Chapter XVII: The New Order (2)

Early in 1692, some children of Salem feigned the symptoms of which they had heard their elders speak. Two of them belonged to the family of the local clergyman, Mr. Parris, who now entered on the devil-hunt, with a fanaticism which knew no bounds, and an honesty which seems to have been questionable.[1149] To his efforts were added those of the Reverend Mr. Noyes. Charge after charge was launched against innocent people, and by the time Phips arrived in the colony as governor, in May, over a hundred persons were already in prison awaiting trial. Vain of his undeserved authority, the appointee and pliant tool of Mather, he immediately appointed an illegal court to try the witchcraft cases, with Stoughton as presiding judge. In the frenzy of superstitious fanaticism which followed, justice, legal evidence, even a verdict of the jury, were set aside, and victim after victim hurried to the gallows, while one, with horrible tortures lasting several days, was pressed to death under heavy weights.[1150] The clergy, formally referred to by the Governor and court for advice, while carefully hedging as to certain particulars, urged the court on to “speedy and vigorous prosecution”; and Mather wrote to one of them, extolling “the noble service” of “Encountering the Wicked Spiritts in the high places of our Air, & of detecting & of confounding of their confederates.”[1151] The Reverend Mr. Burroughs, of Wells, who avowed that “there neither are, nor ever were witches,” was condemned; and although the spectators at his hanging were so moved as almost to prevent the sentence from being carried out, Mather, who was witnessing the spectacle from horseback, told the people that the victim was not an ordained clergyman, and that, in any case, the devil often appeared as an Angel of Light.[1152]

Footnote 1149:

_Vide_ the remonstrance against him, in Upham, _Witchcraft_, vol. II,
pp. 497 _f._, and Drake, _Witchcraft Delusion_, vol. II, p. 142.

Footnote 1150:

Sewall, _Diary_, vol. I, p. 364.

Footnote 1151:

Hutchinson, _History_, vol. II, pp. 52 _f._; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._,
Series IV, vol. VIII, p. 391.

Footnote 1152:

Sewall, _Diary_, vol. I, p. 363; Drake, _Witchcraft Delusion_, vol.
III, pp. 38 _f._

Testimonial to the Good Character of Rebecca Nourse, executed as a
Witch
Original in Massachusetts Historical Society
]

Finally, the reaction set in, and the sober sense of the community set itself against the ravings and goadings of the more fanatical clergy and church members. The commission of the special court expired with the assembling of the General Court, and was not renewed. Phips, evidently fearing criticism from England, wrote to the Earl of Nottingham, disingenuously laying all the blame for the judicial proceedings on Stoughton, and quoted Increase Mather and the other divines.[1153] Courageous laymen, like Thomas Brattle and Robert Calef, both merchants, exerted their influence against the delusion; and when Mather tried to start another alarm in Boston, less than a year after the last execution at Salem, public opinion was arrayed solidly against him. In 1700, Calef's book in answer to Mather's “Wonders of the Invisible World” was printed in London and quickly imported into the colony. Though the rage of the Mathers, father and son, was unbounded, their cause had been thoroughly discredited, and their day was past. They belonged, in reality, to the sixteenth century, while Calef, the merchant, defending the cause of intellectual freedom with no weapon but that of common sense, belonged to the eighteenth, the dawn of which was now at hand.

Footnote 1153:

_Cal. State Pap., Col., 1693-96_, p. 30.

It was the voice of that century to which the people were now to hearken. Thenceforth, happily for itself as well as for America, the church was to be unable to rely either upon political power or upon blind fanaticism to uphold its leadership—a leadership which now, perforce, took on a nobler form. The work of the founders was over. In the extension of their influence throughout the country, wherever we find groups of settlers from the New England states, we find, indeed the church, the common-school, and the town-meeting; but it is a liberalized church, a non-sectarian school, and a town-meeting in which the citizen's vote is not dependent upon the possession of any peculiar theological belief.

It was usual, in an earlier and less critical day, to trace all of New England's greatness, and of her noble contributions to our common American life, to the same little group of leaders, who were supposed to have done all because they did much. Life is not so simple as that, and in the founding of New England, and the development of her liberties, we must find place for English kings and statesmen, for colonial liberals and martyrs, as well as for Pilgrim Father and Puritan Priest.

THE END

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INDEX

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INDEX

The abbreviated form “Mass.,” refers to the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay—the “Bay Colony.”

Acadia, restored to France by treaty of St. Germain, 180; Massachusetts and the contest between Frenchmen for control of, 232, 233; raid on, by Mass., 438. And _see_ Port Royal. Acton, Lord, quoted, 66. Adventurers, motive of, in Plymouth venture, 93, 94; losses of, 114, 115; sell out to Pilgrims, 116. “Adventurers for New England in America, Company of,” 126 _n._ African Company, 45, 46. African slave-trade, 280. Agents, colonial, 297, 298. Agriculture, in England, 123. Alden, John, 179. Alexander, son of Massasoit, 346. Alexander, Sir W., 180. Algonquin Indian stock, 24. Allerton, Isaac, 115, 116, 180. Allyn, John, 416. Alva, Duke of, 122. American strain, first appears in second generation of settlers, 316, 317. Ames, Azel, 97 _n._ Amsterdam, Scrooby fugitives at, 88, 89; 381. Andrews, C. M., quoted, 297. Andros, Sir Edmund, appointed governor of New England, 411, 412; his original jurisdiction, 412, and its extension, 412, 413; difficulties of his administration, insuperable, 413, 414, 426; broad powers of, 414, 415, 416; relations with Puritan clergy, 421, 422; Puritan complaints against, 422, 423; and the question of taxation, 424, 425 and _n._; his powers further extended, 426; his dealings with the Indians, 426, 427; rumors impugning his loyalty, 427, 429; his position when William of Orange landed in England, 428; rising against in Boston, 428, 429; takes refuge in fort, 429; made prisoner, 430; sent to England, 432, 433; 407, 409, 418, 420, 421, 433, 434, 435, 444. Anne, the (vessel), 106. Antigua, 120, 367. Antinomian controversy, 166 and _n._, 167-171; report of synod on, 170; 206. Antinomians, Boston, 168, 169. Appalachian barrier, the, 2, 3, 4, 10, 175. Appeals, to England denied, 151, 152, 170, 214, 305, 322; heard by Royal Commissioner, 334; struggle over question of, 334; in Dudley administration, 409; under Andros, 414, 423. Appleton, Samuel, 356. Aquidneck, 227, 228. Argall, Samuel, breaks up French settlements at St. Sauveur, etc., 55, 56; 53. Armada, the, 30, 32. Arnold, Richard, 416. Articles of Confederation. _See_ United Colonies. Artillery Company of Middlesex, 322. Arundell, Thomas, 37. Ashley, Edward, 180. Ashurst, Sir Henry, 321, 432. Assembly, 409, 411, 414, 424, 432, 447. Assistants (Mass.), functions of, 141, 142; charter violated in regard to, 142; a majority of voting population, 142; and Deputies 154, 155; attempt to usurp power, 160; negative vote, 212; 189, 211, 373, 393. Atherton Company, secures mortgage title to Narragansett country, 249, 250; reasserts claim thereto, 386, 387; 325, 333, 336. Augusta, Maine, 178, 179. Aulnay, Charles de Menou, Sieur d', 181, 232, 233, 234. Austen, Ann, Quaker, 264. Avenant, C. d', etc., quoted, 287. Awashunks, squaw-sachem, 342, 343, 358.

Bacon, Lord, 59. Bacon's rebellion, 390. Balfour, A. J., quoted, 374. Ballot, secret, first use of in Mass., 161. Bancroft, Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, deprivations of Puritan clergy under, 71; and the Puritans, 74. Baptists, punishment of, 259, 260, 261, 262. Barbadoes, 8, 119, 120 and _n._, 121, 134, 175, 223 _n._, 302, 303, 307, 362 _n._, 367, 388 and _n._ Barbuda, 119, 120. Barrington, Sir Thomas, 196. Barrington, Lady Joan, 125. Bay Colony. _See_ Massachusetts Bay, Governor and Company of. Bay Path, 20 and _n._ Beers, Richard, 354. Bell, Philip, 133, 134. Bellingham, Richard, Governor of Mass., and Quaker women, 264; 333. Beothuks (Indians), 24. Berkshire Hills, 4. Bermuda, laws against Sabbath-breaking in, 112; 59, 119, 120, 194 _n._, 280, 285, 307, 367, 368, 404. Bermuda Assembly, 154. Bermuda Company, 46, 133. Berwick, England, 300, 301. Best, Thomas, 56. Biard, Father, 55 _n._, 56. Bible, the, God's will revealed to Puritans by, 79; Puritans alone hold key to, 80; laws based on interpretation of texts from, 209, 211. Bible-Commonwealth, Puritans plan to found, in Mass., 142, 143. Biencourt, Sieur de, 54. Biggar, H. P., quoted, 29 _n._ Bishop George, 264, 269, 373. Blackstone, William, 144, 151, 184. Blathwayt, William and Cranfield, 402, 403, 417. Block Island, 199, 200. Bloody Brook, massacre at, 356. Body of Liberties, 211. Bombay, 280. Boston, meeting at, to divide town land, 161; Antinomian attitude of church at, 168, 169; elections removed from, 169; reëlects Vane and others after invalidation of first election, 169; confederation of colonies discussed at, 224; merchants of, and the Acadian Expedition, 232, 233; import duties on goods entering port of, 243; church at, refuses to join Synod, 255; Royal Commission at, 331, 333, 334; dispute over Church of England services at, 420, 421; observance of Christmas and Sunday in, 422; merchants of, said to have supplied Indians with ammunition, 427; revolt against Andros government in, 428-430, 431, 433; 140, 159, 352, 353, 373, 396 _n._, 423, 437. Boston Bay, 5. Boswell, Sir W., quoted, 234. “Bound House,” 182, 324 _n._ Boundaries, natural, influence of, 3; disputes concerning, 183, 216, 217, 218, 228, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 318, 320, 321, 325, 331, 332, 380, 382, 385, 386. Bourne, Richard, 345. Boyle, Robert, 297 _n._, 332, 371, 453. Bradford, William, at Scrooby, 86; his early history, 86, 87; chosen Governor of Plymouth, 100; his _History of Plymouth Plantation_, quoted or referred to, 61 _n._, 89, 90, 92 _n._, 99, 101 _n._, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 114, 115, 131, 150, 180, 181, 190, 191, 225; 116, 164, 179, 198, 276, 370, 371, 416. Bradstreet, Simon, Governor of Mass., replies to King's letter, 389, 390; significance of his reëlection, 393, 394; 245, 323, 369, 373, 409, 429, 433, 435, 436 and _n._, 437, 442, 444. Braintree, 247. Brattle, Thomas, 455. Breedon, Thomas, 314. Brend, William, Quaker, cruel punishment of, 269. Brereton, Sir W., 127 _n._ Brewster, William, his early history and character, 86; cited before Commissioners of York and Privy Council, 87, 88; elder of church at Leyden, 89; 91, 92, 99, 116. Bristol, England, 27, 28. British Empire, not in existence at accession James I, 279; extent of, at Restoration, 279, 280; character of, 280, 281 and #_n._:, 282; most complete embodiment of Mercantile Theory ideal, 285, 286; why English colonies should remain within, 289; Sir E. Morris on, 291; source of its success, 301; views of England, and of the colonies, with regard to, 308, 309. Brockholls, Anthony, 428. Brooke, Lord, 125, 167, 179, 181, 191, 195, 196, 197. Brookfield, destroyed by Indians, 354. Brown, John, settles at New Harbor (Pemaquid), 109. Browne, John, 128, 132, 133. Browne, Samuel, 132, 133. Browne, Sir Thomas, 371. Brownists, 68. Brunhes, Jean, quoted, 11. Brunswick, Maine, Gardiner at, 150, 151. Bryce, James, Viscount, quoted, 14. Buckle, Henry T., quoted, 96 _n._ Buet, Hugh, 171. Bulkley, Peter and Stoughton, agents of Mass. in England, 380 _ff._; results of their mission, 383, 384; 389, 409. Bunyan, John, 371. Burrage, C., 131 _n._ Burrough, Edward, 273. Burroughs, Rev. George, 455. Butler, Samuel, 371. Buzzard's Bay, 5, 6.

Cabot, John, voyages of, 27, 28, 42;
his charter, 34, 299.
Cabot, Sebastian, 27, 32.
Calais, lost to England, 44;
represented in Parliament, 388.
Calef, Robert, 455, 456.
Calvin, John, quoted, 77;
84.
Calvinism, and the Puritans, 77.
Cambridge Platform, adopted by synod (1648), 256;
opposed in General Court, but finally passed (1651), 257.
Campbell, Douglass, 89 _n._
Canada, abortive expedition against, 439-441;
291.
Canonchet, Narragansett sachem, forced to sign humiliating treaty, 358;
capture and death of, 360.
Canonicus, Narragansett sachem, 199, 353.
Cape Ann, fishing settlement on, 108, 109, 125;
5.
Cape Cod, 5, 37, 97, 339.
Cape of Good Hope, 280.
Cape Porpus, 245.
Carlisle, Earl of, 134.
Carolinas, settlement of, 312.
Carr, Sir Robert, member of Royal Commission, 330, 331, 334, 335.
Carrying trade, restrictions on, by England and France, 288;
Holland, England's most serious rival in, 312.
Cartwright, George, member of Royal Commission, 330, 331, 334, 335.
Carver, John, first Governor of Plymouth, death of, 100;
91.
Casco, 439.
Casco Bay, 178, 245.
Castle Island, fortifications on, 159, 322, 331;
429, 430.
Catholics, in England, under Elizabeth, 69 and _n._;
and the English Church, 70, 71;
laws against, suspended in England, 118.
And _see_ Rome.
Cecil, Sir R., 51.
Challons, Henry, sails for New England, 49;
disobeys instructions, 49;
50.
Chamberlain, Richard, Secretary of New Hampshire, 400, 401.
Champlain, Samuel de, settles on St. Croix Island, 38, 39;
explores and maps New England coast, 39, 40;
53 _n._
Champlain, Lake, 4, 312, 440.
Charity, the (vessel), 104, 105.
Charles I, results of his incompetent government, 118;
dissolves Parliament, 134;
139, 157, 159, 162, 215.
Charles II, orders suspension of proceedings against Quakers, 273, 274
and _n._;
his letter confirming Charter of Mass., etc., how complied with, 323,
324;
on claim of Mass. to independence, 336;
orders agents sent to England, 336;
his letter, sent by Randolph, 377, 378,
acted on by General Court, 380, 381;
other letters of, and their effect, 389, 390, 391;
his death, 407;
279, 298, 299, 314, 315, 317, 318, 321, 322, 331, 332, 366, 399, 400.
Charlestown, proposed settlement at, 127;
church at, 143;
140.
Chartered companies, 45 _ff._
Charters, early commercial, 34, 35.
Charters of American colonies. _See_ Colonial charters.
Chatham, Mass., 39.
Chauncey, Rev. Charles, and Quakers, 270.
Chelmsford, Mass., 345.
Chief, Indian, office of, 17.
Child, Robert, case of, 213, 214 and _n._, 253, 298, 305, 315, 425.
Chillingworth, William, 146.
Christ, in Puritan theology, 80, 82.
Christianity, unity of, broken up by development of state churches,
282.
Christison, Wenlock, Quaker, 272, 273.
Church, Benjamin, 348, 361.
Church, the, and the average man, 66, 67;
compulsory attendance at, 172;
penalty of excommunication from, 172;
in New England, process of joining, how made difficult, 253, 254.
And _see_ Clergy.
Church of England, relation of Puritans to, 64 _ff._;
struggle for control of, 71, 76, 77;
abuses in, 74, 75;
low pay of clergy, 74, 75;
Calvinism and, 77;
services of, tabooed in New England, 130;
services of, where held in Boston, 420, 421.
Church-covenant idea, 143.
Church members, number of, in New England, 132;
154, 172, 197, 331, 383, 384, 394, 395.
Church-membership test for franchise in Mass., dissatisfaction with,
253, 254;
growth of more liberal attitude respecting, 262, 263.
And _see_ Franchise.
Churches, new, organization of, restricted, 162.
Clan, the, the Indian's little world, 18.
Clarendon, Earl of, his colonial policy, 311, 312, 313;
Maverick's reports to, 315;
332, 371.
Clark, Mary, Quaker, 268.
Clarke, John, Baptist, his _Ill Newes from New England_, 259, 260;
249, 320.
Cleeve, George, 244.
Clergy, number of, deprived under canons of 1604 and under Puritan
domination, 71;
starvation pay of, 75;
reactionary views of, 194;
in Rhode Island and Connecticut, 195;
attitude of, in Mass., 211;
and the Gorton case, 219, 220;
and Miantanomo, 240, 241;
seek compromise in matter of church-membership, 262, 263,
but strive to enforce conformity in matters of doctrine, 263 _ff._;
failure of, as leaders, explained, 395, 396;
important legal questions referred to, 417;
relations with Andros, 421, 422;
decrease in power of, in Mass., 450, 451;
and the witchcraft delusion, 451, 455.
Climate, of New England, 10 and _n._
Clive, Lord, 54.
Cloth industry, in England, decline in, 123.
Coast-line, value of, 6.
Cobham, Lord, 36.
Coddington, William, commission of, as Governor of Rhode Island,
withdrawn, 249, 250;
161, 169, 185.
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, and the Mercantile Theory, 285, 288, 289;
his policy abandoned by France, 291;
298.
Colleton, John, 297 _n._
Colonial charters, terms of, 34, 294;
defects of, 366, 367;
compared with Constitutions of U. S. colonies and territories of
to-day, 448, 449 and _n._
Colonial trade, English laws regarding, 287.
Colonies, American, successive grouping of, 2;
beginnings of, their real characters, 33;
terms of charters of, 34;
questions as to status of settlers in, 35, 36;
importance of distance of, from mother-country, 36;
by-products of English commercial activity, 35;
value of, 47;
relation of area to barrier in, 175;
in 1660, 280;
Dutch shut out from carrying trade of, 291;
interests of, neglected or misunderstood in England, 295;
and the administrative confusion in England (1643-1660), 295, 296;
scheme for organization of, following the Restoration, 296, 297;
and the acts for control of trade and shipping, 298;
restriction on shipment of European goods to, 300, 301;
offer no assistance in solution of problem of their relation to
England, 307, 308;
modified view of contest between England and, 364;
problem of, calls for new treatment, 366;
demand of, for assemblies and self-taxation, 367, 368;
why post of royal governor in, was not attractive, 405, 406;
convoys for shipping of, furnished by England, 437, 438.
Colonists, early influence of geographic environment on, 13;
misconceive political system of Indians, 17;
dealings of, with Indians, 14, 24, 25, 34, _ff._;
status of, with respect to England, 292;
failure of imperial theory to take account of human nature in, 301,
302;
non-representation in Parliament not the essential grievance of, 302;
their spirit of resistance to interference considered, 302, 303;
numbers of, in New England, in 1675, 338 and _n._;
missionary efforts of, among Indians, 345, 346;
their land-hunger, 340, 341;
why unprepared for hostilities in 1675, 348, 349;
ignorant of Indian warfare, 350;
and the new form of government (1685), 408, 409;
legal position of, 410.
Colonization, first English attempts at, 33;
mainsprings of, 90;
effect of Mercantile Theory on, 283, 284.
Columbus, Christopher, 26, 44, 398.
Comantine, Fort, 280.
Commerce, supersedes religion as prime influence in politics, etc.,
366.
And _see_ Trade.
Common lands, 153, 418.
Common-school education, in New England and Virginia, 369, 370.
Common schools, 396, 397, 456.
Common-stock theory, in founding of Plymouth, 93 _f._;
in operation of colonies, 113, 114;
failure of, in Plymouth, 113.
Commons. _See_ Common lands.
Conant, Roger, settles at Salem, 125;
127.
Confederation. _See_ United Colonies.
Congregational Church, under new charter of Mass., 451.
Congregationalism in New England, 130, 131, 411.
Connecticut, geographical advantage of, 6;
early settlers in, 120, 189, 190, 191;
franchise in, 172;
opposed to policies of Mass., 183, 184, 186;
Mass. sends expedition to, 187;
constitution of, 192;
“Fundamental Orders” of, 192, 193;
influence of, and of Mass., on development of American thought,
contrasted, 193, 194;
character of emigrants to, 195, 207;
settlements in, after destruction of Pequots, 206 _ff._;
absorbs New Haven, 208, 318-320;
growth of population of, 224;
objects to proposed terms of confederation, 225;
and the Dutch, 236, 237;
controversy over taxation, 242, 243;
disputed boundary line between Mass. and, 243;
treatment of Quakers in, 268, 275;
relation of, to England, 306;
flouts Navigation Acts, 313;
Winthrop obtains liberal charter for, 318;
boundary between Rhode Island and, 320, 321;
population (1675), 338;
and the Pequots, 343;
raising troops in, 351, 355 _n._;
and friendly Indians, 356;
war expenses of, 363;
schools in, 369;
treatment of Indians by, 387 and _n._;
steps to cancel charter of, 412, 413;
added to jurisdiction of Andros, 413;
validates land-titles, 418, 420;
Indian attacks in, 427;
resumes former government (1689), 433, 434;
209, 215, 226, 227, 317, 325, 332, 336, 339, 341, 353, 386, 439.
Connecticut River, 6, 186, 187, 190, 339, 340, 345, 360, 361.
Conservative and liberal groupings in New England, 373, 374.
Cooper, Sir Anthony A., 297 _n._
Cooper, J. Fenimore, 14.
Corbitant (Indian), 101.
Cotton, Rev. John, a follower of Ann Hutchinson, 167;
abjures Antinomianism, 170;
at Boston, 189;
his death, 259;
defends punishment of Baptists, 261;
quoted, 129, 130, 131, 132, 143, 161;
125, 147, 162, 165, 166, 173.
Cotton, John, and Philip's son, 362.
Council Established at Plymouth, etc., granted a charter, 62, 63.
Council for New England, 106, 126, 157.
Council for Plantations, 296, 297, 329.
Council for the Safety of the People, etc., 433.
Country, and town, conflict of economic interests, etc., between, 373,
374.
Covenants of Grace and of Works, 166.
Cradock, Matthew, 128, 138, 151, 157.
Crandall, John, Baptist, 259, 260.
Cranfield, Edward, appointed royal governor of New England, 402;
his character, 402;
dealings with Blathwayt, 402 and _n._, 403 and _n._,
and with Mason, 403;
his course considered, 404 _f._;
removed, 404;
quoted, 420;
406, 407, 411.
Cromwell, Oliver, forces war on Holland, 236, 237 and _n._;
quoted, on liberty of opinion, 275;
125, 137, 209, 287, 296, 298, 369.
Crown, the, and the colonies, 293 _ff._
Cushman, Robert, 91, 94, 95, 97, 102.
Cutt, John, first President of New Hampshire under royal control, 400.
Cuttyhunk, 37.

Damaris Cove, 104, 115. Dand, John, 214. Danforth, Thomas, 389, 394, 429. Daniel, Thomas, 400. Darley, Henry, 197. Davenport, Rev. John, founder of New Haven, 206, 207. Davison, William, 86. Dawson, S. E., quoted, 27 and _n._ Deer Island, 357. Deerfield, attacked by Indians, 354, 355, 356. Delaware River, settlements on, 234, 235, 236. Democracy, not aimed at in Mayflower Compact, 98; opposition of Mass. leaders to, 143; genesis of, in America, 144, 419; only partial in early town meetings, 154; in Rhode Island, 186, 195, 248; in Connecticut, 192, 193, 195; and Calvinism, 194; still on trial, 365. Deputies in General Court, 154. And _see_ Assistants. Dermer, Thomas, 60, 61 and _n._ Devil, the, the saving grace of Puritan doctrine, 82. Dexter, Henry M., 96 _n._, 165 _n._ Dexter, Thomas, 151. Digges, Edward, 297 _n._ Discovery, right of, basis of title to new lands, 41 and _n._, 42; questions connected with, 42. Dissent, growth of, 364, 372. Distance, from England, influence of, 292, 294, 295, 301, 302. Divine right of kings, theory of, a protest against divine right of popes, 365. Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York, 412, 413. Dorchester, church at, 143; 140, 190. Dorchester (England) fishing company in Mass., 108, 125. Dorrell, John, 127 _n._ Dover, N. H., founded, 108; acquired by Puritans, 181; dispute between church factions at, 217, 218; treacherous seizure of Indians at, 361; 178. Dowdney, Richard, Quaker, 268. Downing, Emanuel, 138, 141, 217 _n._ Downing, Sir George, quoted, 173. Doyle, J. A., quoted, 187 _n._ Drake, Sir Francis, 30, 32, 95 _n._ Draxe, Sir James, 297 _n._ Dryden, John, 371. Dudley, Joseph, appointed agent of Mass., 392; of moderate views, 392 n.; Governor of Mass., New Hampshire and the King's Province, 408 and _n._, 409; legality of his commission protested by General Court, 410; dissatisfaction with his moderation, 411; superseded by Andros, 411; 416, 425, 429, 430, 435. Dudley, Joseph, and John Richards, agents of Mass. in England (1682), 392, 393. Dudley, Thomas, Deputy Governor of Mass., 169; 125, 126, 138, 140 _n._, 147, 161, 162, 167, 179, 213, 227, 258. Dunster, Henry, 206. Dupleix, Marquis, 54. Dutch, helpfulness of, in trade with Indians, 115; and the Pilgrims, 187; at Hartford, 188 and _n._; territorial claims of, 234; outnumbered and crowded out by English, 234, 235, 236; treaty with, not ratified by England, 236; shut out from carrying trade of English colonies, 291; instructions of Royal Commission concerning, 330, 331; reduction of, 336. Dutch West India Co., 313 _n._ Dyer, Mary, Quaker, fiendish treatment of, 271; 268.

East, the, search for new routes to, 27, 29;
European trade with, in hands of Spain and Portugal, 29.
East India Company, 45, 46, 59.
Eastland Company, 45, 46.
Eaton, Samuel, 263 _n._
Eaton, Theophilus, founds New Haven, 206, 207, 208;
128, 213.
Education, in New England, original object of, religious, 370;
influence of, 370, 371.
And _see_ Common schools.
Edward IV, his charter of 1462, 34, 35.
Edward VI, 69.
Edwards, Jonathan, character of his writings, 82.
Election to General Court, right of, under Mass. charter, 141, 142.
And _see_ Franchise.
Eliot, Rev. John, pleads against sale of Indians into slavery, 362;
345, 357, 380.
Eliot, Sir John, 134, 136, 137.
Elizabeth, Queen, relations of England and Spain under, 30, 31, 32;
her methods of government, 31;
her patent to Sir H. Gilbert, 32, 33, 35;
state of England at her accession, 69, 70;
her opportunism, 70;
vague standard of religious conformity under, 70;
41, 44, 83, 146.
Ellis, George E., quoted, 267.
Emigration, causes of, 1620-1640, 119 _ff._;
influence of form of, 153;
Mass. places restrictions on, 190;
from England, cessation of, 222, 223;
complaints regarding, 422.
Endicott, John, governor of colony at Salem, 125, 126, 127;
hews down Maypole of Merry Mount, 127;
confirmed as governor of Mass., under new charter, 128;
his views of church government, 131;
censured for sending the Brownes to England, 133;
his character, 147;
at Block Island, 200;
as Puritan leader, 258, 259;
and the Quaker persecution, 265, 272, 273;
his violent language, 270 _n._;
his death, 275, 333;
124, 134, 135, 140, 143, 156 _n._, 162, 163, 260, 264, 315, 430.
England, chief imports of, 12;
basis of her claims to part of New World, 27, 28, 42;
and Spain, under Elizabeth, 30, 31;
preys upon Spanish commerce, 36;
claims all North America, 41 and _n._, 42;
treaty of 1604 with Spain, 42, 43;
economic conditions in, 43, 44;
abandons continental conquest after loss of Calais, 44;
trading companies formed in, 45, 46, 47;
value of colonies to, differing views, 45, 46, 47;
state of, at accession of Elizabeth, 69, 70;
problem of church settlement, 70;
low state of morality in, 73, 74;
balance-sheet of American exploration, 91;
conditions in, about 1630, 118, 123, 124;
laws against Catholics suspended, 118;
emigration from, largely due to other than religious causes, 121,
122;
Puritan leaders in New England propose to govern independently of,
155, 156;
effect of domestic political events in, to postpone Colonial affairs,
159, 160, 208, 209, 214, 215, 216, 295, 296;
and France, scene of first step in struggle between, 180, 181;
breach between Puritan leaders in, and in Mass., 195 _ff._;
attitude of New Haven toward, 208;
why emigration ceased, 222, 223;
and Holland, conflicting territorial claims of, 234, 235,
adjusted by treaty, 236;
relations of colonies with, 278, 279, 292, 293, 294, 295;
and colonial shipping, 286;
laws of, relating to colonial trade, 288;
application of Mercantile Theory by, and the Dutch, 291;
value of Navigation Acts to, 291, 292;
scheme for organization of colonies after Restoration, 296, 207, 298;
acts for control of trade and shipping, 298 _ff._;
interference of, with colonial rights, 302, 303;
relation of Mass. to, defined by General Court, 305, 306;
relation of other colonies to, 306;
and the defiant attitude of New England, 313;
complaints against Mass. to government of Charles II, 313 _ff._;
change in relation of colonies to, 317, 366;
rights and interests of citizens of, 327, 328;
question of location of sovereignty in, 364 _ff._;
her wars from 1672 to 1815, wars of trade, 366;
intellectual revival in, 371;
Stoughton and Bulkley agents of Mass. in, 380 _ff._;
her patience exhausted, and why, 390, 391;
her offer of compromise, not accepted, 393;
Mass. charter annulled by _scire facias_, 394;
and the new government in New Hampshire, 399 _ff._;
and the question of land-titles in New England, 418 _ff._;
effect of her method of dealing with the question, 420;
Revolution in (1688), 428;
circular letter of new government to colonies, 432;
war between France and, 436;
furnishes convoys for colonial shipping, 437, 438;
echoes of discontent in Mass. in, 444, 445 and _n._;
Mather's labors in, 445, 446.
And _see_ British Empire, Charles I, Charles II, Clarendon,
Elizabeth, James I, James II, Lords of Trade and Plantations.
“England and Ireland, Realmes of,” 35 _n._
English, the, none of great river highways originally held by, 3;
locus of earliest effort at colonization by, 12;
treatment of Indians by, 39, 40;
break up French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia, 54-56;
numbers of, in different colonies, in 1630, 120, 121;
emigrants to Ireland, 120.
English and French possessions in North America during settlement
period contrasted, 3.
English nation, involved in founding of settlements by Englishmen, 281.
English seamen, under Drake and his fellows, 30, 31.
Esquimaux, 24.
Essex County, Mass., resistance to tax-levy in, 425, 426.
Established Church, a necessity in England, 70, 146;
where real struggle for control of, lay, 71.
And _see_ Church of England.
European civilization, effect on, of expansion due to opening of new
lands, 30, 31, 398, 399.
European commerce with the East, etc., 26;
seeks new route to East, 26, 27;
passes into hands of Spain and Portugal, 29.
European goods, restrictions on shipment of, to colonies, 300, 301.
Evelyn, John, 372.
Exeter, N. H., founded, 182;
and the settlement at Hampton, 182, 183.

Fairfield, Conn., 206.
Farmers, white and colored, comparative efficiency of, in North, 8.
Faroe Islands, 12.
Fenwick, George, 242.
Finch, Katherine, 172.
Firearms, sale of, to Indians, 113, 344;
Indians required to surrender, 344, 347;
English, inferior to Indian, 350.
Fish, staple of exchange, 11;
demand for, in Europe, 28;
opposition to monopoly in, 106.
Fisher, Mary, Quaker, 264.
Fisheries of New England, 11, 104, 106, 286,
and of Newfoundland, 286;
produce a race of seamen, 11.
Fiske, John, 28 _n._
Flemings, in England, 122.
Folger, Peter, “A Looking-Glass for the Times,” 274 _n._
Forefathers Day, 99 _n._
Forests, as barriers, 3, 4;
extent of, in New England, 9.
Fortrey, Samuel, _England's Interest and Improvement_, quoted, 283,
284.
Fortune, the (vessel), captured by French with first shipment of pelts,
102.
Fowle, Thomas, 213, 214.
France, Verrazano sails under flag of, 28;
claims all North America, 41;
Mercantile Theory in, 285;
Colbert's policy abandoned by, 291;
at war with England, 337, 446.
Franchise, religious test for, 172, 185, 192, 197, 213 _f._, 217, 252,
253, 254, 319, 383, 384, 389, 392, 393, 445, 446;
royal orders concerning, 323;
new law concerning, characterized, 331, 332;
property qualification for, 389, 392, 393, 445, 446;
question of, in new charter for Mass., 434, 435, 445, 446.
Frazer, J. G., quoted, 68 _n._
“Free planters,” in New Haven, 207, 208.
Free speech, denial of, inevitable, 143;
212.
Freemen, in Mass., the only enfranchised voters, 142;
petition for increase in number of, 144;
limited to church members, 145, 162;
152, 154, 155, 160, 314, 400, 435;
in Connecticut, 192;
in New Hampshire, 217.
French, the, on New England coast, 38;
permanent settlement of, at Quebec, 38;
beginning of friendship with Indians 39, 40;
colonization contrasted with English, 39, 340, 345;
settlements of, broken up, 54-56;
capture the Fortune, 102;
missionary efforts of, 345;
supply Indians with arms, 361;
danger to English colonies from, 426;
behind Indian raids, 438.
French West Indies. _See_ West Indies (French).
Frontenac, Count, 440.
Frontier, natural, 1;
westward movement of, causes grouping of colonies into East and West,
2;
unlimited, in North America, and its effect on institutions, 29, 30;
constant advance of, 176 _ff._, 195, 197, 198;
the refuge of restless and discontented, 177;
influence of, on domestic concerns of colonies, 209 _ff._;
spirit of resistance to interference developed on, 302;
advance of, followed by erection of towns, 340;
influence of, 367, 419.
Fuller, Samuel, 131.
Fuller, Thomas, 371.
“Fundamental Orders” of Connecticut, 192, 193.
Fur-trade, exhaustion of, in New England, 6;
beginnings at Plymouth, 102, 114, 115;
importance of, 178, 179;
238.

Gama, Vasco da, 27.
Gardiner, Christopher, takes refuge with Indians, 150;
relations with Gorges, 150, 151;
156.
Gardiner, Lyon, 196, 200, 201.
Gawsell, Gregory, 125, 134.
General Court of Connecticut, representation in, 192;
relation of, to towns, 192;
declares war against Pequots, 202 _ff._;
413.
General Court of Massachusetts Bay, functions of, under charter, 128;
first session of, 141;
towns represented in, 154;
functions of, enlarged, at expense of freemen, 160;
and R. Williams, 163;
establishes council of magistrates for life, 161, 162;
refuses to accept Vane's resignation, 168;
disciplines Wheelwright, 169;
invalidates election of Vane and others, and admits them on
reelection, 169;
passes new immigration law, 169;
purged for lack of zeal, 170;
and atones therefor, 170 _ff._;
dispute between magistrates and deputies in, 189;
resolution of, as to laws in force, 209, 210;
judgment of, in “Sow” case, 212;
appeal of non-church members for increase of privileges, denied, 213,
214;
legislates to assist debtors, 222;
grants land in Rhode Island to Braintree men, 247, 248;
convokes synod, 255;
Cambridge Platform adopted by, against opposition, 257;
passes laws against Quakers, 265, 266, 268;
enacts death penalty by bare majority, 270 _n._;
severity of laws modified, 273;
growing opposition in, to persecution of Quakers, 275;
defines relations of colony to England, 305, 306;
censures Leverett for violation of Navigation Acts, 313;
sends addresses to King and Parliament, 321;
revives severe laws against Quakers, 323;
laws passed by, repugnant to laws of England, 327;
and the Royal Commission, 331, 332;
passes new election law, 331, 332;
answers of, to requests and charges of Commission, 333, 334;
letter of Carr and others to, 334, 335;
refuses to send agents to England, 336;
disregards petition of citizens opposed to its action, 336, 337;
asserts God's reason for Philip's War, 349;
and the Indians, 357;
replies to royal letter, 380, 381;
tergiversations of, regarding Navigation Acts, 384, 385;
seeks extension of northern boundary, 385;
agrees to administer oath of allegiance and to legislate against
treason, 387;
reënacts Navigation Acts, 387;
sends Dudley and Richards as agents, 392, 393;
deadlocked as to acceptance of offer to compromise in matter of
annulment of charter, 393;
protests legality of Dudley's commission, 410.
And _see_ Assistants.
Geographic factors, in New England, 11 _ff._;
influence of, 153, 292.
Geographic science, progress in, 26, 27.
Gerrard, Sir Thomas, 38.
Gilbert, Adrian, 41.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, terms of his patent, 32, 33,
and questions raised thereby, 35, 36;
failure of his colonizing efforts, 36;
31.
Gilbert, Sir John, 52.
Gilbert, Raleigh, founds settlement on Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River, 50,
51, 52.
Gilman, John, 400.
Godfrey, Edward, 244, 245 and _n._, 314.
Goffe, Sir Thomas, 128.
Goffe, William, regicide, 314.
Gombroon, 280.
Gomez, Estienne, voyages of, 28.
Gooch, G. P., quoted, 84, 144.
Good Hope, fort of, 234, 235, 236, 237, 242.
Goodman, John, 100.
Gookin, Daniel, 357.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, attitude of Puritans toward, 49;
sends vessel to New England, 49 and _n._;
his agents in Maine, 60, 61;
secures new charter, 62;
his _Briefe Narration_, 103;
grant to Mason and, 104;
consents to issuance of patent for settlement at Salem, 126;
and Morton, 149;
his relations with Puritan peers, 149;
and the Bay Colony, 149, 150;
attacks the colony's charter, 151, 156 _ff._;
details of his scheme, 158;
his hopes dashed, 159;
appointed governor of New England, 158, 159;
and Mason, divide province of Maine, 177, 178;
his death, 244;
claim of heirs of, to Maine, declared valid, 375, 376, 382;
48, 51, 52, 125, 216, 218, 245, 314, 324.
Gorges, Ferdinando (the younger), protests against absorption of Maine
by Mass., 314;
sets up his claim against that of Mass., 324, 325;
335, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385.
Gorges, John, 125, 149.
Gorges, Robert, Governor of New England, 106;
forms settlement at Wessagussett, 108;
109, 126, 127 _n._, 149.
Gorges, William, 178.
Gorton, Samuel, a wanderer, 218, 219;
banished from Providence, 219;
buys Indian land, 219;
action of Mass. against, 219, 220;
his religious views, 221 and _n._;
239, 240, 241, 247, 248, 305.
Gosnold, Bartholomew, his voyage in 1602, 36, 37;
at Jamestown, 48, 49;
40.
Gove, Edward, 403.
Grafton, Mass., 345.
Gray, Thomas, 151.
Great Island, N. H., 437.
Green Mountains, 4.
Greene, John, 386.
Greenland, 12.
_Groans of the Plantations, The_, quoted, 388 _n._
Groton, 360.
Guadaloupe, 291.
Guercheville, Madame de, founds St. Sauveur, on Mt. Desert, 55;
41.
Guiana, 91.
Guiana Company, 46.
Guinea Company, 46.
Guinn, ——, 402.
Gunnbiörn's Skerries, 12 _n._

_Habeas Corpus_, right of, not extended to colonies, 425 _n._ Hadley, Mass., 354 and _n._, 355, 356. Hakluyt, R., “A Discourse concerning Western Planting,” quoted, 31 _n._, 37. “Half-way Covenant,” 263. Halley, Edmund, 371. Hampden, John, 125, 136, 137. Hampton, dispute over settlement at, 182, 183. Hanham, Thomas, 48, 50 and _n._ Hardy, Thomas, 72. Harlow, Edward, 54. Harris, William, 338 _n._ Harrison, William, 44. Harrisse, H., 28 _n._ Hartford, Dutch at, 188 and _n._; 191, 192. Harvard College, 369. Harvey, William, 371. Hatfield, Mass., 360. Hawkins, Sir John, 30. Hawkins, Sir Richard, 60. Haynes, John, Governor of Mass., 167, 189. Henchman, Daniel, 353. Henri IV, 38, 41. Henrietta Maria, Queen, 118. Henry II, 41 _n._ Henry IV, his charter of 1404, 34. Henry VII, 27, 28. Henry VIII, break with Rome under, 68, 69; 71. Henson, Rev. H. H., 96 _n._ Herrick, Robert, 371. Hibbens, Ann, 264. Higginson, Rev. Francis, teacher of Salem church, 131; quoted, 129, 417; 127, 140, 263 _n._, 371. High Commission, Court of, 71, 80, 151. Hilton, Edward and William, settle on Piscataqua River, 108 and _n._ Hilton patent, the, 196. Hinckley, Thomas, 416. Hobbes, Thomas, 371. Hobomack (Indian), 101. Hobson, Captain, 54, 60. Hocking, ——, murder of, at Augusta, 178, 179 _n._, 298. Hoffe, ——, 169. Holden, Christopher, Quaker, 268. Holden, Randall, 386. Holland, Earl of, 125. Holland, her claims to territory in New England, invalid, 53 and _n._; state of, in early 17th century, 89 and _n._; religious toleration in, 118; treaty with England, not ratified, 236; Cromwell forces war on, 236; United Colonies declare war on, 238; carrying trade of, 298; England at war with, 337; peace with, 375; 146, 312. And _see_ Dutch. Holmes, Obadiah, Baptist, whipped at Lynn, 259 _ff._ Hooker, Rev. Thomas, arrives at Newtown, 189; denied permission to go to Connecticut, 189; but takes his congregation thither, 190, 191; his “famous sermon,” 192 and _n._, and J. Winthrop, 193, 194; his death, 258; 167, 168, 195, 210, 372. Hopkins, Edward, Governor of Connecticut, 213. Hopkins, Steven, 101. Hopkinton, 345. Housatonic River, 235 and _n._ Hubbard, William, quoted, 97, 354 _n._ Hudlston, John, 103 _n._ Hudson, Henry, on coast of Virginia, 53; Dutch claims based on voyage of, 53; 6. Hudson River, 53 and _n._ Hudson-Mohawk river highway, 3, 312. Huguenots, and the fall of Rochelle, 118; in England, 122. Hull, Rev. Mr., 227. Humphrey, John, 124, 127, 128, 134, 138, 140 and _n._, 141, 157, 196, 223. Hunt, Thomas, 59. Hutchinson, Ann, and the Antinomian controversy, 165 _ff._; tried and banished, 171; 210, 220. Hutchinson, Edward, 354. Hutchinson, L., quoted, 84, 85. Hutchinson, Thomas, _History of Massachusetts Bay_, quoted, 258, 259, 433; 424. Hutchinson, William, 165.

Iceland, 12.
Immigration law (Mass.), terms of, 169, 170, 173.
And _see_ Emigration.
Imperial sovereignty, 293.
India, English successes in, 56;
English interests in (1660), 280.
Indian land-titles, purchase of, 39, 340 _f._
Indian warfare, colonists ignorant of, 350.
Indians, dealings of colonists with, 14, 24, 25, 39, 40, 198, 199, 239
_ff._;
character and mental traits of, 14 _ff._;
still in Stone Age at time of discovery of America, 16;
agriculture and the chase, 16, 19, 20;
political and social organization of, 17 _ff._;
war, their natural condition, 19;
position of women among, 21, 22;
and the arts, 22;
economic life, 23;
in animistic stage of religious belief, 23;
linguistic, the best method of classification of, 23, 24;
numbers of, in New England, 24, 338, 339;
foundation of friendship with French, 39, 40;
sickness among, 99, 100 and _n._;
and the Pilgrims, 101, 102;
beginnings of trade with, 102, 115;
threats of trouble with, 103;
plot of, against Wessagussett, foiled, 105;
Morton sells fire-arms to, 113;
and Morton, 148;
Williams escapes to, 165;
solicit colonists to come to Connecticut River, 187;
slight danger from, in New New England, 197, 198;
rumors of general uprising, 240;
geographical distribution of, 339;
land-dealings of settlers with, 340 _ff._, 348, 349;
Puritans' treatment of, and their reaction to it, 342;
special laws for, 343;
causes of friction with, 344;
missionary work among, 345, 346;
changed relations of whites and, 348, 349;
innocent, inhuman treatment of, by Mass., 357;
supplied by French with arms, etc., 361;
treacherous seizure of, at Dover, 361;
terms of treaty with (1678), 362 and _n._;
psychological effect of war on, 362;
treatment of captives by colonists, 362;
protests against sale of, into slavery, 362;
control of relations with, in all North America, given to Andros,
426;
threats of trouble with, 426;
expeditions against, at divers places, 427;
hostilities begun by, 436, 437.
And _see_ Beothuks, Iroquois, Narragansetts, Nipmucks, Pequots,
Praying Indians.
Indies, English rights of trade with, surrendered by treaty of 1604,
43.
Individual, the, responsibility of, to God, 67;
rights of, and the Gorton case, 221.
Individual initiative, development of, in Tudor times, 31.
Individual liberty, and the struggle between England and her colonies,
329.
Individualism, increasing sense of, 66, 67.
Inquisition, the, 31.
Insurance (cargo), high cost of, 114.
Intercolonial trade, New England's share in, 10;
300.
Ipswich, resistance to tax-levy in, 425.
Ireland, schemes for colonizing, 33;
settlements in, 59 and _n._;
English emigrants to, 120.
Irish Plantation Society, 33, 46, 47.
Iroquois, superior art of, in pottery, 22;
24, 312.
Island colonies, planted by England, 119.
Isothermal lines, on Atlantic coast, 10.
Italy, cities of, lose Oriental trade, 29.

Jamaica, religious toleration in, 276; 287, 367, 381. James I, 40, 42, 47, 48, 51, 58, 71, 132, 279. James II, opposes grant of popular assembly in New England, 414; proclamation of, in view of invasion from Holland, 428; dethroned, 430; 408, 410, 411, 424, 427, 431. Jamestown, founded, 38, 49; troubles of, 61, 62; massacre at, 103; 91. Java, 280. Jephson, W., 431. Jermyn, Sir Robert, 72. Jesuits, at St. Sauveur, 55, 56; missionaries in America, 345. Johnson, Lady Arbella, 140. Johnson, Isaac, 125, 128, 138, 140. Joint stock. _See_ Common stock. Jones, Christopher, captain of the Mayflower, 95 _n._, 97 and _n._ Jones, Thomas, 95 _n._, 97 _n._ Josselyn, Henry, 244.

Keaynes, Robert, and the “Sow” case, 211, 212, 232 _n._, 314 _n._ Kennebec River, trade with settlements on, 115, 116; Hocking affray on, 178; 6, 50, 104. Kieft, Dutch governor, 235. King David (vessel), 289 _n._ King's Chapel (Boston), 421, 442. King's Province, organized, 332, 333; Dudley, governor of, 409; 386, 387. Kirk, Sir W., 180. Kirke, Percy, comes near being governor of New England, 407 and _n._ Kittery, 245. Kittredge, George L., _Robert Child the Remonstrant_, 214 _n._ Knower, Thomas, 151.

La Saussaye, M. de, 55 and _n._ La Tour, Claude Etienne de, in Acadia, 232, 233, 234. Labrador current, 12. Land, travel by, effect of difficulty and expense of, 7. Land, free grants of, in New England colonies, 153; and the development of American ideals, 176; method of acquisition of, from Indians, 340, 341; title to, by conquest, 341; “one of the gods of New England,” 243; prospect of owning, the main attraction to emigrants, 419; effect of wide distribution of small holdings, 419. Land-system of New England, 153. Land-titles, in Mass., establishment of new government complicated by question of, 416 _ff._; Higginson on derivation of, 418. Land-values, in England, rise of, 123. Lathrop, Thomas, 355. Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, declares war on Puritans, 157; 121, 148, 151, 158, 162. Lawyers, scarcity of, in New England, 417. Lechford, T., 132. Leddra, William, Quaker, 272, 273. Lee, Robert E., quoted, 408. Leere, Sir Peter, 297. Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre P., _De la Colonisation_, etc., quoted, 44 _n._ Lescarbot, Marc, 39 and _n._ Levant Company, 45, 46. Leverett, John, agent of Mass. in England, 321, 322; and Randolph, 378, 379; on the relation of Mass. to England, 378; 312, 313, 350, 389. Levett, Christopher, settles at York, 108. Leyden, Pilgrim church at, 89; seven articles of the church at, 92; emigrants to Plymouth, 97, 98. Liberal sentiment in religion and economics, growth of, in New England, 373, 374. Liberty, double nature of struggle for, in colonial period, 155, 311, 329, 435; not a natural fact, 365; and the struggle between England and the colonies, 395, 396. Liberty of conscience. _See_ Religious toleration. Lincoln, Earl of, 92, 125, 138, 149, 177, 197. Littleton, Mass., 345. Local governments in New England. _See_ Towns. Locke, John, 371. London, capital for Pilgrims' enterprise largely subscribed in, 99; 381. And _see_ Adventurers. London Company, provided for in Virginia charter, 48; founds Jamestown, 48, 49; changes in charter of, 62; hostility of, to Gorges, 62. Long Island, 226. Long Island Sound, 4, 5, 6, 206, 339. Longmeadow, 360. Lord's Prayer, the, frowned on by Puritans, 82. Lords Commissioners for Plantations in General, charter of Mass. investigated by, 157, 158. Lords of Trade and Plantations, take over colonial affairs, 375; and the New England question, 375 _ff._; Randolph's report to, 379; examine merchants as to trading practices of New England, 379, 380; advise _Quo Warranto_ process against Mass., 384; advise reconstruction of government of New Hampshire, 402; and Cranfield, 404; and the Mason claim to New Hampshire, 405; 391 and _n._, 408, 412, 436, 437, 445. Louis XIII, 181. Louis XIV, 288. Love, W. de L., 191 _n._ Lyford, John, a canting clergyman, 106, 107; and Oldham, 107; banished, 107, 108. Lygonia grant, 244. Lynn, Henry, 151. Lynn, Mass., Baptists fined at, 259, 260; matter of iron-works at, 314 and _n._; 140.