Chapter XV: Conclusion (2)

[77] _Monnaies Byzantines_, i. 26.

[78] See treaty with Bohemund. Anna Comnena, xiii. 7.

[79] _L’Art Byzantin_, Bayet, 16, 17.

[80] _Theb._, iii. 661.

[81] _Decline and Fall_, ch. xx.

[82] Mark v. 28, 30.

[83] _Chronicles_, ii. 124.

[84] _Anglican Schism_, Sander, trans. by Lewis, 143.

[85] _A Relation, or rather a True Account of the Island of
England_, Camden Soc. 30.

[86] _Cal._ x. No. 364. References to the calendar of State
papers edited by Messrs. Brewer and Gairdner will be made by
this word only.

[87] _Histoire du Sacrament de l’Eucharistie_, Corblet, i.
474. See also on this subject _Cæsarii Dialogus Miraculorum; De
Corpore Christi_.

[88] _Hist. Lit. de la France_, xxii. 119.

[89] _Les Moines d’Occident_, Montalembert, vi. 34.

[90] _Histoire de la Grande-Sauve_, ii. 13.

[91] _Monasticon_, v. 628, Ed. 1846.

[92] _Les Moines d’Occident_, Montalembert, vi. 101.

[93] _Sacerdotal Celibacy_, Lea, 129.

[94] _Annales Lauressenses_, Perz, i. 188.

[95] _Recueil des Chartes de l’Abbaye de Cluny_, Bruel, i. 124.

[96] _Bull. Clun._, p. 2, col. 1. Also _Manuel des Institutions
Françaises_, Luchaire, 93, 95, where the authorities are
collected.

[97] _Annales Ecclesiastici_, Baronius, year 1076.

[98] Migne, cxlviii. 790.

[99] _Decline and Fall_, ch. lx.

[100] _Dictionnaire de l’Architecture_, v. 50.

[101] _Annales Ecclesiastici_, Baronius, year 1095.

[102] _Les Familles d’Outre-Mer_, ed. Rey, 3.

[103] _Dictionnaire de l’Architecture_, viii. 108.

[104] _L’Art Arabe_, 111 _et seq._

[105] _L’Art Arabe_, 203.

[106] _Mélanges_, 458.

[107] See _Dictionnaire de l’Architecture_, Viollet-le-Duc, vi.
446.

[108] See _Les Églises de la Terre Sainte_, Vogüé, 217; _Notre
Dame de Noyon; Études sur l’Histoire de l’Art_, Vitet, ii. 122;
_Dictionnaire de L’Architecture_, Viollet-le-Duc, ii. 301.

[109] _Hist. des Croisades_, xii. 7.

[110] See, on the Syrian castles, _Étude sur les Monuments de
l’Architecture Militaire des Croisés en Syrie_, Rey.

[111] Letter 363, ed. 1877, Paris.

[112] _Sancti Bernardi, Vita et Res Gestae, Auctore Guillelmo_,
1–3.

[113] _Secunda Vita S. Bernardi Auctore Alano_, vi.

[114] _Exordium Magnum Cisterciense_, viii.

[115] Nos. 363 and 423, ed. of 1877, Paris.

[116] Letter 363.

[117] _De Vita S. Bernardi, Auctore Gaufrido_, iv. 5.

[118] Letter 256, ed. of 1877, Paris.

[119] _Hist. des Croisades_, xvi. 25.

[120] _Hist. des Croisades_, xvi. 27.

[121] _De Consideratione_, ii. 1.

[122] _Willam of Tyre_, xvi. 11, 12.

[123] _Les Familles d’Outre-Mer_, Du Cange, 405.

[124] _Histoire de la Commerce de la France_, 132.

[125] _Histoire du Commerce du Levant_, Heyd, French trans., i.
163.

[126] _Histoire du Levant_, Heyd, French trans., i. 95.

[127] See, on this question of cheaper money in the
Carlovingian period, _Nouveau Manuel de Numismatique_,
Blanchet, i. 101; also _Histoire du Commerce de la France_,
Pigeonneau, 87 _et seq._

[128] _Le Monete di Venezia_, Papadopoli, 73.

[129] _Ville-Hardouin_, ed. Wailly, xiv. 65.

[130] _Ibid._

[131] _Historiens de la France_, xix. 23.

[132] _Patrologiæ Cursus Completus_, Migne, ccxiv. 1180.

[133] _Historiens de la France_, xix. 421.

[134] _Chronique_, ed. Buchon, 44.

[135] _Ville-Hardouin_, ed. Buchon, 51.

[136] _Chronique de Ville-Hardouin_, ed. Buchon, 69.

[137] _Chronique_, ed. Wailly, xxxvii. 178.

[138] _Chronique_, ed. Wailly, lii. 239.

[139] _Chronique_, ed. Buchon, 96.

[140] _Chronique_, ed. Buchon, 99.

[141] _Patrologiæ Cursus Completus_, Migne, ccxv. 454.

[142] _Migne_, ccxv. 712.

[143] _Historia Captæ a Latinis Constantinopoleos_, Migne,
ccxii. 19.

[144] _Bibl. de l’École des Chartes_, 3d series, ii. 353.

[145] _Histoire del’Abbaye de Saint Denis_, D’Ayzac, i. 361–9.

[146] _Vie de Louis le Gros_, Suger, ed. Molinier, 61, 62.

[147] _Vie de Louis le Gros_, Suger, ed. Molinier, 70.

[148] _Ibid._, 18.

[149] Suger, ed. Molinier, 18.

[150] _Ibid._

[151] _Études sur les origines de la commune de Saint Quentin_,
Giry, 9.

[152] See _Études sur les Faires de Champagne_, Bourquelot, 72,
74; and generally on this subject.

[153] _Les Communes Françaises_, Luchaire, 221–225.

[154] _Les Communes Françaises_, Luchaire, 85.

[155] _Les Communes Françaises_, Luchaire, 233–234.

[156] _Les Communes Françaises_, Luchaire, 260.

[157] _Documents sur les Relations de la Royauté avec les
Villes de France_, Giry, 59, 61.

[158] _Les Communes Françaises_, Luchaire, 189.

[159] _Manuel des Institutions Françaises_, Luchaire, 535.

[160] _Les Communes Françaises_, Luchaire, 283.

[161] _Mémoires du Duc de Saint-Simon_, ed. 1874, xii. 19.

[162] _Le Commerce de Marseille au Moyen Age_, Blancard, 3.

[163] _La Libertà delle Banche a Venezia_, Lattes, 26.

[164] _Les Grandes Compagnies de Commerce_, Bonnassieux, 23.

[165] _La Rapport entre l’or et l’argent au Temps de Saint
Louis_, Marchéville, 22, 33.

[166] _Ibid._, 42.

[167] _Les Communes Françaises_, 200, 201.

[168] The documents relating to the controversy are printed in
the _Histoire du Differend_, Dupuy.

[169] Dupuy, 48.

[170] _Ibid._, 44.

[171] See letters of Beauvais and Laon, of 1303, _Documents_,
Giry, 160.

[172] Dupuy, 55.

[173] Dupuy, 351. Articles presented June, 1303.

[174] See _Cronica di Villani_, viii. 63.

[175] _Cronica di Villani_, viii. 80. Also _Ann. Eccl._,
Baronius, year 1305.

[176] _Documents Inédits sur l’Histoire de France, Procès des
Templiers_, Michelet, i. 166.

[177] _Procès des Templiers_, Michelet, i. 37.

[178] _Ibid._, 264.

[179] _Ibid._, 75.

[180] _Cronica di Villani_, viii. 92.

[181] _Continuatio Chronici Guilelmi de Nangiaco_, mcccxiii.

[182] _La Maison du Temple_, Curzon, 200, 204.

[183] _A History of Agriculture and Prices_, J. E. Thorold
Rogers, iv. 72.

[184] _On Justification_, Works, i. 60.

[185] _On Justification_, Works, i. 51.

[186] _Institutes_, I. vii. 1 and 5.

[187] _Zwinglis Theologie_, August Baur, 319, 320.

[188] _Institutes_, IV. viii. 9.

[189] _John Wicliffe and his English Precursors_, Lechler, Eng.
trans., 302.

[190] Lechler, 349, note 1.

[191] Lechler, 348, note. Extract from _De Eucharistia_.

[192] _Acts and Monuments_, iii. 204, 205.

[193] _The Praise of Folie_, 1541. Englished by Sir Thomas
Challoner.

[194] _Parl. Hist._, Cobbett, i. 295.

[195] _Ibid._, 310.

[196] _A Supplicacyon for Beggers_, 2. Early Eng. Text Soc.

[197] _Acts and Monuments_, v. 404.

[198] _Ibid._, iii. 218.

[199] _Acts and Monuments_, iv. 196.

[200] _Agriculture and Prices_, iv. 18.

[201] _Reformation of the Church of England_, Blunt, ii. 222.

[202] _Acts and Monuments_, iv. 706.

[203] _Industrial and Commercial History of England_, Rogers,
48.

[204] _Agriculture and Prices_, iv. 715.

[205] _Agriculture and Prices_, iv. 454.

[206] _Ibid._, iv. 200. For the average prices of grain see
tables in vol. i. 245, and iv. 292.

[207] _Agriculture and Prices_, iv. 734.

[208] Chapuys to Granville, _Cal._ ix. No. 862. The State
Papers edited by Messrs. Brewer and Gairdner are referred to by
the word “Cal.”

[209] _Acts and Monuments_, v. 365.

[210] _State Papers_, ii. 552.

[211] _Chronicles_, 1, clxvii.

[212] Chapuys to Perrenot, _Cal._ x. No. 901.

[213] See _Anne Boleyn_, Friedmann, i. 43, and elsewhere.

[214] _Cal._ x. No. 908.

[215] _Burleigh and his Times_, Essays.

[216] _Cal._ vii. No. 296.

[217] _Ibid._, xi. No. 576, Chapuys to Charles.

[218] _Ibid._, xi. No. 576.

[219] _Ibid._, xi. No. 864.

[220] _Cal._ xi. No. 1045.

[221] _Cal._ xi. No. 729.

[222] _Ibid._, xi. No. 826.

[223] _Ibid._, xii. pt. i. No. 698.

[224] _Cal._ xii. pt. i. No. 976.

[225] _Marillac au Connétable_, Kaulek, 211.

[226] _Acts and Monuments_, v. 180.

[227] _Cal._ viii. No. 726.

[228] _Sander_, Lewis’ trans., 119.

[229] _State Papers_, i. 538.

[230] _Cal._ xii. pt. i. No. 498.

[231] Kaulek, 193, 194.

[232] _Ibid._, 82.

[233] _Cal._ x. No. 909.

[234] Kaulek, 274; _Sander_, Lewis, 162, and note 2.

[235] Kaulek, 50.

[236] _Lettres de Henri VIII à Anne Boleyn_, Crapelet, Lettre
3.

[237] Kaulek, 199.

[238] _Acts and Monuments_, v. 229.

[239] _History of England_, chap. 1.

[240] _Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism_, Sander, trans.
by Lewis, 161.

[241] Chapuys to Charles, _Cal._ vi. No. 1510, date Dec., 1533.

[242] _The Homilies_, Corrie, 49.

[243] _The Homilies_, Corrie, 56, 58.

[244] 31 Henry VIII., c. 14.

[245] _Acts and Monuments_, v. 368, 369.

[246] _Cal._ x. pref. xliii.

[247] See citations to the original authorities in _Henry VIII.
and the English Monasteries_, Gasquet, i. 454, and note.

[248] _Cal._ ix. No. 622. In the _Calendar_ the letter is
condensed. The extract is given in full in Gasquet, i. 261,
262.

[249] _Ibid._, No. 630. In full in Gasquet, i. 263.

[250] _Ibid._, No. 630.

[251] _Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries_, i. 439.

[252] _Cal._ ix. No. 42.

[253] _Cal._ x. pref. xlv. note.

[254] _Ibid._, ix. No. 1005.

[255] _Ibid._, ix. No. 1005.

[256] _Cal._ x. No. 364.

[257] _Ibid._, No. 1191.

[258] _Ibid._, No. 364.

[259] _Ibid._, No. 1191.

[260] _Rites of Durham_, Surtees Soc., 86.

[261] Wright, 260.

[262] Ellis, 1st Series, ii. 99.

[263] Wright, 261, 262.

[264] Ellis, 1st Series, ii. 99.

[265] _Agriculture and Prices_, iv. 64.

[266] 6 Henry VIII., c. 5; 7 Henry VIII., c. 1.

[267] _Jewel of Joy_, Becon. Also _England in the Reign of
Henry VIII._, Early Eng. Text Soc., Extra Ser., No. xxxii. p.
75.

[268] _First Sermon before Edward VI. Sermons of Bishop
Latimer_, ed. of Parker Soc., 100, 101.

[269] 22 Henry VIII., c. 12.

[270] 27 Henry VIII., c. 25.

[271] 1 Edward VI., c. 3.

[272] Brit. Mus., Cole MS. xii. 41. Cited in _Henry VIII. and
the English Monasteries_, Gasquet, ii. 514, note.

[273] _Eccl. Mem._, ii. pt. 1, 260.

[274] Sermon on Rebellion, Cranmer, _Miscellaneous Writings and
Letters_, 194–6.

[275] Sermon on Rebellion, Cranmer, _Miscellaneous Writings and
Letters_, 195, 196.

[276] _Cal._ ix. No. 193.

[277] _Eccl. Mem._, ii. pt. 1, 152.

[278] 5 and 6 Edw. VI., c. 2.

[279] _Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches_, Carlyle, Speech XI.

[280] Raleigh to Burleigh, _Life of Sir Walter Raleigh_,
Edwards, ii. 76, letter xxxiv.

[281] _The Reformation of the Church of England_, ii. 68.

[282] _History of England_, v. 432.

[283] Gorham’s _Reformation Gleanings_, 61.

[284] Ridley’s disputation at Oxford in 1554, _Acts and
Monuments_, vi. 474.

[285] _A Godly Letter to the Faithful, Works_, iii. 176.

[286] _Ibid._, 177.

[287] _A Faithful Admonition, Works_, iii. 283.

[288] _Ibid._, iii. 281, 282.

[289] _On True Obedience_, Heywood’s ed., 73.

[290] _The Institution of a Christian Man_, Preface,
_Formularies of Faith of Henry VIII._, Lloyd, 26.

[291] See Burnet’s _History of the Reformation, Records_, part
I. book iii. quest. 9.

[292] _S. P. Dom. Eliz._ vol. 176, No. 69.

[293] _Zurich Letters_, 1st Series, 287.

[294] _Towchinge the bill and the booke exhibited in the
Parliament 1586 for a further reformation of the Churche, S. P.
Dom. Eliz_. 199, No. 1.

[295] _History of the Non-jurors_, Lathbury, 50.

[296] See _History of the Reformation_, Burnet, Pocock’s ed.
_Records_, part I. book iii. quest 9.

[297] _History of England_, ch. 1.

[298] _History of England_, ch. iii.

[299] _Ibid._, ch. vi.

[300] _History of England_, ch. xiv.

[301] _Queen’s conference upon Graunt of a Subsedy, etc._,
1584. _State Papers, Dom. Eliz._, 176, No. 69.

[302] _History of England_, ch. iii.

[303] _Cal._ x., No. 570.

[304] _Ambassades_, v. 150. Quotation from _History of the
Church of England_, Dixon, iv. 450.

[305] _Pretended Divorce of Henry VIII._, Harpsfield, Camden
Society, 291.

[306] Burnet’s _History of the Reformation_, Pocock’s ed., i.
428.

[307] _Ibid._, iii. 376.

[308] Blunt’s _Reformation_, i. 475.

[309] _Anglican Schism_, Sander, Lewis’ trans., 181. Also
_Pretended Divorce of Henry VIII._, Harpsfield, 290.

[310] _Acts and Monuments_, v. 230.

[311] _Agriculture and Prices_, Rogers, v. 804.

[312] _History of England_, viii. 425.

[313] _Influence of the Sea Power upon History_, Mahan, 41.

[314] _English Seamen of the Sixteenth Century_, 6.

[315] Anderson’s _History of Commerce_, i. 400.

[316] _S. P. Dom. Eliz._, 53.

[317] _Wealth of Nations_, book 4, ch. i.

[318] _Discourse of Trade_, Child, ed. 1775, 8.

[319] _History of England_, ch. iii.

[320] _Discourse of Trade_, Josiah Child, ed. 1775, 8, 9, 10.

[321] _Ibid._, Pref. xxxi.

[322] _Ibid._, 41.

[323] _American Biography_, Sparks, ii. 388.

[324] _Wealth of Nations_, bk. iv. c. 3, pt. 1.

[325] Thurloe’s _State Papers_, v. 433, 434.

[326] _Annals of the Coinage of Britain_, Ruding, iii. 378.

[327] _Annals of the Coinage_, Ruding, iii. 470.

[328] _Investigations in Currency and Finance_, Jevons, 140.

[329] _Annals of the Coinage_, Ruding, iv. 26.

[330] _Wealth of Nations_, bk. iv. c. 1.

[331] _Wealth of Nations_, bk. ii. c. 2.

[332] _Lord Clive._

[333] Macaulay’s essays have been the subject of much recent
adverse criticism; but, in regard to the plundering of
Hindostan, nothing of consequence has been brought forward
against him. All recent historical work relating to India must
be taken with suspicion. The whole official influence has been
turned to distorting evidence in order to make a case for the
government.

[334] _Lord Clive._

[335] _Lord Clive._

[336] _Warren Hastings._

[337] _History of the Cotton Manufacture_, 115.

[338] _A Tour Thro’ the whole Island of Great Britain_, ed.
1753, iii. 136, 137.

[339] _Lives of Boulton and Watt_, Smiles, 484.

[340] _First Letter on a Regicide Peace._

[341] _Theory and Practice of Banking_, i. 507.

[342] _Considerations of the Lowering of Interests. Works_, ed.
1823, v. 49.

[343] _The Rothschilds_, Reeves, 51.

[344] The Rothschilds, Reeves, 192, 199.

[345] _Ibid._, 200.

[346] Wherever reference is made to comparative prices of
commodities, the authority used has been the tables published
by W. S. Jevons in _Investigations in Currency and Finance_,
144.

[347] _Annals of the Coinage_, Ruding, iv. 37.

[348] _Overstone Tracts_, 49.

[349] _History of Prices_, i. 158.

[350] _Political Life of Sir Robert Peel_, Doubleday, i. 218,
note.

[351] _Theory and Practice of Banking_, Macleod, ed. 1893, ii.
103.

[352] See Hansard, New Series, viii. 189.

[353] _History of the Bank of England_, i. 348.

[354] _History of the Bank of England_, i. 347.

[355] _History of the Currency_, Maclaren, 161.

[356] _Theory and Practice of Banking_, Macleod, ii. 117, 118.

[357] _Overstone Tracts_, 325.

[358] _Ibid._, 191.

[359] _Ibid._, 318.

[360] _Theory and Practice of Banking_, ii. 147.

[361] _Overstone Tracts_, 573, 574.

[362] _Cobden and the League_, Ashworth, 174.

[363] _Theory and Practice of Banking_, Macleod, ii. 169, 170.

[364] Hansard, Third Series, xcv. 399.

[365] _Theory and Practice of Banking_, ii. 170.

[366] Hansard, Third Series, xcv. 398.

[367] _Overstone Tracts_, 319.

[368] See _Journal of Roy. Stat. Soc._, liv. 464.

[369] Dénombrement de 1891, 261.

[370] _Annuaire de l’Économie Politique_, 1894, Block, 18.

[371] _La Population Française_, ii. 214.

[372] _Report of the Commission appointed in India to enquire
into the Causes of the Riots which took place in the year
1875, in the Poona and Ahmednagar Districts of the Bombay
Presidency_, 12.

[373] _Report Of The Commission Appointed In India To Enquire
Into The Causes Of The Riots Which Took Place In The Year
1875, In The Poona And Ahmednagar Districts Of The Bombay
Presidency_, 159.

[374] _Report of the Commission, etc._, 25, 26.

[375] _Ibid._, 167.

[376] _Report of the Commission, etc._, 168.

[377] See _Musalmans and Money-lenders in the Punjab_,
Thorburn.

[378] _Report of the Commission, etc._, 168.

[379] See _Brief History of the Indian Peoples_, Hunter, 50.

[380] See _History of the Romans_, ed. of 1852, Merivale, ii.
81, where the authorities are collected.

[381] Plutarch’s _Lives_, Clough’s trans., iv. 123.

[382] _Ibid._, 298.

[383] _Ibid._, 142.

[384] Genesis xxxiv. 11, 12.

[385] Aristotle, _Pol._, ii. 9.

[386] Plutarch’s _Lives_, Clough’s trans., iv. 507.

[387] _Faery Queene_, Spenser, iv. 5, 1.

[388] _Entretiens sur l’Architecture_, i. 102.

[389] _Ann._, xv. 44.

[390] _Ann._, xv. 44.

[391] _Marc-Aurèle_, Renan, 600.

[392] Tertullian, _Ad Scapulam_, 5.

[393] _L’Antechrist_, 163 _et seq._

[394] _Études sur l’Histoire de l’Art_, Vitet, i. 200.

[395] _L’Art de Batir chez les Byzantins_, Choisy, 5, 6.

[396] _Recherches pour servir à l’Histoire de la Peinture et de
la Sculpture Chrétiennes en Orient_, Bayet, 99.

[397] _Ibid._, 99.

[398] _Buildings of Justinian_, Procopius, trans. by Stewart,
i. 1.

[399] _Ibid._

[400] _Dictionnaire de l’Architecture_, Art. “Peinture.”

[401] _Entretiens_, i. 102.

INDEX

Acre: siege of 130;
defence of by Templars 171.

Alaric: served in Roman army 61.

Alexander, Emperor of Russia: breach with Napoleon 324.

Alexis: treats with crusaders 139;
death of 143.

Anastasius: wealth of 51;
builds long wall 51.

Anglicanism, _see_ Church of England.

Antwerp: rise of 201;
centre of exchanges 201;
sack of 287.

Architecture: Italian 88;
Gothic 89;
Byzantine 89;
Saracenic 90;
crusading 100;
Greek and Roman 372;
Byzantine 375 _et seq._;
Gothic 378;
modern 382;
_see_ Ogive.

Armada: defeated by yeomen 256;
loss of 287.

Army, _see_ Police.

Art: decline of 380, 381;
_see_ Architecture.

Articles, ecclesiastical: Six 232, 268;
Forty-two 262;
Lambeth 268.

Attila: ransoms Constantinople 50;
vision of 63.

Aureus: depreciation of 27;
passes by weight 31.

Baldwin, Count of Edessa: 105;
King of Jerusalem 105.

Baldwin, Emperor of the East: 146;
reproved by Innocent 147.

Bank of England: incorporated 303;
early issues of 319;
suspends cash payments 327;
policy of prior to 1810 327;
resumes specie payments 330;
hoards gold 331–333;
paper in panic of 1825 335;
Bank Act of 1844 336;
suspension of Bank Act 344.

Bank of Genoa: 168.

Bank of Venice: 168, 169.

Bankers: mediæval 168;
increase of English country after 1760 319;
poor credit of 320;
increase issues in 1823 333;
rise of great modern houses 321;
policy of 328;
supremacy of 344;
absolute government by 353.

Barbarians: imported by Roman emperors 39;
lack of in modern times 363;
formed strength of Roman armies 363;
want of weakness in modern civilization 364;
_see_ Coloni.

Boadicea: revolt of 37.

Boleyn, Anne: 212;
sweating sickness 226;
crowned 230.

Boleyn, Thomas: character and rise of 213.

Boniface VIII.: character of 172;
quarrel with Philip 173;
bulls of 174, 175;
seized at Anagni 177.

Bosra: retreat from 119;
miracle at 119, 120.

Boulton, Matthew: rise of 314;
partnership with Watt 316;
debts of 316.

Bullion Committee: 328, 329.

Burleigh, Lord: rise of 213;
hostile to adventurers 256;
family of typical landlords 267.

Cæsar: army of 363.

Capital: centres at Constantinople 28;
Mill’s definition of 313;
accelerates movement 314;
accumulates at London 319;
_see_ England and London.

Carthusians: martyrdom of 221.

Cecil, _see_ Burleigh.

Champagne: fairs of 158;
centres of Eastern trade 158;
decline of 201.

Chantries: confiscation of 259.

Child, Sir Josiah: rise of 294;
estimates England’s wealth 295.

Church, Catholic: _see_ Early Christian;
becomes dominant in Italy 63;
secular character of mediæval clergy of 71;
secular clergy of 73;
claims of under Hildebrand 75;
makes papacy self-perpetuating 75;
emancipates itself from civil power 76, 77;
schism of with Constantinople 78;
character of clergy of at Reformation 264, 265;
miracles of, _see_ Miracles, Cluny, Convents.

Church, Early Christian: socialistic 60;
acquires wealth in third century 60;
officially recognized 61;
favours barbarians 62;
subservient to Roman emperors 62;
based on miracles 63 _et seq._;
imaginative 373;
poverty of 373;
art of 374.

Church, Eastern: remains subject to the emperors 78–88;
architecture of 89;
plundered 145;
art of 376.

Church of England: an economic phenomenon 228;
Henry supreme head of 228;
robbed by landlords 230;
orthodox under Henry VIII. 232;
spoiled by Edward VI. 259, 260;
Calvinistic 262;
docile to lay dictation 264;
faith of regulated by statute 266;
without fixed faith 268;
ruled by Elizabeth 269;
hated by Puritans and Catholics 270;
divine right distinctive doctrine of 271;
organized as police by landlords 272;
mercenary 273;
types of clergy of 275;
great bishops of 276 _et seq._;
upheld by James I. 284;
persecutes Puritans under Bancroft 285.

Clairvaux: foundation of 109;
appeals to pope against Philip the Fair 172;
_see_ Saint Bernard.

Claudius, Appius: a usurer 7;
enslaves Virginia 8;
enforces usury laws 9.

Clement V.: election of 178;
bargain with Philip 178;
entices Molay to Paris 180;
persecutes Templars 181;
tries Molay 184;
death of 185.

Clermont: council of 83.

Clive, Lord: birth of 306;
campaigns of 307;
Plassey 308;
wealth of 309;
attacked by landlords 310.

Cluny: founded 72;
growth of 73;
controls papacy 75.

Cobden: attacks landlords 341;
origin of 341.

Cobham, Lord: trial of 193;
attempts conventual confiscation 195.

Cœur-de-Lion: leads crusade 130;
treats with Saladin 131.

Coinage, Roman: copper 15;
silver 20;
debasement of 26;
becomes gold monometallic 27, 30;
passes by weight 31;
of Constantinople 55;
debasement of coinage of Constantinople 56;
becomes silver under Charlemagne 129;
Venetian 129;
gold of thirteenth century 129;
debasement of French pound 170;
debasement of English penny 195;
base money of Henry VIII. 206;
standard restored by Elizabeth 300;
recoinage by William III. 302;
depreciation in eighteenth century 303;
English gold of nineteenth century 330;
passes by weight 326, 330;
_see_ Gold standard.

Coloni: debtors 33;
barbarians settled as 39;
predecessors of mediæval serfs 244.

Commerce: _see_ Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving,
West Indies.

Commons: rights of tenants in 244;
enclosure of, in sixteenth century 245;
cause of Kett’s rebellion 250;
final absorption of 317.

Communes: rise of 157;
character of 160;
hostile to clergy 162;
not martial 164;
insolvency of 169.

Constantine: built Constantinople 28;
vision of 60;
victory of Milvian Bridge 61.

Constantinople: becomes the economic centre of the world 28;
prosperity of after fall of Western Empire 49, 50;
colonized by Roman capitalists 49;
taxation of 49;
poverty of under Theodosius II. 50;
prosperity of under Justinian I. 51;
population changes under Heraclius 52;
becomes an Asiatic city 52;
declines in eleventh century 53;
civilization of economic 53;
description of by Rabbi Benjamin 53;
population of economic and cowardly 54;
economic condition of in twelfth century 87;
army of 88;
sack of 144;
_see_ Coinage and Architecture.

Convents: mediæval founders of 68;
efficacy of intercession of 69;
Benedictine 72;
early discipline of 72;
consolidation of 72;
Cluny 73;
control papacy 78;
armies organized by 99;
fortresses built by 99;
patronized for miracles 109;
wealth of 154;
attacked by feudal nobles 155;
hostile to communes 160, 161;
taxed by Philip the Fair 172;
revenues seized by Edward I. 195;
attacked by Lollards 196;
bill to suppress 231;
visitation of 235;
visitors of 235–238;
spoliation of 239.

Corn: price of at Rome 17;
distribution of at Rome 18;
price of in 1849 345;
Corn Laws 340;
repeal of 340.

Councils of the Church: Hildebrand’s propositions at council
of 1076 75;
of Clermont 83;
of Troyes 98;
of Étampes 110;
Néelle 136;
Vienne 184.

Cranmer: rise of 278;
character of 279;
death of 280.

Credit: dawn of in thirteenth century 167;
rise of modern system of 303;
extension of after Plassey 319;
regulated by Bank Act of 1844 336;
prices dependent on 337;
weapon of the creditor class 349.

Cromwell, Oliver: raises Ironsides 252;
attacks Spanish America 301;
intercepts plate fleet 301.

Cromwell, Thomas: rise of 208;
arrest of 224;
vicar general 231;
proceeds against convents 233:
prosecutes Abbot of Glaston 240;
death of 242.

Cross: miracle worked by at Bosra 119;
_see_ Relics.

Crusade: first 84;
takes Jerusalem 85;
second, preached by Saint Bernard 112;
suffers before Atalia 115;
defeat of 118;
crusading becomes commercial 124;
third, led by Cœur-de-Lion 129;
takes Acre 130;
of Constantinople, preached 132;
reaches Venice 134;
diverted by Dandolo 139;
attacks Zara 138;
sacks Constantinople 145;
of Damietta 150;
defeated in Egypt 151.

Currency: regulated by Charlemagne 129;
mediæval 168;
contraction of in thirteenth century 169;
debasement of English 194;
depreciation of in Middle Ages 204;
under Henry VIII. 207;
paper 303;
management of by producers 326;
by bankers 330;
_see_ Coinage, Bank of England, Bankers.

Dalhousie, Lord: administration of 356.

Damietta, _see_ Crusade.

Dandolo, Henry: character of 132;
treats with Franks 133;
takes command of crusade 137;
diverts crusade 139;
excommunicated 139;
assaults Constantinople 141;
shriven 147.

Darcy, Thomas, Loid: character of 216;
declines to betray Aske 217;
execution of 219;
dying speech to Cromwell 219.

Denarius: depreciation of at Rome 26;
repudiation of 26;
of Charlemagne 128;
of Venice 129;
_see_ Penny.

Diocletian: a slave 27;
established capital at Nicomedia 27;
returns to silver coinage 30.

Divine right: defined 272;
_see_ Church of England.

Divorce: _see_ Domestic relations.

Domestic relations: ancient and modern 365 _et seq._

Dovercourt: rood of 200.

Drake: rise of 255;
death of 256;
cruises of 288.

Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland: rise of 251;
suppresses Kett’s rebellion 252;
supersedes Seymour 261;
quarrel with Knox 262.

East India Companies: organized 292;
English company commercial up to 1757 306;
administration of 309.

Eastern Empire, _see_ Constantinople.

Eastern trade: in Rome 23, 24;
centres at Constantinople 28;
migrates to Italy 126;
early routes of 128;
character of in twelfth century 128;
brings bullion to Europe 129;
centres in Champagne 159;
centres at Antwerp 201;
at Amsterdam 287;
at London 291;
drains silver from Europe 299;
effect of Plassey on 310.

Edessa: position of 86;
capture of 103;
occupied by Baldwin 105.

Egypt: cheap labour of 19;
grain ships of 19;
architecture of 90;
conquered by Saladin 103;
slave trade with Venice of 126;
crusaders defeated in 151.

Elizabeth: greed of 257;
severe to clergy 269;
letter about Ely House 270.

England: Lollardy in 186;
Reformation in, an economic phenomenon 190;
debasement of currency in 194;
martyrdoms in 199;
condition of in Middle Ages 202;
new nobility of 212 _et seq._;
convents suppressed in 233 _et seq._;
population of in Middle Ages 243;
social revolution in, in sixteenth century 245, 246;
not originally maritime 254;
seamen of 255;
prosperity of in seventeenth century 292;
industrial revolution in 315;
distress in after 1815 332;
ruin of aristocracy of 341, 348;
money-lenders autocratic in 344;
_see_ Bank, and Church of England, and Yeomen.

Exchanges: _see_ Rome, Constantinople, Eastern trade, Fairs of
Champagne, Venice.

Fairs, _see_ Champagne.

Fetish, _see_ Relics.

Fisher: temperament of 277.

Flotte: chancellor of Philip the Fair 165.

France: convents of in tenth century 72;
Cluny 73;
decentralization of in eleventh century 80;
money of 80;
barbarian invasions of 80;
seat of Gothic architecture 89;
ogive introduced into 95;
emotional in eleventh century 107;
disintegration of in tenth century 152;
kings of enjoy supernatural powers 153;
alliance of crown with clergy 154;
consolidation of under Philip Augustus 158;
centralization of under Saint Louis 165;
depreciation of coinage of 170;
estates of sustain Philip the Fair 174;
castles of 202.

Frumentariæ Leges, _see_ Corn.

Gardiner, Stephen: on _True Obedience_ 265;
rise of 276;
death of 277.

Germans: hunted by Romans for slaves 39;
used as recruits 40;
invade the Empire 46;
character of in fourth century 48;
adopt the gold standard 347.

Glastonbury: suppression of 240.

Godfrey de Bouillon: elected King of Jerusalem 85;
his kingdom 86;
his alliance with Venice 127.

Gold: ratio of to silver in Roman Empire 30;
fall of value of in sixth century 48;
ratio of to silver in thirteenth century 169.

Gold standard: in Rome 31;
under the Merovingians 80;
in England 330;
Overstone’s views on 337;
in Germany 347;
elsewhere 348;
effect of 347.

Gunther: chronicle of 137;
sails with Dandolo 138.

Hanse of London: organization of 158;
trades at fairs of Champagne 159;
Italian merchants frequent 159.

Hastings: Governor-General 310;
policy of 311.

Hattin: battle of 123.

Hawkins, John: a slaver 289.

Héloïse, hymn of 368.

Henry IV., Emperor: breach with Hildebrand 75;
penance at Canossa 77;
death of 77.

Henry VIII.: court of 212;
character of 220;
Lambert’s trial 226;
supreme head 228;
orthodox 229;
suppresses convents 233;
revises Formularies of Faith 266;
helpless without landlords 267.

Heraclius: disasters under 52.

Hildebrand: prior of Cluny 74;
propositions presented by in council of Rome 75;
excommunicates Henry IV. 76;
Canossa 77.

Holland: decay of 318.

Hospital, _see_ Knights of.

Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk: family of 214;
character of 215;
commands against Pilgrims of Grace 215;
tries to corrupt Darcy 217;
arrests Cromwell 224.

Hugh Capet: elected by clergy 153.

Hugh du Puiset, _see_ Louis the Fat.

Hun, Richard: death of 198.

Imagination: basis of mediæval Church 60;
gives power to priesthood 63;
cause of relic worship 64;
vivid in age of decentralization 69;
most intense in tenth century 72;
evolves Cluny 73;
cause of Hildebrand’s power 78;
cause of crusades 82;
inspires Gothic architecture 89;
strong in Saint Bernard 108;
weakness of Louis VII. 117:
lacking in Venetians 126;
its power in France in thirteenth century 136;
strength of in Church up to 1200 148;
a weakness in war 151;
economic mind lacks 162;
cause of Templars’ martyrdom 183;
lacking in English reformers 191;
Anglican clergy without 259;
Tudor aristocracy without 268;
strong in early Christians 373;
in contempt in nineteenth century 380, 381.

India: failure of Romans to conquer 12;
hoards in 305;
conquered by England 307 _et seq._;
spoliation of 309–311;
influx of treasure from 313;
flow of silver to 320;
value of bullion exported to in 1810 321;
in 1840 339;
centralization of 356;
mutiny in 356;
money-lenders of 357;
fate of warlike tribes in 358;
_see_ Eastern trade.

Industrial revolution: begins 313;
caused by Indian treasure 314.

Innocent III.: incites crusade 132;
excommunicates Philip Augustus 135;
Dandolo 138;
absolves Dan dolo 147;
reproves Baldwin 147.

Inquisition: organized 191.

Jacques de Vitry: hates bourgeoisie 163.

Jerusalem: capture of 85;
kingdom of 86;
conquest of kingdom by Saracens 123.

Joscelin de Courtney, Count of Edessa: 105;
death of 106;
son’s death 118.

Justification by faith: corner stone of Protestantism 187;
economic device 188;
taught by Cranmer 231;
included in Forty-two Articles 262.

Justinian I.: prosperity of 51;
army of 51;
taxation by 52;
architecture under 53.

Karak: castle of 86, 121.

Kett, _see_ Rebellion.

Knights of Temple and Hospital: origin of 97, 98;
manors owned by in Europe 98;
castles of 99;
Knights of the Temple: possessions of 170;
faith of 171;
arrested 180;
tortured 181;
defence of 181;
burned 183;
disposition of property of 185.

Knox, John: appointed royal chaplain 262;
offered bishopric 262;
breach with Dudley 263.

Krak des Chevaliers: 100.

Lambert: martyrdom of 281.

Landlords: Roman 21;
enslave their tenants 33;
form aristocracy of Empire 41;
not martial 42;
English mercenary 212;
rise of 227;
confiscate Church property 230;
evict yeomen 245;
despoil chantries 259, 200;
control Crown 267;
without faith 268;
organize Church 272;
fear army 273;
not martial 227, 245, 254, 255, 256, 267, 268, 283;
persecute Nonconformists 295;
persecute adventurers 295;
conquered in 1688 297;
jealous of Clive and Hastings 309;
suffer after 1815 332;
distressed in 1841 340;
attacked by Cobden 341;
ruined 348;
of Oude 356.

Latimer: describes his father’s farm 247;
martyrdom of 282.

Leo the Great: visits Attila 63.

Leo IX.: election of 75.

Licinian Laws 10;
effect of 11.

Lollards: description of 187;
_Book of Conclusions_ of 193;
policy of toward monks 195.

London: hot-bed of Lollardism 197;
population of in 1500 203;
power of 293;
population of in 1685 295;
economic centre of the world 322;
art of 381–383;
_see_ Eastern trade and Hanse of London.

Louis the Fat: defeats Hugh du Puiset 155;
obtains Montlhéri 157.

Louis VII.: character of 112;
leads second crusade 114;
quarrels at Antioch 117;
superstition of 117;
repulsed at Damascus 117;
_see_ Crusade.

Madre-de-Dios: capture of 257.

Mahrattas: conquest of 358;
disappearance of 350.

Margat: castle of 101.

Marriage: _see_ Domestic relations.

Martin, Abbot: sails with Dandolo 138;
steals relics 148.

Marwaris: 357;
destroy Mahrattas 359.

Milo, Archbishop of Rheims: 71.

Miracles: early Christian 63;
mediæval 64 _et seq._;
_see_ Bosra, Relics.

Molay, Grand Master: lured to Paris 180;
burned 184.

Monasticism: _see_ Convents.

Money: Rome depleted of 23;
centres at Constantinople 28;
rises in value under Empire 35;
falls in value under Charlemagne 129;
rises in value in thirteenth century 169;
rises in fifteenth century 194;
rises under Henry VIII. 206;
falls after opening of Potosi 207;
abundant stimulates movement 299;
a form of energy 304;
hoarded in India 304;
falls at close of eighteenth century 320;
rises in nineteenth century 337, 360;
_see_ Capital, Coinage, Currency, Prices.

Mons Sacer: secession to 9.

Monte Casino: founded 72.

Montfort, Simon de: joins crusade 132;
leaves Dandolo 138.

Montlhéri: lords of 156;
castle 157.

Nantes: revocation of Edict of 318.

Napoleon: decline of 324;
lacking soldiers 364;
column erected to 381.

Nobility: feudal French 154;
English 216, 243;
Tudor, _see_ Landlords.

Nogaret: captures Boniface 176, 177.

Northumberland: _see_ Dudley.

Nour-ed-Din: Sultan of Aleppo 103;
occupies Cairo 103;
repulses Louis VII. 117;
kills Raymond de Poitiers 118.

Ogive: of Eastern origin 95;
appears in transition architecture 96.

Overstone, Lord: rise of 336;
conceives Bank Act 336;
financial policy of 337 _et seq._

Panic: under Tiberius 25;
of thirteenth century 169, 170;
of 1810 325;
of 1825 334;
allayed by paper money 335;
of 1847 342.

Passive obedience: _see_ Divine right.

Patricians: usurers 7;
not martial 7;
sanction Licinian Laws 10;
_see_ Usury.

Pauperism: under Henry VII I. 249;
in 1848 345.

Peel, Sir Robert: represents Lombard Street 330;
separates from his father on money issue 330;
his Resumption Act 331;
effect of 331;
repeals Corn Laws 340;
parentage 342.

Pelagius, Cardinal: commands crusade 150.

Penny: the Roman, _see_ Denarius;
of Charlemagne 129;
depreciation of Venetian 129;
depreciation of English in fourteenth century 195;
under Henry VIII. 206, 207.

Philip Augustus: regal of France vowed for recovery of 65;
belief in intercession 69;
commands crusade 129;
returns to Fiance 130;
divorced from Ingeburga 135;
excommunicated 135.

Philip the Fair: character of 171;
quarrel with Boniface 172;
defeated at Courtray 175;
seizes Boniface 177;
makes Clement V. pope 178;
arrests Templars 180;
tortures Templars 182;
death of 185.

Pilgrimage of Grace: _see_ Rebellion.

Plassey: battle of 308;
effect of 313.

Plebeians: farmers 6;
form infantry 6;
sold for debt 7;
secede to Mons Sacer 9;
favoured by Licinian Laws 10;
overthrow patricians 10;
suffer from Asiatic competition 11;
suffer from slave labour 12;
insolvent 22;
become _coloni_ 33;
disappear 44, 45.

Police, a paid: lack of, causes defeat of patricians 39;
an effect of money 45;
organized by Augustus 45;
makes capital autocratic at Rome 46;
impossible when the defence in war is superior to the attack 79;
lack of, causes weakness of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 99, 121, 122;
the weapon of an economic community 164;
an effect of wealth and the basis of centralization 165;
in England under Henry VIII. 245;
destroys martial type 245;
drives adventurers from England 254;
resistless in nineteenth century 353.

Pompey: defeat of 364.

Potosi: discovery 207.

Prices: fall of, under Trajan 33;
rise of in thirteenth century 167;
fall of in fifteenth century 203;
rise of in sixteenth century 207, 283;
rise of after Plassey 319;
culminate in 1809 324;
fall of in England after 1815 330;
depressed by gold standard 337;
fall of after Bank Act 339;
rise of after 1849 345;
fall of since 1873 349.

Producers: predominance of 321;
currency system of 328, 329;
weakness of modern 349;
Indian 360.

Puritans: reject royal supremacy 264;
resist ecclesiastical confiscation 270;
eviction of clergy 285;
emigration of 285;
foes of Spaniards 289.

Pyrrhus: admires Roman infantry 11;
defeat of 11.

Raleigh: family of 255;
captures Madre-de-Dios 257;
death of 257.

Raymond de Poitiers: at feud with de Courtney 107;
breach with Louis VII. 117;
death of 118.

Rebellion: of Pilgrimage of Grace 216;
suppression of 222;
Kett’s 250;
in West of England 250, 252.

Reformation: an economic movement 188;
in England 230;
under Edward VI. 259, 260;
_see_ Church of England, Convents, Lollards.

Reginald de Chatillon 121.

Regulus: poverty of 15.

Relics: magical 64;
gifts to 65;
list of English 66;
worship of cause of crusades 81;
true cross 119;
plunder of at Constantinople 148;
despised 151;
relic worship costly 192–196;
desecrated in England 200.

Rent: rise of money value of in Rome 32;
effect of 33, 34;
substitution of for military service 245;
rises in sixteenth century 247;
effect of rise 248;
rise of in seventeenth century 283;
fall of after 1815 causes insolvency of landlords 332;
dependent on Corn Laws 340;
fall of after 1873 ruins gentry 348.

Ridley: doctrine concerning sacrament 261;
burned 282.

Robinson, John: congregation of 285.

Rome: early society of 1;
classes in 2;
law of debt in 2–4;
early army of 9;
not maritime 12;
slavery in 13;
economic revolution in 14;
a plutocracy 15;
annexes Egypt 17;
senators land-owners 21;
great domains of 21;
conquests of 23;
unable to compete with Asia 23;
foreign exchanges unfavourable to 23;
insolvent 28;
decline of 37;
ceases breeding soldiers 40;
later emperors of foreign adventurers 40;
governed by a monied oligarchy 41;
economic type autocratic in 42;
women of emancipated 43;
paid police of 45;
barbarian invasions 46, 47;
domestic relations in 369;
art of 372;
architecture of 381;
_see_ Coinage, Slaving, Usurers, Usury.

Rothschilds: rise of 322;
establish house in London 323.

Russell, John, Earl of Bedford: conducts trial of
Abbot of Glaston 241.

Saint Bernard: birth of 108;
enters Citeaux 108;
founds Clairvaux 109;
recognizes Innocent II. 110;
preaches second crusade 112;
miracles of 113;
declines to lead crusade 114;
remarks on defeat of crusade 118.

Saint Cuthbert: plunder of shrine of 239.

Saint Denis: Abbey of 154.

Saint Riquier: sacrilege at 162.

Saint Sophia: architecture of 89, 377;
desecration of 145.

Saint Thomas à Becket: shrine of 65.

Saint Thomas Aquinas: veneration of for Eucharist 67.

Saladin: sends physician to Richard 94;
crowned Sultan 104;
kills Reginald de Chatillon 121;
Hattin 122;
campaign against Richard 130;
treats with Richard 131.

Saracens: architecture of 89, 90;
household decorations of 90;
philosophy of 93;
sciences of 94;
_see_ Crusades, Nour-ed-Din, Saladin, Zenghi.

Schism: Greek 78.

Seymour, Protector: confiscations under 261;
executed 261.

Sicily: cheap labour in 16;
servile war in 16;
cheap grain of 17.

Silver: Roman standard 26;
discarded in Rome 31;
restored by Charlemagne 128;
ratio of to gold in Rome 30;
to gold in thirteenth century 169;
Potosi 204;
Spaniards plundered of 288;
brought to England by piracy 291;
ratio to gold in seventeenth century 300;
standard in England 300;
exported to India in eighteenth century 299–302;
in 1810 320;
discarded by England 330;
by Germany 347;
relation to Asiatic competition 360;
_see_ Coinage, Currency, Denarius, Gold standard.

Slavery: for debt in Rome 5;
plebeians sink into 33;
Roman population exhausted by 36;
in West Indies 289, 290.

Slaving: part of Roman fiscal system 34;
by Roman emperors 39;
Venetian 126;
English 291;
_see_ Hawkins.

Smith, Captain John: career of 295.

Solidus: _see_ Aureus.

Somerset: Duke of, _see_ Seymour.

Spain: empire of 286;
war with Flanders 287;
plundered by Drake 288;
attacked by Cromwell 301;
_see_ Armada, West Indies.

Spanish America: revolution of 324.

Suez Canal: effect of 355.

Sylvester II.: thought a sorcerer 81;
proposes a crusade 83.

Syria: industrial 25;
_see_ Architecture, Crusades, Eastern trade, Saracens.

Temple, _see_ Knights of the.

Tenures: primitive Roman 1;
servile Roman 33;
English military 244;
the manor 244;
modern economic 245;
Indian peasant 356.

Thompson, Charles Andrew: petition of 332.

Tiberias: battle of, _see_ Hattin.

Tortosa: fortress of 101;
surrender of 171.

Trade, _see_ Eastern trade, Fairs of Champagne, Slaving.

Urban II.: preaches at Clermont 83.

Usurers: form Roman aristocracy 2;
checked by Licinian Laws 10;
absolute in Rome 46;
rise of in England 321;
absolute in Europe 353;
Indian 357;
_see_ Bankers.

Usury: a patrician privilege 2;
stronghold of in Roman fiscal system 5;
ruins Roman provinces 35;
basis of Roman slaving 36;
_see_ Usurers.

Vagrant Acts: English 248.

Venice: rise of 125;
slave trade of 126;
illicit trade of with Saracens 126;
population unimaginative 126;
navy of 127;
co-operates with Godfrey de Bouillon 127;
holds Syrian ports 127;
coinage of 129;
participates in crusade of Constantinople 137;
_see_ Crusade;
packet service to Flanders 201;
decline of 298.

Vézelay: second crusade preached at 112;
feud with Counts of Nevers 161.

Ville-Hardouin: chronicle of 132.

Virginia: story of 8.

War: _see_ Police.

Watt, James: invents engine 314;
partnership with Boulton 316.

West Indies: Spanish revenue drawn from 287;
trade of lucrative 291;
Cromwell attacks 301.

Whiting, Abbot of Glaston: martyrdom of 241.

Wickliffe: begins his agitation 192.

William of Tyre: describes origin of Temple 97;
defeat of Louis VII. in Cadmus Mountains 115;
breach between Louis and Prince Raymond 117;
the collapse of Kingdom of Jerusalem 118.

Wiltshire: Earl of, _see_ Boleyn.

Yeomen: form British infantry 243;
small farmers 244;
decline of under Henry VIII. 245;
form Ironsides 252;
weaker become agricultural labourers 253;
become merchants 254;
become adventurers 254;
form English martial type 255;
extinction of 317;
migration to towns of 317;
descendants of become manufacturers and usurers 341, 342.

Zara: attack on 134;
stormed 138.

Zenghi: rise of 103;
captures Edessa 103.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Law of Civilization and Decay, by Brooks Adams