Chapter XI: Section 1: Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, (2)

2. John Langdon, Emmet 9439, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by Trumbull."

Mr. Walter Langdon, of Hyde Park, N. Y., in January, 1885, sent to Dr. Emmet a photograph of a "portrait of Governor John Langdon LL.D." An oil miniature painted on wood by Col. John Trumbull, in 1792, is in the Yale School of Fine Arts. There is also painting of Langdon in Independence Hall, by James Sharpless.

3. Nicholas Gilman, Emmet 9441, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." A drawing by the same artist formerly hung in Independence Hall. The two are not at all alike. No contemporary attribution is made and the Emmet correspondence reveals nothing.

MASSACHUSETTS

4. Nathaniel Gorham, Emmet 9443. It was etched by Albert Rosenthal but without inscription of any kind or date. A painting by him, in likeness identical, formerly hung in Independence Hall. No evidence in Emmet correspondence.

5. Rufus King, Emmet 9445, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by Trumbull." King was painted by Col. John Trumbull from life and the portrait is in the Yale School of Fine Arts. Gilbert Stuart painted a portrait of King and there is one by Charles Willson Peale in Independence Hall.

CONNECTICUT

6. William Samuel Johnson, Emmet 9447, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 from Painting by Gilbert Stuart." A painting by Rosenthal after Stuart hung in Independence Hall. Stuart's portrait of Dr. Johnson "was one of the first, if not the first, painted by Stuart after his return from England." Dated on back 1792. Also copied by Graham.--Mason, Life of Stuart, 208.

7. Roger Sherman, Emmet 9449, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by Earle." The identical portrait copied by Thomas Hicks, after Ralph Earle, is in Independence Hall.

NEW YORK

8. Alexander Hamilton, Emmet 9452, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal 1888 after Trumbull." A full length portrait, painted by Col. John Trumbull, is in the City Hall, New York. Other Hamilton portraits by Trumbull are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the Boston Museum of Art, and in private possession.

NEW JERSEY

9. William Livingston, Emmet 9454, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila., 1888." A similar portrait, painted by Rosenthal, formerly hung in Independence Hall. No correspondence relating to it is in the Emmet Collection.

10. David Brearley. There is no portrait. Emmet 9456 is a drawing of a Brearley coat-of-arms taken from a book-plate.

11. William Paterson, Emmet 9458, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." A painted portrait by an unknown artist was hung in Independence Hall. The Emmet correspondence reveals nothing.

12. Jonathan Dayton, Emmet 9460, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal." A painting by Rosenthal also formerly hung in Independence Hall. The two are dissimilar. The etching is a profile, but the painting is nearly a full-face portrait. The Emmet correspondence reveals no evidence.

PENNSYLVANIA

13. Benjamin Franklin, Emmet 9463, inscribed "C. W. Peale Pinxit. Albert Rosenthal Sc."

14. Thomas Mifflin, Emmet 9466, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by Gilbert Stuart." A portrait by Charles Willson Peale, in civilian dress, is in Independence Hall. The Stuart portrait shows Mifflin in military uniform.

15. Robert Morris, Emmet 9470, inscribed "Gilbert Stuart Pinxit. Albert Rosenthal Sc." The original painting is in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Stuart painted Morris in 1795. A copy was owned by the late Charles Henry Hart; a replica also existed in the possession of Morris's granddaughter.--Mason, Life of Stuart, 225.

16. George Clymer, Emmet 9475, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by C. W. Peale." There is a similar type portrait, yet not identical, in Independence Hall, where the copy was attributed to Dalton Edward Marchant.

17. Thomas Fitzsimons. There is no portrait and the Emmet correspondence offers no information.

18. Jared Ingersoll, Emmet 9468, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal after Painting by C. W. Peale." A portrait of the same origin, said to have been copied by George Lambdin, "after Rembrandt Peale," hung in Independence Hall.

19. James Wilson, Emmet 9472, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal 1888." Seems to have been derived from a painting by Charles Willson Peale in Independence Hall.

20. Gouverneur Morris, Emmet 9477, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after a copy by Marchant from Painting by T. Sully." The Emmet correspondence has no reference to it.

DELAWARE

21. George Read, Emmet 9479, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." There is in Emmet 9481 a stipple plate "Engraved by J. B. Longacre from a Painting by Pine." It is upon the Longacre-Pine portrait that Rosenthal and others, like H. B. Hall, have depended for their portrait of Read.

22. Gunning Bedford, Jr., Emmet 9483, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." Rosenthal also painted a portrait, "after Charles Willson Peale," for Independence Hall. The etching is the same portrait. On May 13, 1883, Mr. Simon Gratz wrote to Dr. Emmet: "A very fair lithograph can, I think, be made from the photograph of Gunning Bedford, Jun.; which I have just received from you. I shall call the artist's attention to the excess of shadow on the cravat." The source was a photograph furnished by the Bedford descendants.

23. John Dickinson, Emmet 9485, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by C. W. Peale." The Peale painting is in Independence Hall.

24. Richard Bassett, Emmet 9487, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal." There was also a painting by Rosenthal in Independence Hall. While similar in type, they are not identical. They vary in physiognomy and arrangement of hair. There is nothing in the Emmet correspondence about this portrait.

25. Jacob Broom. There is no portrait and no information in the Emmet correspondence.

MARYLAND

26. James McHenry, Emmet 9490, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." Rosenthal also painted a portrait for Independence Hall "after Saint-Memin." They are not alike. The etching faces three-quarters to the right, whilst the St. Memin is a profile portrait. In January, 1885, Henry F. Thompson, of Baltimore, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "If you wish them, you can get Portraits and Memoirs of James McHenry and John E. Howard from their grandson J. Howard McHenry whose address is No. 48 Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore."

27. Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Emmet 9494, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Trumbull." Rosenthal also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. They are not identical. A drawn visage is presented in the latter. In January, 1885, Henry F. Thompson of Baltimore, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "Mr. Daniel Jenifer has a Portrait of his Grand Uncle Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer and will be glad to make arrangements for you to get a copy of it.... His address is No. 281 Linden Ave, Baltimore." In June, of the same year, Simon Gratz wrote to Emmet: "The Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer is so bad, that I am almost afraid to give it to Rosenthal. Have you a better photograph of this man (from the picture in Washington [sic.]), spoken of in one of your letters?"

28. Daniel Carroll, Emmet 9492, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal, Phila. 1888." Henry F. Thompson, of Baltimore, in January, 1885, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "If you will write to Genl. John Carroll No. 61 Mount Vernon Place you can get a copy of Mr. Carroll's (generally known as Barrister Carroll) Portrait."

VIRGINIA

29. John Blair, Emmet 9500, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal Etcher." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. The two are of the same type but not alike. The etching is a younger looking picture. There is no evidence in the Emmet correspondence.

30. James Madison, Jr., Emmet 9502, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by G. Stuart." Stuart painted several paintings of Madison, as shown in Mason, Life of Stuart, pp. 218-9. Possibly the Rosenthal etching was derived from the picture in the possession of the Coles family of Philadelphia.

NORTH CAROLINA

31. William Blount, Emmet 9504, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. The two are alike. In November, 1885, Moses White, of Knoxville, Tenn., wrote thus: "Genl. Marcus J. Wright, published, last year, a life of Win. Blount, which contains a likeness of him.... This is the only likeness of Gov. Blount that I ever saw." This letter was written to Mr. Bathurst L. Smith, who forwarded it to Dr. Emmet.

32. Richard Dobbs Spaight, Emmet 9506, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1887." In Independence Hall is a portrait painted by James Sharpless. On comparison these two are of the same type but not alike. The etching presents an older facial appearance. On November 8, 1886, Gen. John Meredith Read, writing from Paris, said he had found in the possession of his friend in Paris, J. R. D. Shepard, "St. Memin's engraving of his great-grandfather Governor Spaight of North Carolina." In 1887 and 1888, Dr. Emmet and Mr. Gratz were jointly interested in having Albert Rosenthal engrave for them a portrait of Spaight. On December 9, 1887, Gratz wrote to Emmet: "Spaight is worthy of being etched; though I can scarcely agree with you that our lithograph is not a portrait of the M. O. C. Is it taken from the original Sharpless portrait, which hangs in our old State House? ... However if you are sure you have the right man in the photograph sent, we can afford to ignore the lithograph."

33. Hugh Williamson, Emmet 9508, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal after Painting by J. Trumbull Phila. 1888," Rosenthal also painted a copy "after John Wesley Jarvis" for Independence Hall. The two are undoubtedly from the same original source. The Emmet correspondence presents no information on this subject.

SOUTH CAROLINA

34. John Rutledge, Emmet 9510, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after J. Trumbull." The original painting was owned by the Misses Rutledge, of Charleston, S. C.

35. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Emmet 9512, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888. Painting by Trumbull." An oil miniature on wood was painted by Col. John Trumbull, in 1791, which is in the Yale School of Fine Arts. Pinckney was also painted by Gilbert Stuart and the portrait was owned by the family at Runnymeade, S. C. Trumbull's portrait shows a younger face.

36. Charles Pinckney, Emmet 9514, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. They are alike. In the Emmet correspondence the following information, furnished to Dr. Emmet, is found: "Chas. Pinckney--Mr. Henry L. Pinckney of Stateburg [S. C.] has a picture of Gov. Pinckney." The owner of this portrait was a grandson of the subject. On January 12, 1885, P. G. De Saussure wrote to Emmet: "Half an hour ago I received from the Photographer two of the Pictures [one being] Charles Pinckney copied from a portrait owned by Mr. L. Pinckney--who lives in Stateburg, S. C." The owner had put the portrait at Dr. Emmet's disposal, in a letter of December 4, 1884, in which he gave its dimensions as "about 3 ft. nearly square," and added, "it is very precious to me."

37. Pierce Butler, Emmet 9516, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. They are dissimilar and dubious. Three letters in the Emmet correspondence refer to the Butler portraiture. On January 31, 1887, Mrs. Sarah B. Wister, of Philadelphia, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "I enclose photograph copies of two miniatures of Maj. Butler wh. Mr. Louis Butler [a bachelor then over seventy years old living in Paris, France] gave me not long ago: I did not know of their existence until 1882, & never heard of any likeness of my great-grandfather, except an oil-portrait wh. was last seen more than thirty years ago in a lumber room in his former house at the n. w. corner of 8th & Chestnut streets [Phila.], since then pulled down." On February 8th, Mrs. Wister wrote: "I am not surprised that the two miniatures do not strike you as being of the same person. Yet I believe there is no doubt of it; my cousin had them from his father who was Maj. Butler's son. The more youthful one is evidently by a poor artist, & therefore probably was a poor likeness." In her third letter to Dr. Emmet, on April 5, 1888, Mrs. Wister wrote: "I sent you back the photo. from the youthful miniature of Maj. Butler & regret very much that I have no copy of the other left; but four sets were made of wh. I sent you one & gave the others to his few living descendants. I regret this all the more as I am reluctant to trust the miniature again to a photographer. I live out of town so that there is some trouble in sending & calling for them; (I went personally last time, & there are no other likenesses of my great grandfather extant.)"

GEORGIA

38. William Few, Emmet 9518, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait "after John Ramage," for Independence Hall. They are identical.

39. Abraham Baldwin, Emmet 9520, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888." There is also a painting "after Fulton" in Independence Hall. They are of the same type but not exactly alike, yet likely from the same original. The variations may be just artist's vagaries. There is no information in the Emmet correspondence.

40. William Jackson, Secretary, Emmet 9436, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by J. Trumbull." Rosenthal also painted a copy after Trumbull for Independence Hall. They are identical.

INDEX A Adams, John, on American Peace Commission, 9 et seq.; personal characteristics, 10; negotiates commerical treaty with the Netherlands, 11; on fisheries question, 13-14; on settlement of commercial indebtedness, 14-15; on granting compensation to Loyalists, 20; complains of trade restriction for New England, 26. Adams, Samuel, and the Constitution, 151, 152. Albany Congress (1754), 49, 50. Annapolis Trade Convention (1786), 100-106. Anti-Federalist party, 147. Articles of Confederation, adoption (1777), 49-50; ratification (1781), 50, 57-59; based on Franklin's plan of Union, 51-52; provisions, 52-54, 67-68, 86, 100; questions of land ownership delay ratification, 56-57, 58; financial power of Congress under, 86; failure of Commercial amendment of 1784, 99; relation of Constitution, 125, 131, 144; defects corrected in Constitution, 142; attempt at revision, 144-145; text, 175-189. Assenisipia, 69. B Bancroft, George, History of the Formation of the Constitution, cited, 103 (note). Biddle, Charles, Autobiography, on the Constitution, 141. Bowdoin, James, Governor of Massachusetts, and Shays' Rebellion, 94, 95. Bryce, Lord, cited, 13 (note). C Cambridge (Mass.), Shays' Rebellion at, 94. Canada, Loyalists go to, 19; Articles of Confederation on admitting, 67. Channing, Edward, History of the United States, cited, 21 (note), 61 (note). Cherronesus, 69. Combe, George, Tour of the United States, quoted, 45. Commerce, before Revolution, 24; conditions after Revolution, 24-27; commercial treaties, 26; development of trade with Far East, 28; phases of United States foreign trade, 28-29; domestic trade, 29-30; policy of reprisal, 97-99. Committees of Correspondence, 49. Confederation, the, 35 et seq., 108; see also Articles of Confederation. Congress, Continental, advises States to adopt governments, 38; prints constitutions, 41; Declaration of Independence, 49, 63, 143-144, 167-174; Articles of Confederation, 49-50, 51, see also Articles of Confederation; Franklin's plan of union, 50-51; composition, 85; financial problems, 85-86. Congress, Federal, 52-53; powers and duties, 53-54; and Northwest Territory, 62; national system of coinage, 63-64; Land Ordinance (1785), 64-66, 71; Jefferson's Ordinance of 1784, 69-71, 75; Ordinance of 1787, 72-80, 190-200; inefficiency, 81-84, 127; Revenue Amendment, 87; financial crisis, 87-88; commercial amendment of 1784, 98-99; calls Federal Convention, 106; reception of Constitution, 145-146; votes that presidential electors be chosen (1788), 63. Congress, United States, Constitutional powers and limitations, 127-129, 130, 131, 136; objection to excessive power of, 161; revenue act (1789), 159. Connecticut, State government, 44; ratification of Constitution, 149-150. Constitution, development of, 108 et seq., 125 et seq.; great compromise of, 121-123, 127; transmitted to Congress, 145-146; contest over ratification, 146 et seq.; framed by propertied interests, 162-163; text, 201-218; bibliography, 221-222. Cook, Captain James, 28. Cornwallis, General Edward, surrender at Yorktown (1781), 5. Crevècœur, letter to Jefferson, 165. Cutler, Manasseh, 73-74. D Day, Clive, Encyclopedia of American Government, cited, 26 (note). Declaration of Independence, adopted, 49; Jefferson drafts, 63; charges against the King, 143-144; text, 167-174. Delaware, and western land policy, 57; Annapolis Trade Convention, 100; ratification of Constitution, 149. Dickerson, Senator, of New Jersey, quoted, 78. Dickerson, John, chairman of committee to prepare Articles of Confederation, 49, 51, 114; against centralized government, 114; District of Columbia, fear of a fortified stronghold, 161. Duer, Colonel William, 74. Dunn, J. P., Jr., Indiana: A Redemption from Slavery, quoted, 71. Dunning, W. A., The British Empire and the United States, cited, 13 (note). E Elliot's Debates on the Federal Constitution, cited, 160 (note). Ellsworth, Oliver, delegate to the Federal Convention, 115, 124; on slavery, 130; report on Rhode Island's ratification of the Constitution, 159. England, see Great Britain. Executive, see president. F Federal Convention, 106-107, 108 et seq.; Records, cited, 30 (note). Federalist, The, 157. Federalist party, 147. Finance, question of settlement of debts, 14-15, 147-148; conditions of currency, 31-32; national system of coinage, 63-64; Revenue Amendment, 87; financial crisis, 87-88; revenue act (1789), 159. Fish, C. R., American Diplomacy, quoted, 27. Fisheries, 13-14, 25. Fiske, John, The Critical Period of American History, quoted, 81. France, attitude toward United States, 4-5; relationship of United States with, 6-8; treaty with United States (1778), 7; excludes United States shipping, 26-27. Franklin, Benjamin, authorized to negotiate consular convention with France, 5; on Peace Commission, 8-9, 11-12, 21; personal characteristics, 9; on settlement of debts, 14; Albany plan, 50; presents plan of Union to Continental Congress (1775), 50-52; in Federal Convention, 113, 120; on the new republic, 134-135; personal charge against, 161; bibliography, 222. French and Indian War, effect on settlement, 56. G Georgia, ratification of Constitution, 149. Germany, American missionary societies, 3. Gerry, Elbridge, 115, 132, 135. Gorham, Nathaniel, 113-114, 124. Grayson, William, of Virginia, 64; quoted, 76-77. Great Britain, attitude toward former colonies, 3; American missionary societies, 3; admits independence of colonies, 6; France and, 7; Spain and, 7; and United States boundary lines, 12-13; and fisheries, 13-14; relation to American trade, 24-28, 97-98; compact theory of government in, 39; military posts retained by, 84-85. Grinsby, H. B., quoted, 15-16. H Hamilton, Alexander, at Annapolis Trade Convention, 104, 105; personal characteristics, 104-105; at Federal Convention, 115-116, 120; on Committee to revise constitution, 140; and The Federalist, 156-157; influence in New York convention, 157; bibliography, 222. Hancock, John, 150, 151-152. Henry, Prince, of Prussia, approached on subject of becoming king of United States, 134. Henry Patrick, 61, 63, 155. Hopkinson, letter to Jefferson, 161. Hutchins, Thomas, Geographer of the United States, 64. I Illinoia, 69. Illinois admitted as State (1818), 79. Independent Gazetteer, The, 156. Indian Queen Tavern, delegates to Federal Convention at, 109. Indiana admitted as a State (1816), 79. J Jameson, J. F., quoted, 59-60. Jay, John, on reciprocity of consular convention with France, 5; Peace Commissioner, 10, 11; personal characteristics, 10-11; sent to Spain, 11; on settlement of debts, 15; on compensation to Loyalists, 20; and The Federalist, 156-157. Jefferson, Ferdinand, quoted, 174. Jefferson, Thomas, on Peace Commission, 10; and land policy, 62-64; life and characteristics, 62-63; Ordinance of 1784, 67, 69-71, 75; on value of Continental scrip, 88-89; opinion of Federal Convention, 109, 116; spokesman for colonies, 143; on ratification of Constitution, 152; Hopkinson's letter to, 161; Crèvocœur's letter to, 165; bibliography, 222. Jefferson's Ordinance of 1784, see Ordinance of 1784. Jennifer, Daniel of St. Thomas, 153-154. Johnson, Dr., W. S., 115, 140. Judiciary, 131-133. K Kames, Lord, Franklin corresponds with, 6. Kent, Chancellor, 61. Kercheval, Samuel, History of the Valley of Virginia, quoted, 33-34. King, Rufus, in Federal Convention, 113, 132, 140; on three-fifths rule, 122; on form of executive, 134. Knox, Henry, 61. L Lafayette, Marquis de, Washington's letter to, 164-165. La Luzerne, Chevalier de, French minister in Philadelphia, 7. Land, question of ownership of western, 56-57; cession to United States by States, 58-59; American interest in, 59-62; Jefferson and land policy, 62-64; plan for sale under Ordinance of 1785, 65-66. Land Ordinance of 1785, 64-65, 71. Lansing, John, 116. Laurens, Henry, 10. Lecky, W. E. H., The American Revolution, cited, 32 (note). Lincoln, General Benjamin, and Shays' Rebellion, 94; letter to Washington, 152-153. Lingelbach, W. E., cited, 3 (note). Loyalists, question of compensation of, 16-17, 19-20; groups comprising, 17; treatment of, 18-19; Commissioners agree to restitution, 20. M McMaster, J. B., History of the People of the United States, quoted, 31; Acquisition of Industrial, Popular, and Political Rights of Man in America, quoted, 45. Madison, James, describes trade situation, 30; on violation of federal authority by Virginia, 100-101; personal characteristics; 103-104; and Annapolis Trade Convention, 104; quoted, 108; Washington, and, 111; for strong central government, 115; in Federal Convention, 111, 132, 140; supports Constitution, 155; and The Federalist, 156-157. Martin, Luther, 116, 132, 153. Maryland, and land claims, 57, 58; suggestion as to power of Congress over western land, 68; agreement with Virginia, 100, 104; ratification of Constitution, 153-154. Mason, George, 112, 132, 155. Massachusetts, State Constitution submitted to people for approval, 46; Shays' Rebellion (1786), 91-96; ratification of constitution, 150-153. Mayflower Compact, 140. Metropotamia, 69. Michigania, 69. Mississippi River, right of navigation declared, 14. Monroe, James, invests in western land, 61; Grayson writes to, 76. Morris, Gouverneur, invests in western land, 61; quoted, 108, 140; in Federal Convention, 112-113, 132, 140; and Washington, 113 (note). Morris, Robert, invests in western land, 61. N Navigation Acts, 24, 27. Netherlands, the, commerical treaty with, 11. New England, prosperity due to commerce, 24; effect of trade restrictions on, 26; "plantation covenants", 40; system of land grant, 65; interest in trade, 97; favors navigation acts, 129. New England Confederation (1643), 48. New Hampshire, Vermont withdraws from New York and, 68; and Federal Convention, 106-107; ratification of Constitution, 154-155, 157. New Jersey, ratification of Constitution, 149. New Jersey Plan, 118, 119, 121, 125-126. New York cession of western land claims to United States, 58, 59; Vermont, withdraws from New Hampshire and, 68; refuses to accede to Revenue Amendment, 88; ratification of Constitution, 150, 156-158. New York City chosen as seat of government, 163. Newburg on the Hudson, mutinous Revolutionary soldiers at, 81-82. Newfoundland, fisheries, 13. North Carolina, ratification of constitution, 158. Northwest Ordinance, 55 et seq.; see also Land Ordinance of 1785, Ordinance of 1784, Ordinance of 1787. Northwest Territory, settlement, 55-56; States relinquish claims, 57-59; question of land sale and government, 62 et seq. O Ohio admitted as State (1802), 78. Ohio Company of Associates, 72. Ordinance of 1784, 67, 69-71, 75. Ordinance of 1785, see Land Ordinance of 1785. Ordinance of 1787, Congress adopts, 72; stimulus from Ohio Company, 72-74; authorship, 75; provisions, 75-77; successful operation, 77-80; text, 190-200. Oregon, question of military occupation (1825), 77-78. Otto, Louis, French Chargé d'Affaires, letter to Vergennes, 100-103. P Panic of 1785, 30-31. Patterson, William, against plan of centralized government, 114. Pelisipia, 69. Pennsylvania, invited to form commercial policy with other States, 100; ratification of Constitution, 148-149. Philadelphia, enthusiasm for Constitution in, 148-149. Philadelphia Convention, see Federal Convention. Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower Compact, 40. Pinckney, Charles, 114, 126. Pinckney, General C. C, 114. Political parties, 146-147; see also names of parties. Polypotamia, 69. Pontiac's Conspiracy, effect on settlement, 56. Potomac River, agreement between Virginia and Maryland regarding, 100. President, creation of office, 133-134; President modeled after State governorships, 134; election of, 136-137; third term, 137-138; powers, 138; Washington chosen as first, 138-139. Princeton, Congress flees to, 84. Proclamation of 1763, 56, 57. R Randolph, Edmund, 112, 124; quoted 134. Read, W. T., Life and Correspondence of George Read, quoted, 113 (note). "Revolution of 1789," 144. Revolutionary War, effect on American people, 22; economic conditions after, 23 et seq. Rhode Island, State government, 44; and question of western land ownership, 57; rejects tariff provision (1782), 86; currency trouble (1786), 89-90; attitude toward Shays' Rebellion, 95; recognition of bad trade conditions, 96; and Federal Convention, 106; ratification of Constitution, 158, 159. Roads, see Transportation. Rousseau, J. J., Contrat Social, 39-40. Russia, trade with, 28. Rutledge, John, 114, 124, 125. S St. Clair, General Arthur, Cutler endorses for governorship of New York, 74. Saratoga, 69. Scioto Associates, 74. Shays, Daniel, 94. Shays' Rebellion (1786), 91-96. Sherman, Roger, 115. Slavery, Ordinance of 1784 on, 70; Ordinance of 1787 on, 76-77; counting of slaves in enumerating population, 121-122; attitude of Federal Convention delegates toward, 130. Slave trade, compromise concerning, 129-130. South, system of land grant, 65; need for slaves, 129. South Carolina, class control in, 45; ratification of constitution, 154. Spain, France and, 7-8; and United States, 8; possessions in America, 8; Jay sent to, 11; excludes United States shipping, 26. Stamp Act Congress (1765), 49. Stark, J. H., quoted, 18-19. State governments, establishment of, 38; constitutions, 41-43; identical with colonial, 44; aristocratic tendencies, 44-45, 47-48; democratic tendencies, 46-47, 48. Steiner, B. C., Connecticut's Ratification of the State Constitution, quoted, 159-160. Suffrage, 36-37, 45. Supreme Court established, 131; see also Judiciary. Sylvania, 69. T Thieriot, Saxon Commissioner of Commerce to America, quoted, 3, 4-5. Tory party, 146. Transportation, 29-30; see also, Commerce. Treaty of Peace (1783), 1 et seq.; ratified, 21; determines boundaries, 12-13, 56; bibliography of diplomatic history connected with, 56. Trevett vs. Weeden (1786), 90-91. Tuckerman, Henry, America and her Commentators, cited, 33 (note). U United Empire Loyalists, 19. United States, named, 1; status as new republic, 1-5; population, 2-3, 35, 55-56; boundaries, 12-13, 56; economic conditions after Revolution, 23 et seq.; commercial treaties, 26; aristocratic control in, 36, 44-45; suffrage after the Revolution, 36-37; political genius in, 37-38; see also names of States, States governments. V Vergennes, Comte de, French Minister, Franklin and, 21; Otto's letter to, 101-103. Vermont, withdraws from New York and New Hampshire, 68; attitude in Shays' Rebellion, 95. Vincennes, effect of Ordinance of 1784 on, 71. Virginia, abolishes primogeniture, 46; cession of western claims to United States, 58, 59, 62; agreement with Maryland, 100; Annapolis Trade Convention, 100-101, 103-104; ratification of Constitution, 150, 155-156, 157. Virginia Resolutions, see Virginia Plan. W Warden, John, Gringsby's story of, 15-16. Warville, Brissot de, quoted, 32-33. Washington, George, invests in western land, 61; influence over disaffected soldiers, 82-83; in Federal Convention, 110-111; and Madison, 111; and Morris, 113; chosen as President, 139; Lincoln's letter to, 152-153; supports Constitution, 155; personal charge against, 161; letter to Lafayette, 164-165; inauguration, 166. Washington, name given division of Northwest Territory, 69. Webster, Daniel, on Ordinance of 1787, 79-80. West Indies, trade, with, 23, 27, 97. Whig Party, 146-147. Wilson, James, 61, 108, 112, 115, 124, 132. Wythe, George, 63, 112. Y Yates, Robert, 115.

The Chronicles of America Series 1. The Red Man's Continent by Ellsworth Huntington 2. The Spanish Conquerors by Irving Berdine Richman 3. Elizabethan Sea-Dogs by William Charles Henry Wood 4. The Crusaders of New France by William Bennett Munro 5. Pioneers of the Old South by Mary Johnson 6. The Fathers of New England by Charles McLean Andrews 7. Dutch and English on the Hudson by Maud Wilder Goodwin 8. The Quaker Colonies by Sydney George Fisher 9. Colonial Folkways by Charles McLean Andrews 10. The Conquest of New France by George McKinnon Wrong 11. The Eve of the Revolution by Carl Lotus Becker 12. Washington and His Comrades in Arms by George McKinnon Wrong 13. The Fathers of the Constitution by Max Farrand 14. Washington and His Colleagues by Henry Jones Ford 15. Jefferson and his Colleagues by Allen Johnson 16. John Marshall and the Constitution by Edward Samuel Corwin 17. The Fight for a Free Sea by Ralph Delahaye Paine 18. Pioneers of the Old Southwest by Constance Lindsay Skinner 19. The Old Northwest by Frederic Austin Ogg 20. The Reign of Andrew Jackson by Frederic Austin Ogg 21. The Paths of Inland Commerce by Archer Butler Hulbert 22. Adventurers of Oregon by Constance Lindsay Skinner 23. The Spanish Borderlands by Herbert E. Bolton 24. Texas and the Mexican War by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson 25. The Forty-Niners by Stewart Edward White 26. The Passing of the Frontier by Emerson Hough 27. The Cotton Kingdom by William E. Dodd 28. The Anti-Slavery Crusade by Jesse Macy 29. Abraham Lincoln and the Union by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson 30. The Day of the Confederacy by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson 31. Captains of the Civil War by William Charles Henry Wood 32. The Sequel of Appomattox by Walter Lynwood Fleming 33. The American Spirit in Education by Edwin E. Slosson 34. The American Spirit in Literature by Bliss Perry 35. Our Foreigners by Samuel Peter Orth 36. The Old Merchant Marine by Ralph Delahaye Paine 37. The Age of Invention by Holland Thompson 38. The Railroad Builders by John Moody 39. The Age of Big Business by Burton Jesse Hendrick 40. The Armies of Labor by Samuel Peter Orth 41. The Masters of Capital by John Moody 42. The New South by Holland Thompson 43. The Boss and the Machine by Samuel Peter Orth 44. The Cleveland Era by Henry Jones Ford 45. The Agrarian Crusade by Solon Justus Buck 46. The Path of Empire by Carl Russell Fish 47. Theodore Roosevelt and His Times by Harold Howland 48. Woodrow Wilson and the World War by Charles Seymour 49. The Canadian Dominion by Oscar D. Skelton 50. The Hispanic Nations of the New World by William R. Shepherd

Transcriber's Note

This e-book was transcribed from the Abraham Lincoln Edition of The Fathers of the Constitution by Max Farrand.

The Table of Contents in the book did not break down the 4 great American source documents in the Appendix--but users of the e-book can navigate directly to one of these four documents from the Contents. The documents were produced as typed in the paper book, with the exception of the signers of the document. The book had two signatures per line; we used one signature per line to allow for better formatting across e-book presentations. We transcribed the left column first, from top to bottom, and then the right column in the same manner. No other amendments were intentionally made to these four documents, which are facsimiles of the actual documents as supervised by author and noted constitutional historian Max Farrand.

Obvious errors in the rest of the text have been corrected, and are listed below:

Page 53: Remove period after United States because the sentence continues with 'under their direction."' on Page 54.