Chapter VIII: Problems 201 (5)

1. C 4. 2. Q 3. 3. D 17. 4. E 3. 5. R 16. 6. C 15. 7. D 5. 8. P 17. 9. F 4. 10. C 11. White cannot play 10 at G 3 because Black would then occupy C 11. 11. F 3. 12. K 3. 13. R 5. 14. O 4. 15. F 16. 16. H 17. 17. C 13. 18. C 8. Abandoning the stone at C 15. 19. C 16. 20. R 13. 21. Q 15. 22. N 16. 23. Q 17. 24. P 18. 25. R 9. If 25 were played at 26. P 14. Q 8, 26 R 8 would be the result. 27. O 16. 28. O 15. 29. P 16. 30. N 17. 31. Q 18. 32. R 7. 33. S 7. This move insures a 34. E 4. This move rescues No. connection between the 4. stones at R 5 and R 9. 35. E 2. 36. D 2. 37. G 2. 38. E 5. 39. D 3. 40. D 6. 41. C 3. 42. H 15. 43. Q 7. 44. N 13. This prevents Black from cutting at N 15 and Q 13. 45. F 14. 46. C 6. 47. G 13.

X

No Handicap

Plate 34

BLACK WHITE

1. C 4. 2. Q 3. 3. D 17. 4. E 3. 5. R 16. 6. C 15. 7. D 5. 8. F 16. 9. D 15. 10. D 16. 11. E 16. 12. C 16. 13. E 17. 14. E 15. 15. D 14. 16. C 17. 17. F 17. 18. G 16. 19. H 18. This move is much 20. C 14. better than G 17. 21. E 14. 22. F 15. 23. F 14. 24. H 16. 25. J 17. 26. G 18. 27. F 18. 28. G 14. 29. E 12. 30. C 11. 31. G 13. 32. H 13. 33. G 12. H 14 would be bad. 34. J 14. 35. M 17. 36. J 11 37. G 10. 38. Q 5. 39. R 10. 40. R 8. 41. P 16. 42. J 3. 43. P 10. 44. P 12. 45. R 12. 46. R 17. A sacrifice. 47. Q 17. 48. D 8. 49. H 9. 50. N 12.

VII

THE END GAME

A work on the game of Go would not be complete without a chapter especially devoted to the subject of the end game.

On the average a game of Go consists of about two hundred and fifty moves, and we might say that about twenty of these moves belong to the opening, about one hundred and fifty to the main part of the game, and the remaining eighty to the end game. The moves which may be regarded as belonging to the end game are those which connect the various groups of stones with the margin, and which fill up the space between the opposing groups of stones. Of course, there is no sharp distinction between the main game and the end game. Long before the main game is finished moves occur which bear the characteristics of end game play, and as the game progresses moves of this kind become more and more frequent, until at last all of the moves are strictly part of the end game.

Toward the end of the game it becomes possible to calculate the value of a move with greater accuracy than in the middle of the game, and in many cases the number of points which may be gained by a certain move may be ascertained with absolute accuracy. Therefore, when the main game is nearing completion, the players survey the board in order to locate the most advantageous end plays; that is to say, positions where they can gain the greatest number of “Me.” In calculating the value of an end position, a player must carefully consider whether on its completion he will retain or lose the “Sente.” It is an advantage to retain the “Sente,” and it is generally good play to choose an end position where the “Sente” is retained, in preference to an end position where it is lost, even if the latter would gain a few more “Me.”

The player holding the “Sente” would, therefore, complete in rotation those end positions which allowed him to retain it, commencing, of course, with those involving the greatest number of “Me.” He would at last come to a point, however, where it would be more advantageous to play some end position which gained for him quite a number of points, although on its completion the “Sente” would be lost. His adversary, thereupon gaining the “Sente,” would, in turn, play his series of end positions until it became advantageous for him to relinquish it. By this process the value of the contested end positions would become smaller and smaller, until at last there would remain only the filling of isolated, vacant intersections between the opposing lines, the occupation of which results in no advantage for either player. These moves are called “Dame,” as we have already seen.

This is the general scheme of an end game, but, of course, in actual play there would be many departures therefrom. Sometimes an advantage can be gained by making an unsound though dangerous move, in the hope that the adversary may make some error in replying thereto. Then again, in playing against a player who lacks initiative, it is not so necessary to consider the certainty of retaining the “Sente” as when opposed by a more aggressive adversary. Frequently also the players differ in their estimate of the value of the various end positions, and do not, therefore, respond to each other’s attacks. In this way the possession of the “Sente” generally changes more frequently during the end game than is logically necessary.

The process of connecting the various groups with the edge of the board gives rise to end positions in which there is more or less similarity in all games, and most of the illustrations which are now given are examples of this class. The end positions which occur in the middle of the board may vary so much in every game that it is practically impossible to give typical illustrations of them.

Of course, in an introductory work of this character it is not practicable to give a great many examples of end positions, and I have prepared only twelve, which are selected from the work of Inouye Hoshin, and which are annotated so that the reasons for the moves may be understood by beginners. The number of “Me” gained in each case is stated, and also whether the “Sente” is lost or retained. To these twelve examples I have added eight positions from Korschelt’s work.

I

Plate 35 (A)

The following stones are on the board: White, S 15, R 14, P 14, L 17; Black, R 16, Q 16, N 15, N 17.

If White has the “Sente,” he gains eight “Me,” counting together what he wins and Black loses.

WHITE BLACK

1. S 17. This is White’s only 2. S 16. If Black had had the
good move; S 16 does not move or “Sente,” he could
take advantage of the have avoided White’s
opportunity, and he cannot invasion by playing here.
risk S 18.
3. T 16. An instance of 4. R 17.
“Watari.”
5. S 18. White cannot venture 6. R 18. If Black neglects
to play at R 18. this, White would jump to
Q 18.

White retains the “Sente.”

II

Plate 35 (B)

The following stones are on the board: White, R 9, O 5, O 3; Black, P 7, Q 3, Q 4, R 7.

If White has the first move, it makes a difference of six “Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1. P 2. 2. Q 2. 3. Q 1. 4. R.1 5. P 1. 6. S 2. Black cannot neglect this move.

White retains the “Sente.”

If Black had had the first move, the play would have been as follows:

BLACK WHITE

1. P 2. 2. O 2. 3. O 1. 4. N 1. 5. P 1. 6. M 2.

And Black has the “Sente.”

III

Plate 35 (C)

The following stones are on the board: White, B 16, C 14, E 15; Black, C 17, D 16, E 16, G 17.

If White has the move, it makes a difference of seven “Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1. B 17. White dare not go to 2. B 18.
B 18 because he would be
cut off eventually at B
15.
3. A 18. 4. C 18.

White retains the “Sente.”

IV

Plate 35 (D)

The following stones are on the board: White, B 8, C 7, C 8, D 6, E 2, E 6, F 3, F 5; Black, B 6, B 7, C 6, D 2, 3, 4, 5.

If White has the move, it makes a difference of four “Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1. B 4. This stone is 2. B 3. Black’s best move
sacrificed, but there is because it defends the
no loss because it is so connection at C 5, and
threatening that Black also prevents White from
must play twice in order trying to connect at D 1.
to make his position
secure, meanwhile White
advances on line A.
3. A 7. White gains one “Me” 4. A 6.
by this move.
5. A 8. 6. C 4. Necessary because the
connection at C 5 is now
in immediate danger, but
Black thereby fills up
another of his “Me,” and
White retains the “Sente.”

V

Plate 36 (A)

The following stones are on the board: White, M 16, M 17, M 18, N 16, O 15, P 14, R 14; Black, N 17, N 18, O 16, P 16, Q 16, R 16.

If White has the “Sente,” it makes a difference of six “Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1. N 19. 2. O 18. Black cannot stop
the invasion at O 19, as
White would then play at O
18 and kill the black
stones on line N.
3. O 19. White pushes his 4. P 19. Black can now arrest
invasion farther. the advance.
5. M 19. 6. P 18.

White retains the “Sente.”

VI

Plate 36 (B)

The following stones are on the board: Black, M 2, M 3, N 3, N 4, O 4, Q 4, R 4, S 4; White, L 3, N 2, O 2, O 3, P 3, R 2, S 3, R 6.

Black has the “Sente” and gains nine “Me.”

BLACK WHITE

1. T 3. 2. Q 2. The obvious answer is
at T 2, but if White plays
there, Black replies at Q
2 and White loses all his
stones unless he can win
by “Ko.” He plays at Q 2
in order to form the
necessary two “Me.”
3. S 2. Black proceeds with 4. P 1. If White tries to
his invasion. save his stone by playing
at R 3, Black replies at P
1, and the white group is
dead.

Black retains the “Sente.”

VII

Plate 36 (C)

The following stones are on the board: Black, B 17, C 17, D 16, G 17; White, B 16, C 13.

BLACK WHITE

1. B 14. This move is really 2. C 14. C 15 is not so good.
“Go te”; that is to say,
White is not forced to
reply to it, but it is
very advantageous for
Black, as it effectively
separates White’s two
stones.
3. B 15. The white stone at B
16 is now hopeless.

Black has given up the “Sente,” but has gained considerable ground.

VIII

Plate 36 (D)

The following stones are on the board: Black, C 4, D 4, E 4, C 7; White, C 3, D 3, E 3, F 3.

Black has the move.

BLACK WHITE

1. B 3. 2. B 2. 3. B 4.

These moves seem obvious, but the importance of Black’s opportunity is likely to be underestimated; Black gains about eleven “Me” by this play. If the opposing lines extend one space nearer the edge of the board, the territory gained by a similar attack is not nearly so great.

IX

Plate 37 (A)

The following stones are on the board: White, M 16, N 16, N 18, O 17, P 18, Q 17, 18; Black, N 15, O 15, 16, P 16, 17, Q 16, R 12, R 17.

White has the move.

WHITE BLACK

1. S 17. 2. S 16. 3. R 18. 4. R 16. 5. T 18.

White has given up the “Sente,” but these moves make a difference in his favor of about fourteen “Me.”

X

Plate 37 (B)

The following stones are on the board: White, M 3, O 3, P 2, Q 3, R 2; Black, N 4, O 4, Q 5, R 3, R 4.

White has the move.

WHITE BLACK

1. S 2.

This move is really “Go te,” but if Black neglects to answer it, White can then jump to T 5. This jump is called by a special name “O zaru,” or the “big monkey,” and would gain about eight “Me” for White.

XI

Plate 37 (C)

The following stones are on the board: White, C 15, D 15, E 15, 16; Black, C 16, D 16, E 17, 18, F 16, G 17.

White has the move.

WHITE BLACK

1. B 16. 2. B 17. 3. B 15.

White has given up the “Sente” and has gained somewhat, but if Black now neglects to defend and plays elsewhere, White can jump to B 18, and gain about seventeen “Me” altogether.

XII

Plate 37 (D)

The following stones are on the board: White, B 8, C 7, 11, D 5, 6, 7, E 6; Black, B 7, C 5, 6, D 3, 4, E 4, 5.

White has the move.

WHITE BLACK

1. B 6. 2. B 5. 3. A 7. Takes.

White has given up the “Sente,” but this method of play gains about fourteen “Me,” as it is now no longer necessary to protect the connection at C 8.

We will now insert two plates from Korschelt’s book. The notes at the foot of the illustrations are his.

VIII

PROBLEMS

After the student has become familiar with the rules and the methods of play, and perhaps has played a few games either with another beginner or with a Japanese master, the impression left on the mind is likely to be that the game is too vague, and that there is too wide a latitude of choice of positions where stones may be placed. This impression might be corrected by the study of illustrative games, or of “Joseki” and end positions, but such a course is rather dry and uninteresting, and, in the opinion of the author, by far the best way of attaining a correct idea of the game is by means of problems.

Many of us are familiar with Chess problems, and I think Chess players will agree that they benefit the student of Chess very little, because the assumed positions are not such as arise frequently in actual play. The opposite is the case in regard to Go problems. These are for the most part taken from actual games, and the typical problem is a situation that is quite likely to arise in actual play, and some of them are positions that occur again and again.

If the student of the game will set up these positions from the text and attempt to solve them, preferably with the aid and encouragement of some friend, he will find that the task is an interesting one, and he will be impressed by the great accuracy which is necessary in attacking and defending difficult positions.

With the knowledge obtained in this way, he will be able to judge with far greater skill what to do when a position is threatened in actual play. He will be able to distinguish whether the danger is real, and whether it is, therefore, necessary to reply to his adversary’s attack, or whether he can afford to ignore it and assume the “Sente” in some other part of the board. He will also be able to perceive when an adversary’s group is vulnerable so that it will be profitable to attack it.

The collection of problems which I have given in this book are rearranged from Korschelt’s work, and they were in turn taken by him from a Japanese treatise called “Go Kiyo Shiyu Miyo.” Necessarily the collection here given is a very small one, but if any reader of this book becomes so much interested in the game that he desires to study other examples, he will doubtless find some Japanese acquaintance who can supply him with further material, as the Japanese literature of the game contains large collections.

The most important kind of problems are those in which the question is how to kill an adversary’s group, or how to save one’s own group when threatened. It is also often very important to know how a connection between two groups can be forced.

For greater clearness these problems are arranged under seven heads; to wit,

1. Saving Threatened Groups.

2. Killing Groups.

3. Playing for “Ko.”

The advantage gained by this operation is not apparent in the group
itself, but depends upon which player has the larger threatened
group elsewhere.

4. Reciprocal Attacks or “Semeai.”

This is a combination of the first two kinds of problems, and it
only differs from them in that both players have comparatively
strong groups which are so intertwined that both cannot live, and
the question is, which can kill the other first.

5. Connecting Groups.

The problem here is to force a connection between a small group
having insufficient “Me” and some larger group.

6. “Oi otoshi.”

This really means a “robber’s attack.” It arises where a group is
apparently engulfed by the opponent, and when, by adding further
stones to it which the opponent must take, the threatened player
can force his opponent to abandon a part of his surrounding chain
in order not to sustain greater losses. The attack is so sudden and
unexpected that the Japanese compare it to the methods of a
highwayman. It is an example of the finest play in the game.

7. Cutting.

This is another method of escape, and the problem is to cut off and
kill part of the adversary’s surrounding chain.

In the following examples the side having the first move is given in italics.

I. SAVING THREATENED GROUPS

1. (Plate 40, A) White, Q 18, R 18, S 16, 17, 18.
Black, O 17, P 18, Q 17, R 15, 17, S 15.

2. (Plate 40, B) White, O 3, Q 3, 4, R 3, 5, S 5.
Black, R 2, 4, S 3, 4.

3. (Plate 40, C) White, A 14, B 11, 13, C 13, 14, 15, 17, D 17, 18,
E 16, F 17.
Black, A 13, B 14, 15, 17, 18, C 16, 18.

4. (Plate 40, D) White, B 3, C 3, D 2, E 2.
Black, B 4, C 4, D 3, E 3, F 2, G 3.

5. White, B 5, C 4, D 5, E 2, 3, 4, G 2.
Black, B 3, 4, D 2, 3, E 1.

6. White, B 12, 13, 15, 16, C 13, 15, D 13, 14.
Black, A 16, B 11, 17, C 10, 12, 16, D 12, 15, 16, E 13, 14.

7. White, M 16, 17, N 16, O 15, 17, P 14, 17, Q 18, R 14, S 15.
Black, N 17, O 16, P 16, Q 16, R 16, S 16, 18.

8. White, O 1, P 2, Q 2, 3, R 3, S 3, 4.
Black, N 2, O 2, P 1, 3, 4, Q 4, R 4, 6, S 5, T 4.

9. White, A 4, B 5, 6, C 4, D 5, E 2, 3, 4.
Black, A 5, B 3, 4, C 3, D 2, 3.

10. White, B 15, 16, C 17, 18, D 18.
Black, A 15, B 14, C 14, 15, 16, D 17, E 17, 18.

11. White, L 18, M 16, 17, N 14, 18, O 13, 19, P 18, Q 12, 13, 17, 18,
R 12, 14, 18, S 14, 17, 19.
Black, N 17, O 15, 17, 18, P 14, 17, Q 14, 15, 16, R 13, 16, 17,
S 13, 18.

12. White, Q 3, R 2, 3, S 3.
Black, P 2, 3, 5, Q 2, 4, R 5, 7.

13. White, B 2, C 3, D 1, 3, E 2.
Black, B 4, C 5, D 4, E 3, 4, F 1, 2, G 3.

14. White, A 16, B 15, C 15, 16, D 17, E 17, F 18, G 18.
Black, B 16, 17, C 17, D 18, E 18, F 19.

15. White, Q 15, R 14, 15, 16, S 17.
Black, P 15, 17, Q 13, 14, 16, R 11, 12, 17, 18.

16. White, R 3, 4, 5, S 2.
Black, O 3, P 3, Q 4, 6, R 6, S 6, T 3.

17. White, B 4, C 3, 4, 5, E 4, F 2, 3, H 2.
Black, B 3, C 2, D 3, E 2, F 1.

18. White, C 13, 15, 16, 17, E 14, 15, 16.
Black, B 14, 15, C 12, 14, D 13, 17, E 12, 17, F 15, 16, G 13.

19. White, M 17, N 18, O 17, 19, P 15, 17, R 14, 16, S 16.
Black, O 18, P 18, Q 16, 17, R 17, S 17.

20. White, P 2, 3, 6, Q 2, 4, R 2, 4, 6, 7.
Black, Q 3, R 1, 3, 9, S 2, 4, 5.

21. White, B 13, 14, 16, C 13, D 13, 14, 15, 18, E 16, 17.
Black, B 15, C 14, 15, 17, 18, D 16.

22. White, C 7, D 3, 5, 6, E 2, 3, 7, F 5.
Black, C 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, D 2, E 8, F 2, 8, G 3, 5, 6, J 3.

23. White, O 2, 3, 4, 6, Q 4, R 4, 6, S 5, T 4.
Black, P 2, 3, R 3, S 3, 4.

24. White, Q 17, R 16, 17, S 18.
Black, N 17, O 17, P 16, Q 16, R 15, S 16, 17.

II. KILLING GROUPS

1. (Plate 41, A) White, O 17, P 18, Q 14, 15, 16, 17, R 13, S 13,
14, 15.
Black, Q 18, R 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, S 16, T 15.

2. (Plate 41, B) White, P 5, Q 3, R 2, 5, S 5, 6.
Black, O 2, P 3, 4, 6, Q 2, 5, R 6, 7, S 8.

3. (Plate 41, C) White, B 15, 18, C 16, 17.
Black, B 14, C 14, D 15, 16, 17, 18.

4. (Plate 41, D) White, B 4, C 3, 4, E 1, 3, F 2, 4, G 2.
Black, A 3, B 2, 3, C 2, D 2, E 2, F 1.

5. White, B 4, C 4, D 3, E 3, F 2, G 3.
Black, A 3, B 3, C 2, D 2, E 2.

6. White, B 16, C 10, D 13, 15, 16, 17.
Black, B 14, C 12, 15, D 18, E 12, F 14, 15, 17, G 17.

7. White, P 17, 18, Q 15, 16, R 13, 15.
Black, Q 17, 18, R 16, S 16.

8. White, Q 1, R 2, 3, 5, S 5.
Black, O 2, Q 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, R 7, S 7.

9. White, B 5, C 5, 8, D 5, E 2, 4, F 2, 3, 4.
Black, B 4, C 4, D 2, 3, E 3.

10. White, B 15, C 15, 17, 18.
Black, B 14, C 12, 14, D 15, 16, 17, F 17.

11. White, M 16, O 15, 16, 18, P 18, Q 14, R 12, 15, 18, S 16.
Black, L 16, P 16, 17, Q 16, 18, S 17, 18.

12. White, Q 2, R 2, S 3, 4, 5.
Black, P 2, 3, Q 3, R 4, 5, 7, S 6.

13. White, B 4, C 4, 6, D 4, E 3, F 3, G 2, H 3.
Black, B 3, C 3, D 3, E 2, F 2.

14. White, C 17, 18, E 16, 17, F 15, G 16, H 16, 17, K 16.
Black, B 17, 18, C 16, D 14, 16, 17, E 13, 15, G 14, 15, 17, J 14,
15, K 17, L 16.

15. White, N 17, P 16, 17, 18, Q 15, R 13, 15, S 14.
Black, Q 16, 17, 18, R 16, S 15.

16. White, P 2, Q 2, R 3.
Black, N 3, O 3, Q 3, 4, R 5.

17. White, B 16, 17, C 17, D 18, 19.
Black, C 12, 14, 16, D 16, 17, E 18, F 17.

18. White, H 3, K 3, 4, M 3, N 4, O 2, P 3, 4, Q 6, R 5, S 1, 4.
Black, P 1, 2, Q 3, R 2, 3, S 3.

19. White, M 17, O 16, 17, P 15, R 13, 15, S 15, 16.
Black, P 16, Q 16, 18, R 16, S 17.

III. PLAYING FOR “KO”

1. (Plate 42, A) White, O 16, P 17, 18, Q 16, R 14, 16, S 15.
Black, Q 17, 18, R 17, S 16.

2. (Plate 42, B) White, O 4, 5, P 2, 3, 6, R 2, 6, 7, S 3, 5.
Black, L 3, N 3, O 3, P 4, Q 4, R 4, 9, S 4, 7, T 4.

3. (Plate 42, C) White, B 16, 17, C 18.
Black, C 13, 15, 16, 17, D 18, E 17.

4. (Plate 42, D) White, B 4, C 4, D 4, E 3, 4, F 2, G 4.
Black, C 2, 3, D 3, E 2.

5. White, B 4, C 4, D 3, E 3, F 2, 3.
Black, B 3, C 1, 3, D 2, E 2.

6. White, C 15, 16, 17, D 18.
Black, B 14, C 12, 14, D 15, 16, 17, E 18, F 17.

7. White, P 17, 18, Q 17, R 15, 16, S 15.
Black, Q 18, R 17, 19, S 16, 17.

8. White, Q 3, R 3, S 4.
Black, O 3, P 3, Q 4, R 4, 6, S 5.

9. White, B 5, C 4, 5, E 4, F 4, H 2, 4, 5, J 3.
Black, B 3, 4, D 3, E 3, F 3, G 3.

10. White, B 15, 16, C 17, 18, D 19.
Black, B 14, 18, C 14, 15, D 16, 18, E 18, F 16.

11. White, N 17, O 18, P 16, 17, Q 16, R 16, S 16.
Black, P 18, Q 17, R 17, S 17.

12. White, P 2, Q 2, R 3, 4, S 2.
Black, M 3, O 3, P 3, Q 5, R 5, S 3, 4, T 2.

13. White, A 2, B 3, 4, C 5, D 4, 5, F 4, G 2, 3.
Black, B 2, C 3, 4, D 3, E 3, F 2.

14. White, C 15, 16, 17, D 16.
Black, C 14, D 14, 15, 17, 18, E 16, F 17.

15. White, N 17, O 18, P 16, 17, Q 15, R 15, S 16.
Black, P 18, Q 16, 17, S 17.

16. White, R 2, 4, S 3.
Black, O 3, P 4, Q 2, 4, R 5, 6, S 4.

IV. RECIPROCAL ATTACKS (“SEMEAI”)

1. (Plate 43, A) White, N 17, P 17, Q 17, R 17, S 18.
Black, Q 18, R 14, 16, 18, S 16, 17.

2. (Plate 43, B) White, O 3, P 2, Q 2, R 3, S 3, 5.
Black, Q 3, 4, R 2, 6, S 2, 7.

3. (Plate 43, C) White, B 15, 16, C 15, 17, 18, D 17, E 18.
Black, B 17, C 16, D 16, 18, E 16, 17, F 18.

4. (Plate 43, D) White, B 2, 3, 4, C 5, D 3, 4, 6, F 3, G 2, 3.
Black, B 5, 6, C 2, 3, 4, 7, D 2, E 2, F 2.

5. White, B 3, C 2, 3, 4, D 4, E 3, F 3, G 2, 3.
Black, A 3, 5, B 4, 6, C 5, D 2, 3, 5, E 2, 4, 5, F 2.

6. White, B 14, 15, 16, 19, C 15, 17, 18, D 18, E 17, F 17.
Black, B 13, 17, 18, C 13, 14, 16, D 15, 16, 17, E 14.

7. White, N 17, O 17, Q 16, 17, R 18, S 18.
Black, P 18, Q 15, 18, R 15, 17, S 17.

8. White, P 2, 4, Q 2, 6, R 3, 7, S 3, 6.
Black, N 3, O 2, 3, P 3, Q 3, R 4, 5, S 4.

9. White, A 4, B 5, C 5, 7, D 2, 3, 5, E 3, 4.
Black, B 3, 4, C 2, 4, D 4, 6, E 5, 6, F 2, 4, G 3.

10. White, B 13, 14, 15, C 15, 18, D 16, 17, 18.
Black, B 12, 16, C 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, D 15, E 15.

11. White, O 2, 4, P 2, 4, Q 2, 3, 5, R 5, 7, S 4.
Black, M 3, N 2, 3, O 3, P 3, Q 4, R 3, 4.

12. White, Q 11, 12, 13, R 11, 14, 15, S 16, T 14.
Black, Q 14, 15, R 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, S 11, 13.

V. CONNECTING GROUPS

1. (Plate 44, A) White, K 14, 16, 18, L 18, M 13, N 13, 15, O 16,
P 14, 17.
Black, M 16, 18, N 14, 17, Q 14, 15, 16, R 17.

2. (Plate 44, B) White, N 5, O 4, 6, P 4, Q 3, 8, R 3, 8, S 3, 4, 7,
9.
Black, N 6, P 5, 6, 8, 9, R 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, S 5.

3. (Plate 44, C) White, C 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, D 14, 17, E 18, G 17.
Black, B 10, C 9, 16, 17, D 10, 13, 15, E 11, 14, F 13, 16.

4. (Plate 44, D) White, C 2, 3, 5, 6, E 7, G 3, 5, H 3, 5.
Black, D 3, 5, E 5, F 3, 6, G 6, J 4, 7, K 3, 6.

5. White, A 2, B 2, 5, C 6, D 3, E 5, 7, F 5, G 2, 3.
Black, C 1, 2, 3, 4, D 4, G 5, H 2, 3, 4.

6. White, B 13, 17, C 13, 17, D 13, 16, 17, E 17, F 17.
Black, B 15, C 10, 14, 16, D 11, E 14, 16, F 12, 14.

7. White, M 2, 3, P 2, 3, R 2, 3, 4, S 5, 6.
Black, N 4, P 4, Q 2, 3, 4, 6, R 5, S 2, 3.

8. White, M 13, 15, N 11, O 10, 15, P 13, Q 9, 14, R 10, 15, S 12, 16.
Black, O 12, 17, P 12, Q 16, R 11, 12, 13, 17, S 13, 17.

9. White, B 2, 3, C 2, 4, D 6, F 4, 7, G 3, 5, H 3, 5, J 6, K 5, L 4.
Black, C 3, D 2, 3, E 3, 5, F 3, G 4, J 4, 5, K 4, L 3, M 3.

10. White, C 12, 17, D 9, 14, 18, E 10, 12, 13, 17, F 17, G 15, H 12,
14.
Black, C 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, D 10, E 15, 16, F 13, 14.

11. White, H 17, J 17, K 17, N 15, O 15, 17, P 17.
Black, J 16, K 14, 16, M 14, 16, N 16, O 13, Q 14, 17, R 16.

12. White, Q 8, 9, R 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, S 2.
Black, P 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, Q 2, 5, 10, R 2, 7, S 1.

VI. “OI OTOSHI”

1. (Plate 45, A) White, P 18, Q 15, 16, 17, R 17, 18, S 17.
Black, O 17, 18, P 14, 16, Q 14, R 14, 16, S 16, 18, T 17.

2. (Plate 45, B) White, N 5, O 4, P 3, 4, 6, Q 2, R 2, 7, S 3, 4, 6,
T 5.
Black, M 4, N 2, 4, O 3, P 1, 2, Q 3, 5, R 3, 5, S 5.

3. (Plate 45, C) White, A 16, B 13, 15, 17, 18, C 14, 19, D 16, 17,
18, E 13, 16, F 16, G 14, 15.
Black, B 16, C 15, 16, 17, 18, D 15, E 15, F 15, 17, G 16, 17.

4. (Plate 45, D) White, B 3, C 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, D 2, E 3, F 2.
Black, A 3, B 2, 4, 5, 6, C 2, 7, D 7, E 4, 6, F 4, G 2, 3.

5. White, A 3, B 4, C 4, D 3, 4, F 2, 3, 4.
Black, B 3, C 3, 5, 6, D 2, E 2, 6, F 1, G 2, 4, 5, H 3.

6. White, A 18, B 15, 17, C 14, 18, D 14, 19, E 14, 18, F 15, 18,
G 19, H 16, 17, 18.
Black, A 16, B 16, 18, C 16, D 15, 17, 18, E 17, F 17, G 17, 18.

7. White, P 5, 6, Q 3, 4, 9, R 3, 9, S 4, 5, 7, 8, T 6.
Black, N 4, P 2, 3, 4, Q 5, R 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, S 6.

8. White, Q 16, 17, 18, R 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, S 16.
Black, O 17, P 12, 15, 18, Q 13, 15, R 12, 17, S 13, 14, 15, 17,
18, T 16.

9. White, A 3, 4, B 4, 6, C 2, 3, 5, D 1, 3, E 3, F 3, G 3, H 3,
J 2, 3.
Black, B 1, 2, 3, C 1, 4, D 2, 4, E 2, 4, F 2, 5, G 2, H 2, 5,
J 1, K 2, 3, 4.

10. White, A 9, 12, B 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, C 8, 15, D 9, 15,
E 11, 13, 14.
Black, A 18, B 9, 12, 18, C 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, D 14, 17,
E 15, 16.

11. White, H 17, J 15, 18, L 14, 15, M 14, N 15, 16, 17, O 17, 18,
P 17, Q 17.
Black, K 17, L 16, M 15, 16, 18, N 14, 18, O 14, 19, P 18, Q 15,
18, R 16, 17.

12. White, O 4, 6, P 2, 3, 8, Q 9, R 4, 5, 6, 9, S 3, 4, 7, 9, T 7, 8.
Black, Q 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, R 3, 7, 8, S 2, 6, 8, T 2.

VII. CUTTING

1. (Plate 46, A) White, C 15, D 17, 18, E 15, 17, G 18, H 18, J 13,
K 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
Black, E 18, F 12, 17, 18, G 13, 15, 17, H 12, J 11, 14, L 12, 16,
18, M 14, 16, N 18.

2. (Plate 46, B) White, J 3, K 5, 6, L 3, 4, 7, P 3, 5, 7, Q 2, 3, 9,
R 6.
Black, L 5, 8, M 3, 8, N 3, 5, 7, O 3, 8, P 2.

3. White, C 15, D 18, E 13, 15, 16, 17, H 18, J 12, 15, 17, K 13, 14,
15, 17.
Black, E 18, F 12, 13, 17, 18, G 15, 17, H 12, 13, J 11, 14, L 12,
16, 17, M 14.

4. White, H 5, 7, 9, 10, J 3, K 3, 5, 7, 9, L 2, 3, M 2, 9, O 4, 6,
7, 8, Q 3, R 3.
Black, G 5, 6, 7, 9, H 3, 4, 8, J 2, M 3, 5, 7, N 2, 3, 5, 7, P 2,
Q 2.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

I. SAVING THREATENED GROUPS

1. T 19.

2. T 2, S 1, T 4, Q 2, R 1.

3. A 18, A 16, B 16.

4. B 2, C 1, B 1, D 1, C 2.

5. A 2, B 1, A 4 or A 2, A 4, B 1.

6. C 17, C 18, D 17, E 17, B 18, D 18, A 18, B 19, A 12, A 14, B 14.

7. O 18, N 18, Q 17, R 18, P 18, N 17, R 17, O 19, R 19, P 19, T 17
or O 18, P 18, R 18, or O 18, R 18, P 18.

8. S 2, R 1, S 1.

9. B 1, A 2, B 2.

10. A 17, B 19, B 18, A 14, C 19, A 16, A 19, B 17, B 16.

11. T 16, T 18, T 14 or T 16, S 12, T 18.

12. S 5, S 6, T 5.

13. C 1.

14. B 19.

15. S 18, S 19, S 13, T 18, S 15, T 17, T 14 or S 18, S 13, T 16.

16. S 5, T 5, T 4, S 4, T 2, T 6, Q 2, or S 5, T 5, T 4, S 4, T 2, Q 2,
S 3, T 4, T 6, T 4, T 5, S 1, S 8.

17. A 3, B 1, B 2, E 3, A 1, A 2, C 1.

18. F 17, G 17, F 18, G 18, D 18, E 18, D 19, E 19, D 16, F 19, B 19, A
18, B 18, A 17, D 14, C 18, B 17, C 19, B 16, or F 17, G 17, F 18,
G 18, D 18, E 18, D 19, E 19, D 16, F 19, B 19, C 18, B 18.

19. Q 15, Q 14, R 15, S 15, T 16, S 14, Q 19, T 17, S 18, N 19, R 19.

20. T 3, S 6, T 5, S 3, R 3.

21. A 16, A 17, A 15, B 18, B 19, B 17, A 18, A 19, C 19.

22. C 3, B 3, B 2, B 1, A 2, A 3, B 6, B 5, A 5, A 1, D 4, B 4, B 8,
E 1, B 9.

23. S 1, T 2, T 3, P 1, Q 1, Q 2, Q 3, R 1, R 2.

24. T 17, S 15, R 19.

II. KILLING GROUPS

1. Q 19, S 18, T 17, T 16, R 19, S 19, T 18, P 19, Q 19.

2. S 2, Q 4, O 5, R 3, R 1, S 1, T 1, S 3, T 4, T 3, S 4, or S 2, R 1,
R 4, R 3, Q 4, S 4, S 3.

3. B 19, C 19, C 18, A 19, A 17.

4. A 1, D 1, B 1.

5. B 1, B 2, A 1, E 1, C 1.

6. C 14, E 18, C 18, E 17, B 17, C 16, A 17, A 16, B 19 or C 14, C 18,
E 18, B 18, C 16, C 17, A 16, A 15, A 17, B 15, C 19, B 19, A 18 or
C 14, C 18, E 18, C 16, B 19, C 19, B 18, B 15, A 15.

7. S 18, R 18, S 19, R 19, S 17, R 17, S 15.

8. T 5, T 4, R 4, S 4, S 2, S 3, T 2.

9. B 2, A 2, C 2, D 1, A 4, A 3, A 5, B 3, B 1, D 4, C 1 or B 2, B 3,
C 2, D 1, A 2, B 1, A 4, A 3, D 4.

10. A 15, A 17, D 18, C 16, A 16, B 16, B 18 or A 15, B 16, D 18.

11. R 19, P 14, O 13, O 17, N 18, R 17, P 19.

12. T 2, T 5, T 3, Q 1, S 2, R 3, S 1, or T 2, T 5, T 3, S 2, Q 1, R 1,
T 1.

13. F 1, D 1, A 3, A 2, B 1, C 1, G 1, B 2, D 2, C 2, E 1.

14. L 18, G 18, H 19, D 18, E 19 or L 18, D 18, F 18, G 18, F 17, E 18,
H 18.

15. S 17, S 16, S 19, R 18, S 18, T 18, T 17, T 16, Q 19, R 19, P 19.

16. S 3, S 2, S 4, T 2, O 2, P 1, R 1, R 2, S 1.

17. B 19, B 18, E 19, C 18, B 15.

18. R 1, N 2, O 3, O 1, M 1, M 2, Q 1, L 2, N 1, L 1, N 1, M 1, T 3,
T 2, T 4.

19. S 18, T 17, R 17, R 18, T 18, Q 17, T 16, R 17, P 18.

III. PLAYING FOR “KO”

1. S 18, T 16, T 17.

2. P 1, O 2, T 2, T 3, Q 2, Q 3, R 3, S 2, R 1, T 1, N 2 or P 1, Q 1,
Q 3, Q 2, S 2, T 2, S 1, R 3, O 2 or P 1, S 2, O 2, Q 1, S 6, S 8,
R 5, R 8, Q 3, Q 2, T 3, T 2, S 1.

3. A 18, C 19, B 19.

4. D 1, B 2, B 3, A 3, A 2, A 1, B 1.

5. A 2, B 2, A 3, E 1, B 1.

6. B 18, D 19, C 19.

7. T 18, S 18, P 19, T 19, Q 19.

8. S 2, T 4, T 3.

9. C 3, C 2, B 1, A 2, E 1, F 1, F 2, E 2, G 1, A 4, C 1, D 1.

10. A 18, A 17, B 19.

11. P 19, T 17, T 18, S 19, R 19, R 18, Q 18 or P 19, R 19, S 19, S 18,
T 19 or P 19, S 18, T 18, R 18, Q 18, R 19, S 19.

12. R 1, S 3, T 1.

13. C 1, D 2, A 1.

14. B 14, B 13, B 18, A 14, A 17, C 18, A 15, B 15, B 16.

15. R 18, R 16, S 19, T 18, T 17, P 19, Q 19.

16. Q 3, P 2, S 5.

IV. RECIPROCAL ATTACKS (“SEMEAI”)

1. S 19.

2. S 4, R 4, R 5, T 4, T 2, T 3, T 6.

3. B 18, D 19, B 19, C 19, F 19.

4. B 1.

5. B 1, A 2, F 1.

6. A 18.

7. T 18, R 19, R 16, S 16, S 15, S 14, P 17.

8. S 2, R 2, T 3.

9. B 2, A 2, B 1, C 1, C 3, A 1, B 2, B 1, B 5.

10. A 16, A 17, B 18.

11. S 2, S 3, R 2, T 2, S 1.

12. T 12, T 11, S 10.

V. CONNECTING GROUPS

1. O 15, N 16, M 15, O 14, O 17 or O 15, P 15, P 18, Q 18, P 16, O 17,
O 18, Q 17, O 14.

2. T 5, T 6, S 6, T 4, Q 5, Q 6, P 7, O 7, O 5, Q 7, R 5, Q 4, R 5,
Q 5, T 3.

3. E 15, E 16, B 17, B 16, D 16, C 15, A 16.

4. F 5, E 6, E 2, F 2, E 4, D 4, E 3, D 2, D 1.

5. F 4, E 4, F 3, E 3, F 2.

6. A 15, A 16, B 16, A 14, C 15.

7. Q 1, S 4, R 1, O 3, N 1, O 2, O 1.

8. S 15, T 15, S 14, R 16, Q 15, R 14, P 14.

9. J 2, H 2, H 1, J 3, K 3, H 4, G 1, F 2, F 1.

10. F 12, F 11, D 11, E 11, B 17, B 18, B 11, B 12, A 12, B 13, B 14,
A 13, D 12.

11. L 16, M 15, M 18, L 18, M 17, L 17, L 19.

12. S 8, S 7, T 7, R 8, Q 7, S 9, R 9, R 6, T 8, Q 6, T 5 or S 8, S 7,
T 7, R 8, Q 7, R 9, S 9, T 6, Q 6.

VI. “OI OTOSHI”

1. T 18, T 19, R 19.

2. S 2, S 1, T 2, T 3, Q 1, T 1, S 2.

3. B 19, A 19, A 17, A 15, E 18.

4. A 2, A 1, A 4, A 5, D 1.

5. C 2, B 2, B 1, C 1, A 2.

6. B 19, C 19, C 17, A 19, B 18, B 19, A 17.

7. S 3, S 2, R 2, T 3, Q 2, S 3, T 5, Q 8, T 7, S 9, S 1, Q 7, T 2.

8. T 15, T 14, T 18, S 19, T 17, T 19, T 17, T 18, R 19, S 11, T 17,
S 17.

9. H 1, G 7, E 1, F 1, D 1.

10. B 15, A 15, A 13, A 14, A 17.

11. M 17, L 17, N 19, M 19, L 18, K 18, K 19, L 19, J 19.

12. T 3, S 5, T 4.

VII. CUTTING

1. G 16, F 16, G 14, F 14, F 15.

2. N 6, M 6, O 6, M 7, M 4.

3. G 16, F 16, G 14, H 15, F 15.

4. K 6, J 6, L 6, J 8, F 4.