The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453

Chapter II: Part 2

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76 _M^o. meandrus_: Maeandrus Mons in Farther India, Ptol. (VII, 2:8 (FA26));=?Mahudaung mountains in Upper Burma (Gerini, 51, 832). No corresponding mountain shown on either CA or CE.

Rivers

The river system is more elaborate than, although somewhat analogous in its general pattern to, that of CA and CE. The Indus and its branches seem to be lacking on the Catalan maps. I am unable to trace the origin of several of the river names.

77 _f. priolada_:=?

78 _f. tindarus_:=?

79 _f. masa|rus_:=?

80 _f. sumas_:=?

81 _f. bindas_: Bindas Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium (Ptol., VII, 1, 6 (FA25)); possibly the name is related to that of Bhiwandi near Bassein, N of Bombay (Tomaschek, in PW, iii, 268-269).

82 _f. madus_: Namadus Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium, Ptol. (VII, 1:5 (FA25)).

83 _f. amarus_: Amarus is given as another name for the Indus on Vat. (Pullé, Vat., 16-17); no Amarus Fl. in Ptol.

84 _f. Indicus_: The course of the Indus as Leardo draws it is derived from Ptol. (VII, 1:2 (FA25)).

Edifices

85 _predon | corcon_(?): =?

86 _terisin|ti_(?): =?

87 _zatin_(?): ?Zayton, CA; Zaytom, CE; Zayton, Polo (ii, 234-237), an important medieval Chinese seaport;=? See Yule, Polo, ii, 237-242; Cordier, CA, 48-49.

88 _cansai_(?): Ciutat de Cansay, CA; Kinsay, Polo (ii, 185-193, 200-208, 215-216);=Hangchow (Yule, Polo, ii, 193; Cordier, CA, 41-42).

89 _India._

90 _R^o de col|onbi_: Pruuinesa Columbo, CA; Coilum, Polo (ii, 375-376); see Hallb., 153-156;=Quilon (Yule, Polo, ii, 377-380).

91 _balesan_: Balaxan (Polo, Ramusio’s edit., 1583, according to Hallb., 62); Cjutat de Baldassia, CA; Baldacia, CE;=Badakshan (see Yule, Polo, i, 157-163).

92 _taseta_: ?Rey del Tauris, CA; Rey Tauris, CE;=Tabriz (Hallb., 518-522).

Place Names on Coast

93 _penta_: Penta, next place E of Bangala, CA; Pentam, an island, Polo (ii, 280); see also Hallb., 411-413;=Bintan (Yule, Polo, ii, 280);=“the Be-Tumah (Island) of the Arab Navigators, the Tamasak Island of the Malays; and, in short, the Singapore Island of our day” (G. E. Gerini, in Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc., July, 1905, p. 509; see also Cordier, Ser M. P., 105); Gerini, 740, suggests that Penta of CA “might have been the historical continuation of the Ptolemaic” Pentapolis (Ptol., VII, 2:2), which he places near the mouth of the Chittagong, at the head of the Bay of Bengal.

94 _taine_: ‘cjutat de cayna | acj finis catayo,’ CA; see Cordier, CA, 39.

95 _bangala_: Bangala, CA; Polo (ii, 98-99);=Bengal.

96 _ianpa_: Janpa, CA; Chamba, Polo (ii, 266-268); see Hallb., 173-174;=Annamite coast (Cordier, in Yule, Polo, ii, 270);=C‘ha-ban, the ancient Cham capital (Gerini, 240).

97 _ligo_: Lingo, CA; ?Locac, Polo (ii, 276) (this identification suggested by Pullé, CE, 46);=?Siam, Borneo, or Malay Peninsula (see Yule, Polo, ii, 277-280; Hallb., 486; Cordier, Ser M. P., 104-105).

98 _macabin_: ?Mahabar, Mauro; Maabar, Polo (ii. 331-332);=Coromandel Coast (Hallb., 320-323).

99 _gr_ ... (?): =?

100 _darsi_: =?

101 _caruzia_: =?

102 _butifilli_: Butifilis, CA; Mutfili, Polo (ii, 362);=Motupalli (Yule, Polo., ii, 362).

103 _caclur_(?): =?

104 _coluto_: =Quilon (see also 90).

105 _cormos_: ?Hormuz (see 158) misplaced: “The c is constantly substituted for an aspirate by the Italian travellers (e.g. Polo’s Cormos for Hormuz)” (Yule, Cath., ii, 242). See Hallb., 242-246;=Ormuz.

106 _elli_: Elly, CA; Ely, Polo (ii, 385-386);=Mt. D’Eli or Delly (Yule, Cath., iv, 74-75).

107 _maganor_: Manganor, CA;=Mangalore (Yule, Cath. iv, 73).

108 _diegei_: Diogil in interior of India, CA;=Deogiri, med. name of Daulatabad (see Yule, Cath. i, 310; iv, 21).

109 _cora_: ?Cory Promontorium, Ptol. (VII, 1:11(FA25));=Cape Calymere (E. H. Bunbury, A History of Ancient Geography (2 vols., London, 1879), ii, 474).

110 _pez.mor_(?): Pescamor, CA;=“perhaps Barçelor” (Yule, Cath., i, 309; iv, 73).

111 _zitabor_: Chintabor, CA;=St. John’s Point (Yule, Cath., i, 309; iv, 64-65).

112 _parzinar_(?): Paychinor, CA;=Barkur (Yule, Cath., i. 309; iv, 73).

Longer Inscriptions

113 _qui predico | san Tom|axo_ (here preached St. Thomas): On the traditions regarding St. Thomas in India see Yule, Polo, ii. 353-359; Wright, Lore, 74, 272, 275, 279.

114 _qui nase|le noxe | dindia_ (here grow the nuts of India): In the Ramusian version of Polo (ii, 354) occurs the following statement in connection with the shrine of St. Thomas: “The Christians who have charge of the church have a great number of Indian Nut trees, whereby they get their living.”

115 _India dixer|ta._

IV. Central Asia

_Mountain_

116 _M^o. caropanus_: Paropanisus Mons, Ptol. (VI, 11:5, etc. (FA25));=Hindu Kush (Hallb., 393). See also 123.

Rivers

117 _f. Ixartes_: Jaxartis Fl., Ptol. (VI, 12:1, etc. (FA22)); shown but not named on CE; Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 280-281. On ancient and medieval knowledge of the Aral Sea, into which the Jaxartes flows, see W. Barthold, Aral, in Encycl. of Islam, Vol. 1, Leiden and London, 1913, pp. 419-420.

118 _f. Oxius_: Oxus Fl., Ptol. (VI, 9:1, etc. (FA22)); ?Flum Amo, CA; not shown on CE; see Hallb., 24-26.

119 _f. rius_: Areios or Arius Fl., Ptol. (VI, 17:2 (FA24)); see Hallb., 25, 47; PW, ii, 623;=?Hari Rud.

Edifices

120 _organa_: ?Dupl. of 121.

121 _organ|zia_: Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 547-549; Yule, Cath., iii, 82;=Urganj, famous medieval city of Khorasmia on the lower Oxus.

122 _sagom|oa_(?):=?Samarkand (see Hallb., 445-448).

Place Names

123 _paraponixa_; Paropanisades, Ptol. (VI, 18, etc. (FA24));=northern Afghanistan (Besnier, 573). See also 116.

124 _archuxia_: Arachosia, Ptol. (VI, 20, etc. (FA24));=Afghanistan (Besnier, 69). See Hallb., 33-34.

125 _arzeglia_: =? See 129.

126 _dragiana_: Drangiana, Ptol. (VI, 19, etc. (FA24));=Seistan (Hallb., 192).

127 _margana_: Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10, etc. (FA22));=environs of modern Merv (Besnier, 464).

128 _archuxia_: Dupl. of 124.

129 _arzegia_: Dupl. of 125.

130 _mesagit_: Massagitae, Ptol. (VI, 10:2 (FA22)); a people of Scythia mentioned also by Pliny, Solinus, etc. (Hallb., 339-340).

131 _bocasan_: ?Bocar, CA;=Bukhara (Hallb., 79-80).

132 _orcania_: Probably a repetition of 120 and 121; might, however, be Hyrcania, Ptol. (VI, 9 (FA22)); see Hallb., 253-254;=part of Mazanderan (Besnier, 376).

133 _samaria_:=?Samarcand (see 122); Hallb., 448, suggests Samaria in Palestine misplaced, but adds: “pourtant la chose n’est pas probable.”

134 _zagaspia_: Zaraspa, CA; Zariaspa or Zarispa in Bactriana, Ptol. (VI, 11:7 (FA22));=Balkh (Besnier, 117). See also Kret., Walsp., 385.

135 _amol_: This name is applied to various towns and to a river in central Asia on CA and Mauro. Perhaps it represents a confusion of the name of the town of Amol in Mazanderan with that of the Amu Daria (Oxus). See Hallb., 24-26.

136 _seno_: ?Sena or Sina in Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10:3 (FA22)).

137 _lidazel_:=?

V. Persia

Lake and River

138, 139 Unnamed lake and river. On CA and CE the river rises in two lakes, the eastern and western being named on CA Mar Dargis (=Lake Van) and Mar de Marga (=Lake Urmia) respectively (Hallb., 43-44, 337-338). On Piz. the river is Flum Chexi; if Chexi is Khuzistan (see 164) the river possibly represents the Karun.

Desert

140 _Sarmania | dixerta_: Carmania Deserta, Ptol. (VI, 6(FA20));=interior of the modern Kerman. See also 153.

Edifices

(A) South Shore of Caspian Sea

141 _dise.n_(?): Deystam, CA;=?Dehistan, a district of Mazanderan (Hallb., 188).

142 _mexa|ndra_: Masandra, CA;=Mazanderan.

143 _galen_: Cap de Cilan, Cillam, Gellam, CA;=Gilan (Hallb., 217-218).

144 _aspaur_(?): Achdio, CA; Asidio, CE;=?

145 _godasp|i_: Gudaspu, Con. (59); Codaspi, Piz.;=?

146 _Turis_: Rey del Tavris in central Persia, CA;=Tabriz (Hallb., 518-522). See also 92.

(B) Interior

147 _trachse_: ?Dupl. of 67.

148 _zarma|tia_: ?Sarmatia, misplaced; see, however, 12, 600.

149 _siria_: Ciutat de Ssiras, CA; Siras, CE;=Shiraz (Hallb., 470-471).

150 _parthi|a_: Parthia, Ptol. (VI, 5 (FA20));=Khurasan (Hallb., 394-395)

151 _R^o odmi|n_(?): =?

152 _R^o de persia_: Persis, Ptol. (VI, 4 (FA20));=Persia.

153 _Sarmania abitada_: Carmania, Ptol. (VI, 8 (FA20));=Kerman. See also 140.

Place Names, North Coast of Persian Gulf

154 _semenar_: Femenat, CA; Semenat, Polo (ii, 398-399);=Somnath (Yule, Polo, ii, 400).

155 _demonela_: Damonela, CA;=Daibul (Yule, Cath., i, 309).

156 _chetimo_: Chetimo, CA;=Kij (ibid.).

157 _oncon_: Nocran, CA (omitted on Choix de doc. reproduction of CA);=Makran (ibid.).

158 _ormixon_: Hormision, CA;=“Old Hormuz on the Continent” (ibid.). See 105.

159 _traman_: Creman, CA;=Kerman. See 153.

160 _usu_: Ussn, CA; “Husn Amarat? (see Edri., 1, 379 [this reference is to P. A. Jaubert, Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’arabe en français (Recueil de voyages et de mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols. 5 and 6, Paris, 1836-1840), i, 363, 390]) Any castle is Husn” (ibid.);=Essina (Lelewel, ii, 55).

161 _cadome_(?): =?

162 _seros_: Serans, CA; Sustar, Piz.;=?Siraf (Yule, l.c.); Sustar, Mediceo;=Shushtar (ibid.);=?“rivière Schirin” (Lelewel, l.c.).

163 ... _ch_ ... (?): =?

164 _chesi_: Chesi, CA;=Khuzistan (Yule, Cath., i, 308); shown as an island on Piz.;=“Scheich”(?Sheikh Shu‘aib Island) (La R., i, 65).

VI. Mesopotamia and Syria

Rivers and Lakes

165-168 The river system is more accurately drawn than on CA and CE, inasmuch as the Euphrates and Tigris join before reaching the Persian Gulf. On CA they enter the Gulf separately; on CE the Euphrates swings around into Egypt, entering the Nile just above Babilonia (Cairo). All three maps show a connection between the Euphrates and Mediterranean through the Orontes, but only Leardo makes the Jordan communicate with the Euphrates. On CA and CD an island, Zizera (see also 9), on CD said to be the site of Nineveh, is shown in the Euphrates, but on CE and Leardo this has become a lake. On CA the three lakes along the Jordan are labeled from N to S: Aquaron (=Lake Hule), Mar de Gallilea (=Sea of Galilee), and Mar Gamora (sea of Gomorrah,=Dead Sea).

165 _f. tigris_.

166 _f. eufrates_.

167 _f. Jordano_.

168 _f ... soldi|no_: =Orontes (Kret., Port., 670).

Edifices

(A) Along the Tigris

169 _moxor_: Moror, CA; Moxor, Dalorto map (La R., i, 64);=Mosul (ibid.).

170 _apfes_: Aipsa, Vat.; Suq al-Ahvaz of the Arabic itineraries (Pullé, Vat., 13, 31, 34).

171 _Inporio | asiriorum_ (empire of the Assyrians); Assyria, Ptol. (VI, 1 (FA20)).

172 _seruxia|na_: Susiana, Ptol. (VI, 3 (FA20));=Khuzistan (Besnier, 726).

173 _babilo_ ...(?): Babylon or Babylonia. See also 323.

(B) In Syria

174 _ga_ ...| _a_(?).

175 _Jeruxalem_: On the placing of Jerusalem at the center of the earth’s surface see Wright, Lore, 259-261.

176 _c ...r_(?): =?

Place Names

(A) In Mesopotamia

177 _baldac_: Ciutat de Baldach, CA;=Baghdad.

178 _mexapo_: =?Mesopo[tamia].

179 _birzi_: =?Birejik.

180 _megan_: ?Mogan, Jordanus of Sévérac (Jourdain Catalani de Sévérac, Mirabilia descripta: Les merveilles de l’Asie, edit. by Henri Cordier, Paris, 1925, 93-94; Hallb., 356-357);=plain of Mugan near junction of Araxes and Kur.

181 _malaxim_: Malasia, CA:=Malatia.

(B) Interior of Syria

182 _alepo_: =Aleppo.

183 _antozia_(?): =?Antioch.

184 _soldin_: =Suweidiyeh, near ancient Seleucia (Kret., Port., 670).

185 _laliza_: =Latakia (ibid.).

186 _tortoxa_: =Tartus (ibid.).

187 _tripoli_: =Tripoli (ibid., 671).

188 _zibele_: =Jebeleh (ibid.).

189 _baruto_: =Beirut (ibid.).

190 _achre_: =Acre (ibid., 672).

191 _gafo_: =Jaffa (ibid.).

192 _larixa_: =El-‘Arish (ibid., 673).

VII. Arabia

Mountains

193 _M^o. sinai_.

194 _M^o. felizis arabie_: Montana Arabiae Felicis, which, according to Ptol. (V, 17: 3; V, 19: 1 (FA19)), divides Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta on the north from Arabia Felix on the south;=Ash-Shera’ mountains (see Alois Musil, The Northern Heǧâz, New York, 1926, 255; the same, Arabia Deserta, New York, 1927, 502-503).

195 _M^o. prionous_: Prionotus Mons on S coast of Arabia, Ptol. (VI, 7:10 (FA21));=?

Edifices

(A) On Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean

196 _bazar_: Bassara, CA;=Basra.

197 _golfta|ta_: Golfaca, CA; Golfathan, Con. (42);=? See Jiménez de la Espada, 205.

198 _Ieita_ (?): Jepta, CA; Egepta, Con. (42);=?

199 _cabat_: Cabat, CA; Con. (42); ?Calatu, Polo (ii, 449-451);=Qalhat in ‘Oman (Yule, Polo, ii, 451; Hallb., 97-98).

200 _letrob_(?): Ietrib, CA;=?Yathrib, the ancient name for Medina, misplaced.

201 _arabia_.

(B) Red Sea Coast

202 _senea_: Seneha, CA;=San‘a (Hallb., 468-469).

203 _fidom|at_: Adromant, CA;=?Hadhramaut.

204 _amei_: Mey, CA; =?

205 _ald.|p_(?): Adep, Adem, CA;=Aden (Hallb., 8-10).

206 _eta_|...(?): =?

207 _gaida_(?): Guja, CA;=?Jidda.

208 _naba|tes_: =Nabataeans (Besnier, 509).

209 (?) Illeg.: =?

210 _sabea_: Arabia Sebba, CA (which gives an illustration and legend relating to the Queen of Sheba);=Saba or Sheba.

211 _La mecha_: Ciutat de Mecha, with legend, CA;=Mecca.

Regional Names

212 _Arabia | dixerta_: Arabia Deserta, Ptol. (V, 19 (FA19)).

213 _Arabia | petroxa_: Arabia Petraea, Ptol. (V, 17 (FA19)).

VIII. Asia Minor

River

214 _ff. rosso_: Odoric of Pordenone, Palatine version (Yule, Cath., ii, 102, n. 4); Pegalotti, 7 (ibid., iii, 164);=“the tributary of the Araxes, the Kizil Chai which waters Khoi” (Cordier, in the same, iii, 164, n. 1).

Edifice

215 _Tr..._(?): Troia;=Troy.

Place Names

(A) Interior

216 _saustia_: Sauasto, CA;=anct. Sebastea, mod. Sivas.

217 _Tabaca|san_: =?

218 _suilia_ (?): =?

219 _sis_: Scisia, CA;=Sis.

220 _almesia_: =Amasia.

221 _laranda_: =anct. Laranda, mod. Karaman.

222 _anguri_(?): =Angora.

223 _aladachia_: =anct. Laodicea Combusta, mod. Ladik.

224 _filadelfi|a_: =anct. Philadelphia, mod. Ala Shehr.

225 _castamena_: =Kastamuni.

226 _congre_: =Changri.

227 _achrioteri_(?): =?Ak Shehr.

228 _Jachrie_(?): =?

229 _Janisari_: =Yeni Shehr.

230 _cariacasar_: =?Afiun Qarahisar.

231 _nicomidia_.

232 _bursa_: =Brusa.

233 _lizia_: =anct. Lycia.

234 _perga|mo_: =anct. Pergamum.

235 _licn|ia_(?): =?anct. Lycaonia, misplaced.

(B) Black Sea Coast

236 _Tripoli_: =Tireboli (Kret., Port., 648).

237 _cirisonda_: =Kiresün (ibid.).

238 _lauatiza_: Lauona, CA;=Vona Bay (ibid.).

239 _simiso_: =Samsun (ibid.).

240 _sinopi_: =anct. Sinope, mod. Sinob. (ibid.).

241 _do..s..l.._(?): Docastelli (ibid., 650);=Kidros (ibid.).

242 _borli_: =?Boli (which, however, is in the interior).

243 _samastro_: =Amasra (ibid.).

244 _chio_: Thio, CA;=anct. Thios Prom. (ibid.).

245 _punta rachia_: =anct. Heraclea Pontica, mod. Bender Ergli (ibid.).

246 _algiro_: =Anadoli Kawak (ibid.).

247 _lesm_|_ire_: =Smyrna (ibid., 653).

IX. Armenia, Caucasia, and Southeastern Russia

Mountain

248 Mt. Ararat is labeled _larche de noe_.

Rivers

249 A river connecting the Sea of Azof with the Caspian is shown on CA and CE, but without the branches reaching the Black Sea; on Piz. this river is named Flm’ Cicopo (the Cicopa of CA and other portolan maps being a north branch of the Kuban delta; Kret., Port., 646);=Kuban River (ibid.).

Caspian Sea

250 _Mare de Abachu_(?) (Sea of Baku): Mar de Sarra e de Bacu, CA; Mar de Sala e de Bacu, CE.

Edifices

(A) West Coast of the Caspian Sea

251 Illeg.: =?

252 _famach_|_i_: Siamachi, Vat. (Pullé, 9);=?Shemakha (ibid., 8, n. 4).

253 _baram_|_achi_: Barmachu, CA;=?

254 _abachu_: Bacu, CA;=Baku.

(B) Between the Black and Caspian Seas

255 _porte_ | _deuee_(?): ?Porte de Fer (see 72 and Hallb., 414).

256 _armin_|_ia_.

257 _armin_|_ia_: Dupl. of 256.

258 _..na_(?): =?Tana, important medieval commercial city at mouth of the Don;=mod. Azof (Kret., Port., 645; Hallb., 503-504).

259 _trab_|_exon_|_da_: =Trebizond (Kret., Port., 648).

Place Names in Southeastern Russia

260 _seuastopoli_: =anct. and med. Sebastopolis on coast of Abkhasia (Kret., Port., 647).

261 _auogaxi_: =Abkhasia (ibid., 646).

262 _mengreli_: Mingrelians or Mingrelia (ibid., 647).

263 _zichia_: =“regional name of Circassia” (ibid., 646).

264 _copa_: =Copa (ibid.).

265 _matraca_: =Matrega, Genoese trading town on Taiman Peninsula (ibid.).

X. Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea

266 _Ma....dicho_: Mare Indicho.

267 _Mare de persia._

268 _M......._: Mare rosso.

269 ... _Taprobana_: Trapobana, CA, CE; the Taprobane of the ancient geographers was Ceylon; in the Middle Ages the name was probably applied to Sumatra (Cordier, CA, 57-58; Kret., CE, 107; for suggested identifications of places shown in Trapobana on CA see Gerini, 646-647).

270 _famda_|_bo_(?): ?Regio Femarum (for Feminarum) on island of Iana, CA, which is perhaps a reflection of Polo’s story of the Male and Female Islands (ii, 404-405); see also Gerini, 647, n. 2.

271 Illeg.: =?

272 _m..._(?): ?Malao, on both Trapobana and Iana, CA; Mallao, on Jaua, CE:=?.

273 _leuia_: Leroa, on Trapobana, CA;=?

274 _y. caina_: Caynam, CA, CE;=?Andaman Islands (Buchon and Tastu, p. 137).

275 _ixole doue na_[se] _p_ | _et altre spe_[z] _ie_ (islands where pepper and other spices are produced): Legend on CA runs: “In the sea of the Indies are 7548 islands of which we cannot enumerate here the marvelous riches, not only in gold and silver but also in spices and precious stones”; from Polo (ii, 264), who also, like Leardo, mentions pepper.

276 _y^a de ceridus_: Ceredim, CE; ?Serendib, Arabic name for Ceylon.

277 _y ..corto_(?): ?Setrocha, CE;=?Socotra.

278 Nameless island, corresponds in shape and position to the Iana of CA and Jaua of CE;=Java (Cordier, CA, p. 61);=Sumatra (Gerini, p. 834).

279 Legends on this island illegible; it is, however, similar in shape to Salam or Silan of CE;=?Ceylon.

280 Illeg.: =?

281 _y .. siliraoil_(?): =?

XI. Southern Africa

Mountains

282 _M^o elefans_: Elephas Mons on the east coast of Africa, Ptol. (IV, 7:10 (FA15));=Ras el-Fil (Vivien de St. Martin, 288).

283 _Monti doue se caua m ... ro_ [molto oro, Leardo, 1448] (mountain where much gold is mined): Pliny (Nat. hist., VI, 189) mentions the abundance of gold in Ethiopia between Napata and the Red Sea.

Edifices

(A) South Shore of the Red Sea

284 _gobari_: Zobar or Gobar, Leardo, 1448;=?Zanzibar (Santarem, iii, 437).

285 _uigie_: ?Vuigie, in interior of Prester John’s realm, Mauro;=?

286 _tobo_|_let_(?): =?

287 _scuendn_(?): Stuendi, Mauro;=?Suakin.

288 _traged_|_it_(?): Tragoditi, Mauro; Troglodytica Regio, in East Africa, Ptol. (IV, 7: 27 (FA 15));=country along W coast of Red Sea between Egypt and Abyssinia (Vivien de St. Martin, 471-474).

289 _satoris_(?): Catoris, Mauro;=?

290 _basag .._ |_r_(?): =?

(B) Eastern “Horn” of Africa

291 _acoan_: Aicoum de Afra, Leardo, 1448 (Santarem, iii, 437); Hascum, Mauro;=?Axum in Abyssinia (La R., ii, 115).

292 _safola_: Sofrala, Mauro;=?Sofala.

293 _medi_|_fola_: =?—294 _prouinzie_ | _dofir_: P. Davaro, Mauro;=?Dawaro in Abyssinia (La R., ii, 113, 132).

295 _gfen_|_uj_(?): =?

296 _flmodo_(?): =?

297 _dela .._ (?): =?

298 _milua_|_s_(?): =?

299 _Inperio del_ | _presto Jani_ (Empire of Prester John): Prester John is shown in this part of Africa on CA and CE. On the origins of the legend of Prester John and on the transference of the realm of this mythical potentate from Asia to Africa in popular tradition see Kret., CE, 99-101; Wright, Lore, 283-286.

300 _ta . . ._ |_n_(?): =?

301 _grafai_: =?

302 _fe . . ._(?): =?

303 _mesa_: Con. (36) says that Prester John always resides at Malsa (Jiménez de la Espada, 222; La R., i, 61).

304 _carap_(?): =?

Longer Legends

305 _DIXERTO DEXABITADO PER CALDO_ (desert uninhabited on account of heat): Leardo, 1448, Walsperger, 1448, and Borgia, 1452, “all show a similar torrid zone, though the theory was protested against by Fra Mauro, Diogo Gomez, and doubtless by others” (A. Rainaud, Le continent austral: hypothèses et découvertes, Paris, 1893, 199); on the development and history of this theory see especially Rainaud, passim; also Wright, Lore, 18, 157-161.

306 _dixerto_.

307 _qui nase homeni | che ano Il uolto | nel petto_ (here are born men who have the face in the chest): Such monsters are described by Solinus, 31,5; Isidore, Etym., XI, 3, 17; and shown on the Hereford map (Miller, Mappaemundi, iv, 45).

XII. Middle and Lower Nile Region

Mountains

308 _M^o. dimas_: Mons dimas, Mauro;=?

309 _M^o. libuzio_: Montes Libyci, Ptol. (IV, 5: 19 (FA14));=escarpment overlooking Nile Valley on W (PW, xiii, 148).

310 _M^o. pilazi_: Mons Pollaza, Mauro; ?Pylaei Montes in Ethiopia, Ptol. (IV, 7: 26 (FA15));=?

311 _M^o. arazas_: Arangas Mons, in Lybia Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6: 12 (FA15));=?

Rivers and Lakes

312 _f. nillo_: The course of the Nile and its tributaries corresponds essentially with that of CE (Kret., CE, 89-91; see also 338).

313 _f. stapus_: Astapus Fl. in Ethiopia, Ptol. (IV, 7:24 (FA15));=Bahr al-Azraq, or Blue Nile (PW, ii, 1775-1776; Besnier, 96).

Other Natural Features

314 _Etiopia dezito_: Ethiopian desert.

315 _Libia dixerta_; Deserta Libya, Ptol. (IV, 3:27 (FA13)).

316 _dixerta arenoxa | qui nase animali quat|rupedi che ano Il uolto | domo_ (sandy desert where are born quadruped animals which have the face of a man): Possibly refers to the mantichora of Pliny (Nat. hist., VIII, 21; see Wright, Lore, 468).

317 _y^a. meroe_: Island of Meroë, Ptol. (IV, 7 (FA15)).

Edifices

(A) West Coast of Red Sea

318 _filistina_: =Palestine.

319 _aid . p_(?): Aydip, CA;=Aidhab.

320 _cidor_(?): =?

321 _climas_: Climas, Mauro;=?

(B) On the Nile and Stapus

322 _alesan|dria_: Alexandria, CA.

323 _babilonia_: Babillonja, CA; Babilonia, CE;=the medieval name of Old Cairo.

324 _sacon_: Sohan, CA; Soan, CE;=anct. Syene, mod. Aswan.

325 _bac ._(?): =?

326, 327, 328, 329 Illeg.

330, 331 Illeg.

Place Name, West Coast of Red Sea

332 _tes_ (or _tos_): ?Chos, CA; Con.;=?Qoseir

XIII. Upper Nile Region and West Africa

Mountains

333 _M^o. Bardtion_(?): Bardetus Mons in Ethiopia Interior, Ptol. (IV, 8: 6 (FA15)).

334 _M^o. Lune docho | nasitur nillo_ (Mountains of the Moon from which the Nile rises): According to a long legend on CE these mountains are called “Gibel Camar by the Saracens, which means Mountains of the Moon in our tongue”; they are so high that although they lie on the equator both poles may be seen from them. The famous Mountains of the Moon were first mentioned by Ptolemy (IV, 8: 3); see also Kret., CE. 91-92.

335 _M^o. capis_: Caphas Mons in Libya Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6: 9 (FA15)); see PW, x, 1892.

336 _M^o. deo ue | chulum_(?): ?Deorum Currus Mons in Libya Interior, Ptol. (IV, 6:9 (FA15)); farthest point south on W coast of Africa reached by Hanno;=Mt. Sagres in Sierra Leone (Vivien de St. Martin, 394-396);=Cameroons Mountain (see articles by J. de Hart in Journ. African Soc., xxv, 1926, 264-277 (noted in Geogr. Rev., xvi, 1926, 661-662), and by R. Hennig in Geogr. Zeitschr., xxxiii, 1927, 378-392).

Island

337 _y^a. de prenje_: ?Insula Palola, Carignano, Piz. (Fischer, 141);=?

Rivers, Lake, Seacoast

338 The upper course of the Nile with the great lake and its tributaries rising in the Mountains of the Moon (334) corresponds essentially to CE (Kret., CE, 89-91); CE, however, shows a subterranean passage of the river W of Meroe. On ancient and medieval theories regarding the course of the Nile, see Simar, passim; Langenmaier, 47-48; Wright, Lore, 304-306. See also 312, 334.

339 The bay with the red, cross-shaped island is represented on CE by an island in the delta of the West-African river.

Desert

340 _mare | arenoxe_ (Sandy Sea): On CE there are two legends indicating sandy areas in West Africa (Kret., CE, 96).

Edifices

(A) North of Nile-Senegal

341 _R^o doga|n ._(?): ?Organa, CA; Rey dOrgana, CE;=empire of Ghana or Kanem (La R., i, 136).

342 _R^o....._(?): =?

343 _almesia_: Almesia, CA;=Mzab (La R., i, 136).

344 _ma .._ (?): =?

(B) South of Nile-Senegal

345-349 Illeg.

350 _R^o m...|nel_(?): =?.

351 Illeg.

Place Names

(A) Between Mt. Bardtion and the Mountains of the Moon

352 _elcor_(?): Probably an Arabic name with article, el;=?

353 _anesa_: =?

354 _elundia_: see 352;=?

355 _dendenie_: ?Dendi of Antony Malfant’s narrative of a voyage to Tuat in 1447 (La R., i, 154).

356 _dris|na_: =?

357 _solla_: Soll, CE; ?Sala, Idrisi;=?Sele, S of Timbuktu (Miller, Arab., 162).

358 _burga_: Burga, CE, a mountain in Gotonye, Con. (34);=?Burda, “mountain region of the Sudan E of river Shari, which flows into Lake Chad, and S of town of Kengas” (Jiménez de la Espada, 186).

359 _quilan_: Quilam, CE;=?

(B) North of Headwaters of the Nile

360 _ganugia_: ?Geugeu, CA;=Gâo (La R., i, 136).

361 _geuene_: Ginyia, CA; Guineua, CE;=Ghana (La R., i, 135; Kret., CE, 96-97).

362 _atelas_: =?

363 _ansica_: Anzicha, CA;=In Ziza (La R., i, 136, 138).

364 _tablet_: Tabelbelt, CA; Tibalbert, Con. (30);=Tabelbert (La R., i, 118).

365 _artixe_: =?

366 _tocor_: Tacort, CA;=Tuggurt (La R., i, 136). See also 368.

367 _tutega_: Tutega, Vilad.;=Tijikja (La R., i, 135).

368 _tocor_: Dupl. of 366.

369 _udam_: Sudan, CA;=Sudan (La R., i, 136).

370 _tusont_: =?

371 _tagaza_: Tagaza, CA;=Teghaza (La R., i, 136). See also 373.

372 _getulla_: Gaetulia, Ptol. (IV, 6: 15 (FA15));=desert region S of Morocco.

373 _tagase_: Dupl. of 371.

374 _temenadis_: Temenasin, CA;=?Tlemsen.

375 _Regnio de belemon_: Rex Belmarin, Bianco; “dynasty of Beni Marin which ruled in Fez in the thirteenth century and at Tremcen [Tlemsen] until 1407” (Simar, 295, from Santarem, iii, 368).

(D) Western Row of Names N of River Senegal

376 _Fisengan_: Ihsengam, Vilad.; “name now used by the negroes to designate the sandy regions on the west bank of the Senegal” (La R., i, 134).

377 _uilodesci_: This name is so much like that of the map-maker, Mecia de Viladestes, that one is almost tempted to believe that his signature has somehow found its way as a place name to Leardo’s map.

378 _tasu_: =?

379 _mascarota_: Mascarota, CA; Masquarota, CE;=Tamgrut (La R., i, 137).

380 _agof_: =?

381 _dunardin_: ?Tarudant, Idrisi (Miller, Arab., 177);=?Tarudant.

382 _ubêda_: Ubaâduch, CA;=?

383 _altamar_: Alamara, CA; Zichialhamara, Con. (29);=the Saghuiet el-Hamra in northern Rio d’Oro (La R., i, 134).

384 _safinet_(?): =?

XIV. North Africa

Mountains

To the mountain range of North Africa, a stock feature on medieval maps, Leardo adds at random garbled Ptolemaic names.

385 _M^o. Jouis_: Dios vel Jovis Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (IV, 3: 18 (FA13)), badly out of place;=?Jebel Zaghwan, SW of Tunis (Müller, i, 635).

386 _M^o. galcas_: Zalacus Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis (Algeria), Ptol. (IV, 2, 14 (FA12));=a part of the Lesser Atlas SW of Algiers (see Müller, i, 601).

387 _M^o. usalatu|s_: Usalaetus Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (IV, 3:18 (FA13));=Jebel Usselet near site of Hadrumetum (Müller, i, 635).

388 _M^o. masarus_: Mampsarus Mons in Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (l. c.).

389 _Mons. bur.ea_(?): Buzara Mons where Mauretania Caesariensis, the Province of Africa, and Libya Interior meet, Ptol. (IV, 2:16; IV, 3:16 (FA13));=?Jebel bu-Kahil, S of Bu-Saada, Algeria (PW, iii, 1094).

390 _M^o flruxu_(?): Phrouraesus Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis (Algeria), Ptol. (IV, 2:16 (FA12));=?Jurjura, SE of Algiers (Müller, i, 602).

391 _M^o. garis_: Garas Mons in Mauretania Caesariensis, Ptol. (l. c.).

392 _Alta mons_: Atlas Mons Minor on Atlantic coast of Mauretania Tingitana (Morocco), Ptol. (IV, 1:2 (FA12)); see PW, ii, 2119.—

River

393 A river rising SW of the Atlas Mountains and entering the western Mediterranean is shown on many fourteenth and fifteenth century maps. On CA, instead of rising in a lake with three tributaries, as Leardo represents it, the river encircles the city of Sigilmessa (=Tissimi, in oasis of Tafilet, Miller, Arab., 177), where it is entered by four tributaries from the south; a branch is also shown entering the Atlantic. On CE the river corresponds essentially to that of CA, except that the branch to the Atlantic has been made the main stream and the arm leading to the Mediterranean has been separated from that sea and converted into a doubled-channeled tributary of the main stream.

Edifices

(A) On or Near the Mediterranean Coast

394, 395 Illeg.

396 _africa_(?): The Roman Province of Africa (Tunisia), Ptol. (IV, 3 (FA13)).

397 _tunixi_: =Tunis (Kret., Port., 679).

398 _bona_: =Bône (ibid., 680).

399 _se ..._(?): Septa of Portolan charts;=Ceuta (ibid., 683).

(B) Interior, Along Northern Base of Mountain Range

400 Illeg.

401 _bizesta_(?): ?Bichest, CA;=?Biskra.

402, 403 Illeg.

Place Names

(A) On Mediterranean Coast

404 _lucha_: =“A place near Cape Lukka” or Ras el-Melh (Kret., Port., 675).

405 _c. bonand|rea_: Cape Bonandrea of Portolan charts;=Ras el-Hillil (ibid.).

406 Illeg.

407 _bnicho_(?): Bernicho of Portolan charts;=anct. Berenice, mod. Benghazi (ibid., 676).

408 Illeg.

409 _licodia_: =Ras el-Omja (ibid.).

410 _siden_: ?Sidra, CA;=island of Abu Sheifa (Bu Sceifa of Italian maps) (ibid.).

411 _casero sensor_: =Sensur (ibid., 677).

412 _rasimabaxi_: =Ras el-Makhbez (ibid.).

413 _stora_: =Stora (ibid., 680).

414 _ancol_: =Collo (ibid.).

415 _zizeri_: =Jijeli (ibid.).

416 _buzia_: =Bougie (ibid., 681).

417 _titelis_: =Cape Tedless (ibid.).

418 _arzeia_: =Arzeu (ibid., 682).

419 _or.m_(?): =Oran (ibid.).

420 _serem_: =?River Senam (ibid.).

421 _om.e_(?): =Honain, Cape Noe (ibid.).

422 _milela_: =Mellila (ibid., 683).

423 _larandie_: Larcudia of the Portolan charts (ibid.);=?

424 _molc|mar_(?): Molcemar of Portolan charts;=Alhucemas Islands (ibid.).

(B) Interior of Morocco

425 _manosa_: ?Manora of Portolan charts;=Mehedia (Kret., Port., 684).

426 _mosa_: ?Messa of Portolan charts;=?Massa (ibid., 685).

427 _maran_: =?

428 _zemar_: Zamor of Portolan charts;=Azammur (ibid., 684).

429 _ninfe_: Niffe of Portolan charts;=Casablanca (ibid.).

430 _sofin_: =Safi (ibid.).

XV. Black and Mediterranean Seas

Names of Seas

431 [Mare] _mauro_(?): Unnamed on CA and CE;=Black Sea.

432 [Mare] _de adriano_: =Adriatic Sea.

433 _Mare Me_[diterr]_ano_.

434 _Mare de Leone_: =Gulf of Lions.

Islands

435 _Cip_[ro]: =Cyprus.

436 _rodo_: =Rhodes.

437 _sio_: =Chios (Kret., Port., 660).

438 _arcipellago_.

439 _negropo_[nte]: =Euboea.

440 _y^a de chrete_ (?): =Crete.

441 _crsicha_.

442 _sardignia_.

443 _minoricha_: =Minorca.

444 _Maioricha_: =Majorca.

445 Illeg.

XVI. Southwestern Europe

Rivers

446 The Guadalquivir: similar course on CA and CE.

447 _f. lizer_: =Loire.

448 _f. stequana_: =Seine.

449 _f. rode|nus_: =Rhône.

Edifices

450 _gr ..._ (?): =Granada.

451 Illeg.

452 _span ..._ (?): =Spain.

453, 454 Illeg.

455 _bart.|nia_: =Brittany.

456 _fr ... |a_: =France.

457 Illeg.

458 _. ugn ..._(?): =?Avignon.

459 _proui|.._(?): =?Provence.

Place Names

(A) Atlantic Coast

460 _sibilia_(?): =Seville.

461 _lisbo|na_.

462 _galizia_.

463 _astora_: =Asturias.

464 _ganti|et_: =?

(B) Mediterranean Coast

465 _malica_: =Malaga.

466 _sarauignia_: =Salobrena (Kret., Port., 581).

467 _al_(?)_meria_.

467a _carta._(?)_enia_: =Cartagena.

468 _lacantera_:= Alicante (ibid., 584-585).

469 _denia_.

470 _toloxa_: =Tolosa.

471 _ualenza_: =Valencia.

472 _tortoxa_: =Tortosa.

473 _sale_: =Salou.

474 _taragona_.

475 _barzelona_.

476 _anpurie_: =Ampurias.

477 _coliuro_: =Collioure

478 _narbona_.

479 _monpolier_: =Montpelier.

480 _aquemorte_: =Aigues Mortes.

Regional Name

481 _guascognia_: =Gascony.

XVII. Atlantic Ocean and Islands

482 _Mare de spagnia._

483 Illeg.;=Canary Islands.

484 _Ingilterra._

485 _Schoz._(?): Scotia;=Scotland.

XVIII. Central Europe

Mountains

486 The Alps run due north from northern Italy.

Rivers and Lake

487 _f. renus_: =Rhine.

488 The Elbe, unnamed (see, however, 513); similar course on CE, CA, Bianco, and other maps.

489 _f. prexant_: =?

490 _f. sudum^r_(?): Sudumera, CA;=river of Sandomir, or Vistula (Hamy, 402).

491 _lacus senire_(?): ?Lacus Alech, CD; Lacus Nerja, CA;=?Bay of Putzig (Hamy, 400).

Edifices

492-497 All illeg.

498 _polana_: Polonia, CA;=Poland.

499 _panon|ia_: =?anct. Pannonia.

500 _carcou|ia_(?): Cracouja, CA;=Cracow.

501 _podol|.a_: =Podolia.

Place Names

(A) On the Rhine

502 _austrua_(?): =Austria.

503 _colognia_.

(B) Between Rhine and Elbe and on Elbe

504 _bemia_: =Bohemia.

505 _praga_: =Prague.

506 _drensna_: =Dresden.

507 _misen_: =Meissen.

508 _guse_: Guise, CA;=Würtzen (Hamy, 407).

509 _aquis_: =?

510 _mogropes_: Mangobror, CA;=?Magdeburg.

511 _argenimon_|_de_: Argent Munde, CA; Tangermünde (Buchon and Tastu, 49).

512 _stendar_: =Stendal.

513 _albia_: River name made into a place name;=Elbe.

514 _gara gorda_(?): Garagona, CA;=Glogau (Hamy, 403).

515 _schlauonia_: =Sclavania, the name applied to the Slavic frontier region of Germany in the Middle Ages (Spruner-Mencke, Histor. Atlas, Mittelalter, No. 31).

516 _sasonia_: =Saxony.

517 _ludus|maior_: Ludis Magna, CA; Lundis Magna on Ptolemaic maps of the type called Scandico-Byzantine by Nordenskiöld (Periplus, 88); Bondismaguc, Con. (7; see Jiménez de la Espada 184-185);=?Lüdershagen, near Stralsund (Lelewel, ii, 65; Hamy, 400).

518 _dazia_: =Denmark.

519 _prusia_: =Prussia; see 523.

520 _colbera_: =Kolberg.

521 _alec_: Alech, CA;=Hela (Lelewel, ii, 65).

522 _stetin_.

523 _pursia_: Dupl. of 519.

524 _godanse_: Godansse, CA;=Danzig.

525 _scheipe_(?): Scorpe, CA;=?Stolp (Hamy, 400).

526 _Sudana_: Sudona, CA;=Sandecz (ibid., 402).

527 _pante|nia_: Prutenja, CA;=Königsberg on the Pregel (ibid., 401).

528 _eue_(?): =?

529 _albig_: Albing, CA;=Elbing (ibid., 402).

XIX. Italy

River

530 _f. po_.

Edifices

531 Illeg.: =?Genoa.

532 Illeg.: =?Florence.

533 Illeg.: =?Rome.

534 Illeg.: =?Naples.

535 Illeg.: Vignette represents St. Mark’s and the Campanile;=Venice.

Place Names

536 _. . g . ._ (?): =?Reggio di Calabria.

537 _cotron_: =Cotrone (Kret., Port., 618).

538 _taranto_.

539 _o_[t]_ranto_.

540 _brandizo_: =Brindisi.

541 _manfredonia_.

542 _guasto_: =Vasto (ibid., 621).

543 _ortona_.

544 _ancona_.

545 _fano_.

546 _pexara_: =Pesaro.

547 _rimano_: =Rimini.

548 _zexen^o_: =Cesenatico (ibid., 623).

549 _rauena_: =Ravenna.

550 _ferara_.

551 _chioca_: =Chioggia (ibid.).

XX. Southeastern Europe

Rivers

The river system corresponds generally with that of CA and CE.

552 _f. donoia_: =Danube.

553 _f. morana_: =Morava.

554 _f. drina_: =Drin.

555 _f. moree_(?): =?Moldau.

556, 557, 558: Three unnamed islands in the Danube; on CA these are named: Insula de Jaurim, Insula Buda, Insula de Sermona(?).

Edifices

559 _bu . . ._(?): =?Buda.

560 _m . . l . ._(?): =?

561 _ongar_|_ia_: =Hungary.

562 _serui_|_a_: =Serbia.

563 _bosn_|_a_(?): =Bosnia.

564 _ulachia_: =Wallachia.

565 _bulga_|_ria_.

Place Names

566 _dalmazi_.

567 _albania_.

568 _modon_: =Methone (Kret., Port., 635).

569 _coron_: =Corone (ibid.).

570 _salonichi_.

571 _filipopoli_.

572 _sofia_.

573 _andernopolli_: =Adrianople.

574 _garipolli_: =Gallipoli.

575 _pera_.

576 _costantinopoli_.

XXI. Baltic Sea

577 _Mar de alemani_: =Baltic Sea.

578 _y^a_(?) _gotlandia_: =Gottland.

579 Illeg.

XXII. Scandinavia

Mountains

580 The mountain system is a simplification of that shown on CE.

Rivers

581 _f. netur_: Flū Nectir, CE; Fl. Vectur, CD;=Motala, outlet of Lake Vettern (Hamy, 387).

582 _f. turontes_: Turuntus Fl. in Sarmatia, Ptol. (III, 5:2 (FA9));=Dvina (Müller, i, 412).

Longer Legends

583 _in q_[uesta par] _te si caualca su zervi_ | _tori et montoni et su queli fano le_ | _loro bataie_ (in this region they ride on deer, bulls, and sheep, and on these they make their battles): Compare legend on CE (Kret., CE, 214).

584 _In questa parte sta zente che non uide_ | _Il sole 4 mexe de lano_ (in this region there are people who do not see the sun for four months of the year): Santarem (iii, 409, note 2) suggests a relation between this and a passage in Jordanis, De rebus Geticis (Monumenta Germaniae historica, Auctorum antiquissimorum, Vol. 5, Part 1, Berlin, 1882, p. 58) descriptive of the Adogitae of Scanzia, who enjoy uninterrupted sunshine for forty days and darkness for an equal period each year (see also Fridtjof Nansen, In Northern Mists, New York, 1911, i, 130-134).

Place Names

585 _nouega_: =Norway.

586 _sechamor_: Scamor, CD;=Skanör (Hamy, 426).

587 _scarsa_: Scarsa, CD:=Skaraborg (Hamy, 383).

588 _zedina_: ?Andine, CD, which is possibly “nundinae,” with reference to the fairs of Skanör and Valsterbode (Hamy, 385).

589 _selandia_: =?Zealand, misplaced. See Nansen, Northern Mists, ii, 219.

590 _suzia_: Suecia, CD;=Sweden (Hamy, 383, 426).

591 _stochi_: Stocol, CD; Stocoll, CE;=Stockholm (Hamy, 386, 427).

592 _Erma_: ?Kalma, CD;=Kalmar (Hamy, 386, 427).

593 _sadezeflingt_(?): Suderpigel, CD; Sudechping, CE;=Söderköping (Hamy, 387, 427).

594 _saglat_: Asillang, CE; Assingland on fourteenth century map in Museo Borbonico, Naples (Hamy, 427);=?

595 _roder_|_in_: Roderin, CD; CE;=Roden, ancient name for the east coast of Sweden;=Rosladen (Hamy, 387, 427).

XXIII. Eastern Europe

Mountains

596 _M^o. ripei_: Dupl. of 2.

Rivers

597 Leardo’s unnamed river entering E extremity of Baltic is called Flum Nu on CD; Flum de Mi, CE;=Volkhof and Neva, confused (Hamy, 390).

598 _f. axiazes_: Axiaces Fl. of Sarmatia Europae, Ptol. (III, 5:18 (FA9)).

599 _f. turllo_: Kretschmer (Port., 642) records Flumen Turle only on an anonymous fifteenth century map in the Museum für Meereskunde, Berlin (ibid., pp. 133-135);=Dniester (ibid., 642).

Edifices

(A) North of Neva

600 _zimachia Inferior_: ?corruption of Sarmatia, Ptol. (passim (FA9)). See also 12.

601 _rosia_: =Russia.

(B) Between Don, Neva, and Black Sea

602 _Lordo_, applying to a group of tents;=the Golden Horde of Tatars (Hallb., 318-319).

603 _nogard_|_ia_: Nogorado, CD; Nogorodo, CE;=Novgorod (Hamy, 390).

604 _alana_: Allania, CA;=the Alans (Hallb., 13-14).

605 _albana_: Albania, NW of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (V, 12 (FA18)); see Hallb., 14-15;=Shirvan and Daghestan (Besnier, 29).

606 _br . . ica_(?): Branchicha, CA; Brancica, Piz.;=Briansk (Hamy, 392).

607 _brachi_|_at_: ?Dupl. of 606.

608 _bthnia_: =?Bothnia.

609 _rossia_: Dupl. of 601.

610 _transil_|_uana_: =Transylvania, misplaced.

Place Names

(A) Crimean Peninsula

611 _gotia_: =“A small stretch of land between the Yaila Range and the coast, in the hands of the Genoese after the fourteenth century” (Kret., Port., 643); see also Yule, Polo, ii, 492.

612 _soldaia_: =Sudak, important trading post in Genoese hands after 1365 (ibid., 644).

613 _gafa_: =Kafa, Feodosia (ibid.).

614 _soronti_(?): =?

615 _uospe_|_ro_: =Kerch (ibid.).

(B) At Eastern End of the Baltic.

616 _piaha_(?): =?Pinsk.

617 _letefa_|_n_ _paga_|_n_: Litefanie Pagans, CA;=Lithuania (Hamy, 398-399).

618 _perana_: Perum, CA; CE=Murom (Hamy, 394).

XXIV. Far North

619 _DIXERTO DEXABITADO PER FREDO_ (desert uninhabited because of cold): See 305.

LIST OF REFERENCES

The publications listed here are those to which frequent reference only is made in the Notes and Appendix. The abbreviations there employed precede each reference.

Besnier: Maurice Besnier, _Lexique de géographie ancienne_, Paris, 1914.

Buchon and Tastu: J. A. C. Buchon and J. Tastu, _Notice d’un atlas en langue catalane, manuscrit de l’an 1375, conservé parmi les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Royale sous le N^o 6816, fonds ancien, in-folio maximo_, in _Notices et extraits de manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi et autres bibliothèques_, Vol. 14, Paris, 1841, pp. 1-152.

Only complete transcription and commentary on the Catalan Atlas. See
CA.

CA: Catalan Atlas (i. e. map divided into six parchment sheets) of 1375; sometimes called Catalan Atlas of Charles V, to whose library it belonged. Facsimile in: _Choix de documents géographiques conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale_, Paris, 1883.

See Kret., Port., pp. 123-124; Buchon and Tastu; Cordier, CA.

CD: Map of Angellino Dulcert, 1339. See E. T. Hamy, _La mappemonde d’Angelino Dulcert, de Majorque_ (1339), 2nd edition, Paris, 1903 (with photographic reproduction).

See Kret., Port., pp. 118-119.

CE: Catalan map of fifteenth century in Biblioteca Estense, Modena. Colored reproduction accompanying Konrad Kretschmer, _Die Katalanische Weltkarte der Biblioteca Estense zu Modena_, in _Zeitschr. Gesell. für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, Vol. 32, 1897, pp. 65-111, 191-218 (=Kret., CE). Photographic reproduction in F. L. Pullé, _Studi italiani di filologia indo-iranica_, Vol. 5, Atlas, Florence, 1905.

Con.: _Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras ... escrito por un franciscano español à mediados del siglo XIV._ Our references are to the pages of Sir Clements Markham’s translation and edition (of Jiménez de la Espada’s edition, q. v.) entitled _Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms...._, Hakluyt Society [Publs.], Ser. 2, Vol. 29, London, 1912.

Cordier, CA: Henri Cordier, _L’Extrême-Orient dans l’atlas catalan de Charles V, Roi de France_, in _Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive_, Vol. 10, 1895, pp. 19-64.

Cordier, Ser M. P.: Henri Cordier, _Ser Marco Polo: Notes and Addenda to Sir Henry Yule’s Edition, Containing the Results of Recent Research and Discovery_, London and New York, 1920.

FA: See Ptolemy.

Fischer: Theobold Fischer, _Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs und aus italienischen Bibliotheken und Archiven herausgegeben und erläutert_, Venice, 1886.

Text accompanying Raccolta.

Gerini: G. E. Gerini, _Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern Asia_ (_Further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago_), constituting _Asiatic Society Monographs No. 1_, London, 1909.

Hallb: Ivar Hallberg, _L’Extrême Orient dans la littérature et la cartographie de l’Occident des XIII^e, XIV^e, et XV^e siècles: étude sur l’histoire de la géographie_, Göteborg, 1906.

Alphabetical list of place names throughout Asia as a whole (not
merely the Far East) with variant forms, references to the sources,
and identifications.

Hamy: E. T. Hamy, _Les origines de la cartographie de l’Europe septentrionale_, in _Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive_, Vol. 3, 1888, pp. 333-432.

Jiménez de la Espada: Márcos Jiménez de la Espada, editor, _Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras ... escrito por un franciscano español á mediados del siglo XIV_, Madrid, 1877.

See also Con.

Kret., CE: See CE.

Kret., Port.: Konrad Kretschmer, _Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik_, constituting _Veröffentlichungen, Instit. für Meereskunde und Geographisches Instit. an der Universität Berlin_, No. 13, Berlin, 1909.

This fundamental study includes a descriptive list of the principal
portolan charts and a list of the names shown on them along the coasts
of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, with identifications with modern
names.

La R.: Charles de La Roncière, _La découverte de l’Afrique au moyen âge, cartographes et explorateurs_, Vols. 1 and 2, Cairo, 1925.

Lelewel: Joachim Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen age_, 5 vols. and atlas, Brussels, 1852-1857.

Mauro: Fra Mauro’s map of the world, c. 1458, in Doge’s Palace, Venice. Much reduced photographic reproduction in Raccolta, No. 15; copy in Santarem, Atlas.

See Zurla; Kret., Port., p. 140.

Miller, Arab.: Konrad Miller, _Mappae arabicae: arabische Welt- und Länderkarten des 9.-13. Jahrhunderts_, 6 vols. (of which Vols. 3, 4, and 5 have not yet appeared), Stuttgart, 1926-1927.

Miller, Mappaemundi: Konrad Miller, _Mappaemundi: die ältesten Weltkarten_, 6 vols., Stuttgart, 1895-1898.

Müller: Carl Müller, editor, _Claudii Ptolemaei geographia_, Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, and Atlas, Paris 1883, 1901. Covers Bks. I-V only. See Ptol.

Nordenskiöld, Periplus: A. E. Nordenskiöld, _Periplus, an Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions_, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897.

Piz.: Francesco Pizigano’s map, 1367, in National Library, Parma. Copy in [E.-F.] Jomard, _Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes...._ Paris, [1862].

See Kret., Port., pp. 121-122.

Polo: Marco Polo, _The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East_, translated and edited with notes by Sir Henry Yule, 3rd edition revised by Henri Cordier, 2 vols., London, 1903.

Except where otherwise indicated all references are to volumes and
pages of this edition.

Ptol.: Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), _Geographia_, edited by C. F. A. Nobbe, 3 vols., Leipzig, Vol. 1, 1898; Vol. 2, 1913; Vol. 3, n. d.

References are to book, chapter, and section of this edition.
References indicated by FA are to the plates on which reproductions
from the Rome, 1490, edition are given in A. E. Nördenskiöld,
_Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography with
Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI
Centuries_, translated from the Swedish Original by J. A. Ekelöf and
C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889.

Pullé, Vat.: See Vat.

PW: _Paulys Real-encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft_, new edition begun by Georg Wissowa. 15 vols, and 4 supplements have appeared (1927), Stuttgart, 1894-.

Raccolta: _Raccolta di mappamondi e carte nautiche del XIII al XVI secolo_, (H. F. and M. Münster, succeeded by) Ferd. Ongania, Venice, (1869?), 1881. (Series of photographic facsimiles of 17 maps, also known as Ongania Collection. See Fischer.)

Rainaud: Armand Rainaud, _Le continent austral: hypothèses et découvertes_, Paris, 1893.

Santarem: Le Vicomte de Santarem, _Essai sur l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le moyen-age...._, 3 vols. and atlas, Paris, 1849-1852.

Spruner-Menke: K. von Spruner and Th. Menke, _Hand-atlas für die Geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit_ (third edition of Spruner’s atlas revised by Menke), Gotha, 1880.

Vat.: Map in Vatican Library, fondo Museo Borgiano, No. V. Photographic reproduction with commentary in: F. L. Pullé, _Una carta itineraria del secolo XV_ [_Vaticana Borgiana_], constituting _Studi italiani di filologia indo-iranica_, Vol. 5, _La cartografia antica dell’ India_, Part 2, Appendix 4, Florence, 1905 (=Pullé, Vat.).

Vilad.: Map of Mecia de Viladestes, 1413. Colored reproduction of African portion as frontispiece of La R., Vol. 1.

See Kret., Port., p. 126.

Vivien de St. Martin: [Louis] Vivien de St. Martin, _Le nord de l’Afrique dans l’antiquité grecque et romaine: étude historique et géographique_, Paris, 1863.

Wright, Lore: J. K. Wright, _The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades: a Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in Western Europe_, constituting _American Geographical Society Research Series No. 15_, New York, 1925.

Yule, Cath.: Sir Henry Yule, _Cathay and the Way Thither_, 2nd edit., edited by Henri Cordier, 4 vols., Hakluyt Society [Publs.], Ser. 2, Vols. 33, 37, 38, 41, London, 1913-1916.

Yule, Polo: See Polo.

Zurla: Placido Zurla, _Il mappamondo di Fra Mauro Camaldolese_, Venice, 1806.

THE REPRODUCTION OF THE LEARDO MAP

By A. B. Hoen
A. Hoen & Company, Baltimore, Md.

[One of the first things usually asked in regard to the reproduction or facsimile of an old map is: “How was it made?” To answer this question and to give some idea of the difficult technical problems involved, Mr. Hoen, under whose direction the Society’s reproduction of the Leardo Map was made, has been kind enough to furnish the following note.—J. K. W.]

The Leardo Map is painted on parchment. Some of the colors have faded, and others here and there have separated from the skin, leaving blanks in the painting. The latter defects are especially noticeable in the yellow zones encircling the map proper. To avoid the injection of the personal element into the reproduction, no attempt was made to restore the missing letters or symbols. It is further to be noted that in cases of partial legibility the very palest parts of the faded manuscript may have failed to register in the reproduction, although great care was bestowed on this part of the work.

As a first step in the reproduction of the map, color separation negatives were made on photographic plates sensitized for all the colors. By interposing proper light filters and by making separate exposures for each color, negatives giving red, yellow or green, and blue or purple values were made, together with a fourth negative giving neutral tones—black and grays.

As the last negative comprehends almost the entire base of the map, special attention was devoted to its conversion into a printing plate. The process employed is known in Germany as “Albertype” or “Lichtdruck,” in England as “collotype,” and in America as “heliotype” or “photogelatin.” Of these names, “collotype” seems to be the most fitting. Briefly, this process consists of sensitizing a gelatin film with a chromic salt and exposing it to light under a negative. In proportion to the amount of light passing the negative there will be a reaction in the chromated gelatin. In this reaction the gelatin loses its power of absorbing water and takes on the opposite property of holding “non-watery” substances, such as printing ink. The action of the light is a graded one, varying from full effect under the clear parts of the negative to nil under the very dense parts. A similar gradation in ink-retaining powers is acquired by the exposed gelatin film. Thus, where the light exerts full effect the gelatin will be completely hardened and will hold the ink in its greatest intensity (solid); the parts which receive less light or none at all will hold the ink in attenuated quantity. The lights and shades of the monochrome picture are thus reproduced.

In order that the film may exercise this selective power of taking on or rejecting ink it is necessary that the unaltered parts be kept moist. Therefore, after exposure under the negative, the film is washed to free the gelatin of the unused chromates. While still moist it is rolled with a roller carrying printing ink. This roller will discharge its ink on the hardened parts of the film in proportion to the amount of light that each part has received through the negative. If a sheet of paper is then pressed on the inked film it will lift the ink and the resulting impression will be of the same character as the base color of the Leardo Map.

It is of interest to note that as the light-affected and hardened surface of the film accommodates itself to the unaffected underlying gelatin (as the latter swells in washing) it breaks up into a net of lines. This reticulation is barely perceptible in the high lights of the picture but gradually increases in strength until the mesh fuses into the solid color of the deepest shades.

It will now be apparent that the feasibility of printing these colloid plates hinges on the fact that the graded ink-attracting mesh is separated by inversely graded ink-repelling, interstitial, unaltered, and moist gelatin.

Its mesh not being apparent to the unaided eye, the collotype approaches the fidelity of a true photograph in the rendering of details. For this reason, the collotype process has been selected as best suited for the reproduction of the Leardo base.

The coloring of the map was done by overprinting, in lithography, as many colors as were deemed necessary to convey a fair idea of the original. Lithographic plates were made from the color separation negatives mentioned above. The principles underlying the lithographic process are, broadly, similar to those described for gelatin printing, the essential elements in the process being a water-absorbing ground mass (limestone) in place of the gelatin and a water-repelling and ink-attracting surface affection similar to that created by the action of light on the chromated gelatin film.

Lithographic stone is an amorphous carbonate of lime of fine, close texture. It has an affinity for water—that is, it is easily kept damp. This affinity may be destroyed by changing the carbonate of lime to some water-resisting salt, such as the oleate, or by adding to the surface of the stone a film having the same power. Both of these methods were utilized in making the color plates of the Leardo Map.

A number of lithographic stones were properly surfaced and this surface covered with very thin, light-sensitive, colloid films. The color separation negatives were exposed over these sensitive films and the resulting photographs on stone gave the red, yellow, blue, and other values of the original as they had been analyzed by the light filters.

No color separation process, however, can eliminate from the areal coloring the black and grays of the base. Similarly, the colors themselves absorb a certain amount of white light so that the effect of the areal coloring is also felt in the monochrome reproduction of the base map (e. g., gray lettering is lost in heavily colored areas). For this reason, it is necessary to correct by hand the unnatural effect produced by the overprinting of all the color plates in the darker portions of the picture. Lithography is best suited for the control of these difficulties, and for this reason the color plates were made on stone.

The mechanical printing of the edition from gelatin or stone embraces three essential operations: (1) moistening the plate by damping rollers; (2) inking the plate by inking rollers; (3) pressing of suitable paper on the inked plate. After the base is printed, the base plate is taken from the press, another plate, carrying one of the map colors, is placed in position, and the proper color put on the inking rollers. The printing of the second color is then done as was that of the base. Similar changes of the printing plates and colored inks follow in order for each of the colors which make up the complete map.

Eight color printings in addition to the base color were found necessary for the proper rendering of the Leardo painting. One of these, a light gray-buff, covers the area of the parchment and serves to bring it out from the white paper background.

In selecting a suitable paper for this reproduction, certain qualities had to be considered. Among these were good printing surface, durability, and as much strength as could be had along with the above essentials. A chart plate paper of high rag content was made especially for the work.

KEY MAPS

Transcriber’s Notes

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
is public-domain in the country of publication.

—Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.

—In the Detailed Contents, broke paragraphs up so that each number
(label) is on a separate line.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.

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The Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453Chapter II: Part 2

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