Chapter XIII: The British Islands and Colonies (2)

Austria, origin and use of the name, 121, 192, 305, 321.
beginning of, 140.
mark of, 196-202, 203, 305, 307.
its position as a marchland, 267.
duchy of, 308.
annexed by Bohemia, 309.
under the Habsburgs, 310.
archduchy of, 313.
its connexion with the Western Empire, 311.
circle of, 217.
its acquisitions and divisions, 312, 315.
its union with Bohemia and Hungary, 314, 317.
its foreign possessions, 318, 319.
its rivalry with Prussia, 204.
Venice surrendered to, 252, 255.
so-called Empire of, 221, 267, 306.
changes of, during the revolutionary wars, 221-224.
its position compared with that of Prussia, 225.
loses and recovers Hungary, 323.
modern extent of, 321-324.
cedes its rights in Sleswick and Holstein, 228.
Bosnia and Herzegovina administered by, 441.

Austro-Hungary, dual system in, 323.

Autun, 93.

Auvergne, counts of, 332.

Avars, a Turanian people, 17, 365.
allied with the Lombards against the Gepidæ, 107, 113.
kingdom of, 113.
overthrown by Charles the Great, 122, 127.

Aversa, county of, 394.

Avignon, archbishopric of, 174.
taken by France, 264.
sold to the Pope, 265.
annexed to France, 265, 355.

Azof, won and lost by Russia, 449, 516.

Azores, conquered by Portugal, 541.

Babylonia, 99.

Badajoz, 533.

Baden, mark, electorate, and duchy of, 216, 220, 226.

Bahamas, the, 565.

Bajazet the Thunderbolt, Sultan, defeated by Timour, 390, 445.
his conquest of Bulgaria, 431.
extent of his dominion, 445.

Balearic Isles, conquered by Aragon, 533.

Balsa, house of, its dominion in Albania, 428.

Baltic Sea, Scandinavian and German influence on, compared, 486.

Baltic lands, general view of, 464-468.

Bamberg, bishopric of, 176, 215, 226.

Bangor, bishopric of, 182.

Bar, duchy of, united to Lorraine, 193.
annexed by France, 348.
restored to Lorraine, _ib._

Barbadoes, 565.

Barcelona, county of, 320.
joined to Aragon, 531.
released from homage to France, 335, 531.

Bardulia, the original Castile, 529.

Bari, archbishopric of, 172.
won from the Saracens, 370.

Barnim, under Poland, 479.
passes to Brandenburg, 492.

Barrier Treaty, 349.

Basel, joins the Confederates, 262, 272.

Basel, bishopric of, annexed by France, 355.
restored by France, 359.

Basil II., Eastern Emperor, his conquests, 153, 379.
incorporates Serbia, 424.

Basques, remnant of non-Aryan people in Europe, 12, 13.
their independence, 90.

Batoum, annexed to Russia, 522.

Bavaria, duchy of, 140.
conquered by the Franks, 117, 118, 120.
modern use of the name, 191, 192.
electorate of, 215.
united with the Palatinate, _ib._
kingdom of, 220.
extent of, 226.

Bayonne, diocese of, 179.

Belgium, kingdom of, 303.

Belgrade, taken by the Magyars, 379.
by the Turk, 438.
Peace of, 440.

Belisarius, ends the Vandal kingdom in Africa, 105.

Benevento, Lombard duchy of, 108, 147, 254.
papal possession of, 250.

Berengar, king of Italy, submits to Otto the Great, 147.

Berlin, its position, 230.

Berlin, Treaty of, 429, 450, 452.

Bern, joins the Confederates, 262, 270.
its Savoyard conquests, 272, 273.
annexes Lausanne, 273.
restores lands north of the lake, _ib._

Bernhard, duke of Saxony, 208.

Bernicia, kingdom of, 97, 161, 550.

Berwick, 552.

Besançon, 93.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
an Imperial city, 261.
united to France, 261, 349.

Bessarabia, annexed by Russia, 449.

Beziers, annexed by France, 335.

Bialystok, 519.

Bienne, 274.

Billungs, their mark, 198, 476.

Biscay, 535.

Bithynia, kingdom of, 38, 61.
Roman conquest of, 64.

Bleking, 470.

Blois, united to Champagne, 330.
purchased by Saint Lewis, 336.

Bodonitza, principality of, 417.

Bohemia, whether the seat of Samo’s kingdom, 473 (_note_).
kingdom of, 159, 199, 217, 477.
annexes Austria, 309, 315.
its union with Brandenburg, 209, 493.
its permanent union with Austria, 317, 323, 493.
sketch of its history, 477, 492, 493.

Bohuslän, ceded to Sweden, 508.

Boiôtia, 21.
legendary Thessalian settlement of, 30.
league of, 40.
dissolved, 41.

Bokhara, 522.

Boleslaf I., of Poland, his conquests, 479.
whether the first king, 479 (_note_).

Bologna, archbishopric of, 171.

Bona, 396.

Boniface, king of Thessalonikê, extent of his kingdom, 385, 417.

Bormio, won by Graubünden, 273.

Bornholm, 508.

Bosnia, Hungarian conquest of, 424.
won back by Stephen Dushan, 425.
origin of the kingdom, 426.
its greatest extent, 427.
Turkish conquest of, _ib._
administered by Austro-Hungary, 324, 441.

Bosporos, kingdom of, 39, 64.

Boukellariôn, theme of, 151.

Boulogne, lost and won by France, 342, 347, 558.

Bourbon, Isle of, occupied by the French, 354.
taken by England but restored, 360.

Bourdeaux, ecclesiastical province of, 173.

Bourges, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
viscounty of, added to France, 331.

Brabant, duchy of, 294.
united to Burgundy, 297.

Braga, 179.

Brandenburg, mark of, 199, 209, 476.
grows into modern Prussia, 202, 203, 210.
New Mark of, pledged to the Teutonic knights, 496.
its union with Bohemia, 209, 493.
united to Prussia, 204, 209, 504, 513.

Branibor, takings of, 475.

Brazil, discovery of, 542.
Empire of, _ib._

Breisach, annexed by France, 347.
restored, 350.

Bremen, archbishopric of, 176, 214.
held and lost by Sweden, 509, 513.
annexed to Hannover, 208.

Bremen, city, one of the Hanse towns, 214, 220.
its independence of the Bishop, 214.

Brescia, 237.

Breslau, bishopric of, 185.

Bresse, annexed to Savoy, 263.
ceded to France, 287, 347.

Bretigny, Peace of, 337.

Brindisi, lost by Venice, 248.

Britain, use of the name, 3, 4.
early position of, 10.
Celtic settlements in, 14.
Roman conquest of, 69, 545.
diocese of, 80.
Roman troops withdrawn from, 95.
Teutonic settlements in, 15, 96.
English kingdoms in, 129.
Celtic states in, 130.
Empire of, 462, 545.
its independence of the Western Empire, 545.
two English kingdoms in, 548.

Britanny, origin of the name, 93.
duchy of, 142.
its relations to Normandy, 328, 333.
incorporated with France, 341.

Brixen, bishopric of, 217, 308.
united to Bavaria, 221.
recovered by Austria, 224.

Brunswick, duchy of, 208, 227.

Brusa, Turkish conquest of, 389, 444.

Bucharest, Treaty of, 450.

Bugey, annexed to Savoy, 263.
to France, 287, 347.

Bukovina, annexed by Austria, 441.

Bulgaria, White and Black, 374, 481.
extent of, in the eighth century, 375.
under Simeon, 376.
conquered by Sviatoslaf, 377.
by John Tzimiskês, _ib._
extent of, under Samuel, _ib._
recovered by Basil II., 153, 378.
third kingdom of, 382, 429.
advance of, under John Asan, 430.
its decline, _ib._
Cuman dynasty in, 431.
break up of, _ib._
Turkish conquest of, _ib._
triple partition of, by the Treaty of Berlin, 454.

Bulgarians, a Turanian people, 17, 365.
their settlements, 116, 156, 365.
compared with the Magyars and Ottomans, 365.

Buonaparte, Napoleon, his kingdom of Italy, 253, 254.
his feeling towards Switzerland, 355.
character of his conquests, 356.
his treatment of Germany and Italy, 357.
his scheme for the division of Europe, _ib._
extent of France under, 358.

Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon, his annexations, 359.

Buondelmonte, house of, in Northern Epeiros, 420.

Burgos, ecclesiastical province of, 179.

Burgundians, 87.
their settlement in Gaul, 93.

Burgundy, Frankish conquest of, 118.
use of the name, 93, 192.

Burgundy, Kingdom of, 137, 144.
Trans- and Cis-jurane, 145.
chiefly annexed by France, 146, 264.
represented by Switzerland, 146, 259.
its language, 259.
importance of its acquisition by France, 343, 344.

Burgundy, County of, 218.
revolutions of, 260.
joined with the duchy, 339.
momentary annexation of, by Lewis XI., 340.
an appendage to Castile under Charles V., 539.
finally annexed by France, 261, 344, 349, 539.

Burgundy, Duchy of, 142, 144.
escheat of, 339.
union of Flanders with, 292.
its growth, 339.
annexed by Lewis XI., 340.

Burgundy, Lesser, Duchy of, 260, 261.

Burgundy, circle of, 216, 218.

Butrinto, under the Angevins, 397.
commends itself to Venice, 410.
ceded to the Turk, 411.
won back by Venice, 412.

Byzantium, annexed by Vespasian, 41, 63, 68.
capital of the Eastern Empire, 33, 77.
_see_ CONSTANTINOPLE.

Cæsar, Augustus, his conquests, 56, 66.
his division of Italy, 74.

Cæsar, Caius Julius, his conquests in Gaul, 57, 58.
forms the province of New Africa and restores Carthage, 59.

Cadiz, joined to Castile, 534;
_see_ GADES.

Caithness, 550.

Calabria, change of the name, 369.

Calais, English conquest of, 338, 558.
won back by France, 342, 347.

Calatrava, 533.

California, Upper, ceded by Spain to the United States, 544.

Caliphate, Eastern, extent of, 112.
division of, 113, 122, 125.

Caliphate, Western, beginning of, 113, 122, 125.
broken up, 156.

Calmar, Union of, 487.

Cambray, bishopric of, 175.
becomes an archbishopric, 177.
League of, 242.
annexed to France, 301, 349.

Camerino, march of, 238.

Campo Formio, treaty of, 252.

Canada, colonized by France, 352.
conquered by England, 353, 562.
part of the confederation of British North America, 564.

Canali, district of, originally Servian, 405.

Canaries, conquered by Spain, 543.

Candia, war of, 404.
use of the name, 409 (_note_).

Cantabria, conquered by Augustus, 56.
united with Asturia, 154, 529.

Canterbury, archbishopric of, 181.

Cape Breton, French settlement at, 352.

Cape Colony, conquered by England, 566.

Cape of Good Hope, discovery of, 541.

Cape Verde Islands, conquered by Portugal, 541.

Capua, Archbishopric of, 172.
Principality of, 394.
annexed to Sicily by King Roger, 396.

Carcassonne, 335.

Carelia, conquered by Sweden, 488.
part of, ceded to Russia, 512.

Carinthia (Kärnthen), mark of, 114, 127, 140, 196.
Duchy of, 217, 308.
whether the seat of Samo’s kingdom, 473 (_note_).

Carlisle, bishopric of, 183.
added to England by William Rufus, 551.

Carlowitz, Peace of, 412, 439, 448.

Carniola, (Krain), Duchy of, 217.
mark of, 196.

Carolina, 561.
its division, _ib._

Carthage, Phœnician colony, 35.
greatness of, 79.
its possessions in Sicily, 48.
holds Sardinia and Corsica, 54.
its power in Spain, 56.
destroyed, 59.
restored, _ib._
capital of the Vandal kingdom, 90.

Carthagena (New Carthage), 56.

Cashel, ecclesiastical province of, 183.

Casimir the Great, king of Poland, his conquests, 498.

Caspian, Russian advance on, 521.

Cassubia, 492.

Castile, county of, 154.
origin of the name, _ib._
kingdom of, 155, 530, 535.
its Emperor, 463.
later history of, 527.
its relations towards Navarre, 528.
shiftings of, 531.
its final union with Leon, _ib._
advance of, 533.
conquests of, under Saint Ferdinand, 534.
conquers Granada, 534, 537.
loses and recovers Gibraltar, 534.
its union with Aragon, 537.
its outlying possessions compared
with those of Aragon, 539.

Catalans, conquests of, in Greece, 387, 416.

Catalonia, county of, 536.

Cattaro, won and lost by Montenegro, 322, 428.

Caucasus, Russian advance in, 521.

Cayenne, 353.

Celts, earliest Aryan settlers in western Europe, 13, 14, 56.
effects of their settlements, 14.

Cerdagne, released from homage to France, 531.
recovered by Aragon, 537.
loss of, 539.

Ceuta, under the Empire, 526.
under Spain, 541, 543.

Ceylon, Dutch colony, 300.

Chablais, 273.

Chaldia, theme of, 150.

Chalkidikê, 20.
Greek colonies in, 33.
united to Macedonia, 37.
kept by the Empire, 390.

Châlons, battle of, 94.

Chambéry, Savoyard capital, 282, 288.

Champagne, county of, 142.
character of its vassalage, 329.
joined to France, 336.

Chandernagore, a French settlement, 354.

Channel Islands, kept by the English kings, 334, 558.

Charles the Great, his conquests, 121, 122.
conquers Lombardy, 123.
his title of Patrician, _ib._
conquers Saxony, 126.
overthrows the Avars, 127.
crowned Emperor, 124.
extent of his Empire, 126, 127.
his divisions of the Empire, 128.
his death, _ib._
archbishoprics founded by, 176.

Charles the Fat, Emperor, union of the Frankish kingdoms under, 137.

Charles V., Emperor, dominions of, 249, 298, 539.
his conquest of Tunis, 447, 543.
extension of Castilian dominion under, 539.

Charles VI., Emperor, his Pragmatic Sanction, 320.

Charles XII., of Sweden, his wars with Peter the Great, 512.

Charles of Anjou, his kingdom of Sicily, 250.
his Italian dominion, 283.
his dominion in Epeiros, 397.
occupies Acre, 398.

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, his schemes for a Burgundian kingdom, 290, 304.
effects of his death, 340.

Charles, Duke of Leukadia, his conquests and title, 421.

Charles the Good, Duke of Savoy, 286.

Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 287.

Charolois, under the Dukes of Burgundy, 339.
an appendage to Castile under Charles V., 539.
conquered by Lewis XIV., _ib._

Chartres, county of, united to Champagne, 330.
purchased by Saint Lewis, 336.

Chazars, their settlements, 17, 113, 365.
Russian advance against, 481.

Chersôn (Chersonêsos), city of, 36.
theme of, 152.
annexed to the Eastern Empire, 378.
taken by Vladimir, 153, 378, 482.
not the site of modern Cherson, 516 (_note_).

Chiavenna, 195, 273.

Chichester, bishopric of, 182.

Chios, early greatness of, 32.
under the Zaccaria and the Maona, 414.
under the Turks, _ib._

Chlodwig, King of the Franks, 92, 117.

Chosroes II., his conquests, 109.

Christian I., King of Denmark, unites Denmark, Sleswick, and Holstein, 490, 491.

Chrobatia, Northern and Southern, 433.
_See also_ CROATIA.

Chrobatia, Northern, becomes Little Poland, 479.
passes to Austria, 515.

Chur, bishopric of, 216.

Church, Eastern, its relations to Russia, 468.

Cibin, gives its name to Siebenbürgen, 435 (_note_).

Circassia, Russian advance in, 521.

Cispadane Republic, the, 251.

Clermont, county of, 330.

Cleve, 210.

Clissa, 410.

Clontarf, Irish victory at, 557.

Cnut, his conquest of England, 162.
his northern Empire, 162, 462.

Colony, meaning and use of the word, 559.

Columbia, British, 564.

Como, 237.

Compostella, ecclesiastical province of, 179.

Confederation of the Rhine, 221, 222, 358.

Connaught, 183, 556.

Connecticut, 560.

Conrad of Mazovia, grants Culm to the Teutonic knights, 496.

Constantine, French conquest of, 360.

Constantine the Great, divisions of the Empire under, 74.
his new capital, 33, 77.

Constantine Porphyrogennêtos, his description of the themes of the Empire, 149.

Constantine Palaiologos, his conquests in Peloponnêsos, 418.

Constantinople, foundation of, 33, 77.
its moral influence, 116.
Patriarchate of, 168.
early Russian attempts on, 482.
Latin conquest of, 383.
won back under Michael Palaiologos, 387.
taken by the Turks, 391.

Constanz, bishopric of, 216.
passes to Austria, 274.

Cordova, bishopric, of, 178.
conquered by Ferdinand, 534, 535.
Caliphate of; _see_ CALIPHATE, Western.

Corfu, Norman conquests of, 380, 395, 396.
held by Margarito, 397.
won from Venice by Epeiros, 385.
granted to Manfred, _ib._
under Charles of Anjou, _ib._
under Venice, _ib._
summary of its history, 408.
_see also_ KORKYRA.

Corinth, in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
a Dorian city, 29.
joins the Achaian League, 40.
under Macedonia, _ib._
won from Epeiros by the Latins, 417.

Cornwall, 130.

Coron (Kôrônê), held by Venice, 409.
lost by her, 411.

Corsica, 44.
early inhabitants of, 53.
Roman conquest of, 54.
province of, 79.
held by Genoa, 238, 245.
ceded to France, 249.
effects of its incorporation with France, 351, 356.

Cosmo de’ Medici, Duke of Florence and Grand Duke of Tuscany, 246.

Cottbus, 211, 224.

Courtray, 349.

Cracow, capital of Poland, 479.
annexed by Austria, 514.
joined to the duchy of Warsaw, 82, 520.
republic of, _ib._
second Austrian annexation of, 323, 520.

Crema, 237.

Cremona, 237.

Crete, its geographical position, 22.
in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
keeps its independence, 37.
conquered by Rome, 63.
province of, 78.
lost and recovered by the Eastern Empire, 152, 153, 371, 372.
conquered by Venice, 404.
by the Turks, 404, 448.
re-enslaved by the Treaty of Berlin, 452.

Crim, khanat of, 501.
dependent on the Sultans, _ib._
annexed to Russia, 449, 516.

Croatia, Slavonic settlement in, 114.
its relations to the Eastern and Western Empires, 378, 406, 407.
its relations to Hungary, 323, 407, 434.
part of the Illyrian Provinces, 322.

Croja, won and lost by Venice, 411.

Crotona; _see_ KROTÔN.

Crusade, first, its geographical result, 399.

Crusaders, take Constantinople, 383.
their conquests compared with those of the Normans in Sicily, 398.

Cuba, 544.

Cujavia, 478, 499.

Culm, granted to the Teutonic knights, 496.
restored to Poland, 497.

Cumæ, 47, 48.

Cumania, king of, a Hungarian title, 436.

Cumans, settlements of, 365, 436, 483.
dynasty of in Bulgaria, 431, 436.
crushed by the Mongols, 436, 483.

Cumberland, (Strathclyde), Scandinavian settlements in, 161.
grant of, to Scotland, 162, 551.
southern part united to England, 551, 552.
formation of the shire, 556.

Curland, Swedish conquest of, 472.
tribes of, 484.
dominion of the Sword-brothers in, 496.
duchy of, 504.

Curzola; _see_ KORKYRA, BLACK.

Custrin, under Poland, 479.
passes to Brandenburg, 492.

Cyprus, Greek colonies in, 22.
Phœnician colonies in, 35.
Roman conquest of, 63.
theme of, 151.
lost and won by the Eastern Empire, 372.
conquered by Richard, _ib._
kingdom of, 401.
its connexion with Jerusalem and with Armenia, _ib._
conquered by Venice, 404.
by the Turks, 404, 447.
under English rule, 449, 559.

Czar; _see_ TZAR.

Czechs, 477.

Czepusz; _see_ ZIPS.

Dacia, wars of, with Rome, 70.
made a province by Trajan, _ib._
given up by Aurelian, _ib._
its later history, 71.
diocese of, 78.

Daghestan, 516, 521.

Dago, under the Sword-brothers, 496.
under Denmark, 491, 504.
under Sweden, 508.

Dalmatia, Greek colonies in, 34.
its wars with Rome, 62.
Roman colonies in, _ib._
province of, 79.
Slavonic settlement in, 115.
kingdom of, 407, 409.
its relations to the Eastern Empire, 376, 406.
history of the coast cities, 406.
Venetian conquest in, 406, 407.
joined to Croatia, _ib._
recovered by Manuel, 381, 407.
fluctuates between Hungary and Venice, 407, 409-412.
annexed by Lewis the Great, 409, 437.
taken, lost, and recovered by Austria, 320, 322, 441.

Danaoi, 26.

Danes, the, 127, 130.
their settlements, 131, 471.
their invasions of England, 160.

Danish Mark, 196, 469.

Danube, Roman conquests on, 68, 70.
boundary of the Empire, 71.
Gothic settlement on, 88.
crossed by the Goths, 89.

Danzig, mark of, 492.
lost and recovered by Poland, 492, 497.
commonwealth of, 223, 519.
restored to Prussia, 520.

Dardanians, 28.

Dauphiny; _see_ VIENNOIS.

Deira, kingdom of, 97, 161.

Delaware, 562.

Delmenhorst, 509, 513.

Denmark, extent of, 131.
its relations to the Western Empire, 127, 196, 467.
formation of the kingdom, 469.
conquests and colonies of, 471.
united with England under Cnut, 163.
bishoprics of, 184.
conquers Sclavinia, 489.
advance of, in Germany, _ib._
titles of its kings, _ib._
keeps Rügen, 490.
effect of its advance on the Slavonic lands, 491.
its settlement in Esthland, 488.
united with Sweden and Norway, 487.
with Norway only, 488.
its wars with Sweden, 508.
gives up the sovereignty of the Gottorp lands, 509.
gets Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, _ib._
recovers the Gottorp lands, 513.
gives up Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, _ib._
incorporation of Holstein with, 518.

Desnica, Zupania of, 424.

δεσπότης, a Byzantine title, 384 (_note_).

Dijon, capital of the duchy of Burgundy, 142, 144.

Diocletian, Emperor, division of the Empire under, 75.
his conquests, 100.

Dioklea, Zupania of, the germ of the Servian kingdom, 424.

Ditmarsh, 489.
joined to Holstein, 490.
freedom of, 491.
Danish conquest of, _ib._

Dobroditius, his dominion, 431.

Dobrutcha, origin of the name, 431.
joined to Wallachia, 431, 436.
restored to Roumania, 454.

Dôdekannêsos; _see_ NAXOS.

Dole, capital of Franche Comté, 261.

Domfront, acquired by William of Normandy, 332.

Dorchester, bishoprics of, 182.

Dorian settlement in Peloponnêsos, 29.
in Asia, 32.

Douay, becomes French, 349.

Dreux, county of, 330.

Drusus, his campaigns in Germany, 67.

Dublin, ecclesiastical province of, 183.

Dulcigno, originally Servian, 406.
won and lost by Montenegro, 429.

Dunkirk, held by England, 301, 558.
bought back by France, 301, 342.

Durazzo (Epidamnos), taken by the Normans, 380, 395, 396.
held by Margarito, 397.
conquered by Venice, 408.
won from Venice by Epeiros, 385.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 387, 397.
under Charles of Anjou, 397.
won by Servia, 425.
duchy of, 397.
second Venetian conquest of, 410.
won by the Albanians, 420.
by the Turks, 411.

Durham, bishopric of, 183.

Dutch, use of the name, 300.

Dyrrhachion, theme of, 152.
_see_ DURAZZO.

Eadmund, his conquest and grant of Cumberland to Scotland, 162.

Eadward the Elder, extent of England under, 162.

East, the, prefecture of, 75, 77.
dioceses of, 76.

East Angles, kingdom of, 130.
diocese of, 182.

East India Company, French, 354.

Eastern Mark; _see_ AUSTRIA.

Ecgberht, king of the West-Saxons, his supremacy, 130, 160.

Edessa, restored to the Eastern Empire, 153, 379.
taken by the Turks, 400.

Edinburgh, bishopric of, 183.
taken by the Scots, 550.

Egypt under the Ptolemies, 38, 61.
Roman conquest of, 66.
diocese of, 76.
conquered by Selim I., 447.

Eider, boundary of Charles the Great’s empire, 127, 196, 469.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, effects of her marriages, 332, 337.

Elba, annexed to the kingdom of Naples, 44, 246.

Êlis, district of, 29.
city of, 30.
joins the Achaian league, 40.

Elmham, bishopric of, 182.

Elsass, 193.
annexed by France, 194, 347.
recovered by Germany, 229, 359.

Ely, bishoprick of, 182.

Embrun, ecclesiastical province of, 173.

Emmanuel Filibert, Duke of Savoy, 286.

Emperors, Eastern, position of, 362.

Emperors, Western, position of, 362.

Empire, Roman, greatest extent of, 9.
conquests under, 66.
its river boundaries, 71.
division of under Diocletian, 75.
united under Constantine, _ib._
division of, 75, 81.
reunited under Zeno, 94, 103.
continuity of, 95, 103.
loses its eastern provinces, 111.
final division of, 124.
its political tradition unbroken in the East, 363.

Empire, Western, beginning of, 81.
Teutonic invasions and settlements in, 82, 86, 87.
united with the Eastern Empire, 94, 103.
contrasted with the Eastern, 98, 362.
divisions of, 135, 137, 326.
its relations to Germany, 124-126, 128, 189, 190.
restored by Otto the Great, 147.
position of its Emperors, 362.
its relations to Scandinavia, 467.
to the Northern Slaves, 475.

Empire, Eastern, wars of, with Persia, 82.
contrasted with the Western, 98, 362.
extent of, in the eighth century, 116.
its Greek character, 149, 366, 382.
its themes, 149-152.
its dominion in Italy, 152, 371, 393.
position of its Emperors, 362.
falls mainly through foreign invasion, 363, 367.
its partial tendencies to separation, 363.
keeps the political tradition of the Roman Empire, _ib._
distinction of races in, 364.
its power of revival, 369, 377.
its loss and gain in the great islands, 372.
its relations towards the Slavonic powers, 373, 375.
Bulgarian settlement in, 374, 376.
recovers Greece from the Slaves, 375.
its conquests of Bulgaria, 377-378.
its relations to Venice, 378.
its fluctuations in Asia, _ib._
Turkish invasions in, 379.
Norman invasions in, 380, 394.
its geographical aspect in 1085, 380.
under the Komnênoi, 366, 381, 386.
act of partition, 383, 402, 403.
losses and gains, 387-391.
under the Palaiologoi, 387.
effect of Timour’s invasion, 391.
its final fall, _ib._
states formed out of, 391-393.
general survey of its history, 455-460.
compared with the Ottoman dominion, 443.

Empire, Latin, 383.
its end, 387.

Empire of Nikaia, 387.

Empire of Trebizond, 36, 386, 422.

Empire of Thessalonikê, 385.

Empire, Serbian, 420, 425.

Empire of Britain, 162, 462, 545.

Empire of Spain, 463, 531.

Empire of Russia, 512.

Empire, French, 356.

Empire of Austria, 221, 267, 306.

Empire of Hayti, 359.

Empires of Mexico, 544.

Empire of Brazil, 542.

Empire, German, 229, 230.

Empire of India, 567.

England, use of the name, 2, 3.
origin of the name, 97.
formation of the kingdom, 160.
West-Saxon supremacy in, 160, 161.
Danish invasions, _ib._
advance of, 162.
united with Scandinavia under Cnut, _ib._
Norman conquest of, 163.
its ecclesiastical geography, 166.
its wars with France, 337, 338.
its rivalry with France in America and India, 353.
slight change in its internal divisions, 546.
its relations with Scotland, 552.
changes of its boundary towards Wales, 553.
its relations with Ireland, 557.
its settlements beyond sea, 547.
its outlying European possessions, 558.
its American colonies, 559-565.
West Indian possessions, 565.
other colonies and possessions of, 565, 566.
its dominion in India, 567.

English, character of their settlement, 96.
origin of the name, 97.

Epeiros, its ethnical relations to Greece, 24.
use of the name, 26.
kingdom of Pyrrhos, 37.
league of, 40, 41.
Roman province of, 78.
Norman conquests in, 395, 396.
granted in fief to Margarito, 397.
despotat of, 384, 385.
its conquest of and separation from Thessalonikê, 385.
under Manfred and Charles of Anjou, 397.
its first dismemberment, 419.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 388.
under Servian, Albanian, and Italian rule, 419, 420.
Venetian and Turkish occupation of, 421.

Ephesos, its early greatness, 32.

Epidamnos, 34.
its alliance with Rome, 40.
_see_ DURAZZO.

Epidauros (Dalmatian), Greek colony, 34.
destroyed, 115.

Eric, Saint, king of Sweden, his conquests in Finland, 486.

Erivan, 521.

Ermeland, bishopric of, added to Poland, 497.

Essex, kingdom of, 160, 555.

Este, house of, 237, 243, 249.

Esthland (Esthonia), Fins in, 484.
Danish settlement in, 488.
dominion of the Swordbearers in, 496.
under Sweden, 504.
under Russia, 512.

Etruria, kingdom of, 253.

Etruscans, their doubtful origin and language, 45.
confederation of their cities, _ib._

Euboia, 22.
its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
under Macedonian influence, 37, 40.
conquered by Venice, 409.
by the Turks, _ib._

Euphrates, Asiatic boundary of the Roman Empire, 71, 99.

Europa, Roman province of, 77.

Europe, its geographical character, 5, 6, 8.
its three great peninsulas, 6.
its colonizing powers, 10.
Aryan settlements in, 12-15.
non-Aryan races in, 12, 13, 16, 17.
beginning of the modern history of, 85.
Buonaparte’s scheme for the division of, 357.
extended by colonization, 566.

Euxine, Greek colonies on, 35.

Evora, 179.

Exeter, diocese of, 182.

Ezerites, 375.

Falkland Islands, 565.

Famagosta, under Genoa, 401.

Faroe Islands, 471.

Faucigny, annexed to Savoy, 280.
held by the Dauphins of Viennois, 281.

Ferdinand, Saint, king of Castile, his conquests, 534.

Fermo, march of, 238.

Ferrara, duchy of, 243, 244, 249.

Finland, Swedish conquests in, 486, 488.
Russian conquests in, 512, 518.

Fins, remnant of non-Aryan people in Europe, 12, 466.
in Livland and Esthland, 484.

Flaminia, province of, 79.

Flanders, county of, 141, 142.
united to Burgundy, 292, 339.
within the Burgundian circle, 218.
released from homage to France, 218, 298, 340.
French acquisitions in, 348.

Flemings, their settlement in Pembrokeshire, 554.

Florence, archbishopric of, 171.
its greatness, 238.
Pisa submits to, 245.
rule of the Medici in, _ib._

Florida, held by England and Spain, 563.
acquired by the States, _ib._

France, effect of its geographical position, 9.
origin and use of the name, 4, 5, 91, 121, 325-327.
beginning of, 135, 136.
its ecclesiastical divisions, 166.
its annexations, 222, 252, 264, 265, 341-352.
compared with Austria, 325.
a nation in the fullest sense, 327.
great fiefs of, 328.
twelve peers of, _ib._
its incorporation of vassal states, 329-341.
effects of the wars with England, 337-339.
beginning of the modern kingdom, 339.
thorough incorporation of its conquests, 351.
its colonial dominions, 352-354.
its rivalry with England in America and India, 353, 354.
its barrier towns against the Netherlands, 349.
effects of the Peace of 1763 on, 354.
its annexations under the Republic and Empire, 355, 356.
extent of under Buonaparte, 358.
restorations made by, after his fall, _ib._
later annexations and losses, 359, 360.
character of its African conquests, 360.
its war with Prussia, 229.

France, duchy of, 142.
united with the kingdom of the West Franks, 143.

Franche Comté; _see_ BURGUNDY, County of.

Francia, meanings of the name, 91, 121, 128.
extent of, 134.

Francia, Eastern, 92, 121, 205.

Francia, Western, 92.

Francis I., Emperor, exchanges Lorraine for Tuscany, 321.

Francis II., Emperor, his title of ‘Emperor of Austria,’ 221.

Franconia, origin of the name, 91, 121.
extent of the circle, 214.
_see_ FRANCIA, Eastern.

Frankfurt, election and coronation of the German kings at, 189.
a free city, 220, 227.
Grand Duchy of, 222.
annexed by Prussia, 228.

Franks, the, 85.
their settlements, 87, 88.
extent of their kingdom under Chlodwig, 92.
their conquest of the Alemanni, 117.
of Thuringia and Bavaria, _ib._
of Aquitaine and Burgundy, 118.
their position, 119.
their German and Gaulish dependencies, 120.
division of their kingdom, _ib._
kingdom of united under the Karlings, 121.
their relations with the Empire, 123.
their conquest of Lombardy, _ib._

Franks, East, their kingdom grows into Germany, 138.

Franks, West, kingdom of, its extent, 141.
its union with the duchy of France, 143.
grows into modern France, _ib._

Frederick II., Emperor, recovers Jerusalem, 400.

Frederick William I., the Great Elector of Brandenburg, 210.

Frederick I., King of Prussia, 210.

Freiburg, joins the Confederates, 262, 272.

Freiburg-im-Breisgau, conquered by France, 350.
restored, _ib._

French language, becomes the dominant speech of Gaul, 345.

Friderikshamn, Peace of, 518.

Friesland, East, annexed by Prussia, 212.
annexed by France, 222.
part of the kingdom of Hannover, 223.

Friesland, West, county of, 293.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.

Frisians, 91.

Friuli, duchy of, 235.

Fulda, 214.

Furnes, Barrier Town, 349.

Gades, Phœnician colony, 35, 56.
admitted to the Roman franchise, 56.
_see_ CADIZ.

Gaeta, 369.

Galata, colony of Genoa, 414.

Galicia (Halicz), kingdom of, 483.
twice annexed to Hungary, 437, 498.
recovered by Poland, 498.
Austrian possession of, 319, 323, 440, 514.

Galicia, New, 515, 520.

Gallicia, 529.

Galloway, incorporated with Scotland, 553.

Gascony, Duchy of, 142.
its union with Aquitaine, 332.
ceded by the Peace of Bretigny, 337.

Gatinois, county of, 330, 331.

Gattilusio, family of, receives Lesbos in fief, 414.

Gaul, use of the name, 3, 4.
its geographical position, 7.
non-Aryan people in, 13.
Greek colonies in, 35.
prefecture of, 75, 79.
its gradual separation from the Empire, 88.
Teutonic invasions of, 89.
West Gothic kingdom in, 90.
position of the Franks in, 91, 119.
extent of Frankish kingdom in, 93.
Burgundian settlement in, _ib._
Hunnish invasion of, 94.
ecclesiastical divisions of, 172-174.

Gaul, Cisalpine, 46.
Roman conquest of, 54.

Gaul, Transalpine, first Roman province in, 57.
its boundaries, _ib._
its divisions and inhabitants, 58.
Romanization of, _ib._
nomenclature of its northern and southern part, _ib._

Gauls, their settlements, 14, 46, 47.

Gauthiod, 131, 470.

Gauts, Geátas, of Sweden, name confounded with Goths, 470.

Gauverfassung, 202.

Gdansk; _see_ DANZIG.

Gedymin, king of Lithuania, 497.

Geldern, Gelderland, duchy of, 295.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
division of, 299.
United Province of, 300.

Geneva, annexed by Savoy, 281.
allied to Bern and Freiburg, 273.
annexed by France, 276.
restored by France, 359.
joins the Swiss Confederation, 276.

Genoa, archbishopric of, 171.
holds Smyrna, 389.
holds Corsica, 238, 245.
cedes Corsica to France, 249.
annexed to Piedmont, 256.
compared with Venice, 402.
her settlements, 413.

George Akropolitês, 430 (_note_).

George Kastriota; _see_ SCANDERBEG.

Georgia, kingdom of, 516, 521.

Georgia, state of, 562.

Gepidæ, their kingdom, 107.
conquered by the Lombards, _ib._

Germans, early confederacies of, 84.
serve within the Empire, 86.

Germany, effect of its geographical character, 9.
Roman campaigns in, 67.
Frankish dominion in, 119.
its relations to the Western Empire, 126, 188-190.
beginning of the kingdom, 136, 138.
its extent, 139, 192-195.
ecclesiastical divisions of, 175-177.
its losses, 190, 203.
its changes in geography and nomenclature, 191, 201.
its eastern extension, 200.
the great duchies, 202.
circles of, 203, 206.
later history of, 204.
late beginnings of French annexation from, 343, 346.
Buonaparte’s treatment of, 357.
state of in 1811, 221, 222.
the Confederation, 218, 223-226.
last geographical changes in, 229.
its war with France, _ib._
Empire of, 219, 229, 230.
its influence on the Baltic, 486.

Gex, under Savoy, 273, 281.
annexed by France, 287, 347.

Ghilan, 516.

Gibraltar, lost and won by Castile, 534.
occupied by England, 537, 558.

Glarus, joins the Swiss Confederation, 270.

Glasgow, ecclesiastical province of, 183.

Gnezna (Gniezno, Gnesen), ecclesiastical province of, 184.
beginning of the Polish kingdom at, 479.
passes to Prussia, 514, 520.

Görz (Gorizia), county of, 217, 308.
annexed by Austria, 318.

Gothia; _see_ PERATEIA or SEPTIMANIA.

Gothland, 470.

Goths, their settlements in the Western Empire, 87, 89.
defeated by Claudius, 88.
driven on by the Huns, _ib._
their conquests in Spain, 90, 108, 526.
make no lasting settlement in the Eastern Empire, 364.

Goths, East, their dominion in Italy, 95.

Goths, West, extent of their dominions, 526.

Goths, Tetraxite, their settlement, 98.

Gotland, power of the Hansa in, 494.
held by the military orders, 496.
conquered by Sweden, 508.

Gottorp lands, sovereignty of, resigned by Denmark, 509.
annexed to Denmark, 513.

Gozo, granted to the knights of Saint John, 538.

Granada, ecclesiastical province of, 179.
kingdom of, 534.
final conquest of, 537.

Graubünden, League of, 272, 273.
loses its subject districts, 275.

Gravelines, taken by France, 301.

Greece, one of the three great European peninsulas, 6.
its geographical character, 8, 11, 18.
its history earlier than that of Rome, 8, 42.
use of the name, 19.
its chief divisions, 19-21.
insular and Asiatic, 19-23.
its Homeric geography, 25, 26.
its cities, 27.
leagues in, 40.
Roman conquests in, 41.
Slavonic occupation of, 116, 375, 461.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 375.
war of independence, 452.
kingdom of formed, _ib._
Ionian Islands ceded to, _ib._
promised extension of, _ib._

Greeks, order of their coming into Europe, 13.
their kindred with Italians and other nations, 23-25.
their rivalry with the Phœnicians, 28.
their colonies, 28, 32-35.
their revival of the name Hellênes, 364.

Greenland, Norwegian and Danish settlements in, 131.
united to Norway, 488.

Greifswald, 494.

Guiana, British, French, Dutch, 300, 353, 565.

Guinea, Dutch settlements in, 300.

Guines, made over to England, 338.

Guipuzcoa, 535.

Guthrum, his treaty with Ælfred, 161.

Habsburg, House of, 270, 309, 310.
scattered territories of, 310.
its connexion with the Western Empire, 311, 315.

Hadrian, surrenders Trajan’s conquests, 99.

Hadrianople, taken by the Bulgarians, 377.
by Michael of Epeiros, 385.
by the Turks, 390, 445.
treaty of, 450, 453.

Hadriatic Sea, Greek colonies in, 34.

Hainault (Hennegau), county of, 294.
united with Holland, _ib._
French acquisitions in, 348.

Halberstadt, 224.

Halicz; _see_ GALICIA.

Halikarnassos, held by the knights of Saint John, 415.
Turkish conquest of, 447.

Halland, 469.

Hamburg, archbishopric of, 176.
one of the Hanse Towns, 214, 220.

Hannover, Electorate, 208.
its union with Great Britain, 204.
kingdom of, 223.
annexed by Prussia, 228.

Hansa, the, 197, 487.
extent and nature of its power, 494.

Hanse Towns, the, 213, 214, 220.
surviving ones annexed by France, 222.
join the German Confederation, 227.

Harold, his Welsh conquests, 553.

Hayti; _see_ SAINT DOMINGO.

Hebrides, Scandinavian settlement in, 553.
submit to Scotland, _ib._

Heligoland, passes to England, 518, 558.

Helladikoi, use of the name, 376.

Hellas, use of the name, 18.
‘continuous,’ 21.
theme of, 151.
later use of the name, 151, 461.

Hellênes, use of the name in the Homeric catalogue, 26.
later history of the name, 375, 376, 461.
its modern revival, 364.

Helsingland, 470.

Helvetic Republic, 275.

Hennegau; _see_ HAINAULT.

Henry II., of England, his dominions, 332.

Henry V., of England, his conquests, 338.
crowned in Paris, _ib._

Henry IV., of France, unites France and Navarre, 342.

Heraclius, Emperor, his Persian campaigns, 109.
Slavonic settlements under, 114.

Hêrakleia, commonwealth of, 37, 39, 64.

Hereford, bishopric of, 182.

Hertjedalen, conquered by Sweden, 508.

Herzegovina, origin of the name, 427.
Turkish conquest of, _ib._
administered by Austro-Hungary, 324, 427.

Hessen-Cassel, Electorate of, 220, 226.
annexed by Prussia, 228.

Hessen-Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of, 226.

Hierôn, king of Syracuse, his alliance with Rome, 52.

Hispaniola; _see_ SAINT DOMINGO.

Hohenzollern, House of, 209.

Holland, county of, 293.
united to Hainault, 294.
to Burgundy, 297.
kingdom of, 302.
annexed by France, _ib._
_see_ UNITED PROVINCES.

Holstein, 198, 488.
first Danish conquest of, 489.
fluctuations of, 490.
made a duchy, _ib._
under Christian I., 491.
effect of the peace of Roskild on, 509.
incorporated with Denmark, 518.
joins the German Confederation, 225, 519.
final cession of to Prussia, 228, 519.

Homeric Catalogue, the, 26-29.

Honorius, Emperor of the West, 81.

Huascar, 534.

Hugh Capet, Duke of the French, chosen king, 143.

Hundred Years’ Peace between Rome and Persia, 100.

Hundred Years’ War, 337.

Hungarians; _see_ MAGYARS.

Hungary, kingdom of, 157, 367, 432.
its relations to the Western Emperors, 196.
extent of the kingdom, 323, 324.
whether a Bulgarian duchy existed in, 376 (_note_).
its frontier towards Germany, 433.
its relations with Croatia, 433, 434.
acquires Transsilvania, 435.
conquests of the Komnênoi from, 381.
its struggles with Venice for Dalmatia, 407.
Mongol invasion of, 436.
its wars with Bulgaria, 430.
its conquest of Bosnia, 424.
extension of under Lewis the Great, 437.
Turkish conquests in, 438.
its kings tributary to the Turk, 439.
recovered from the Turk, 439, 448.
acquisitions of by the Peace of Passarowitz, 440.
later losses and acquisitions of, 440, 441.
separated from and recovered by Austria, 323.
its dual relations to Austria, 441.

Huniades, John, his campaign against the Turks, 426, 438.

Huns, a Turanian people, 17.
their invasions, 88, 94.

Iapodes, 62.

Iapygians, 46.

Iberia, Asiatic, 99, 100.

Iberians, a non-Aryan people, 13, 55.

Iceland, Norwegian and Danish settlements in, 131, 471.
united to Norway, 488.
kept by Denmark, 518.

Ikonion, Turkish capital, 381.

Illyria, Illyricum, Greek colonies in, 20.
Roman conquests in, 40, 41, 62.
use of the name, 62.
prefecture of, 75, 77, 78.
western diocese of, 79.
kingdom of, 322.

Illyrian Provinces, incorporated with France, 222, 322, 358.
misleading use of the name, 322.
recovered by Austria, 322.

Illyrians, their kindred with the Greeks, 24.
displaced by Slavonic invasions, 115.

Immeretia, 521.

India, French settlements in, 353.
Portuguese settlements in, 541.
English dominion in, 567.
Empire of, _ib._

Indies, division of, between Spain and Portugal, 542.

Ingermanland, 508, 512.

Ionian colonies in Asia, 32.

Ionian Islands, 22.
ceded to France, 358, 451.
to the Turks, 451.
under English protection, 451, 558.
added to Greece, 452.

Ireland, the original Scotia, 549, 556.
provinces of, 183, 556.
Scandinavian settlements in, 471, 556.
its increasing connexion with England, 557.
English conquest of, _ib._
kingdom and lordship of, _ib._
its shifting relations with England, _ib._
its union with Great Britain, _ib._

Isle of France, 329.

Isle of France; _see_ MAURITIUS.

Istria, Roman conquest of, 55, 62.
incorporated with Italy, 62.
Slavonic settlements in, 115.
March of, 147, 195, 235.
fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 195.
possessions of Venice in, 242.
under Austria, 258, 318.

Italians, their origin, 13.
their kindred with the Greeks, 24.
two branches of, 45.

Italy, one of the three great European peninsulas, 6, 7.
its geographical position, 8, 44.
use of the name, 43, 246.
inhabitants of, 45, 46.
Greek colonies in, 47.
growth of Roman power in, 50.
divisions of, under Augustus, 74.
prefecture of, 75, 78.
diocese of, 79.
invaded by the Huns, 94.
rule of Odoacer in, _ib._
rule of Theodoric in, 95.
recovered to the Empire, 105.
Lombard conquest of, 107.
Imperial possessions in, 108, 123, 152, 371.
rule of Charles the Great in, 123.
Imperial kingdom of, 128, 134, 137, 146, 147, 234.
its ecclesiastical divisions, 170, 171.
changes on the Alpine frontier, 232.
system of commonwealths in, 235, 238.
four stages in its history, 236.
growth of tyrannies in, 239.
a ‘geographical expression,’ 246, 255.
dominion of Spain and Austria in, 247.
revolutionary changes in, 252-55.
French kingdom of, 253-55, 345, 357.
settlement of in 1814, 255.
restored kingdom of, 257.
its extension, 258.
part not yet recovered, _ib._

Ithakê, in the Homeric Catalogue, 26.
held in fief by Margarito, 397.

Ivan the Great, of Russia, his conquests, 501, 506.
styles himself Prince of Bulgaria, 501.

Ivan the Terrible, of Russia, his conquests, 506, 511.

Ivrea, Mark of, 235, 236.

Jadera; _see_ ZARA.

Jaen, 534, 535.

Jägerndorf, principality of, 210.

Jagiello, union of Lithuania and Poland under, 498.

Jamaica, 544, 565.

Jämteland, 470.
conquered by Sweden, 508.

Jatwages, the, 484, 498.

Java, Dutch settlement in, 300.

Jayce, 427.

Jedisan, annexed by Russia, 449, 516.

Jerseys, East and West, 561.

Jerusalem, patriarchate of, 168, 169.
taken by Chosroes, 109.
extent of the Latin kingdom, 399.
taken by Saladin, 400.
recovered and lost by the Crusaders, _ib._
crown of, claimed by the kings of Cyprus, 401.

Jezerci; _see_ EZERITES.

Jireček, C. J. on Slavonic settlements, 133 (_note_).

Jôannina, restored to the Empire, 388.
taken by the Turks, 421.

John Asan, extent of Bulgaria under, 430.

John Komnênos, Emperor, his conquests, 381.

John Komnênos, Emperor of Trebizond, acknowledges the supremacy of
Constantinople, 422.

John Tzimiskês, Emperor, recovers Bulgaria, 377.
his Asiatic conquests, 379.

Jomsburg Vikings, settlement of, 471.

Judæa, its relations with Rome, 65.

Jung, on the Roumans, 435 (_note_).

Justinian, extent of the Roman power under, 104, 105, 106.

Jutes, their settlement in Kent, 97.

Jutland, South, duchy of, united with Holstein, 490.
called Duchy of Sleswick, _ib._

Kaffa, colony of Genoa, 414.

Kainardji, Treaty of, 449.

Kalabryta, 418.

Kamienetz, ceded by Poland to the Turk, 448, 507.

Kappadokia, kingdom of, 38.
annexed by Rome, 67.
theme of, 151.

Karians, in the Homeric Catalogue, 28.

Karlili, why so called, 421.

Karlings, Frankish dynasty of, 121.

Kärnthen; _see_ CARINTHIA.

Karolingia, kingdom of, 137, 141, 143, 148, 326.

Kars, joined to the Eastern Empire, 379.
annexed by Russia, 522.

Karystos, 403.

Kazan, Khanat of, 501.
conquered by Russia, 511.

Kent, settlement of the Jutes in, 97.
kingdom of, 160, 555.

Kephallênia, in the Homeric Catalogue, 26.
theme of, 151.
Norman conquests in, 395, 397.
held in fief by Margarito, _ib._
commended to Venice, 410.
lost and won by Venice, 411.

Khiva, 522.

Kibyrraiotians, theme of, 150.

Kief, Russian centre at, 481.
supremacy of, 482.
taken by the Mongols, 483.
by the Lithuanians, 498.
recovered by Russia, 506.

Kilikia, 76.
restored to the Empire, 153, 379.

Kirghis, Russian superiority over, 516.

Klek, Ottoman frontier extends to, 412.

Kleônai, 27.

Köln (Colonia Agrippina), 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
its archbishops chancellors of Italy and electors, 175, 176.
chief of the Hansa, 213.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 224, 358.

Kolocza, ecclesiastical province of, 186.

Kolôneia, theme of, 150.

Korkyra, 22, 26.
alliance of with Rome, 40.
_See also_ CORFU.

Korkyra, Black (Curzola), Greek colony, 34, 406.

Kôrônê; _see_ CORON.

Kôs, Greek colony, 28.
held by the knights of St. John, 389, 415.
by the Maona, 414.

Kossovo, battle of, 426.

Krain; _see_ CARNIOLA.

Kresimir, king of Croatia and Dalmatia, 407.

Krotôn, early greatness of, 47.

Ktesiphôn, conquered by Trajan, 99.

Kymê; _see_ CUMÆ.

Kyrênê, Greek colony, 35, 36.
Roman conquest of, 63.

Lakedaimonia, 151.

Lakonikê, 29.

Λαμπαρδοί, use of the form, 369 (_note_).

Lancashire, formation of the shire, 556.

Langue d’oc, extent of, 135.
effects of French annexations on, 345.

Languedoc, province of, 335.

Laodikeia, 381.

Laon, capital of the Karlings, 143.

Laps, remnant of non-Aryan people in Europe, 12.

Latins, 46.
their alliance with Rome, 50.

Lauenburg, represents the elder Saxony, 208.
held by the kings of Denmark, 225, 518.
joins the German confederation, 225, 519.
final cession of, to Prussia, 228, 519.

Lausanne, annexed by Bern, 273.

Lausitz; _see_ LUSATIA.

Lazia, allotment of, 404.

Lechs; _see_ POLES.

Leinster, 183, 556.

Lemberg, ecclesiastical province of, 185, 186.

Lêmnos, becomes Greek, 32.

Leo IX. Pope, grants Apulia as a fief to the Normans, 394.

Leon, kingdom of, 154, 529.
shiftings of, 531.
its final union with Castile, _ib._

Leopol; _see_ LEMBERG.

Lepanto (Naupaktos) under Anjou, 397.
ceded to Venice, 410.
to the Turk, 411.

Lesbos, mention of in the Iliad, 28.
a fief of the Gattilusi, 414.

Lesina; _see_ PHAROS.

Leukas, Leukadia (Santa Maura), 22, 26.
date of its foundation, 31.
commended to Venice, 410.
lost and won by her, 411, 412.

Leuticii, the, 474, 475.

Letts, 466 (_note_).
settlements of, 484.

Lewis I. (the Pious), Emperor, 128, 135.

Lewis II. Emperor, 136.

Lewis VII. of France, effects of his marriage and divorce, 332, 337.

Lewis IX. (Saint) of France, growth of France under, 335.

Lewis XII. of France, effects of his marriage, 341.

Lewis XIV. of France, effects of his reign, 350.
his conquests from Spain, 539.

Lewis XV. of France, effects of his reign, 350.

Lewis the Great, of Hungary, his conquests, 409, 437.
annexes Red Russia, 498.

Liburnia, 62.

Libya, 76.

Lichfield, bishopric of, 182.

Liechtenstein, principality of, 229.

Liége; _see_ LÜTTICH.

Liguria, Roman conquest of, 55.
province of, 79.
part of the kingdom of Italy, 147.

Ligurian Republic, the, 252.

Ligurians, non-Aryan people in Europe, 13, 45.

Lille, annexed by France, 301, 349.

Limburg, passes to the Dukes of Brabant, 295.
duchy of, within the German confederation, 228.

Limoges, 332.

Lincoln, diocese of, 182.

Lindisfarn, bishopric of, 182.

Lisbon, patriarchate of, 170, 179.
conquered by Portugal, 533.

Lithuania, bishopric of, 185.
effect of the German conquest of Livland on, 487.
its conquests from Russia, 497.
joined with Poland, 185, 498, 499.

Lithuanians, settlements of, 15, 484.
long remain heathen, 466, 497.

Livland, Livonia, Finnish population of, 484.
German conquests in, 486.
dominion of the Sword-brothers in, 495.
momentary kingdom of, 504.
conquered by Poland, _ib._
by Sweden, 508.
by Russia, 512.

Livonian Knights; _see_ SWORD-BROTHERS.

Llandaff, bishopric of, 182.

Lodi, 237.

Lodomeria; _see_ VLADIMIR.

Λογγιβαρδία, use of the form, 369 (_note_).

Lokrians, their position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
settle on the Corinthian Gulf, 30.

Lokris, league of, 40.

Lombards, their settlement in Italy, 106, 107.
take Ravenna, 108, 123.
overthrown by Charles the Great, 123.

Lombardy, kingdom of, 107, 234.
under Charles the Great, 123.
growth of her cities, 237.
ceded to Sardinia, 257.

Lombardy, theme of, 152, 369.

Lombardy and Venice, kingdom of, 255, 322.

London, bishopric of, 182.

Lorraine, duchy of, 193.
seized by Lewis XIV., 194.
exchanged for Tuscany, 321.
finally annexed to France, 194, 351.
recovered by Germany, 359.

Lorraine, House of, Emperors of, 321.

Lothar I., Emperor, 135, 136.

Lotharingia, kingdom of, 137, 140, 193.

Lothian, granted to Scotland, 162, 550.
effects of the grant, 551.

Lothringen; _see_ LORRAINE.

Louisiana, colonized by France, 352.
ceded to Spain, 353, 360.
recovered and sold to the United States, 360, 563.

Louvain (Löwen), 294.

Low Countries; _see_ NETHERLANDS.

Lübeck, founded by Henry the Lion, 198, 494.
its independence of the bishop, 214.
one of the Hansa, 214, 220, 494.
conquered by Denmark, 489.

Lübeck, bishopric of, 491.

Lublin, Union of, 505.

Lucanians, 46.

Lucca, 238.
under Castruccio, 245.
remains a commonwealth, 249.
archbishopric of, 171.
Grand Duchy of, 253.
annexed to Tuscany, 256.

Lund, archbishopric of, 184.
ceded to Sweden, 508.

Lüneburg, duchy of, 208.

Luneville, peace of, 194.

Lusatia (Lausitz), Mark of, 199, 475.
won by Bohemia, 493.

Lüttich (Liége), bishopric of, 295, 298.
annexed by France, 302.
added to Belgium, 227, 302.
French acquisitions from, 348.

Luxemburg (Lüzelburg), duchy of, 295.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
French acquisitions from, 348.
within the German confederation, 225.
division of, 229, 303.
neutrality of, 229.

Luxemburg, House of, kings of Bohemia, 493.

Luzern, joins the Confederates, 262, 270.

Lydians, 33.

Lykandos, theme of, 150.

Lykia, league of, 39.
preserves its independence, 64.
annexed by Rome, 67.

Lykians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.

Lyons, in the kingdom of Burgundy, 145, 263.
archbishopric of, 167, 173.
annexed by Philip the Fair, 264.

Macedonia, 20, 21.
its close connexion with Greece, 24.
not in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
growth of the kingdom, 36, 37.
Roman conquest of, 41.
diocese of, 78.
theme of, 151.
recovered by the Empire, 388.

Macedonian, use of the name, 115.

Macon, annexed by Saint Lewis, 336.

Madeira, colonized by Portugal, 541.

Madras, taken by the French, 354.

Madrid, Treaty of, 298, 340.

Magdeburg, archbishopric of, 176.
recovered by Prussia, 224.

Magyars, a Turanian people, 17.
their settlements, 17, 157, 365, 433.
effects of their invasion on the Slaves, 158, 432.
called Turks, 379.
origin of the name, 433 (_note_).

Mahomet, union of Arabia under, 110.

Mahomet I., Sultan, Ottoman power under, 446.

Mahomet the Conqueror, Sultan, his conquests, 411, 446.
extent of his dominions, 446.

Maina, name of Hellênes confined to, 376.
recovered by the Empire, 388, 418.
independence of, 419.

Maine, county of, 330.
conquered by William of Normandy, 332.
united with Anjou, _ib._
annexed to France, 333.

Maine, State of, 560.

Mainz, 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
its archbishops chancellors of Germany and electors, 176.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.

Maionians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.

Majorca, kingdom of, 536.

Malta, taken by the Saracens, 370.
by the Normans, 395.
granted to the knights of Saint John, 398, 415, 538.
revolutions of, 415.
held by England, 415, 558.

Man, Scandinavian settlement in, 471, 553.
its later history, 488, 553.

Manfred, King of Sicily, his dominion in Epeiros, 397.
styled Lord of Romania, _ib._

Mantua, 243, 248, 257.

Manuel Komnênos, his conquests, 381, 424.

Manzikert, battle of, 380.

Maona, the, its dominions, 414.

Marche, county of, 332.

Marcomanni, 85.

Margarito, king of the Epeirots, 397.

Maria Theresa, Empress-Queen, her hereditary dominions, 320.
effects of her marriage, 321.

Marienburg, 301, 348.

Marseilles, acquired by France, 265.

Mary of Burgundy, effects of her marriage, 340.

Maryland, 561.

Massa, 249.

Massachusetts, 560.

Massalia, Ionian colony, 35, 36, 56.
_see_ MARSEILLES.

Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, his conquests, 438, 493.

Maurienne, Counts of, 278.

Mauritania, 67.

Mauritius (Isle of France), a French colony, 354.
taken and held by England, 360.

Maximilian I., his legislation, 203.
effects of his marriage, 340.

Mazanderan, 516.

Mazovia, duchy of, 478.
recovered by Poland, 499.

Meath, 556.

Meaux, settlement of, 335.

Mechlin, archbishopric of, 177.

Mecklenburg, duchy of, 198.
Slavonic princes continue in, 198, 476.

Mediation, act of, 276.

Medici, the, rule of in Florence, 245, 246.

Mediterranean Sea, centre of the three old continents, 5, 6.

Megalopolis, its foundation, 31.

Megara, 29.
joins the Achaian League, 40.

Mehadia, 396.

Meissen, Mark of, 199, 475.

Meleda, 406.

Melfi, 394.

Melinci, Melings, 375.

Mendog, king of Lithuania, his conquests, 497.

Mentone, annexed by France, 346, 359.

Mercia, kingdom of, 129, 130, 160, 161.

Mesopotamia, conquest of, under Trajan, 99.
under Diocletian, 100.

Messana (Messina), receives Roman citizenship, 53.
recovered and lost by the Eastern Empire, 270.
taken by the Saracens, 370.
by the Normans, 395.
first Norman capital, _ib._

Messênê, Dorian, 29.
conquered by Sparta, 30.
foundation of the city, 31.

Metz, annexed by France, 193, 346.
restored to Germany, 229.

Mexico, Spanish conquest of, 543.
two Empires of, 544.

Mexico, New, ceded by Spain, 544.

Michael Palaiologos, Eastern Emperor, 422.

Michael, despot of Epeiros, his conquests, 385.

Mieczïslaf, first Christian prince of Poland, 479.

Milan, capital of kingdom of Italy, 147.
archbishopric of, 171.

Milan, duchy of, 240, 241, 248.
temporary French possession of, 346.
a Spanish dependency, 539.

Milêtos, its colonies, 32.

Military Orders, 487, 495-497.

Mingrelia, 521.

Minorca, 538.

Misithra, restored to the Empire, 388, 418.

Mississippi, colonization at the mouth of, 353.
made the boundary of Louisiana, _ib._

Mithridates, king of Pontos, his wars with Rome, 64.

Modena, duchy of, 243, 244, 249, 256.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.

Modon, held by Venice, 409.
lost by her, 411.

Mœsia, Roman conquest of, 68.

Mohacz, battle of, 438.

Moldavia, Rouman settlement, 437.
tributary to the Turk, 439.
fluctuations of its homage, 499.
joined to Wallachia, 453.
shiftings of the frontier, 450.

Molossis, 37.

Moluccas, Dutch settlements in, 300.

Monaco, principality of, 247, 256.

Montbeliard, county of, 261, 350.
annexed by France, 355.

Monembasia, restored to the Empire, 388, 418.
held by Venice, 410.
lost by her, 411.

Mongols, invade Europe, 436, 483.
Russia tributary to, 483, 500.
effects of their invasion on the Ottomans, 443, 444.
decline and break up of their power, 500, 501.

Monmouthshire, becomes an English county, 555.

Monopoli, lost by Venice, 248.

Montenegro, origin and independence of, 427, 428.
its Vladikas, 428.
joins England and Russia against France, _ib._
its conquest and loss of Cattaro, 322, 428.
later conquests and diplomatic concessions to, 429.

Montferrat, marquisate and duchy of, 236, 240, 248.
homage claimed from by Savoy, 284.
partially annexed by Savoy, 248, 289.

Montfort, Simon of, at Toulouse, 335.

Moors, use of the name, 530.

Môraia, origin and use of the name, 416.

Moravia, 199.
history of, 477.

Moravia, Great, kingdom of, 157, 432, 473.
overthrown by the Magyars, 433.

Morosini, Francesco, his conquests, 412.

Moscow, patriarchate of, 170.
centre of Russian power, 500, 501.
advance of, 501.

Moudon, granted to Savoy, 280.

Moulins, county of, 330.

Mülhausen, in alliance with the Confederates, 274.
annexed by France, 355.

Munster, 183, 556.

Münster, 224.

Murcia, conquered by Castile, 533, 535.

Muret, battle of, 531.

Muscovy, origin of the name, 500.

Mykênê, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
destruction of, 31.

Mykonos, held by Venice, 409, 411.

Mysians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.

Namur, Mark of, 294.
annexed to Burgundy, 296.

Naples, cleaves to the Eastern Empire, 369.
conquered by King Roger, 396.
kingdom of, 250, 254.
temporary French possession of, 346.
title of king of, 251, 254.
Parthenopæan republic, 252.
restored to the Bourbons, 256.

Narbonne, Roman colony, 57.
Saracen conquest of, 112.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
annexed to France, 335.

Narses, wins back Italy to the Empire, 105.

Nassau, Grand Duchy of, 226.
annexed by Prussia, 228.

Natal, 566.

Naupaktos; _see_ LEPANTO.

Nauplia, won from Epeiros by the Latins, 417.
held by Venice, 410.
lost by her, 411.

Navarre, kingdom of, 154, 528.
extent of under Sancho the Great, 529.
break-up of, 530.
its decline, 531.
union with, and separation from France, 336, 531.
conquered by Ferdinand, 537.
northern part united to France, 342.

Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 533.

Naxos, duchy of, 413.
annexed by the Turk, 413, 447.

Negroponte, use of the name, 409 (_note_).

Neopatra, Epeirot dynasty of, 419.
Catalan conquest of, 416.
taken by the Turks, 417, 420.

Netherlands, their separation from Germany, 203, 291, 299.
Imperial and French fiefs in, 293.
an appendage to Castile under Charles V., 539.
French annexations in, 348.
barrier towns against France, 349.
_see_ UNITED PROVINCES.

Netherlands, kingdom of, 302.
divided, 303.

Netz District, 514.

Neufchâtel, allied with Bern, 274.
passes to Prussia, 224, 274.
granted to Berthier, 276.
joined to the Swiss Confederation, 276, 359.
separated from Prussia, 276.

Neustria, Lombard, 234.

Neustria, kingdom of, 121, 134.
united with Aquitaine, 135, 339.

New Amsterdam, 300, 561.

New Brunswick, 564.

New England, settlements of, 560.
form four colonies, _ib._

New France, settlement of, 352.

New Hampshire, 560.

New Netherlands, colony of, 300, 561.
united to New Sweden, 561.
conquered by England, 300, 561.

New Orleans, 353, 563.

New South Wales, 565.

New Sweden, 561.
united to New Netherlands, _ib._

New York, 300, 561.

New Zealand, 566.

Newfoundland, first settlements in, 559.
remains distinct from Canada, 565.

Nibla, taken by Castile, 534.

Nidaros; _see_ TRONDHJEM.

Nikaia, Turkish capital of Roum, 380.
recovered by Alexios Komnênos, 381.
Empire of, 386.
its extent and growth, 387.
taken by the Turks, 389, 445.

Nikêphoros Phôkas, Eastern Emperor, his Asiatic conquests, 379.

Nikomêdeia, taken by the Turks, 389, 445.

Nikopolis, theme of, 152.
battle of, 438.

Nîmes, Saracen conquest of, 112.
under Aragon, 335.
annexed to France, _ib._

Nimwegen, Peace of, 301, 349.

Nish, taken by the Turks, 426.

Nisibis, fortress of, 100.