Chapter LXXXIX: The Call to Action

I have now said my say, concerning both colleges and schools. I have given two years to the subject, have written nearly four hundred thousand words on it—and these words are the truth to the best of my ability. The problem is now up to the American people, and especially to the rank and file of school teachers and college professors; the tens of thousands of devoted men and women who are giving their undivided thought to a glorious ideal—the delivering of every child in a whole nation from the curse and enslavement of ignorance.

This great cause has many enemies—and some of these enemies will try to use my work to spread distrust of education, and cut down the money supplies of both colleges and schools. I wish to state explicitly that the purpose of my study is the very opposite of this; I would have the American people devote to this cause ten times the money they now devote—I would have them give all that is given, so that education may be free from the charity of the rich. But I want them, while giving their money, to give also their time; to study the schools and school problems, and see that their money is honestly spent for the children, and that educational policies are in the hands of men and women who love the children, and believe in freedom and enlightenment—not, as so often at present, in the hands of intriguing politicians, and the sycophants and hirelings of vested greed. The aim of my two books is to set our educators free from this control of selfish private interest; to awaken them to their position in a society which is ruled by organized exploitation.

When you talk with school and college administrators, you discover that the thing they crave above all other things is “harmony.” Everyone in the system must be loyal, everyone must co-operate, there must be an attitude of cheerfulness; in short, the school teacher and the college professor must comply with the formula which was frequent in the want advertisements of “domestics” in the days of my boyhood: “willing and obliging.” Manifestly, the program I have laid out in this book does not make for harmony—at least, not right away. If it would not sound too much like a Bolshevik utterance, I would say to the educator: “Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send peace, but a sword. For I am come to set the teacher at variance against the superintendent, and the professor against the president, and the educator against the board of education. And a man’s foes shall be they of his own school.”

In a social system based upon justice and freedom we have a right to ask for harmony; but where the system is based upon injustice and servitude, to ask for harmony is merely to be a tool of intrenched wrong. So my advice to teachers and professors is that they should stand up and assert themselves, and let harmony come when educational institutions are controlled by educators, and not by the owners of stocks and bonds and other symbols of parasitism.

To the educators of the United States—and also to the parents of the United States—I say: Look about this country of ours. Look at it, not through the rose-colored glasses of the capitalist press, but look with your own eyes, and ask if this is a civilization with which you are really satisfied. A country in which five per cent of the population owns ninety-five per cent of the wealth, and uses it to increase its share of income and control; in which ten per cent of the population exists always below the line of bare subsistence, unable to get food enough to maintain physical normality; in whose richest city twenty-two per cent of the children come to school suffering from undernourishment; whose city slums are growing like monstrous cancers, while the farms are being deserted because it no longer pays to work them; where tenantry and farm mortgages are increasing one or two per cent every year; where crime and prisoners in jails are increasing even faster; where between one million and five million men, willing to work, are kept unemployed all the time; where half a million women have to sell their bodies to get bread to live; where ninety-three per cent of the expenditures of government are devoted to the destroying of human lives; where the surplus wealth needed at home is not permitted to be consumed at home, but is sent abroad to seek opportunities of exploitation, to make our flag a symbol of greed, and turn our army and navy into debt-collecting agencies for Wall Street profiteers. Such is America as it really exists today; such are the facts—and ten thousand fancy-salaried administrators of education are forbidden ever to mention them, but required to tell their seven hundred thousand teacher-geese and their twenty-three million goslings that this is the greatest, the grandest, the most beautiful and most Christian country that God ever created.

Perhaps you are satisfied with this country, and my proposals for changing it do not appeal to you; but even so, that does not alter the fact that the changes are under way. Our country is in the rapids, along with all the rest of the world. Modern capitalist society is rushing to a swift and terrifying breakdown; and this not because of crimes or evil designs of any man or class of men, but because of economic forces inherent in it, and beyond the power of our feeble social will to change.

Under the scheme of modern industry enormous quantities of goods can be produced, but they cannot be distributed, because of what I call “the iron ring” which binds the profit system. The great mass of the people, being upon a competitive wage, do not get money enough to purchase all that they produce; hence comes over-production, periodic crises, “hard times” and unemployment. Out of this is born the labor movement—and this again not due to wickedness of individual agitators, but to irresistible economic force. Under the capitalist method of production the great mass of the workers are under a pressure which I call “the economic screw.” Their ultimate fate is extinction, and they organize to save themselves; the first to go down are the unorganized—including that white-collared proletariat to which the educators are so proud to belong.

Because no capitalist country can consume its own wealth, every capitalist country has to seek foreign markets, and in that search it conflicts with the other capitalist countries. Out of that rivalry grows war: incessant world-wide war is the abyss into which our present society is doomed to be hurled. We have seen the collapse come to Russia; as I write this book it is coming to Germany—and before I write many more books we shall see it come to the Central European countries, then to France and Italy, then to England and Japan, and—last of all, perhaps, but none the less inevitably—to America.

You will recall one of our famous school orators, recently president of the National Education Association, defining to the world-educators in San Francisco the function of teachers—to see to it that to the next war “we shall not send a soldier who cannot write his name.” Such is the capitalist concept of education and the duty of the educator. Is it yours? You may answer that it is not; but take note of this fact—what you answer makes not the slightest difference. That is what you are doing, and it is what you will continue to do, under the present class control of industry; training boys to be loyal servants of the plutocracy, to manufacture new and more terrifying engines of destruction, and to go out and die horrible deaths whenever the plutocracy, in its lust for foreign markets, has brought about such a condition of jealousy and hate that the people can be stampeded into a war for the defense of liberty, or democracy, or whatever the rascal politicians and rascal kept editors choose to call it. That is the future of our children, and that is the rôle which you, the educators, are commanded to play—which you _do_ play hour by hour, and with the perfectly explicit understanding that the penalty of refusal is to lose your status among the white-collared class, the so-called “ladies and gentlemen,” and to be beaten down to the status of grimy hands and overalls and celluloid collars.

What can you do about this? The first thing you can do is to understand it; to get those books and magazines and newspapers which your masters are moving heaven and earth to keep away from you, and in which you may find explained the economics of the class struggle, and the forces which are dragging mankind into the pit.

When you have acquired this knowledge, you will realize once for all that you can place no hope in the exploiting class. Individual employers may be kindly and liberal; but with very few exceptions they are bound in the psychology of their occupation, and the great mass of them are like every other ruling class in history, drunk with power, and bent upon their own aggrandizement. In this present world situation they find themselves confronted with two possible alternatives—world conquest and class rule for themselves, or abdication and class suicide. In no country are they going to choose the latter alternative; so you, the educators under the capitalist regime, are going to fulfill your destiny as cultivators of cannon-fodder.

The middle class, in which you aspire to remain, is being ground between the upper and nether mill-stones. You have seen the value of the rouble and the mark wiped out; you see the franc started on the toboggan, and some day you will watch the pound and the dollar travel the same road. More and more the outlines of the world struggle become clear—on the one side the plutocracy, and on the other the workers. It is the workers, and they alone, who can deliver us from slaughter; they alone have the numbers, the potential power, and they alone have the ethics—being producers, not gamblers and speculators and wasters. The future world of co-operation and brotherhood is theirs to make, and all they lack is ripened understanding and vision of the better life.

Twenty years ago, when I first came into the Socialist movement, I had the beautiful fond idea that the intellectuals would furnish that new psychology. Twenty years of watching the brain-workers climb out upon the faces of the poor, and take their comfortable stations as retainers of privilege, have brought me to realize that the workers must save themselves; they must supply not merely the numbers, the industrial power, but also the idealism, the moral power. When I appeal to educators, I am not indulging in youthful utopianism; the salary struggles of the past six or eight years have brought vividly home to the rank and file of teachers the fact that they too are workers, and that, far from being superior to the proletariat, they are actually less paid and less respected than carpenters and masons and machinists, who are organized and able to protect themselves in the wage market. I am not for a moment overlooking the fact that educators are idealists and social ministrants; but I assert that they are also members of the intellectual proletariat, having nothing but their brain power to sell, and I appeal to them to realize their status, and to act upon the realities and not the fairy tales of the capitalist world. The educator is a worker, a useful worker, and the educator’s place is by the side of all his brothers of that class. “Workers of the world, unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains; you have a world to gain.”

INDEX

Roman numerals refer to chapters, Arabic numerals to pages. Names of
colleges and schools are in italics.

Adams, Sam, 301 Addams, 299 Addicott, 112, 119 Harvard “Advocate”, 366 Agencies, 386 Agra, 402 _Alabama_, 428 Alden, 198 Algebra, 329 Alleghany, 351 Allen, Gov., 272 Allen B. M., 366 Alpert, 52 Am. Asso. of University Professors, 425 Am. Bankers’ Asso., 284 Am. Bar Asso., 284-5 Am. Book Co., LXV, 107, 170, 176, 185-6, 189, 268, 300, 303, 311 Am. Civil Liberties Union, IV, 47, 282, 350, 420 Am. Federation of Labor, 28, 332, 400, 406, 410 Am. Fed. of Teachers, 165, 170, 181, 401, 405–6 American Legion, LXI, 54, 226, 270, 396 “American Magazine”, 362 _American_, 433 “Americanization”, 91 _Amherst_, 423 Anaconda, XXX-I Anderson, J. F., 126–7, 250–251, 255 Andres, 282 Andrews, F. F., 274 Andrews, S. M., 163 Andrus, 53 _Antioch_, 413 Arbuckle, 380 Architects, 269 Arkansas, 292–4, 303 Arlett, 127, 238 Armour & Co., 312 Army, 371 Ashley, 50 Associated Press, 124, 145, 235 Atlanta, 398 Atwood, H., 49, 51, 306 Atwood, W., XLI, 129 Augustinian, 201 Austin, 397 Australia, 407

Babbitts, 108, 392 Babcock, 33 Babson, 364 Bachrach, 107 Backus, 115 Baer, 373 Bagwell, 396 Ball, 181 Baltimore, XLIII-IV, 403 Bancroft, 117 “Bankers’ Magazine”, 373 Bardwell, 178 Barnes, A. V., 185, 189, 319–20 Barnes, E., 308 Barrows, LVIII, 120, 124, 328 Barton, 380 Bauernschmidt, XLIV Beals, XXV Bean, 56 Beard, 310 Beardsley, 11 Beeber, 203 Belgium, 299 Belloc, 346 _Beloit_, 430 Benicia, 349 _Bennett Medical_, 98 “Beowulf”, 390 Berger, 231 Berkeley, XXV Berry, 69, 70 Better America Federation, I, 36, 47, 228, 421 Bettinger, 22 Bible, 145 Bither, 96–99 Blackburn, 397 Blackwood, 87 Bloch, 107 Boise, 298, 360 Bok, 428 Bolley, 171 “Bolsheviks”, 237, 243, 252, 260, 273, 286, 314, 367, 385, 392, 432 “Bolshevism”, 107, 222, 391-3 Bonfils, 156 Book Business, LXV-VII “Bookmen”, 268, 417 Boone, 353 Bordwell, 24, 25, 228, 230 Boston, XL, 177, 266, 270, 367 Bouck, 144, 327 Boyle, 204 Brady, A. M., 359 Brady, N. F., 331 “Brass Check”, 433, 437 Brewer, 404, 407–8 Briggs, 179 Bristol, 32 Broadhurst, 96 Brookline, 193 _Brookwood_, 412 Broome, 206 Brougher, 26 Brown, Dean, 156 Browne, S., 65 Bryan, W. J., 314 Buffalo, 399, 427 Bunker Hill, 308 Burch, 309 Bureau of Education, U. S., 281, 372 Bureau of Standards, U. S., 370 Burns, W. J., II Burt, 204 Burton, 326 Burzi, 348 Butler, N. M., 25, 245, 246, 265, 375–6, 380, 421 Butte, XXX, 390

Calexico, 360 Calhoun, A. W., 412 Calhoun, P., 110 _California_, 110, 118, 120, 418–2 California, XLVIII, 226–7, 326, 328, 360–1, 387, 395, 407 “Call,” N. Y., 81 Cambridge, 194 Cammack, 165–6 Campbell, 111 Carlsen, 403 _Carnegie_, 264, 265, 426 Carson, 361 Carver, 291 Cary, 277–9, 320–1 Catholic, XL, LXVIII-LXXI, 65, 168, 202, 209, 212, 215, 331, 339 _Catholic_, 433 Cattell, 264, 434 Century Dictionary, 192 Chafee, 193 Chandler, 30–32, 51, 120, 418 Chardenal, 299 Chase, R. E., 228–30 Chaucer, 345 Chauvinism, 299 _Chicago_, 379, 439 Chicago, XX, XXII, 242, 266, 276, 324–5, 373, 406 Child Labor, 189 Chinese, 398 Choate, 363 Citizen, LXXXI, 408–9 Clancy, 176, 260–1 Claremont, 312 “Clarion,” Milwaukee, 232 _Clark_, XLI, 422 Clark, E. P., 32, 43 Clark, H., 38 Clark, W. A., 150 Clarksburg, 356 Clarvoe, 9 Classroom teachers, 236 Class struggle, 242 Clay, 223 Cleveland, 268 Clum, 129–130 Coal, 160 Cody, 186 Cohn, 68 Colby, J., 285 Colorado, XXXII-III, 349 Collins, 348 Collins, M., 379 _Columbia_, 245, 274, 375–6, 421–2, 428, 434 Columbia Correspondence School, 221 “Commercial,” N. Y., 288–9 Commissioner of Education, 241, 264 Commissions, 320 _Commonwealth_, 412 Compton, 327 Connell, 160 Constitution, 18–35, 279, 282–3, 288, 350 Cook, C., 219 Cooley, 103–4, 269, 278 Coolidge, 129, 273, 423 Copp, 24, 30–1 _Cornell_, 439 Cotter, 167 “Courier,” Ottumwa, 289–90, 310 Crabtree, 400 Crawford, 16 Criminal syndicalism, 5, 96, 227 Croker, 60–1 Cronkite, 37 Cross, 361 Cryer, 16–17 Cubage, 292–4 “Current Events”, 312

“Daily Miner,” Butte, 150 Dallas, 295, 380, 397 Daly, 324, 359 Darrow, 24 _Dartmouth_, 429 Davis, E. S., 99 Davis, Director, 208 Day, J. R., 314–5, 423 Debs, 271 Delaware, 279, 437 Denver, XXXII-III, LXXVIII Department of Classroom Teachers, 236, 240, 267 Department of Justice, 21 “Department of Superintendence”, 227, 236, 268, 274 Des Moines, LIV, 177, 264, 270–2 Detroit, XXXVIII-XXXIX, 100–2, 242, 318–20 Dewey, 75, 405 de Young, 112 “Dial”, 80 Dickson, 32 Dietz, 332 Dinkins, 307 “Direct Legislation”, 134 Doran, 115 Dorsey, V, XI, 34–9, 254, 571 Dotey, 72, 77–84 Dowling, 341, 343 Doyle, 37 Driggs, LII-III, 244–8, 251 Duluth, 352, 412 Duncan, L. J., 147–8 Dunlap, 38 Dunn, Principal, 57 Dunne, 95 Dupont, 279

“Eagle,” Brooklyn, 90 Earl, 418 “Educational films”, 313 “Educational Review”, 25 Edwards, 46 Edwards, G. C., 397 Edwards, President, 221 Eldorado, 350 “Electrical World”, 418 Elgin, 398 Eliot, George, 89 Ellis, 169 Eltzbacher, 76 Emerson, 92, 192 England, 407 English, 374 “Ephebian Society”, 52 Ettinger, 81–3 Evanston, 428 “Examiner,” S. F., 379 “Express,” L. Angeles, 34

Faber, 172 Fairhope, 413 Faneuil Hall, 193 Fargo, 357 Farmer-Labor Party, 173 Farrell, 330 Feitshans, 32–3 Fifth Avenue, 368 Filene’s, 404 Finegan, 205 Finley, 400 Fiske, J., 181 _Fiske_, 431–2 Fleishhacker, 110–11, 418 Flint, 422 Foch, 297 Ford, H., 100, 106, 185 _Fordham_, 330 Fordization, 186 Forsythe, 66 Foshay, 22 “Four-Term Year”, 275 France, 298–9, 416 France, A., 299 Francis, J. H., 23 Frayne, 84 Fredericks, 20–32, 33 “Freeman”, 141 “Free Press,” Oakland, 127 French Classics, 434 Fresno, 361 Frick, 315 Frye-Atwood, 196 Fundamentalists, 424

Galbraith, 300 Gallagher, 112, 119 Gardner, 237–40, 248, 250, 253, 261, 266–7, 311 Garrett, 212 Garrigues, 73, 75, 76 Garrison, W. L., Jr., 367 Gartz, 15 Garvan, 330 Gary, 102, 350, 352, 421 Gates, President, 318 Gay, 272 “Gazette,” Worcester, 195 Gellhorn, 172 General Education Board, LX Geometry, 329 _Georgetown_, 330 Germany, 277, 298–9 Gerry, 219, 221 Ghent, 306 Gibbons, 343 Ginn & Co., 136, 196, 268, 278, 310, 321, 329, 362, 423 Giovannitti, 421 Gladstone, 334 Glassberg, 78, 79 Gleason, 322–3 “Globe-Democrat,” St. L., 169 “Globe,” N. Y., 438 “The Goose-step”, LXXXV-VIII, 197 Goetbo, 396 Gould, 183 Gould, H., 368–9 Gove, 155 Grand Rapids, 319 Grange, 326 Grant, 310 Gratz, 204 Green, 166 Greene, 56 Greenlaw, 302 Gregory, 430 Griffith, 313 _Groton_, 362 Grout, XXVII-VIII Gruver, 201 Guitteau, 308 Gwinn, 119, 254, 270 Gymnasia, 278

Haldeman, 27, 32, 47, 51 Haley, XX-XXII, LIII, 87, 186, 237, 241, 247, 250–2, 264–6, 275–6 Hallett, XXXII Halpin, 298 Hamer, 424 Hamilton, 54, 301 Hammond, A. B., 13–4 Hankins, 201 Hanna, 113 Hannah, 151, 304 Hansen, 41 Hanson, 129 Harcourt, 311 Hard, W., 283 Harden, 260–1, 263, 246 Hardin, 152 Hardy, 345 Hardyman, 18, 43 “Harmony”, 440 Harrison, P., 218–20 Harrisburg, 412 Harrow, 80 Hart, 301 _Harvard_, 194, 366, 404, 417, 433–4 Harvard Liberal Club, 288–9 Harvey, H., 422 Hays, W. H., 312–3 Heath, 104, 325 Hedges, 430 Heinze, 147 Hellman, 15, 20 Helm, 29 Heney, 110 “Herald”, 86 Herberman, 345 Herrick, 433 Herron, 318 Hesse, 170–3, 406 Hibben, 363 Hichborn, 347 Higbie, 359 Hilfinger, 427 Hill, A. B., 292–4 Hillis, N. D., 314–5 Hirshfield, LXII, 308 Hollywood, 3, 28, 384 Hollis, 198–200 Holmes, J. H., 83, 438 Homestead, 351 Hopkins, E. M., 374 Hopkins, P., 18, 412 _Hotchkiss_, 362 Houston, 401 Houston, D., 291 Howe, 89 Hubbard, 144 Huns, 367 Hunter, XXVI, 229, 238, 244, 251, 254, 262, 272 Hughan, 85–6 Hughes, C. E., 139 Hughes, R. O., 307

Ibsen, 150 Idaho, 360 Illinois, 246, 325, 350 _Illinois_, 430 Illiteracy, 347, 371, 373 Immorality, 382 Imperial Valley, 378 “Independent”, 138 “Independent,” Walsenburg, 163 Indiana, 285, 317–8 “Individual Strike”, 407 “Industrial Barometer”, 187 “Industrial Progress”, 333 Insull, 109 Italy, 421 I. W. W., 5, 6, 14, 130, 145, 179, 272, 412 Iowa City, 290, 324 Irish, 192, 193

Jabbergrab, 427 James, 323 Jefferson, 54 Jepson, 174 Jesuit, 193, 200 Johnson, C. W., 172 Johnson, H., 421 Johnson, M., 413 Jones, O., 245, 255, 262 Jones, S., 114 Jordan, 299 “Journal,” Detroit, 318 “Journal of A. M. A.”, 98 “Journal of Education”, 256, 261 “Journal of Educational Research”, 376 Joyce, 300 Judd, 171, 286, 317–8, 327 Jung, 139 Jungle, 312

Kahn, 114 Kaiser, 273 Kansas, 326 Kansas City, XXXIV, 270 Karapetoff, 419 Keane, 340 Kelley, 378 Kellor, 385–6 Kemper, 164 Kennan, 162 Kennedy, C. R., 150 Kensington, 208 Kentucky, 325 _Kentucky Wesleyan_, 424 Keyes, 15 Kidder, Peabody & Co., 191 Kimbrough, 10–8 “Kingdom”, 318 Kinney, 176, 182–3 Kipling, 312 Kiwanis, 202 Klein, 96 Knights of Columbus, 202, 332–3 Knoxville, 424 Koeb, 386, 397 Koenig, 12 Ku Klux Klan, 65, 295, 381, 427 Kunze, 181

LaFollette, 231 “Labor Age”, 4 Labor Film Service, 312 “Labor Review”, 180 Labor Unions, 387 Lacy, 38–9 Ladd, Prof., 425 Lamont, 362, 366 Lapolla, 84 Lapp, 304 Lassalle, 188 Laughlin, 188 Lawrence, 365 _Lawrenceville_, 363–4 “Leader,” Okla., 294, 396 Learned, 220 Leavitt, 403 Lee, 310 Lee, J. M., 438–9 Lee, Higginson & Company, 191, 417 Lee-Nyne, 393 Leesville, 397 Lefkowitz, 183 Leigh, 51 Leland, 437 Lenin, 78, 79–83, 421 Leo XIII, 339, 343 Leonard, W. E., 364 Levenson, 128 Levine, 148 Levis, 275–6 Lewis, H. H., 333 Libel, 436 Lickley, VIII Lindsey, LXXVIII, 159, 437 Lippincotts, 188 “Literary Digest”, 138 Littleton, LXXIII Llano Colony, 397 Lloyd, H. D., 318 Loeb, 102–3 “Looters,” The, 160 Lorain, 352–3 Los Angeles, I-XII, XLVII, 373 Lovett, 328 Lucey, 66 Ludlow Massacre, 383 Lusk, 81 Lowell, 417

Macbeth, 33 MacDonald, Milo, 66 Macy, J., 434 Magill, LIII, 247–8, 250–2 Magna Charta, 406 Mandel, 302 Marckwardt, 186 Marland, 294 Marquis, 367 Marshall, 379 Marshall Field & Co., 108 Marx, G., 328 Marx, K., 188 _Mass. Tech._, 433–4 Matthews, B., 434 Maurer, 412 Maxwell, 67 McAndrew, 307 McAndrew, Principal, 107 McCalley, 399 McCooey, 66 McKaig, 297, 310 McKeesport, 350 McKenzie, 431 McKinley, 98–9 McKnight, 37 McLean, 220 McNulty, 345 McSweeney, 332 Means, G. B., 12 Meiklejohn, 423 Melish, 83 Mellon, 427–8 Mencken, 385 Menzel, 263 Merz, 434–5 Metzger, 99 Mexico, 328–9 Michigan, 325 Miles, 277 Miller, C. G., 303 Miller, E. L., 188, 305 Mills, A. L., 130–1, 136 Mills, D. O., 437 Mills, L. H., 400 Mills, O. L., 437 Milton, 345 Milwaukee, 231–4, 247, 268, 271, 327, 346, 396 Minneapolis, XXXVI-VII, 276 _Minnesota_, 181, 426, 431 Minor, 12 Missouri, 324 _Missouri_, 425 Mitten, 204 Monroe, V., 413 Montana, XXX-I Moore, E. C., 23, 227 Morey, 155 Morgan, J. E., LIV Morgan & Company, 102, 285, 375, 417–8, 437 Morgan, Pres., 424 Mormon, LII _Morningside_, 425 Morrison, 318–20 Morrow, 423 “Mother-baiting”, 89, 211 Mott, L., 367 Moynihan, 99 Muma, 32, 40–2 Murfin, 185 Murphy, 167 Mussolini, 271, 421–2 Muste, 366 Muzzey, 301–9 Mystic Trumpeter, 394

Nafe, 162 Nashville, 424 “Nation”, 50, 80, 141, 197, 297, 430, 434 National Association for Constitutional Government, 286 National Association of Manufacturers, 226, 276–280 National Catholic Welfare Council, 231–2 National Chamber of Commerce, 285, 373 National Child Labor Committee, 190 National Council of Education, 372 National Council for the Prevention of War, 300 National Council of Teachers of English, 374 National Educational Association, XLIX-LVI, 119, 125–6, 142, 158, 225, 372, 407 National Electric Light Association, 418 National Industrial Conference Board, 286–7 National Security League, 274, 287 National Student Forum, 283, 431 National Tube Company, 352 Nationalization of Women, 392 Neal, Jud., 308-9 Nearing, 196, 369 _Nebraska_, 376 Negro, 219, 425 Neilson, 358 New Freedom, 146 “New Republic”, 50, 80, 138, 141, 197, 434 “New Student”, 431 New Robinson Crusoe, 311 _New School_, 413 New York, XIII-XIX, 373 _New York_, 427 “News,” Dallas, 380 “News,” Chicago, XX Newberry, 185, 186, 319, 320 Newman, 340–1 Newton, 254 Nichols, 164 Noll, 337, 342 Nonpartisan League, 151, 164, 272, 310, 322, 357 _Notre Dame_, 429 North Dakota, 322, 357–9 _North Dakota_, 425 _Northwestern_, 428 Noyes, 220 Nugent, 164

Oakland, XXVI, 230, 258–6, 262–3, 272 Oaks, III Odell, 33, 57 Officers’ Reserve Corps, 180 Ogden, M., 56 O’Hare, 412, 425 Ohio, 390 Oil, LXXIII “Oil-Dome”, 251, 259 Oklahoma, 294–5, 325, 396 _Oklahoma_, 432 Older, 110–114 Olgin, 392–3 Oliver, 350 Olsen, 181 O’Mahoney, 115 Open shop, 165, 195, 333 Onaway, 236 “One-Teacher Schools”, 372, 377 “Oregonian”, 136–9 _Organic_, 413 Otis, 23–29 “Our Sunday Visitor”, 337, 342 “Outlook”, 138 Owen, 239, 244–7, 262 Owens, 397 “Owls”, 36–8 Oxnam, 30, 34–9

Pallen, 84, 331 Parent-Teachers Associations, 48 “Parochial Schools”, 336 Pasadena, II, 400 Pathfinders, 413 “Patriot League”, 303 Patriotism, 301 Paul, Dr., 73 Payne, L., 52, 56 Payne, O., 366 Payne, 169 Pearse, 233–4, 244, 252, 327 Pelletier, 332 Pensions, 264–6 Pennsylvania, 396 Peoria, 325 Pershing, 296 Petersen, 113 Philadelphia, XLII, 377 _Phillips Andover_, 362, 365–6 _Phillips Exeter_, 362 Pictures, LXIV Pierce, LXXIII, 387–9, 390 Pinkerton, 164 Pittsburgh, 350–1, 426 Pius IX, LXIX “Platoon System”, 100–2 Plimpton, 321, 362 Pluhar, 281 Plum, 289–90 Plummer, III Portland, XXVII-VIII, 139 “Post,” Boston, 348 “Post,” Worcester, 195 “Post-Dispatch,” St. Louis, 425 Powell, 290, 309–10 Power, A. R., 116 Power Trust, 418 Prang, 41 Preston, LIII, 142, 144, 245, 401 _Princeton_, 427 “Printers Ink”, 427 Progressive Education Association, 413 Proudhon, 188 _Purdue_, 431 Purdy, 173, 178, 182

Quale, 49

“Rape of the Lock”, 390 Raynor, 79 Rebec, 140 “Record,” Newton, 311 “Record,” Phila., 305 “Reds”, 30, 35, 62 “Red Tape”, 374 Reed, T. B., 280 Reedy, 95 “Review of Reviews”, 194 Rice, I. H., 8 Richmond, 16 Riordan, 398–9 Riot Department, LXI “Rip-Saw,” Duluth, 352 Riverside, 400 Robertson, Dean, 439 Robertson, J. D., 98, 100 Robertson, W. W., 261–2 Robins, R., 79 Robinson, J. H., 307, 310, 424 Rockefeller, LX, 161, 315 Rodman, XIX Rolland, 299 Roman, F., 278 Roncovieri, XXIII, 119 Root, E., 265 Rotarians, 202 Rowan, 204 Ruef, 110 Rugg, 423 Ruskin, 315 Russia, 242, 306, 314 Rutberg, 37 _Rutgers_, 428 Ruth, 380 Ryan, Father, 330, 331, 433 Ryan, J. D., 331 Ryan, T. F., 61

St. Christopher, 348 St. Joseph, Mo., 236 St. Louis, XXXV, 406 _St. Marks_, 363 St. Paul, 286 _St. Paul’s_, 363 Salary campaign, 26 Salt Lake, LII, 247, 266 San Antonio, 401 San Diego, 271, 296, 378 San Francisco, XXIII-IV, 272–3 San Pedro, 6 San Quentin, 5 Santmyer, 142–3 Sapiro, 307 Sargent, 279 Schenck, 156 Scott, Pres., 428 Schmalhausen, 73–7 Schmitz, 109–10 “School Life”, 296 “School and Society”, 369, 404 School survey, LXXVI Schultz, 277 “Scoring”, 376 Seattle, XXIX Seligman, 86 Shallcross, 204 Sharples, 141–3 Shaw, G. B., 188 Shaw, L. M., 50, 129 Sheldon, 15 Shelley, 434 Shepard, 84, 437 Shepard-Towner Bill, 272 Shiels, 25 Shorrock, 141 Shoup, 421 Shutter, 180 Silzer, 428 Sinclair, M., 77 Sinclair, U., 15, 34–5, 53, 286, 422–3, 434 Slattery, 418 Smith, Examiner, 66–8 Smith, Joseph, 249, 252 Smith, P., 274 Snobbery, LXV Socialists, 295, 394, 420 Socony, LX Somers, 67 Somers, H. H., 114 Sommers, 154 Southampton, 407 South Dakota, 324, 359 _South Dakota_, 428 South Jersey, 117 Southern California, I-XII Southern Pacific, 421 _Southern Methodist_, 381 Spain, C. L., 102 Spillman, 291 Spokane, 145–6 Spreckels, 110 Sprowls, 424 Soviet Russia, 421 Stafford, 180 Standard Oil, 418, 428 _Stanford_, 420-1, 386-7 “Star-Spangled Banner”, 212 “Star,” K. C., 164 “Star,” Wash., 218 Stearns, 423 Steel, LXXII, 426 Sterling, 178 Steffens, 83, 203 Stevenson, 84 Stillman, 29 Stockton, 280 Stratton, 418 Strayer, LI, LIII, 262–9, 274, 285, 321, 375–6, 377 Street and Smith, 333 Strikes, LXXXIII Studebaker, 403 Sullivan, 115 Sullivan, J. T., 144 Sunday, “Billy”, 25 Superintendents, 226, 227, 316 Superior, 377 Supreme Court, 279 “Survey”, 138–9, 370, 356, 388 Suzzallo, 141 Swain, 264 Swenson, 176 “Syllabus of Errors”, LXIX _Syracuse_, 422, 427

Taft, 422 Tammany Hall, 160, 233, 235, 240 Tammen, 156, 157 Tannenbaum, 83 Taylor, 142, 156 Taylor, A. P., 413 Teachers’ Associations, 225 “Teachers’ Bureaus”, LXXIX Teachers’ Union, LXXXII-III “Technology Review”, 434 “Telegram,” Worcester, 195 Tennessee, 144, 379 _Tennessee_, 423 Terror, Teachers’, LXXX Texas, 325, 396, 404 Text-Books, LXI-LXVIII, 298–301 Thatcher, 79 “They Call Me Carpenter”, 297 Thomas, Mrs., 196 Thompson, Lynn, XXXVI-VII Thompson, Mayor, 102 Thompson, W. B., 362 Thomson, Prof., 201 Thorson, 322–3 Thurber, 195, 197, 321, 423 Tigert, 271, 272, 296 Tildsley, XVI, 69, 70, 85–6, 90–1 “Times,” Detroit, 185 “Times,” Los Angeles, I, III, V, 30, 34, 227, 296, 306 “Times,” N. Y., 71, 81, 86, 89, 93, 379 Todd, Capt. P., 434 Torchio, 419 Tower, 390 Townsend, 21 “Tribune,” Chicago, XX, 105–6 “Tribune,” N. Y., 86 “Tribune,” Oakland, 126 Trotsky, 78–9 Trovatore, 378 Tweed, 62 Tyler, 360

Undergraduate, 430 Unemployment, 385 Unitarian, 423 United Press, 10 University Club, II Utah, LII

_Valparaiso_, 427 Van de Goorberg, 30 Van Loon, 439 Van Schaick, XLV Vanderbilt, 241, 368–9 Vare, 204 Vassar, 437 Veblen, 80 Ventzke, 396 Vermont, 265 Viereck, 70 “Villains”, 436 Visional Instruction, 314

Wadsworth, E., 418 Wadsworth, J., 363 Wald, 84 Walton, J., 294–5 Ward, A., 439 Washburn, 24 Washington State, XXIX, 326, 396 Washington, D. C., XLV-XLVI Water power, 49 Waters, 24, 228 Weaver, 27, 28 Webster, 223 Webster, A. G., 198 “Weeds”, 378 Weeks, 427 Wells, H. G., 81, 201 Wentworth, 329 Werner, 422 West, G. P., 419 West, W. M., 301, 310 West Virginia, LXXIII, 349 Whalen, 72, 75 Wheeling, 387 White, W. A., 164 _Whitman_, 142 Whitman, 394 Whitney, 61 Wilshire, 438 Wilson, W., 73, 146, 223, 294 Wilson, Supt., 400 Williams, C. O., 238, 240, 245, 270, 273 Winkley, 174 Winship, 256 Wisconsin, #231–4:Page_231, 321, 349 _Wisconsin_, 429 Wise, S. S., 83 Withers, 169 Woelfkin, 428 Wolfner, 169 _Women’s Medical_, 426 Wood, A., 219, 222–3 Wood, Father, 111 Wood, O. G., 149, 297, 380 Wood, W. M., 365 Worcester, XLI Workers’ Education, LXXXIV Workers’ Educat. Bureau, 411 Workers’ Party, 12 “World,” N. Y., 427 Wright, J. F., 413 Wyckliffite, 345

_Yale_, 363, 422 Yorke, 115 Young, 147, 201 Young, E. F., 108 Y. M. C. A., 343, 367, 432 Young Workers’ League, 56

Zeuch, 412

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Who Owns the Press, and Why?

When you read your daily paper, are you reading facts or propaganda? And whose propaganda?

Who furnishes the raw material for your thoughts about life? Is it honest material?

No man can ask more important questions than these; and here for the first time the questions are answered in a book.

=THE BRASS CHECK=

A Study of American Journalism

By UPTON SINCLAIR

Read the record of this book to August, 1920: Published in February, 1920; first edition, 23,000 paper-bound copies, sold in two weeks. Second edition, 21,000 paper-bound, sold before it could be put to press. Third edition, 15,000 and fourth edition, 12,000, sold. Fifth edition, 15,000, in press. Paper for sixth edition, 110,000, just shipped from the mill. The third and fourth editions are printed on “number one news”; the sixth will be printed on a carload of lightweight brown wrapping paper—all we could get in a hurry.

The first cloth edition, 16,500 copies, all sold; a carload of paper for the second edition, 40,000 copies, has just reached our printer—and so we dare to advertise!

Ninety thousand copies of a book sold in six months—and published by the author, with no advertising, and only a few scattered reviews! What this means is that the American people want to know the truth about their newspapers. They have found the truth in “The Brass Check” and they are calling for it by telegraph. Put these books on your counter, and you will see, as one doctor wrote us—“they melt away like the snow.”

From the pastor of the Community Church, New York:

“I am writing to thank you for sending me a copy of your new book,
‘The Brass Check.’ Although it arrived only a few days ago, I have
already read it through, every word, and have loaned it to one of my
colleagues for reading. The book is tremendous. I have never read a
more strongly consistent argument or one so formidably buttressed by
facts. You have proved your case to the handle. I again take
satisfaction in saluting you not only as a great novelist, but as the
ablest pamphleteer in America today. I am already passing around the
word in my church and taking orders for the book.”—John Haynes Holmes.

=440 pages. Single copy, paper, 60c postpaid; three copies, $1.50; ten
copies, $4.50. Single copy, cloth, $1.20 postpaid; three copies, $3.00;
ten copies, $9.00=

Address: UPTON SINCLAIR, Pasadena, Cal.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

They Call Me Carpenter

By UPTON SINCLAIR

Would you like to meet Jesus? Would you care to walk down Broadway with him in the year 1922? What would he order for dinner in a lobster palace? What would he do in a beauty parlor? What would he make of a permanent wave? What would he say to Mary Magna, million dollar queen of the movies? And how would he greet the pillars of St. Bartholomew’s Church? How would he behave at strike headquarters? What would he say at a mass meeting of the “reds”? And what would the American Legion do to him?

_From the “Survey”_:

“Upton Sinclair has a reputation for rushing in where angels fear to
tread. He has done it again and, artist that he is, has mastered the
most difficult theme with ease and sureness. That the figure of Jesus
is woven into a novel which is glorious fun, in itself will shock many
people. But the graphic arts have long been given the liberty of
treating His life in a contemporary setting—why not the novelist?

“Heywood Broun and other critics notwithstanding, it must be stated
that Sinclair has treated the figure of Christ with a reverence far
more sincere than that of writings in which His presence is shrouded
in pseudo-mystic inanity. By an artistry borrowed from the technique
of modern expressionist fiction, he has combined downright realism
with an extravagant imaginativeness in which the appearance of Christ
is no more improper than it is in the actual dreams of hundreds of
thousands of devout Christians.

“Like all of Sinclair’s writings, this book is, of course, a Socialist
tract; but here—in a spirit which entirely destroys Mr. Broun’s charge
that he has made Christ the spokesman of one class—he is unmerciful in
his exposure of the sins of the poor as well as of the rich, and
directs at the comrades in radical movements a sermon which every
churchman will gladly endorse.

“It is not necessary to recommend a book that will find its way into
thousands of homes. Incidentally one wonders how a story so
colloquially American—Mr. Broun considers this bad taste—can possibly
be translated into the Hungarian, the Chinese and the dozen or so
other languages in which Sinclair’s books are devoured by the common
people of the world.”

Price, cloth $1.50; paper 75c; postpaid.

Order from

UPTON SINCLAIR,

Pasadena, California

------------------------------------------------------------------------

_A book which has been absolutely boycotted by the literary reviews of
America._

THE PROFITS OF RELIGION

BY UPTON SINCLAIR

A study of Supernaturalism as a Source of Income and a Shield to Privilege; the first examination in any language of institutionalized religion from the economic point of view. “Has the labour as well as the merit of breaking virgin soil,” writes Joseph McCabe. The book has had practically no advertising and only two or three reviews in radical publications; yet forty thousand copies have been sold in the first year.

_From the Rev. John Haynes Holmes_: “I must confess that it has fairly
made me writhe to read these pages, not because they are untrue or
unfair, but on the contrary, because I know them to be the real facts.
I love the church as I love my home, and therefore it is no pleasant
experience to be made to face such a story as this which you have
told. It had to be done, however, and I am glad you have done it, for
my interest in the church, after all, is more or less incidental,
whereas my interest in religion is a fundamental thing.... Let me
repeat again that I feel that you have done us all a service in the
writing of this book. Our churches today, like those of ancient
Palestine, are the abode of Pharisees and scribes. It is as spiritual
and helpful a thing now as it was in Jesus’ day for that fact to be
revealed.”

_From Luther Burbank_: “No one has ever told ‘the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth’ more faithfully than Upton Sinclair
in ‘The Profits of Religion.’”

_From Louis Untermeyer_: “Let me add my quavering alto to the chorus
of applause of ‘The Profits of Religion.’ It is something more than a
book—it is a Work!”

315 pages. Single copy, 60c postpaid; three copies, $1.50; ten copies,
$4.50; By freight or express, collect, twenty-five copies at 40c per
copy; 100 copies at 38c; 500 copies at 36c; 1,000 copies at 35c.
Single copy, cloth, $1.20 postpaid; three copies, $3.00; ten copies,
$9.00. By freight or express, collect, twenty-five copies at 80c per
copy; 100 copies at 76c; 500 copies at 72c; 1,000 copies at 70c.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

A New Novel by Upton Sinclair

100%

THE STORY OF A PATRIOT

Would you like to go behind the scenes and see the “invisible government” of your country saving you from the Bolsheviks and the Reds? Would you like to meet the secret agents and provocateurs of “Big Business,” to know what they look like, how they talk and what they are doing to make the world safe for democracy? Several of these gentlemen have been haunting the home of Upton Sinclair during the past three years and he has had the idea of turning the tables and investigating the investigators. He has put one of them, Peter Gudge by name, into a book, together with Peter’s ladyloves, and his wife, and his boss and a whole group of his fellow-agents and their employers.

The hero of this book is a red-blooded, 100% American, a “he-man” and no mollycoddle. He begins with the Mooney case, and goes through half a dozen big cases of which you have heard. His story is a fact-story of America from 1916 to 1920, and will make a bigger sensation than “The Jungle.” Albert Rhys Williams, author of “Lenin” and “In the Claws of the German Eagle,” read the MS. and wrote:

“This is the first novel of yours that I have read through with real
interest. It is your most timely work, and is bound to make a
sensation. I venture that you will have even more trouble than you had
with ‘The Brass Check’—in getting the books printed fast enough.”

Single copy, 60c postpaid; three copies, $1.50; ten copies, $4.50. By freight or express, collect, twenty-five copies at 40c per copy; 100 copies at 38c; 500 copies at 36c; 1,000 copies at 35c. Single copy, cloth, $1.20 postpaid; three copies, $3.00; ten copies, $9.00. By freight or express, collect, twenty-five copies at 80c per copy; 100 copies at 76c; 500 copies at 72c; 1,000 copies at 70c.

UPTON SINCLAIR — Pasadena, California

------------------------------------------------------------------------

JIMMIE HIGGINS

“Jimmie Higgins” is the fellow who does the hard work in the job of waking up the workers. Jimmie hates war—all war—and fights against it with heart and soul. But war comes, and Jimmie is drawn into it, whether he will or no. He has many adventures—strikes, jails, munitions explosions, draft-boards, army-camps, submarines and battles. “Jimmie Higgins Goes to War” at last, and when he does he holds back the German army and wins the battle of “Chatty Terry.” But then they send him into Russia to fight the Bolsheviki, and there “Jimmie Higgins Votes for Democracy.”

A picture of the American working-class movement during four years of world-war; all wings of the movement, all the various tendencies and clashing impulses are portrayed. Cloth, $1.20 postpaid.

_From “The Candidate”_: I have just finished reading the first
installment of “Jimmie Higgins” and I am delighted with it. It is the
beginning of a great story, a story that will be translated into many
languages and be read by eager and interested millions all over the
world. I feel that your art will lend itself readily to “Jimmie
Higgins,” and that you will be at your best in placing this dear
little comrade where he belongs in the Socialist movement. The opening
story of your chapter proves that you know him intimately. So do I and
I love him with all my heart, even as you do. He has done more for me
than I shall ever be able to do for him. Almost anyone can be “The
Candidate,” and almost anyone will do for a speaker, but it takes the
rarest of qualities to produce a “Jimmie Higgins.” You are painting a
superb portrait of our “Jimmie” and I congratulate you.

EUGENE V. DEBS.

_From Mrs. Jack London_: Jimmie Higgins is immense. He is real, and so
are the other characters. I’m sure you rather fancy Comrade Dr.
Service! The beginning of the narrative is delicious with an
irresistible loving humor; and as a change comes over it and the Big
Medicine begins to work, one realizes by the light of 1918, what you
have undertaken to accomplish. The sure touch of your genius is here,
Upton Sinclair, and I wish Jack London might read and enjoy.

CHARMIAN LONDON.

_From a Socialist Artist_: Jimmie Higgins’ start is a master portrayal
of that character. I have been out so long on these lecture tours that
I can appreciate the picture. I am waiting to see how the story
develops. It starts better than “King Coal.”

RYAN WALKER.

Price, cloth, $1.20 postpaid.

UPTON SINCLAIR, Pasadena, California

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Concerning

=The Jungle=

---

Not since Byron awoke one morning to find himself famous has there been such an example of world-wide celebrity won in a day by a book as has come to Upton Sinclair.—_New York Evening World._

---

It is a book that does for modern industrial slavery what “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” did for black slavery. But the work is done far better and more accurately in “The Jungle” than in “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.”—_Arthur Brisbane in the New York Evening Journal._

---

I never expected to read a serial. I am reading “_The Jungle_,” and I should be afraid to trust myself to tell how it affects me. It is a great work. I have a feeling that you yourself will be dazed some day by the excitement about it. It is impossible that such a power should not be felt. It is so simple, so true, so tragic and so human. It is so eloquent, and yet so exact. I must restrain myself or you may misunderstand.—_David Graham Phillips._

---

In this fearful story the horrors of industrial slavery are as vividly drawn as if by lightning. It marks an epoch in revolutionary literature.—_Eugene V. Debs._

---

Mr. Heinemann isn’t a man to bungle;
He’s published a book which is called “The Jungle.”
It’s written by Upton Sinclair, who
Appears to have heard a thing or two
About Chicago and what men do
Who live in that city—a loathsome crew.
It’s there that the stockyards reek with blood,
And the poor man dies, as he lives, in mud;
The Trusts are wealthy beyond compare,
And the bosses are all triumphant there,
And everything rushes without a skid
To be plunged in a hell which has lost its lid.
For a country where things like that are done
There’s just one remedy, only one,
A latter-day Upton Sinclairism
Which the rest of us know as Socialism.
Here’s luck to the book! It will make you cower,
For it’s written with wonderful, thrilling power.
It grips your throat with a grip Titanic,
And scatters shams with a force volcanic.
Go buy the book, for I judge you need it,
And when you have bought it, read it, read it.
—_Punch_ (_London_).

------------------------------------------------------------------------

BOOKS

_By_

UPTON SINCLAIR

=THE GOOSE-STEP=

A Study of American Education. =Price $2.00 cloth; $1.00 paper.=

=THEY CALL ME CARPENTER=

A Tale of the Second Coming. =Price $1.50 cloth; 75 cents paper.=

=THE BOOK OF LIFE=

A Book of Practical Counsel: Mind, Body, Love and Society. Published
by E. Haldeman-Julius, Girard, Kansas; for sale also by the author.
=Price $2.00.=

=THE CRY FOR JUSTICE=

An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest. =Price $1.50
cloth; $1.00 paper.=

=HELL=

A Blank Verse Drama and Photoplay. =Price 25 cents.=

(All the following books; 60 cents paper, $1.20 cloth, postpaid. Any
three copies; paper, $1.50; cloth, $3.00)

=THE BRASS CHECK=

A Study of American Journalism—Who Owns the Press and Why?

=THE JUNGLE=

A Novel of the Chicago Stockyards.

“=100%=”

The Story of a Patriot.

=KING COAL=

A Novel of the Colorado Coal Country.

=THE PROFITS OF RELIGION=

A Study of Supernaturalism as a Source of Income and a Shield to
Privilege.

UPTON SINCLAIR

Pasadena - - - California

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s Note

Each page or chapter reference in the Index is linked for navigation to the top of that page as it appeared in the original or to the beginning of that chapter. Since those page breaks are not preserved, the topic referenced by page may appear on the _next_ page as displayed here.

There is an error in the Index for Judge Neal and the following item for Scott Nearing.

Neal, Jud., 308-9 Nearing, 196, 369

Judge Neal is mentioned only on p. 424. The reference to pp. 308-9 is obviously intended to be included in the Nearing item.

Errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original. The following issues should be noted, along with the resolutions.

16.4 worth not[h]ing what happened Removed.
41.6 develop addit[i]onal sources of supply Inserted.
41.30 in transactions such as this[.] Added.
78.12 the twen[t]y-seven would testify Inserted.
138.10 “New Republic” and the “Survey.[”] Added.
142.22 w[b/h]ose purpose was Replaced.
207.37 who would otherwise [h/b]e barred Replaced.
253.1 one o’clock in the mornin[g] Added.
259.38 a majority of[ of] the convention Removed.
262.18 the gentlemen’[t/s] agreements Replaced.
297.15 Vice-president Coolidge,[”] Removed.
326.8 th[e]y have been taken over Inserted.
373.30 housing for the school children[.] Added.
374.30 teachers of English are overworke[r/d], Replaced.
390.13 regard themselves as bold prog[r]essives Inserted.
396.16 the mobbing of Nonpartis[i]an League members Removed.
414.39 if peace can be [thoroly] understood. _sic_
415.18 Each child will [thoroly] understand _sic_
428.8 of their i[m/n]tellectual munition factories Replaced.
437.32 “Church of J. P. Morgan & Company[”] Added.
446.51 Dorsey, V, XI, 34–9, 254[, 571] Invalid.
454.9 [“]Times,” N. Y., 71, 81, 86, 89, 93, 379 Added.