Chapter III: The Inquisition

The ecclesiastical tribunal before which Joan Darc is to appear is assembled in the ancient chapel of the old Castle of Rouen. The vaults overhead, the walls, the pillars, are blackened with age. It is eight in the morning. The pale light of this winter morn, chilly and foggy, penetrates to the vast nave through a single ogive window, cut into the thick wall behind the platform where the clerical judges are seated under the presidency of Bishop Peter Cauchon. To the left of the tribunal is a table at which the registrars are placed. Their duty is to keep the minutes of the questions and answers. Facing this table is the seat of Peter of Estivet, the institutor of the process. Nothing could be more sinister than the aspect of these men. In order to keep out the cold, they are clad in long furred robes with hoods down and almost completely covering their faces. Their backs are turned to the solitary window from which the only light, and that a weak one, enters the place. Thus they are wholly in the shade. A slight reflection of greyish light fringes the top of their black hoods and glides over their shoulders.

The judges have numerous substitutes to take their places when needed. The priests of the University of Paris are partly reserved for the other sessions. Here are the names of the infamous priests present at this first session. Their names should be inscribed in letters of blood and consigned to eternal execration:

Peter of Longueville, Abbot of the Holy Trinity of Fecamp; John Hulot of Chatillon, Archdeacon of Evreux; James Guesdon of the Order of Minor Friars; John Lefevre, Augustinian monk; Maurice of Quesnay, priest and professor of theology; William Leboucher, priest and doctor of canon law; William of Conti, Abbot of the Trinity of Mount St. Catherine; Bonnel, Abbot of Cormeilles; John Garin, Archdeacon of French Vexin; Richard of Gronchet, canon of the collegiate of Saussaye; Peter Minier, priest and bachelor of theology; Raoul Sauvage, of the Order of St. Dominic; Robert Barbier, canon of Rouen; Denis Gastinel, canon of Notre Dame-la-Ronde; John Ledoux, canon of Rouen; John Basset, canon of Rouen; John Brouillot, chanter of the Cathedral of Rouen; Aubert Morel, canon of Rouen; John Colombelle, canon of Rouen; Laurent Dubust, priest and licentiate of canon law; Raoul Auguy, canon of Rouen; Andre Marguerie, Archdeacon of Petit-Coux; John Alespee, canon of Rouen; Geoffroy of Crotoy, canon of Rouen; Gilles of Les Champs, canon of Rouen; John Lemaitre, vicar and Inquisitor of the faith; finally, Nicolas Loyseleur, canon of Rouen, who completely hides his face under his hood.

The registrars, Thomas of Courcelles, Manchon and Taquel Bois-Guillaume, are at their table ready to take down the proceedings. Canon Peter of Estivet, the institutor of the process, is in his seat. The other members of the ecclesiastical tribunal have taken their places.

BISHOP PETER CAUCHON (rising)--"My very dear brothers: Peter of Estivet, institutor of the process against Joan the Maid, will concisely state our petition. Listen attentively."

CANON PETER OF ESTIVET (rises, takes a parchment from the table and reads)--"'We, Peter Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais by the grace of God, metropolitan of the town and diocese of Rouen, have convoked you, our very dear brothers, in the name of the venerable and very reverend chapter of the cathedral to examine and judge the facts hereinafter set forth.

"'To the author and consummator of the faith, our Lord Jesus Christ, greeting.

"'A certain woman, commonly named Joan the Maid, has been taken and made a prisoner at Compiegne, within the jurisdiction of our diocese of Beauvais, by the soldiers of our very Christian and Serene Master Henry VI, King of England and of the French.

"'The said woman being strongly suspected by us of heresy, and our duty in the premises being to investigate her on her faith, we have requisitioned and demanded that the said woman be delivered and sent to us. We, Bishop, being informed by public rumor of the acts and deeds of the said Joan, acts and deeds that assail not only our faith but the faith of France and of all christendom, and wishing to proceed in this matter with all speed yet deliberately, have decreed that the said Joan shall be summoned to appear before us and be interrogated concerning her acts and deeds, as well as upon matters that concern the faith, and we have cited her to appear before us in the chapel of the Castle of Rouen, on this twentieth day of February, 1431, at eight o'clock in the morning, in order that she may answer the charges brought against her.'" (The institutor resumes his seat.)

BISHOP PETER CAUCHON--"Introduce the accused before the tribunal."

Two beadles in black gowns leave the chapel and speedily re-enter leading Joan. Once so resolute, so serene in those days of battle when, cased in her white armor and riding her charger, she dashed upon the enemy, her standard in her hand, the martial maid now shivers with fear at the sight of this tribunal of priests half hidden in the shadow of the chapel and their faces barely visible under their hoods--silent, motionless, like black phantoms. She recalls the words and the advice of Canon Loyseleur, whose presence among her judges she does not remotely suspect. The recollection of his words and advice at once give her heart and fill her with fear. By pretending to give her the means of escaping the snare spread for her, the canon had also informed her that the tribunal was predetermined to deliver her to the pyre. This thought upsets and frightens the prisoner, already weakened by so many sorrows and trials. She feels her knees shake at the first steps that she takes into the chapel, and forced to lean upon the arm of one of the beadles, she halts for a moment. At the sight of the young girl, now hardly nineteen, still so beautiful despite her pallor, thinness and tattered clothes, the ecclesiastical judges contemplate her with somber curiosity, but experience neither concern nor pity for the heroine of so many battles. From the political and religious viewpoint, she is to them an enemy. Their animosity towards her smothers all human sentiment in their breasts. Her great deeds, her genius, her glory irritate them all the more seeing they are conscious of the abominable crime in which they are about to share through ambition, orthodox fanaticism, cupidity and partisan hatred. Presently controlling her emotions, Joan Darc takes courage and advances between the two beadles. They lead her to the foot of the tribunal, and withdraw. She dares not raise her eyes to her judges, respectfully takes off her hat which she keeps in her hand, inclines herself slightly forward, and remains standing before the platform.

BISHOP CAUCHON (rising)--"Joan, approach (she draws nearer). Our duty as protectors and upholders of the Christian faith, with the aid of our Lord Jesus Christ, compels us to warn you in all charity that, in order to hasten your trial and the peace of your soul, you must tell the truth, the whole truth. In short, answer without subterfuge to our interrogatories. You are to swear on the Holy Scriptures to tell the truth. (To one of the beadles) Bring a missal."

The beadle brings a missal and presents it to Joan.

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Joan, down on your knees. Swear on that missal to tell the truth."

JOAN DARC (mistrustful)--"I know not what you mean to interrogate me upon, sir. You may put such questions to me that I may be unable to answer."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"You shall swear that you will sincerely answer the questions that we shall put to you concerning your faith--and other things."

JOAN DARC (kneels down and puts both her hands on the missal)--"I swear to tell the truth."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"What are your given names?"

JOAN DARC--"In Lorraine I was called Jeannette. Since my arrival in France I have been called Joan. That is my name."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Where were you born?"

JOAN DARC--"In the village of Domremy, in the valley of Vaucouleurs."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"What are the names of your father and your mother?"

JOAN DARC (with deep emotion)--"My father is named James Darc, my mother Isabelle Romée. These are the names of my dear parents."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"In what place were you baptized?"

JOAN DARC--"In the church of Domremy."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Who were your god-father and god-mother?"

JOAN DARC--"My god-father's name was John Linguet, my god-mother's Sybille." (At the recollections invoked by this name a tear rolls down her cheek.)

BISHOP CAUCHON--"This woman claimed to have seen fairies. Did she not pass in the region for a soothsayer and sorceress?"

JOAN DARC (with a firmer voice)--"My god-mother was a good and wise woman."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"What priest baptized you at your birth?"

JOAN DARC--"Master John Minet, our curate, a holy man."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"How old are you?"

JOAN DARC--"Nearly nineteen."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Do you know your Pater Noster?"

JOAN DARC--"My mother taught it to me, and I recite it mornings and evenings." (She sighs.)

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Will you pledge yourself not to flee from the Castle of Rouen, under pain of passing for a heretic?"

JOAN DARC (remains silent for a moment and reflects; by degrees she regains her self-assurance; she answers in a firm voice)--"I shall not take that pledge. I will not promise not to seek to flee, if the opportunity offers."

RAOUL SAUVAGE (threateningly)--"Your chains will then be doubled, to keep you from escaping."

JOAN DARC--"It is allowed to all prisoners to escape from their prison."

BISHOP CAUCHON (with severity, after consulting in a low voice with several of the judges sitting near him)--"The rebellious words of the said Joan having been heard, we shall particularly commit her to the keeping of the noble John Le Gris, a guardsman of our Sire, the King of England and France, and join to John Le Gris the equerries Berwick and Talbot, English men-at-arms. All the three are hereby charged to keep the prisoner, and we recommend to them not to allow anyone to approach her or to speak with her without our permission. (Addressing himself to the tribunal) Those of our very dear brothers who have any question to put to the accused, are now free to do so."

A JUDGE--"Joan, do you swear to tell the whole truth? I await your answer."

JOAN DARC (with dignity)--"I have sworn; that is enough. I never lie."

THE SAME JUDGE--"Did you in your infancy learn to work like the other girls of the fields?"

JOAN DARC--"My mother taught me to sew and to spin, and also the labors of the field."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Did you have a confessor?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, the curate of our parish is my confessor and spiritual guide."

THE SAME JUDGE--"Did you confess your revelations to your curate or to any other man of the church?"

JOAN DARC--"No, I said nothing upon that."

The priests exchange meaning glances and a few words in a low voice.

THE SAME JUDGE--"Why that secrecy towards your curate?"

JOAN DARC--"Had I spoken about my apparitions my father and mother would have opposed my undertaking."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Do you think you committed a sin in leaving your father and your mother, contrary to the precept of the Scriptures--'Thou shalt honor thy father and mother'?"

JOAN DARC--"I never disobeyed them before I left them. But I wrote to them; they pardoned me."

THE SAME JUDGE--"Accordingly, you think you can violate without sin the commandments of the church?"

JOAN DARC--"God commanded me to go to the aid of Orleans. I would not have been the King's servant had I not departed."

BISHOP CAUCHON (with a significant look at the judges)--"You claim, Joan, to have had revelations, visions--at what age did that happen to you?"

JOAN DARC--"I was then thirteen and a half years old. It was noon, in summer. I had fasted the previous day. I heard the voice, that seemed to proceed from the church. At the same time I saw a great light that dazzled me."

BISHOP CAUCHON (slowly and weighing every word)--"You say you heard voices--are you quite certain?"

JOAN DARC (to herself: Here is the snare that the good priest warned me against--I shall escape it by telling the truth)--"I heard the voices as clearly as I hear yours, Sir Bishop."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Do you affirm that?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, sir; because it is the truth."

BISHOP CAUCHON (lets his eyes travel triumphantly over the tribunal; his gesture is understood; a momentary silence ensues; then to the registrars)--"Have you taken down textually the prisoner's answer?"

A REGISTRAR--"Yes, monseigneur."

A JUDGE--"And in France, Joan, did you there also hear those voices?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, sir."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Whence do you suppose came those voices?"

JOAN DARC (with an accent of profound conviction)--"The voices came from God."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"What do you know about that?"

ANOTHER JUDGE--"What were the circumstances under which you were captured at Compiegne?"

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Who dictated the letter that you addressed to the English?"

These unrelated and cross questions followed close upon one another for the purpose of confusing Joan.

JOAN DARC (after a moment's silence)--"If you all question me at once, sirs, I shall be unable to answer any of you."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Well, what makes you believe that the voices you speak about were divine?"

JOAN DARC--"They told me to behave like an honest girl, and that with the aid of God I would save France."

A JUDGE--"Was it revealed to you that if you lost your virginity you would forfeit your luck in war?"

JOAN DARC (blushing)--"That was not revealed to me."

THE SAME JUDGE--"Was it to the archangel St. Michael that you promised to remain a virgin?"

JOAN DARC (with chaste impatience)--"I made my vow to my good saints, St. Marguerite and St. Catherine."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"And so the voices of your saints ordered you to come to France?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, for my own and the King's safety, and to deliver Gaul from the foreign yoke."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Did you not at that epoch see the apparition of St. Marguerite and St. Catherine, to whom you attribute the voices, those divine voices according to you?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, sir."

BISHOP CAUCHON (deliberately)--"You are certain of having seen the apparition?"

JOAN DARC--"I saw my dear saints as clearly as I see you, sir."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"You affirm that?"

JOAN DARC--"I affirm it upon my salvation."

Renewed and profound silence among the judges; several of them take notes; others exchange a few words in a low voice.

A JUDGE--"By what sign did you recognize those whom you call St. Catherine and St. Marguerite to have been saints?"

JOAN DARC--"By their saintliness."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"And the archangel St. Michael appeared before you?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, sir; several times."

A JUDGE--"How is he clad?"

JOAN DARC (recollecting the advice of Canon Loyseleur)--"I do not know."

THE SAME JUDGE--"You refuse to answer? Was the angel perhaps quite nude?"

JOAN DARC (blushing)--"Do you imagine God has not the wherewithal to clothe him?"

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Your language is quite bold. Do you consider yourself under the protection of God?"

JOAN DARC--"If I am not, may God place me there. If I am, may He keep me there. (In a loud and strong voice:) But remember this: You are my judges, you assume a grave responsibility in accusing me. As to myself, the burden is light."

These noble words, pronounced by the martial maid in the conviction of her innocence, and indicative of her mistrust of her judges, announce a change in her spirit, a fortitude not there when the interrogatory commenced. She had secretly invoked her "voices" and they had answered--"Go on; fear not; answer the wicked priests boldly; you have nothing to reproach yourself with; God is with you; He will not forsake you." Strengthened by these thoughts and hope, the heroine raises her head; her pale and handsome face is now slightly colored; her large black eyes fix themselves boldly upon the Bishop; she realizes that he is her mortal enemy. The ecclesiastical judges remark the increasing assurance of the accused, who but a moment before was so timid and so dejected. The transformation augurs well for their projects. In the pride of her exaltation, Joan Darc may, and is bound to, drop admissions that she would have kept secret had she remained reserved, timid and mistrustful. Despite his wickedness, the Bishop feels rebuked by the eyes of Joan. He drops his hypocritical face, turns away his eyes and continues the interrogatory in a faltering voice.

BISHOP CAUCHON--"So, then, Joan, it was by order of your voices that you went to Vaucouleurs in search of a certain captain named Robert of Baudricourt, who furnished you with an escort to take you to the King, to whom you promised to raise the siege of Orleans?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, sir, you speak truly."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Do you admit having dictated a letter addressed to the Duke of Bedford, Regent of England, and other illustrious captains?"

JOAN DARC--"I dictated the letter at Poitiers, sir."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"In that letter you threatened the English with death?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes; if they did not return to their own country, and if they persisted in heaping trials upon trials on the poor people of France, in ravaging the country, in burning the villages."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Was not that letter written by you under the invocation of our Lord Jesus Christ and of His immaculate Mother, the holy Virgin?"

JOAN DARC--"I ordered the words 'Jesus and Mary' to be placed in the form of a prayer at the head of the letters that I dictated. Was that wrong?"

BISHOP CAUCHON (does not answer; looks askance at the judges; several of these enter on their tablets the last answer of the accused, an answer that seems to be of extreme gravity judging from their hurry to note it)--"How did you sign the letters that you dictated?"

JOAN DARC--"I do not know how to write. I placed my cross in God as a signature at the foot of the parchment."

This second answer, no less dangerous than the first, is likewise noted down with great zest by the priests. A profound silence follows. The Bishop seems to interrogate the registrars with his looks, and to ask them whether they have finished writing down the words of the accused.

BISHOP CAUCHON--"After several battles you forced the English to raise the siege of Orleans?"

JOAN DARC--"My voices advised me. I fought--and God gave us the victory."

A JUDGE--"If those voices are of St. Marguerite and St. Catherine, these saints must hate the English."

JOAN DARC--"What God hates they hate; what He loves they love."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Come, now; God loves the English, seeing He has so long rendered them victorious and they conquered a part of France."

JOAN DARC--"He undoubtedly left them to the punishment of their cruelty."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Why should God have chosen a girl of your station rather than some other person to vanquish them?"

JOAN DARC--"Because it pleased the Lord to have the English routed by a poor girl like myself."

THE SAME JUDGE--"How much money did your King pay you to serve him?"

JOAN DARC (proudly)--"I never asked aught of the King but good arms, good horses, and the payment of my soldiers."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"When your King put you to the work of war, you ordered a standard to be made for you. What was its material?"

JOAN DARC--"It was of white satin." (She drops her head sadly at the recollection of the past glories of her banner, that was so terrible a device to the English, whose prisoner she now is. She smothers a sob.)

BISHOP CAUCHON--"What figures were painted on it?"

JOAN DARC--"Two angels holding a lily stalk. Two symbols; God and the King."

These words are likewise noted down with great zest by the members of the tribunal.

A JUDGE--"Was your standard frequently renewed?"

JOAN DARC--"It was renewed as often as its staff was broken in battle. That happened frequently."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Did not some of those who followed you have standards made similar to yours?"

JOAN DARC--"Some did; others did not."

THE SAME JUDGE--"Were those who bore a standard similar to yours lucky in war? Did they rout the English?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, if they were brave, they then triumphed over the English."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Did your people follow you to battle because they considered you inspired?"

JOAN DARC--"I said to them: 'Let us fall bravely upon the English!' I was the first to fall to--they followed me."

THE JUDGE--"In short, your people took you to be inspired of God?"

JOAN DARC--"Whether they believed me to be inspired or not, they trusted in my courage."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Did you not, when your King was consecrated at Rheims, proudly wave your banner over the prince's head?"

JOAN DARC--"No; but alone of all the captains, I accompanied the King into the cathedral with my standard in my hand."

A JUDGE (angrily)--"Accordingly, while the other captains did not bring their standards to the solemnity, you brought yours!"

JOAN DARC--"It had been at the pain--it was entitled to be at the honor."

This sublime answer, of such legitimate and touching pride and bearing the stamp of antique simplicity, strikes the assembled ecclesiastical executioners with admiration. They pause despite their bitter malice towards their victim. These were heroic and scathing words. They told of the price of perils and above all of disenchantment that Joan had paid for her triumph. Aye, she and her glorious standard had been cruelly in pain, poor martyr that she was. Her virginal body was broken by the rude trials of war. She had shed her generous blood on the fields of battle. She had struggled with admirable stubbornness, with mortal anxieties born of the most sacred patriotism, against the treasonable plots of the captains who finally brought on her downfall. She had struggled against the sloth of Charles VII, the poltroon whom with so much pain she dragged from victory to victory as far as Rheims, where she had him consecrated King. Her only recompense was to see her standard "at the honor" of that solemn consecration, from which she expected the salvation of Gaul. Her standard had been at the pain--it was entitled to be at the honor. The astonishment of the ecclesiastics at these sublime words is profound. Deep silence ensues. Bishop Cauchon is the first to break it. Addressing himself to the accused in measured words, an ordinary symptom with him of some lurking perfidy, he asks:

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Joan, when you entered a town, did not the inhabitants kiss your hands, your feet, your clothes?"

JOAN DARC--"Many wished to; and when poor people, women and children, came to me, I feared to grieve them if I repelled them."

This answer is to be used against her; several of the judges note it down, while a sinister smile plays around the lips of Bishop Cauchon; he proceeds:

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Did you ever hold a child at the baptismal font?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes; I held a child at the holy font of Soissons, and two others at St. Denis. These are the only ones to whom I have been god-mother."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"What names did you give them?"

JOAN DARC--"To the boy the name of Charles, in honor of the King of France; to the girls the name of Joan, because the mothers so wished it."

These words, that charmingly depict the enthusiasm which the martial maid inspired among the people, and the generosity that she showed towards Charles, are to be a further charge against her. Several judges note them down.

BISHOP CAUCHON--"A mother at Lagny asked you to visit her dying child, did she not?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, but the child had been brought to the Church of Notre-Dame. Young girls of the town were on their knees at the door and prayed for the child. I knelt down among them, and I also prayed to God for His blessing upon the child."

CANON LOYSELEUR (from under his completely lowered hood and disguising his voice)--"Which of the two Popes is the real Pope?"

JOAN DARC (stupefied)--"Are there, then, two Popes, sir? I did not know that."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"You claim to be inspired by God. He must have instructed you as to which of the two Popes you should render obedience to."

JOAN DARC--"I know nothing about that. It is for the Pope to know whether he obeys God, and for me to obey him who submits to God."

BISHOP CAUCHON (to Canon Loyseleur with a significant accent)--"My very dear brother, we shall reserve for another session the grave question that you have broached touching the Church triumphant and the Church militant. Let us now proceed with other matters. (Turning to Joan with an inflection of his voice that announces the gravity of the question.) When you left Vaucouleurs you put on male attire. Was that done at the request of Robert of Baudricourt, or of your own free will? Answer categorically."

JOAN DARC--"Of my own free will."

A JUDGE--"Did your voices order you to give up the garb of your sex?"

JOAN DARC--"Whatever good I have done I did by the advice of my voices. Whenever I understood them well, my saints and the archangel have guided me well."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"So, then, you do not think you are committing a sin in wearing the man's clothes that you are covered with?"

JOAN DARC (with a sigh of regret)--"Oh, for the happiness of France and the misfortune of England, why am I not free in man's clothes with my horse and my armor! I would still vanquish our enemies."

ANOTHER JUDGE--"Would you like to hear mass?"

JOAN DARC (thrilling with hope)--"Oh, with all my heart!"

THE SAME JUDGE--"You can not hear it in those clothes that are not of your sex."

JOAN DARC (reflects a moment; she recalls the obscene language of her jailers and fears to be outraged by them; in man's clothes she feels greater protection than in the habits of her sex; she answers)--"Do you promise me that if I resume my woman's clothes I shall be allowed to attend mass?"

THE SAME JUDGE--"Yes, Joan, I promise you that."

The Bishop makes a gesture of impatience and withers the judge who had last spoken with a look of condemnation.

JOAN DARC--"Let me, then, be provided with a long dress; I shall put it on to go to chapel. But when I return to my prison I shall resume my man's clothes."

The judge consults the Bishop with his eye to ascertain whether the request of the accused shall be granted; the prelate answers with a negative sign of his head, and turns to Joan.

BISHOP CAUCHON--"So, then, you persist in keeping your masculine dress?"

JOAN DARC--"I am guarded by men; such dress is safer."

THE INQUISITOR OF THE FAITH--"Do you now wear and have you worn masculine garb voluntarily, absolutely of your own free will?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes; and I shall continue to do so."

Again silence ensues. The ecclesiastical judges feel triumphant over the answer made so categorically by the accused, a grave answer seeing that Bishop Cauchon says to the registrars:

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Have you entered the words of the said Joan?"

A REGISTRAR--"Yes, monseigneur."

BISHOP CAUCHON (to the accused)--"You have often spoken of St. Michael. In what did you recognize that the form that appeared before you was that of the blessed archangel? Could not Satan assume the form of a good angel to lead you to evil?"

JOAN DARC--"I recognized St. Michael by the advice he gave me. It was the advice of an angel and not of Satan; it came from heaven, not from hell."

A JUDGE--"What advice did he give?"

JOAN DARC--"His advice was that I conduct myself as a pious and honest girl; he said to me God would then inspire me, and would aid me to deliver France."

THE INQUISITOR OF THE FAITH--"So that you claim not only to have seen a supernatural apparition under the form of St. Michael with your bodily eyes, but you furthermore claim that the figure was actually that of that holy personage?"

JOAN DARC--"I affirm it, seeing that I heard it with my ears, seeing that I saw it with my eyes. There is no doubt in my mind concerning the archangel."

BISHOP CAUCHON (to the registrars)--"Enter that answer without omitting a syllable."

A REGISTRAR--"Yes, monseigneur."

Canon Loyseleur, whose face is carefully concealed under his hood, and who for greater security holds a handkerchief to the lower part of his countenance, rises and whispers in the ear of the Bishop; the latter strikes his forehead as if reminded by his accomplice that he had overlooked a matter of grave importance; the canon returns to his seat in the rear.

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Joan, when, after you were captured at Compiegne, you were taken to the Castle of Beaurevoir, you threw yourself out of one of the lower towers, did you not?"

JOAN DARC--"It is true."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"What was the reason of your action?"

JOAN DARC--"I heard it said in my prison that I had been sold to the English. I preferred the risk of killing myself to falling into their hands. I endeavored to escape by jumping down from the tower."

THE INQUISITOR--"Did you act by the advice of your voices?"

JOAN DARC--"No. They advised me to the contrary, saying: 'Take courage; God will come to your help; it is cowardly to flee danger.' But my fear of the English was stronger than the advice of my saints."

A JUDGE--"When you jumped out of the tower, had you the intention of killing yourself?"

JOAN DARC--"I wished to escape. When I jumped I commended my soul to God, hoping with His help to escape from the English."

THE INQUISITOR--"After your fall, did you renounce the Lord and His saints?"

JOAN DARC--"I never renounced either God or His saints."

A JUDGE--"Did you, at the moment of jumping down from the tower, invoke your saints?"

JOAN DARC--"Yes, I invoked them. Despite their having advised me against the move, I invoked through them the protection of God for Gaul, my own deliverance, and the salvation of my soul."

THE INQUISITOR--"Since you have been a prisoner in Rouen, have your voices promised you your deliverance?"

JOAN DARC--"Only an instant ago, they said to me: 'Accept everything meekly, bravely undergo your martyrdom. Have courage and patience. You will gain paradise!'"

THE INQUISITOR--"And do you expect to gain paradise?"

JOAN DARC (radiantly)--"I believe it as firmly as if I were there now. God keeps my place."

BISHOP CAUCHON (excitedly, and looking at the judges)--"Here is an answer of much weight. Pride! Presumption!"

JOAN DARC (with a celestial smile)--"Indeed, I hold my belief in paradise as a great treasure. Hence my strength."

The radiancy of Joan's face illumines her beautiful features and imparts to them a divine expression. Her black eyes, shining with the spark of inspiration, are raised heavenward. She looks through the window, contemplates the sky whose azure is for a moment visible through a rift in the clouds, and in the expansion of her celestial ravishment she seems detached from earth. But, alack! a puerile incident speedily recalls the poor prisoner to reality. A little bird flutters cheerily by the window and lightly touches the glass with its wing. At the sight of the little creature, free in space, the heroine, instantaneously yielding to the painful feeling of awakened reality, drops headlong from the height of her radiantly towering hopes. She sighs, lowers her head, and tears roll from her eyes. These rapidly succeeding emotions prevent Joan from observing the joy of the ecclesiastical judges, busily entering on their tablets the last two enormities, which, coupled with so many others, are certain to take her to the pyre. The entries were: "The said Joan voluntarily risked suicide by throwing herself down from the tower of Beaurevoir"; "The said Joan has the sacrilegious audacity of saying and believing that she is as sure of paradise as if she were there now." But the task of the criminal ecclesiastics is not yet complete. The heroine is suddenly drawn from her own painful thoughts by the voice of the Bishop.

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Do you believe you are in mortal sin?"

JOAN DARC--"I refer all my actions to God."

THE INQUISITOR--"You, then, think it useless to confess, even if you are in a state of mortal sin?"

JOAN DARC--"I never have committed a mortal sin, at least not that I know of."

A JUDGE--"What do you know about it?"

JOAN DARC--"My voices would have reproached me for the sin. My saints would have abandoned me. Still, if I could, I would confess. One's conscience can not be too clear."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"And is it not a mortal sin to accept ransom for a man and yet have him executed?"

JOAN DARC (stupefied)--"Who has done that?"

BISHOP CAUCHON--"You!"

JOAN DARC (indignantly)--"Never!"

THE INQUISITOR--"What about Franquet of Arras?"

JOAN DARC (consults her memory for a moment)--"Franquet of Arras was a captain of Burgundian marauders. I took him prisoner in battle. He confessed to being a traitor, a thief and a murderer. His trial consumed fifteen days before the judges of Senlis. I asked mercy for the man, hoping to exchange him for a worthy bourgeois of Paris who was a prisoner of the English. But learning that the bourgeois died in prison, I said to the bailiff of Senlis: 'The prisoner whose exchange I wished to obtain has died. You may, if you think fit, execute justice upon Franquet of Arras, traitor, thief and murderer.'"

A JUDGE--"Did you give money to the one who helped you capture Franquet of Arras?"

JOAN DARC (shrugging her shoulders)--"I am neither minister nor treasurer of France, to order money to be paid out."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"You placed your arms _ex voto_ in the basilica of St. Denis. What did you mean by that?"

JOAN DARC (remains silent for an instant, absorbed in painful recollections. Seriously wounded under the walls of Paris, she had upon recovery offered her armor to the Virgin Mary as a pious homage, and did so also through an impulse of indignation, that was provoked by the cowardice of Charles VII, who, after the prodigies of the Maid's victorious campaign, had returned to Touraine to join his mistresses. Vainly had Joan said to him: "Face the English, who almost alone defend the walls of Paris; present yourself bravely at the gates of the town promising to the Parisians oblivion for the past and harmony for the future; it is almost certain that you will thus conquer your capital!" But the royal poltroon had recoiled before the danger connected with such a step. In utter despair, Joan had decided to renounce war, she gave up her armor, and offered it up _ex voto_. Joan can not make such an admission to the priests. Guided by the generosity of her soul and instructed by her sound judgment, she would prefer to die rather than accuse Charles VII and cover him with ignominy in the eyes of his enemies. She sees France in the royalty. The King's shame would fall indelibly upon the country itself. Her answer is accordingly so framed as to save the honor of Charles VII)--"I was wounded under the walls of Poitiers; I offered my armor at the altar of the Holy Virgin in thankfulness that my wound was not mortal."

THE INQUISITOR (seeming to remember something that he had forgotten)--"Did you, during the time that you were making war in battle harness and man's attire, take the Eucharist?"

The stir among the priests and the silence that falls upon the tribunal indicates the gravity of the question put to the accused.

JOAN DARC--"I partook of communion as often as I could, and not as often as I would have wished."

BISHOP CAUCHON (excitedly)--"Registrars, did you enter that?"

A REGISTRAR--"Yes, monseigneur."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Whence did you come the last time you went to Compiegne?"

JOAN DARC (shivers at the painful recollection)--"I came from Crespy, in Valois."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Did your voices order the sally at which you were taken?"

JOAN DARC--"During the last week of the Easter holidays my voices often warned me that I was soon to be betrayed and delivered--but that it was so decreed--not to be surprised, and to accept everything meekly, and that God would come to my aid."

A JUDGE--"Thus your voices, the voices of your saints, told you you would be captured?"

JOAN DARC (sighing)--"Yes, they told me so a long time. I requested my saints to let me die the moment I was taken so as not to prolong my sufferings--"

THE INQUISITOR--"Did your voices tell you exactly the day on which you would be captured?"

JOAN DARC--"No, not exactly; they only announced to me that I was soon to be betrayed and delivered. I said so to the good people of Compiegne on the day of the sally."

A JUDGE--"If your voices had ordered you to deliver battle before Compiegne while warning you that you would be taken prisoner on that day, would you still have obeyed them?"

JOAN DARC--"I would have obeyed with regrets; but I would have obeyed, whatever was to happen."

A JUDGE--"Did you cross the bridge in order to make the sally from Compiegne?"

JOAN DARC (more and more cruelly affected by these remembrances)--"Does that belong to the process?"

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Answer."

JOAN DARC (rapidly in short sentences)--"I crossed the bridge. I attacked with my company the Burgundians of the Sire of Luxembourg. I threw them back twice as far as their own trenches, the third time only half way. The English then came up. They cut off my retreat. Several of my soldiers wished to force me back into Compiegne. But the bridge had been raised. We were betrayed. I was captured." (She shudders.)

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Joan, your interrogatory is closed for to-day. Pray to the Lord that He may enlighten your soul and guide you to the path of eternal salvation. May God help you, and come to your assistance." (He makes the sign of the cross.)

ALL THE OTHER PRIESTS (rising)--"Amen."

BISHOP CAUCHON--"Conduct Joan the Maid back to her prison."

The two beadles approach Joan. Each takes her by an arm; they lead her out of the chapel and deliver her to a platoon of English soldiers, who conduct her back to her dungeon.