter of my Philosophy to several Germans: it is utterly unintelligible to them.’ ‘Did they see the Philosophy?’ I replied. ‘They did, sir, but they did not profess to understand English.’ ‘No more do I,’ I replied, ‘if the Philosophy be English.’”—_Lavengro_, page 254.

{50b} A German edition of the work appeared in Stuttgart in 1826.

{52a} This sentence is quoted in _The Gypsies of Spain_ as a heading to the section “On Robber Language,” page 335.

{52b} _Lavengro_, pages 216–7.

{52c} _Lavengro_, page 271.

{53a} _Faustus_: _His Life_, _Death and Descent into Hell_. Translated from the German. London: W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, 1825, pages xxii., 251. Coloured Plate.

{53b} A letter from Borrow to the publishers, which Dr Knapp quotes, and dates 15th September 1825, but without giving his reasons, was written from Norwich, and runs:

Dear Sir,—

As your bill will become payable in a few days, I am willing to take
thirty copies of _Faustus_ instead of the money. The book has been
_burnt_ in both the libraries here, and, as it has been talked about,
I may, perhaps, be able to dispose of some in the course of a year or
so.—Yours, G. BORROW.

{55a} _Lavengro_, page 310.

{55b} _The Romany Rye_, Appendix, page 303.

{57} Probably it was only a portion of the whole amount of £50 that Borrow drew after the completion of the work. One thing is assured, that Sir Richard Phillips was too astute a man to pay the whole amount before the completion of the work.

{58} Dr Knapp’s _Life of George Borrow_, i., page 141.

{60} Dr Knapp gives the date as the 22nd; but Mr John Sampson makes the date the 24th, which seems more likely to be correct.

{61a} _The Athenæum_, 25th March 1899.

{61b} _Lavengro_, page 362.

{62a} _Lavengro_, page 362.

{62b} _Lavengro_, page 374.

{63a} _Lavengro_, pages 431–2.

{64a} _Lavengro_, page 451.

{64b} Mr Watts-Dunton in a review of Dr Knapp’s _Life of Borrow_ says that she “was really an East-Anglian road-girl of the finest type, known to the Boswells, and remembered not many years ago.”—_Athenæum_, 25th March 1899.

{66a} Mr Petulengro is made to say the “Flying Tinker.”

{66b} Dr Knapp sees in the account of Murtagh’s story of his travels Barrow’s own adventures during 1826–7, but there is no evidence in support of this theory. Another contention of Dr Knapp’s is more likely correct, viz., that the story of Finn MacCoul was that told him by Cronan the Cornish guide during the excursion to Land’s End.

{67a} It will be remembered that in _The Romany Rye_ Borrow takes his horse to the Swan Inn at Stafford, meets his postilion friend and is introduced by him to the landlord, with the result that he arranges to act as “general superintendent of the yard,” and keep the hay and corn account. In return he and his horse are to be fed and lodged. Here Borrow encounters Francis Ardry, on his way to see the dog and lion fight at Warwick, and the man in black.

{67b} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 360.

{68} Introduction to _The Romany Rye_ in The Little Library, Methuen & Co., Ltd.

{69a} _The Romany Rye_, page 162.

{69b} _The Romany Rye_, page 162.

{69c} _The Romany Rye_, page 50.

{69d} “Let but the will of a human being be turned to any particular object, and it is ten to one that sooner or later he achieves it.”—_Lavengro_, page 16.

{73} They appeared as _Romantic Ballads_, _translated from the Danish_, _and Miscellaneous Pieces_, by George Borrow. Norwich. S. Wilkin, 1826. Included in the volume were translations from the _Kiæmpe Viser_ and from Oehlenschlæger.

{74} _Correspondence and Table-Talk of B. R. Haydon_. London, 1876. The position of the letter in the _Haydon Journal_ is between November 1825 and January 1826; but it is more likely that it was written some months later. Unfortunately, Borrow’s portrait cannot be traced in any of Haydon’s pictures.

{75a} _Lavengro_, page 9.

{75b} There was a tradition that Borrow became a foreign correspondent for the _Morning Herald_, and it was in this capacity that he travelled on the Continent in 1826–7; but Dr Knapp clearly showed that such a theory was untenable.

{75c} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 11.

{75d} _The Bible in Spain_, page 219.

{75e} Letter to his mother, August 1833.

{75f} _The Bible in Spain_, page 172.

{75g} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 31.

{76a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 703.

{76b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 67.

{76c} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 19.

{76d} _Excursions Along the Shores of the Mediterranean_, by Lt.-Col. E. H. D. E. Napier. London, 1842.

{76e} _The Gypsies of Spain_, pages 10–11.

{76f} _Patteran_, or _Patrin_; a gypsy method of indicating by means of grass, leaves, or a mark in the dust to those behind the direction taken by the main body.

{76g} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 31.

{77a} If he went abroad, he certainly did so without obtaining a passport from the Foreign Office. The only passports issued to him between the years 1825–1840 were:

27th July 1833, to St Petersburg;

2nd November 1836 and 20th December 1838, to Spain,

as far as the F. O. Registers show.

{77b} Dr Knapp takes Borrow’s statement, made 29th March 1839, “I have been three times imprisoned and once on the point of being shot,” as indicating that he was imprisoned at Pamplona in 1826. The imprisonments were September 1837, Finisterre; May 1838, Madrid; and another unknown. The occasion on which he was nearly shot, which may be assumed to be connected with one of the imprisonments (otherwise he was more than “once nearly shot”), was at Finisterre, when he, with his guide, was seized as a Carlist spy “by the fishermen of the place, who determined at first on shooting us.” (Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 15th September 1837.)

{78} The incident is given in _Lavengro_ under date of 1818, when Marshland Shales was fifteen years old. It was not, however, until 1827 that he appeared at the Norwich Horse Fair and was put up for auction. “Such a horse as this we shall never see again; a pity that he is so old,” was the opinion of those who lifted their hats as a token of respect.

{79} This and subsequent letters from Borrow to Sir John Bowring not specially acknowledged have been courteously placed at the writer’s disposal by Mr Wilfred J. Bowring, Sir John Bowring’s grandson.

{81} In _The Monthly Review_, March 1830, there appeared among the literary announcements a paragraph to the same effect.

{83} From the original draft of his letter of 20th May to Dr Bowring, omitted from the letter itself.

{86a} Mr Thomas Seccombe in _Bookman_, February 1902.

{86b} It is only fair to add that Mr Seccombe wrote without having seen the correspondence quoted from above. His words have been given as representing the opinion held by most people regarding the Borrow-Bowring dispute. It has been said that Bowring sought to suck Borrow’s brains; it would appear, however, that Borrow strove rather to make every possible use that he could of Bowring.

{87a} Preface to _The Sleeping Bard_, 1860.

{87b} _Ibid._

{88a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 201.

{88b} Dr Knapp gives the date as during the early days of September, but without mentioning his authority.

{90} _The Romany Rye_, page 362.

{91a} _Lavengro_, page 403.

{91b} _Lavengro_, page 446.

{92} Vicar of Pakefield, in Norfolk, 1814–1830; Lowestoft, 1830–63. He married a sister of J. J. Gurney of Earlham Hall.

{93a} Dr Knapp was in error when he credited J. J. Gurney with the introduction. In a letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 10th Feb. 1833, Borrow wrote, “I must obtain a letter from him [Rev. F. Cunningham] to Joseph Gurney.”

{93b} T. Pell Platt, formerly the Hon. Librarian of the Society; W. Greenfield, its lately deceased Editorial Superintendent.

{94a} S. V. Lipovzoff (1773–1841) had studied Chinese and Manchu at the National College of Pekin, and had lived in China for 20 years; belonged to the Russian Foreign Office (Asiatic section); head of Board of Censors for books in Eastern languages printed in Russia: Corresponding member of Academy of Sciences for department of Oriental Literature and Antiquities. “A gentleman in the service of the Russian Department of Foreign Affairs, who has spent the greater part of an industrious life in Peking and the East.”—J. P. H[asfeldt] in the _Athenæum_, 5th March 1836.

{94b} Asmus, Simondsen & Co., Sarepta House.

{95} Borrow’s report upon Puerot’s translation, 23rd September 5th October, 1835.

{96a} _The Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society_, vol. i., July 1888 to October 1899. In the MS. autobiographical note he wrote later for Mr John Longe, Borrow stated that he walked from London to Norwich in November 1825. He may have performed the journey twice.

{96b} Letter from Borrow to the Rev. Francis Cunningham, to whom he wrote on his return home, _circa_ January, acquainting him with what had transpired in London, assuring him that “I am returned with a firm determination to exert all my energies to attain the desired end [the learning of Manchu]; and I hope, Sir, that I shall have the benefit of your prayers for my speedy success, for the language is one of those which abound with difficulties against which human skill and labour, without the special favour of God, are as blunt hatchets against the oak; and though I shall almost weary Him with my own prayers, I wish not to place much confidence in them, being at present very far from a state of grace and regeneration, having a hard and stony heart, replete with worldy passions, vain wishes, and all kinds of ungodliness; so that it would be no wonder if God to prayers addressed from my lips were to turn away His head in wrath.”

{97} Borrow always writes Mandchow, but, for the sake of uniformity his spelling is corrected throughout.

{98} Letter to Rev. Francis Cunningham, _circa_ January 1833.

{99a} Dr Knapp ascribes the translation to Dr Pazos Kanki, who undertook it at the instance of the Bishop of Puebla, but gives no authority. Dr Kanki was a native of La Paz, Peru, and translated St Luke into his native dialect Aimará. He had no more connection with Mexico than “stout Cortez” with “a peak in Darien.”

{99b} _Life of George Borrow_, by Dr Knapp, i., page 157.

{100a} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 18th March 1833.

{100b} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 18th March 1833.

{100c} Letter to Rev J. Jowett, 18th March 1833.

{101} Caroline Fox wrote in her _Memories of Old Friends_ (1882): “Andrew Brandram gave us at breakfast many personal recollections of curious people. J. J. Gurney recommended George Borrow to their Committee [!]; so he stalked up to London, and they gave him a hymn to translate into the Manchu language, and the same to one of their own people to translate also. When compared they proved to be very different. When put before their reader, he had the candour to say that Borrow’s was much the better of the two. On this they sent him to St Petersburg, got it printed [!] and then gave him business in Portugal, which he took the liberty greatly to extend, and to do such good as occurred to his mind in a highly executive manner [22nd August 1844].”

{102} Mr Lipovzoff’s unfortunate name was a great stumbling-block. Borrow spelt it many ways, varying from Lipoffsky to Lipofsoff. It has been thought advisable to adopt Mr Lipovzoff’s _own_ spelling of his name, in order to preserve some uniformity.

{104} Minutes of the Editorial Sub-Committee, 29th July 1833.

{105} Harriet Martineau’s _Autobiography_.

{106} Letter to his mother, 30th July 1833.

{107a} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 4th August 1833.

{107b} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 4th August 1833.

{108a} Borrow is always puzzling when concerned with dates. He writes to his mother telling her that he left on the 7th, and later gives the date, in a letter to Mr Jowett, as 24th July, O.S. (5th August). The 7th seems to be the correct date.

{108b} Letter to his mother.

{109} “If I had my choice of all the cities of the world to live in, I would choose Saint Petersburg.”—_Wild Wales_, page 665.

{110} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, undated: received 26th September 1833.

{111} In a letter dated 3rd/15th August, the Prince wrote to Mr Venning at Norwich, “On returning thence, your son came to introduce to me the Englishman who has come over here about the translation of the Manchu Bible, and who brought with him your letter.”—_Memorials of John Venning_, 1862.

{112a} Best known for his Grammar, written in German.

{112b} Nephew of J. C Adelung, the philologist.

{113} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, undated, but received 26th September 1833.

{114a} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 20th January/1st February 1834.

{114b} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 20th January/1st February 1834.

{114c} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 20th January/1st February 1834.

{115a} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 20th January/1st February 1834.

{115b} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 20th January/1st February 1834. Probably this means the New Testament only, as there was no intention of printing the Old Testament at that date.

{116} In a letter to his mother, dated 1st/13th Feb., Borrow writes: “The Bible Society depended upon Dr Schmidt and the Russian translator Lipovzoff to manage this business [the obtaining of the official sanction], but neither the one nor the other would give himself the least trouble about the matter, or give me the slightest advice how to proceed.”

{117} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 4th/16th February 1834.

{118a} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 20th Jan./1st Feb. 1834.

{118b} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 20th Jan./1st Feb. 1834.

{118c} Letter to the Rev. F. Cunningham, 17th/29th Nov. 1834.

{119} 1st/13th May 1834.

{121a} This spelling is adopted throughout for uniformity. Borrow writes Chiachta.

{121b} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 4th/16th February 1834.

{121c} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 4th/16th February 1834.

{121d} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 4th/16th February 1834.

{123a} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 15th/23rd April 1834.

{123b} In a letter dated 1st/13th May 1834.

{123c} A suburb of Norwich.

{126a} Mrs Borrow eventually received from Allday Kerrison £50, 11s. 1d., the amount realised from the sale of John’s effects.

{126b} This was partly on account of the Bible Society for storage purposes. In the minutes of the Sub-Committee, 18th August 1834, there is a record of an advice having been received from Borrow that he had drawn “for 400 Roubles for one year’s rent in advance for a suitable place of deposit for the Society’s paper, etc., part of which had been received.”

{126c} Letter to John P. Hasfeldt from Madrid, 29th April 1837.

{129} In the minutes of the Sub-Committee, 18th August (N.S.) 1834, there is a note of Borrow having drawn 210 roubles “to pay for certain articles required to complete the Society’s fount of Manchu type.”

{132a} “My letters to my private friends have always been written during gleams of sunshine, and traced in the characters of hope.”

{132b} “You may easily judge of the state of book-binding here by the fact that for every volume, great or small, printed in Russia, there is a duty of 30 copecks, or threepence, to be paid to the Russian Government, if the said volume be exported unbound.”

{135a} John Hasfeldt.

{135b} Letter to Mr J. Tarn, Treasurer of the Bible Society, 15th/27th December 1834.

{136} Letter to the Rev. Joseph Jowett, 3rd/15th May 1835.

{138a} Letter from Borrow to the Rev. J. Jowett, 20th Feb./4th March 1834. In his Report on Puerot’s translation, received on 23rd Sep. 1835, Borrow writes: “To translate literally, or even closely, according to the common acceptation of the term, into the Manchu language is of all impossibilities the greatest; partly from the grammatical structure of the language, and partly from the abundance of its idioms.” The lack of “some of those conjunctions generally considered as indispensable” was one of the chief difficulties.

{138b} Letter, 31st Dec. 1834.

{139a} Letter, 31st Dec. 1834.

{139b} Letter, 20th Feb./4th Mar. 1835.

{139c} Letter, 20th Feb./4th Mar. 1835.

{139d} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 3rd/15th May 1835.

{139e} _Ibid._

{140} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 3rd/15th May 1835.

{141a} Letter to Mr J. Tarn.

{141b} None of these translations ever appeared, owing to the refusal of the Russian Government to grant permission. John Hasfeldt wrote to Borrow, June 1837, apropos of the project: “You know the Russian priesthood cannot suffer foreigners to mix themselves up in the affairs of the Orthodox Church. The same would have happened to the New Testament itself. You may certainly print in the Manchu-Tartar or what the d-l you choose, only not in Russian, for that the long-bearded he-goats do not like.”

{142a} Letter to Rev. F. Cunningham, 27th/29th Nov. 1834.

{142b} The principal interest in Targum lies in the number of languages and dialects from which the poems are translated; for it must be confessed that Borrow’s verse translations have no very great claim to attention on account of their literary merit. The “Thirty Languages” were, in reality, thirty-five, viz.:—

Ancient British. Gaelic. Portuguese. “ Danish. German. Provençal “ Irish. Greek. Romany. “ Norse. Hebrew. Russian. Anglo-Saxon. Irish. Spanish. Arabic. Italian. Suabian. Cambrian British. Latin. Swedish. Chinese. Malo-Russian. Tartar. Danish. Manchu. Tibetan. Dutch. Modern Greek. Turkish. Finnish. Persian. Welsh. French. Polish.

{143a} A copy was presented by John Hasfeldt to Pushkin, who expressed in a note to Borrow his gratification at receiving the book, and his regret at not having met the translator.

{143b} These two volumes were printed in one and published at a later date by Messrs Jarrold & Son, London & Norwich.

{143c} 5th March 1836.

{143d} From a letter to Borrow from Dr Gordon Hake.

{143e} Borrow’s Report to the Committee of the Bible Society, received 23rd September 1835.

{144a} Borrow’s Report to the Committee of the Bible Society, received 23rd September 1835.

{144b} _Ibid._

{145a} _Kak my tut kamasa_.

{145b} Borrow’s Report to the Committee of the Bible Society, received 23rd September 1835. He gives an account of the episode in _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 6.

{146a} The Thirty-First Annual Report.

{146b} _Athenæum_, 5th March 1836.

{147} Borrow’s Report to the Committee of the Bible Society, received 23rd September 1835.

{148} 18th/30th June 1834.

{149} 27th October 1835.

{150a} His salary was paid continuously, and included the period of rest between the Russian and Peninsula expeditions.

{150b} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 26th October 1835.

{150c} In a letter dated 27th October 1835.

{151} Minutes of the General Committee of the Bible Society, 2nd Nov. 1835.

{153} In his first letter from Spain, addressed to Rev. J. Jowett (30th Nov. 1835), Borrow tells of this incident in practically the same words as it appears in _The Bible in Spain_, pages 1–3.

{154a} _The Bible in Spain_, pages 73–4.

{154b} Letter to the Rev. J. Jowett, 30th Nov. 1835.

{155a} Dr Knapp states that upon this expedition he was accompanied by Captain John Rowland Heyland of the 35th Regiment of Foot, whose acquaintance he had made on the voyage out.—_Life of George Borrow_, i., page 234.

{155b} Letter to Rev. J. Jowett, 30th Nov. 1835.

{155c} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 15th Dec. 1835.

{159a} Letter to Dr Bowring, 26th December 1835.

{159b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 67.

{159c} Dated 8th and 10th January 1836, giving an account of his journey to Evora.

{160a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 78.

{160b} _The Bible in Spain_, pages 77–8.

{161a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 87.

{161b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 88.

{162a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 99.

{162b} _Lavengro_, page 191.

{162c} _The Bible in Spain_, pages 97–8.

{162d} Not 5th Jan., as given in _The Bible in Spain_.

{162e} _The Bible in Spain_, page 103.

{164a} _The Bible in Spain_, Preface, page vi.

{164b} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 179.

{164c} “Throughout my life the Gypsy race has always had a peculiar interest for me. Indeed I can remember no period when the mere mention of the name Gypsy did not awaken within me feelings hard to be described. I cannot account for this—I merely state it as a fact.”—_The Gypsies of Spain_, page 1.

{165a} _The Gypsies of Spain_, pages 184–5.

{165b} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 186.

{166a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 109.

{166b} Dr Knapp states that the wedding described in _The Gypsies of Spain_ took place during these three days.—_Life of George Borrow_, by Dr Knapp, i., page 242.

{167a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 162.

{167b} “I am not partial to Madrid, its climate, or anything it can offer, if I except its unequalled gallery of pictures.”—Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 22nd March 1836.

{167c} 24th February 1836.

{167d} Letter to his mother, 24th February 1836.

{168a} Letter to his mother, 24th February 1836

{168b} _Ibid._

{168c} _Ibid._

{168d} _Ibid._

{169} _The Bible in Spain_, page 173.

{170a} Born 1790, commissariat contractor in 1808 during the French invasion, he was of great assistance to his country. In 1823 he fled from the despotism of Ferdinand VII.; he returned twelve years later as Minister of Finance under Toreno. He resigned in 1837, was again in power in 1841, and died in 1853.

{170b} George William Villiers, afterwards 4th Earl of Clarendon, born 12th Jan. 1800; created G.C.B., 19th Oct. 1837; succeeded his uncle as Earl of Clarendon, 1838; K.G., 1849. He twice refused a Marquisate, also the Governor-generalship of India. He refused the Order of the Black Eagle (Prussia) and the Legion of Honour. Lord Privy Seal, 1839–41; Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1840–1, 1864–5; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1847–52. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1853–8, 1865–6, 1868–9. Died 27th June 1870.

{171} _The Bible in Spain_, page 165.

{173a} Extracts accompanying letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 22nd March 1836.

{173b} _Ibid._

{173c} _Ibid._

{174} Letter of 22nd March 1837.

{175a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 22nd May 1836.

{175b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 22nd May 1836.

{175c} Letter dated 6th April 1836.

{175d} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 20th April 1836.

{175e} _Ibid._

{176a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 20th April 1836.

{176b} _Ibid._ Borrow’s destitution was entirely accidental, and immediately that his letter was received at Earl Street the sum of twenty-five pounds was forwarded to him.

{177} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 20th April 1836.

{178a} Letter of 9th May 1836.

{178b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 30th June 1836.

{178c} _Ibid._

{178d} _Ibid._

{179a} The Duke’s secretary who had shown so profound a respect for the decrees of the Council of Trent.

{179b} Late of the Royal Navy, who for sheer love of the work distributed the Scriptures in Spain, and who later was to come into grave conflict with Borrow.

{180} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 30th June 1836.

{181a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 7th July 1836.

{181b} _Ibid._

{181c} _Ibid._

{181d} _Ibid._

{182a} Dr Usoz was a Spaniard of noble birth, a pupil of Mezzofanti, and one of the editors of _El Español_. He occupied the chair of Hebrew at Valladolid. He was deeply interested in the work of the Bible Society, and was fully convinced that in nothing but the reading of the Bible could the liberty in Spain be found.

{182b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 25th December 1837.

{182c} La Granja was a royal palace some miles out of Madrid, to which the Queen Regent had withdrawn. On the night of 12th August, two sergeants had forced their way into the Queen Regent’s presence, and successfully demanded that she should restore the Constitution of 1812. This incident was called the Revolution of La Granja.

{183a} _The Bible in Spain_, pages 197–206.

{183b} 30th July 1836.

{183c} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 10th August 1836.

{184} 17th October 1836.

{185a} _The Bible in Spain_, pages 209–11.

{185b} _Ibid._, page 211.

{186} The Rev. Wentworth Webster in _The Journal of Gypsy Lore Society_, vol. i., July 1888–Oct. 1889.

{187} Letter from Rev. A. Brandram, 6th Jan. 1837.

{188} Isidor Just Severin, Baron Taylor (1789–1879), was a naturalised Frenchman and a great traveller. In 1821 he, with Charles Nodier, wrote the play _Bertram_, which was produced with great success at Paris in 1821. Later he was made Commissaire du Théâtre Français, and authorised the production of _Hernani_ and _Le Mariage de Figaro_. Later he became Inspecteur-Général des Beaux Arts (1838). When seen by Borrow in Seville he was collecting Spanish pictures for Louis-Philippe.

{189} _The Bible in Spain_, page 221.

{190a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 237.

{190b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 26th Dec. 1836.

{191a} In letter to the Rev. A. Brandram (26th Dec. 1836), Borrow gives the quantity of brandy as two bottles. This letter was written within a few hours of the act and is more likely to be accurate.

{191b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 254.

{191c} Borrow’s letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 14th Jan. 1837.

{191d} He was authorised to purchase 600 reams at 60 _reals_ per ream, whereas he paid only 45 _reals_ a ream for a paper “better,” he wrote, “than I could have purchased at 70.”

{192a} Author of _La Historia de las Córtes de España durante el Siglo XIX_. (1885) and other works of a political character. He was also proprietor and editor of _El Español_. Isturitz had intended raising Borrégo to the position of minister of finance when his government suddenly terminated.

{192b} General report prepared by Borrow in the Autumn of 1838 for the General Committee of the Bible Society detailing his labours in Spain. This was subsequently withdrawn, probably on account of its somewhat aggressive tone. In the course of this work the document will be referred to as _General Report_, _Withdrawn_.

{192c} To Rev. A. Brandram, 14th Jan. 1837.

{193} To Rev. A. Brandram, 14th Jan. 1837.

{194a} 27th January 1837.

{194b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 27th Feb. 1837.

{195a} Letter from Rev. A. Brandram to Borrow, 22nd March 1837.

{195b} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 25th Dec. 1837.

{195c} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 27th February 1837.

{195d} Rev. Wentworth Webster in _The Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society_, vol. i., July 1888–October 1889.

{196a} _General Report_ withdrawn.

{196b} _General Report_, withdrawn.

{196c} Borrow to Richard Ford. _Letters of Richard Ford_ 1797–1858. Ed. R. E. Prothero. Murray, 1905.

{197a} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 7th June 1837.

{197b} _Ibid._

{197c} _Ibid._

{198} Letter from Borrow to the Rev. A. Brandram, 27th February 1837.

{199} As the method adopted was practically the same in every town he visited, no further reference need be made to the fact, and in the brief survey of the journeys that Borrow himself has described so graphically, only incidents that tend to throw light upon his character or disposition, and such as he has not recorded himself, will be dealt with.

{200a} Via Pitiegua, Pedroso, Medina del Campo, Dueñas Palencia.

“I suffered dreadfully during this journey,” Borrow wrote, “as did likewise my man and horses, for the heat was the fiercest which I have ever known, and resembled the breath of the simoon or the air from an oven’s mouth.”—Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 5th July 1837.

{200b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 5th July 1837.

{201} _The Bible in Spain_, pages 352–4.

{202} _The Bible in Spain_, page 364.

{203a} This is the story particularly referred to by Richard Ford in report upon the MS. of _The Bible in Spain_.

{203b} In the Report to the General Committee of the Bible Society on Past and Future Operations in Spain, November 1838.

{204a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 409.

{204b} In _The Bible in Spain_ Borrow says he was arrested on suspicion of being the Pretender himself; but in a letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 15th September 1837, he says that he and his guide were seized as Carlist spies, and makes no mention of Don Carlos.

{205a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 15th September 1837.

{205b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 29th September 1837.

{205c} By way of Ferrol, Novales, Santa María, Coisa d’Ouro, Viviero, Foz, Rivadéo, Castro Pól, Naváia, Luarca, the Caneiro, Las Bellotas, Soto Luiño, Muros, Avilés and Gijon.

{205d} To the Rev. A. Brandram, 29th Sept. 1837. The story also appears in _The Bible in Spain_, pages 479–480.

{206} Borrow’s original idea in printing only the New Testament was that in Spain and Portugal he deemed it better not to publish the whole Bible, at least not “until the inhabitants become christianised,” because the Old Testament “is so infinitely entertaining to the carnal man,” and he feared that in consequence the New Testament would be little read. Later he saw his mistake, and was constantly asking for Bibles, for which there was a big demand.

{207} To Rev. A. Brandram, 29th September 1837.

{208} George Dawson Flinter, an Irishman in the service of Queen Isabella II., who fought for his adopted Queen with courage and distinction, and eventually committed suicide as a protest against the monstrously unjust conspiracy to bring about his ruin, September 1838.

{209a} By way of Ontanéda, Oña, Búrgos, Vallodolid, Guadarrama.

{209b} _General Report_, withdrawn.

{209c} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 1st November 1837.

{210} _The Bible in Spain_, page 507.

{211} He was created G.C.B. 19th Oct. 1837.

{212a} Letter from Borrow to the Rev. A. Brandram, 20th Nov. 1837.

{212b} To the Rev. A. Brandram, 20th Nov. 1837.

{213a} _History of the British and Foreign Bible Society_, W. Canton.

{213b} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 30th March 1838.

{214a} Mr Brandram wrote to Graydon (12th April 1838): “Mr Rule being at Madrid and having conferred with Mr Borrow and Sir George Villiers, it appears to have struck them all three that a visit on your part to Cadiz and Seville could not at present be advantageous to our cause.”

{214b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 20th November 1837.

{214c} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 28th November 1837. The comment on the badness of the London edition had reference to the translation, which Borrow had condemned with great vigour; he subsequently admitted that he had been too sweeping in his disapproval.

{215a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 28th November 1837.

{215b} Sir George Villiers to Viscount Palmerston, 5th May 1838.

{215c} _Ibid._

{216a} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 241.

{216b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 25th Dec. 1837.

{216c} These Bibles fetched, the large edition (Borrow wrote “I would give my right hand for a thousand of them”) 17s. each, and the smaller 7s. each, whereas the New Testaments fetched about half-a crown.

{216d} Letter dated 16th Jan. 1838.

{217a} In _The Bible in Spain_ he says “the greater part,” in _The Gypsies of Spain_ he says “the whole.”

{217b} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 275.

{218a} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 280.

{218b} _Ibid._

{218c} _Ibid._, page 282.

{219a} On 25th December 1837.

{219b} It is strange that Borrow should insist that he had Sir George Villiers’ approval; for Sir George himself has clearly stated that he strongly opposed the opening of the _Despacho_.

{220} 15th January 1838.

{221a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 30th March 1838.

{221b} In _The Gypsies of Spain_ Borrow gives the number as 500 (page 281); but the Resolution, confirmed 20th March 1837, authorised the printing of 250 copies only. In all probability the figures given by Borrow are correct, as in a letter to Mr Brandram, dated 18th July 1839, he gives his unsold stock of books at Madrid as:—

Of Testaments 962 Of Gospels in the Gypsy Tongue 286 Of ditto in Basque 394

{222a} Original Report, withdrawn.

{222b} _The Gypsies of Spain_, pages 280–1.

{224a} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 17th March 1838.

{224b} _The History of the British and Foreign Bible Society_, by W. Canton.

{225} Mr Canton writes in _The History of the British and Foreign Bible Society_: “His [Graydon’s] opportunity was indeed unprecedented; and had he but more accurately appreciated the unstable political conditions of the country, the susceptibilities, suspicious and precarious tenure of ministers and placemen, the temper of the priesthood, their sensitive attachment to certain tenets of their faith, and their enormous influence over the civil power, there is reason to believe that he might have brought his mission to a happier and more permanent issue.”

{226} [11th] May 1838.

{227a} Letter from George Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram [11th] May 1838.

{227b} 23rd April 1838.

{227c} The Marin episode is amazing. The object of distributing the Scriptures was to enlighten men’s minds and bring about conversion, and a priest was a distinct capture, more valuable by far than a peasant, and likely to influence others; yet when they had got him no one appears to have known exactly what to do, and all were anxious to get rid of him again.

{228a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 536.

{228b} _Ibid._

{229a} Original Report, withdrawn.

{229b} Original Report, withdrawn.

{231} Sometimes this personage is referred to in official papers as the “Political Chief,” a too literal translation of _Gefé Politico_. In all cases it has been altered to Civil Governor to preserve uniformity. Many of the official translations of Foreign Office papers can only be described as grotesque.

{232a} This is the official translation among the Foreign Office papers at the Record Office.

{232b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 539.

{233} There is an error in the dating of this letter. It should be 1st May.

{234a} In a letter to Count Ofalia, Sir George Villiers states that “George Borrow, fearing violence, prudently abstained from going to his ordinary place of abode.”

{234b} Borrow pays a magnificent and well-deserved tribute to this queen among landladies. (_The Bible in Spain_, pages 256–7.) She was always his friend and frequently his counsellor, thinking nothing of the risk she ran in standing by him during periods of danger. She refused all inducements to betray him to his enemies, and, thoroughly deserved the eulogy that Borrow pronounced upon her.

{234c} It was subsequently stated that the arrest was ordered because Borrow had refused to recognise the Civil Governor’s authority and made use “of offensive expressions” towards his person. The Civil Governor had no authority over British subjects, and Borrow was right in his refusal to acknowledge his jurisdiction.

{235} _The Bible in Spain_, page 547.

{238a} Dispatch from Sir George Villiers to Viscount Palmerston, 5th May.

{238b} _Ibid._

{239a} Despatch from Sir George Villiers to Viscount Palmerston, 12th May 1838.

{239b} _Ibid._

{240a} Despatch from Sir George Villiers to Viscount Palmerston.

{240b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 17th May 1838.

{241a} Despatch from Sir George Villiers to Viscount Palmerston, 5th May 1838.

{241b} In a letter to the Rev. A. Brandram, 17th May 1838.

{242a} The Official Translation among the Foreign Office Papers at the Record Office.

{242b} Mr William Mark’s (the British Consul at Malaga) Official account of the occurrence, 16th May 1838.

{243a} Mr William Mark’s (the British Consul at Malaga) Official account of the occurrence, 16th May 1838.

{243b} _Ibid._

{243c} Despatch to Viscount Palmerston, 12th May 1838.

{243d} _Ibid._

{244a} Despatch to Viscount Palmerston, 12th May 1838.

{244b} _Ibid._

{244c} Sir George Villiers’ Despatch to Viscount Palmerston, 12th May 1838.

{246a} The Official Translation among the Foreign Office Papers at the Record Office.

{246b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 578.

{247a} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 241.

{247b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 579.

{249} _History of the British and Foreign Bible Society_. By W. Canton.

{252} On [11th] May 1838.

{253} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 17th May 1838.

{254a} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 25th May 1838.

{255a} The Official Translation among the Foreign Office Papers at the Record Office.

{255b} Sir George Villiers to Count Ofalia, 25th May 1838.

{255c} Letter to Mr A. Brandram, 25th May 1838.

{256a} At the time of writing Borrow had not seen any of these tracts himself; but Sir George Villiers, who had, expressed the opinion that “one or two of them were outrages not only to common sense but to decency.”—Borrow to the Rev. A. Brandram, 25th June 1838.

{256b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 14th June 1838.

{257a} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 14th June 1838.

{257b} _Ibid._

{259} The quotations from Lieut. Graydon’s tracts were not sent by Borrow to Mr Brandram until some weeks later. They ran:—A True History of the Dolorous Virgin to whom the Rebellious and Fanatical Don Carlos Has Committed His Cause and the Ignorance which It Displays.

EXTRACTS.

_Page_ 17. You will readily see in all those grandiose epithets showered upon Mary, the work of the enemy of God, which tending essentially towards idolatry has managed, under the cloak of Christianity, to introduce idolatry, and endeavours to divert to a creature, and even to the image of that creature, the adoration which is due to God alone. Without doubt it is with this very object that on all sides we see erected statues of Mary, adorned with a crown, and bearing in her arms a child of tender years, as though to accustom the populace intimately to the idea of Mary’s superiority over Jesus.

_Page_ 30. This, then, is our conclusion. In recognising and sanctioning this cult, the Church of Rome constitutes itself an idolatrous Church, and every member of it who is incapable of detecting the truth behind the monstrous accumulation of impieties with which they veil it, is proclaimed by the Church as condemned to perdition. The guiding light of this Church, which they are not ashamed to smother or to procure the smothering of, by which nevertheless they hold their authority, to be plain, the word of God, should at least teach them, if they set any value on the Spirit of Christ, that their Papal Bulls would be better directed to the cleansing of the Roman Church from all its iniquities than to the promulgation of such unjust prohibitions. Yet in struggling against better things, this Church is protecting and hallowing in all directions an innumerable collection of superstitions and false cults, and it is clear that by this means it is abased and labelled as one of the principal agents of Anti-Christ.

{262} _The History of the British and Foreign Bible Society_, by W. Canton.

{265a} This letter reached Borrow when his “foot was in the stirrup,” as he phrased it, ready to set out for the Sagra of Toledo. He felt that it could only have originated with “the enemy of mankind for the purpose of perplexing my already harrassed and agitated mind”; but he continues, “merely exclaiming ‘Satan, I defy thee,’ I hurried to the Sagra. . . . But it is hard to wrestle with the great enemy.” _General Report_, withdrawn.

{265b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 14th July 1838.

{265c} Mr Brandram informed Borrow that the General Committee wished him to visit England if he could do so without injury to the cause (29th June).

{266} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 14th July 1838.

{269a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 602.

{269b} _Ibid._, page 606.

{269c} _Ibid._, page 606.

{270a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 27th July 1838.

{270b} This would have been impossible. If his age were seventy-four, he would of necessity have been four years old in 1838.

{271a} By Mr A. G. Jayne in “Footprints of George Borrow,” in _The Bible in the World_, July 1908.

{271b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 17th July 1838.

{273a} This letter, in which there was a hint of desperation, disturbed the officials at Earl Street a great deal. Mr Brandram wrote (28th July) that he was convinced that the Committee would “still feel that if you are to continue to act with them _they must see you_, and I will only add that it is _utterly foreign to their wishes_ that you should _expose yourself in the daring manner you are now doing_. I lose not a post in conveying this impression to you.”

{273b} The Translation of this communication runs:—“Madrid, 7th July 1838—I have the honour to inform your Excellency that according to official advices received in the first Secretary of State’s Office, it appears that in Malaga, Murcia, Valladolid, and Santiago, copies of the New Testament of Padre Scio, without notes, have been exposed for sale, which have been deposited with the political chiefs of the said provinces, or in the hands of such persons as the chiefs have entrusted with them in Deposit; it being necessary further to observe that the parties giving them up have uniformly stated that they belonged to Mr Borrow, and that they were commissioned by him to sell and dispose of them.

“Under these circumstances, Her Majesty’s Government have deemed it expedient that I should address your Excellency, in order that the above may be intimated to the beforementioned Mr Borrow, so that he may take care that the copies in question, as well as those which have been seized in this City, and which are packed up in cases or parcels marked and sealed, may be sent out of the Kingdom of Spain, agreeably to the Royal order with which your Excellency is already acquainted, and through the medium of the respective authorities who will be able to vouch for their Exportation. To this Mr Borrow will submit in the required form, and with the understanding that he formally binds himself thereto, they will remain in the meantime in the respective depots.”

{275} _General Report_, withdrawn.

{277a} Borrow’s letter to the Rev. A. Brandram, 1st Sept. 1838.

{277b} To Lord William Hervey, Chargé d’Affaires at Madrid (23rd Aug. 1838).

{278} To Rev. G. Browne, one of the Secretaries of the Bible Society, 29th Aug. 1838.

{279a} To Rev. A. Brandram, 19th September 1838.

{279b} _The Bible in Spain_, page 621.

{279c} Letter to Dr Usoz, 22nd Feb. 1839.

{279d} _Ibid._

{279e} _Ibid._

{280} The Report has here been largely drawn upon and has been referred to as “Original Report, withdrawn.”

{282} _History of the British and Foreign Bible Society_.

{284} On the publication of _The Bible in Spain_ the Prophetess became famous. Thirty-six years later Dr Knapp found her still soliciting alms, and she acknowledged that she owed her celebrity to the _Inglés rubio_, the blonde Englishman.

{285a} _The Bible in Spain_, page 627.

{285b} To Rev. A. Brandram, 25th Jan. 1839.

{286} On 6th Feb. 1839.

{288a} Letter to Mr W. Hitchin of the Bible Society, 9th March 1839.

{288b} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 26th March 1839.

{290} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 10th April 1839.

{293} Letter to the Rev. A. Brandram, 2nd May 1839.

{294a} _Excursions Along the Shores of the Mediterranean_, by Lt.-Col. E. Napier, 46th Regt. Colburn, 1842, 2 vols.

{294b} _Ibid._

{295} _Excursions Along the Shores of the Mediterranean_, by Lt.-Col. E. Napier, 46th Regt. Colburn, 1842, 2 vols.

{297} A reference to Charles Robert Maturin’s _Melmoth the Wanderer_, 4 vols., 1820. This book was republished in 3 vols. in 1892, an almost unparalleled instance of the reissue of a practically forgotten book in a form closely resembling that of the original. Melmoth the Wanderer was referred to in the most enthusiastic terms by Balzac, Thackeray and Baudelaire among others.

{298} _The Bible in Spain_, page 663.

{299} Maria Diaz had written on 24th May: “Calzado has been here to see if I would sell him the lamps that belong to the shop [the _Despacho_]. He is willing to give four dollars for them, and he says they cost five, so if you want me to sell them to him, you must let me know. It seems he is going to set up a beer-shop.” It is not on record whether or no the lamps from the Bible Society’s _Despacho_ eventually illuminated a beer-shop.

{300} Letter from Borrow to the Rev. A. Brandram, 28th June 1839.

{301} 28th June.

{302} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 18th July 1839.

{307a} Letter from Borrow to Rev. A. Brandram, 29th Sept. 1839.

{307b} _Ibid._

{307c} Mr John M. Brackenbury, in writing to Mr Brandram, made it quite clear that he had no doubt that the “inhibition was assuredly accelerated, if not absolutely occasioned, by the indiscretion of some of those who entered Spain for the avowed object of circulating the Scriptures, and of others who, not being Agents of the British and Foreign Bible Society, were nevertheless considered to be connected with it, as they distributed your editions of the Old and New Testaments. Our objects were defeated and your interests injured, therefore, when the Spanish Government required the departure from this country of those who, by other acts and deeds wholly distinct from the distribution of Bibles and Testaments, had been infracting the Laws, Civil and Ecclesiastical.”

{307d} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 29th Sept. 1839.

{308a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 29th Sept. 1839.

{308b} _Ibid._

{309} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 25th Nov. 1839.

{310} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 25th Nov. 1839.

{313} From the Public Record Office.

{315} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 25th Nov. 1839.

{316} Rev. Wentworth Webster in _The Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society_.

{317} The phrasing of the official translation has everywhere been followed.

{319} The Official Translation among the Foreign Office Papers at the Record Office.

{320} 28th Dec. 1839.

{321} Henrietta played “remarkably well on the guitar—not the trumpery German thing so-called—but the real Spanish guitar.”—_Wild Wales_, page 6.

{322} _Wild Wales_, page 6.

{323a} Letter to Rev. A. Brandram, 18th March 1840.

{323b} _Ibid._

{328a} _The Romany Rye_, page 312.

{328b} _Ibid._, page 313.

{328c} _Wild Wales_, page 289.

{329a} _Lavengro_, page 261.

{329b} _The Romany Rye_, page 22.

{329c} _The Journals of Caroline Fox_.

{330a} _The Letters of Richard Ford_ 1797–1858.—Edited, R. E. Prothero, M.V.O., 1905.

{330b} _Ibid._

{331a} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page xiv.

{331b} E[lizabeth] H[arvey] in _The Eastern Daily Press_, 1st Oct. 1892.

{331c} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 238.

{332a} E[lizabeth] H[arvey] in _The Eastern Daily Press_, 1st Oct. 1892.

{332b} _Ibid._

{332c} _Ibid._

{332d} _Ibid._

{333a} E[lizabeth] H[arvey] in _The Eastern Daily Press_, 1st Oct. 1892.

{333b} _Ibid._

{333c} _The Bible in Spain_, page 41.

{334a} E[lizabeth] H[arvey] in _The Eastern Daily Press_, 1st Oct. 1892.

{334b} In _The Eastern Daily Press_, 1st Oct. 1892. She also tells how “at the Exhibition in 1851, whither we went with his step-daughter, he spoke to the different foreigners in their own languages, until his daughter saw some of them whispering together and looking as if they thought he was ‘uncanny,’ and she became alarmed, and drew him away.”

{334c} _Ibid._

{334d} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page vii.

{335a} _A Publisher and His Friends_. Samuel Smiles.

{335b} Richard Ford, 1796–1858. Critic and author. Spent several years in touring about Spain on horseback. Published in 1845, _Hand-Book for Travellers in Spain_. Contributed to the _Edinburgh_, _Quarterly_, and _Westminster_ Reviews from 1837.

{335c} _The Letters of Richard Ford_, 1797–1858. Ed. R. E. Prothero, M.V.O., 1905.

{336a} Dr. Knapp points out that the title is inaccurate, there being no such word as “Zincali.” It should be “Zincalé.”

{336b} _The Letters of Richard Ford_, 1797–1858. Ed. R. E. Prothero, M.V.O., 1905.

{337a} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 1. As the current edition of _The Zincali_ has been retitled _The Gypsies of Spain_, reference is made to it throughout this work under that title and to the latest edition.

{337b} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 32.

{338a} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 81.

{338b} _Ibid._, page 186.

{338c} _Ibid._, page 283.

{339} _The Gypsies of Spain_, page 274.

{340a} Introduction to _Lavengro_. The Little Library, Methuen, 2 vols., 1, xxiii.-xxiv. C. G. Leland expressed himself to the same effect.

{340b} _Academy_, 13th July 1874.

{340c} _Wild Wales_, page 186.

{340d} _The Bible in Spain_, page 64.

{341} _Lavengro_, page 81.

{343} Ford to John Murray. _The Letters of Richard Ford_, 1797–1858. Ed. R. E. Prothero, M.V.O., 1905.

{344} Ford to John Murray. _The Letters of Richard Ford_, 1797–1858. Ed. R. E. Prothero, M.V.O., 1905.

{347} Dr Knapp’s _Life of George Borrow_.

{349} _The Letters of Richard Ford_, 1797–1858. Edited, R. E. Prothero, M.V.O., 1905.

{352} _Times_, 12th April 1843, Hansard’s summary reads: “It might have been said, to Mr Borrow with respect to Spain, that it would be impossible to distribute the Bible in that country in consequence of the danger of offending the prejudices which prevail there; yet he, a private individual, by showing some zeal in what he believed to be right, succeeded in triumphing over many obstacles.”

{353} This is obviously the letter that Borrow paraphrases at the end of