Chapter XIII: Pilgrimages and Relics (3)

[208] For example, the Rev. W. H. Hutton states in the _Guardian_, January 25, 1899, as the result of his mature studies upon the Reformation period, that “the so-called divorce question had very little indeed to do with the Reformation.” Mr. James Gairdner, who speaks with all the authority of a full and complete knowledge of the State papers of this period, in a letter to a subsequent number of the _Guardian_, says, “When a gentleman of Mr. Hutton’s attainments is able seriously to tell us this, I think it is really time to ask people to put two and two together, and say whether the sum can be anything but four. It may be disagreeable to trace the Reformation to such a very ignoble origin, but facts, as the Scottish poet says, are fellows you can’t coerce … and won’t bear to be disputed.” What “we call _the_ Reformation in England … was the result of Henry VIII.’s quarrel with the Court of Rome on the subject of his divorce, and _the same_ results could not possibly have come about in any other way.” When “Henry VIII. found himself disappointed in the expectation, which he had ardently cherished for a while, that he could manage, by hook or by crook, to obtain from the See of Rome something like an ecclesiastical licence for bigamy,” he took matters into his own hands, “and self-willed as he was, never did self-will lead him into such a tremendous and dangerous undertaking as in throwing off the Pope. How much this was resented among the people, what secret communications there were between leading noblemen with the imperial ambassador, strongly urging the emperor to invade England, and deliver the people from a tyranny from which they were unable to free themselves, we know in these days as we did not know before.”

[209] Camden Society, p. 163.

[210] The same high authority, in a letter to the _Guardian_, March 1, 1899, says, “People will tell you, of course, that the seeds of the Reformation were sown before Henry VIII.’s days, and particularly that it was Wycliffe who brought the great movement on. I should be sorry to depreciate Wycliffe, who did undoubtedly bring about a great movement in his day, though a careful estimate of that movement is still a _desideratum_. Even in theology the cardinal doctrine of the Reformation--justification by faith--is in Wycliffe, I should say, conspicuous by its absence. But, whatever may be the theological debt of England to Wycliffe at the present day, twenty Wycliffes, all highly popular, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries would not have brought about a Reformation like that under which we have lived during the last centuries. That was a thing which could only have been effected by royal power--as in England, or by a subversion of royal authority through the medium of successful rebellion--as in Scotland.”

[211] _Henry VIII._, i. p. 51.

[212] Roger Edgworth, _Sermons_ (London: Robert Caly, 1557), preface.

[213] _English Works_, p. 339.

[214] Strype, _Eccl. Mem._ (ed. 1822), I. i. p. 254.

[215] This book was apparently condemned for reflecting on the king’s divorce rather than for its Lutheran tendencies. “The Soul’s Garden,” as Bishop Tunstall calls it, was printed abroad, and “very many lately brought into the realm, chiefly into London and into other haven towns.” The objectionable portion was contained in “a declaration made in the kalendar of the said book, about the end of the month of August, upon the day of the decollation of St. John Baptist, to show the cause of why he was beheaded.” (Strype, _ut supra_, ii. p. 274.)

[216] Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 737.

[217] Ibid., 720.

[218] Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 727.

[219] Richard Smythe, D.D., _The assertion and defence of the Sacrament of the Altar_, 1546, f. 3.

[220] _English Works_, p. 940.

[221] _English Works_, p. 921.

[222] _English Works_, pp. 341-344.

[223] Ibid., p. 346.

[224] Ibid., p. 351.

[225] Germen Gardynare, _A letter of a yonge gentylman_, &c. London: W. Rastell, 1534.

[226] _English Works_, pp. 257-259.

[227] Ibid., p. 1035.

[228] Ibid., p. 409.

[229] _The Werke for Householders._ London: John Waylande, 1537.

[230] Richard Whitford, _Dyvers holy instructions_. London: W. Mydylton, 1541.

[231] _Sermons_, sig. h. vij.

[232] _English Works_ (ed. 1557), pp. 233-4. This positive declaration of Sir Thomas More is generally ignored by modern writers. In a recently published work, for example (_England in the Age of Wycliffe_, by George Macaulay Trevelyan), it is stated that “we have positive proof that the bishops denounced the dissemination of the English Bible among classes and persons prone to heresy, burnt copies of it, and cruelly persecuted Lollards on the charge of reading it” (p. 131). In proof of this statement the author refers his readers to a later page (p. 342) of his volume. Here he culls from Foxe (_Acts and Monuments_) the depositions of certain witnesses against people suspected of teaching heresy. Amongst these depositions it is said by a few of the witnesses that some of these teachers were possessed of portions of the Scriptures in English. Mr. Trevelyan assumes, because witnesses speak to this fact, that it was for this they were condemned, or, as he puts it, “cruelly persecuted,” by the ecclesiastical authorities. Had he examined his authority, Foxe, more carefully, he would have found the actual list of _articles_ formulated against these teachers of heresy. These alone are, of course, the _charges_ actually made against them; and the mere deposition of witnesses in those days were, no more than they are in ours, the charges upon which the accused were condemned. In the _articles_ or charges we find no mention whatever of the English Bible, and, according to the ordinary rules of interpretation of documents, this absence of any mention of Bible-reading in the indictment, formulated after the hearing of the evidence, and when witnesses had testified to the fact, should be taken to show that the mere possession of the vernacular Scriptures, &c., was not accounted an offence by the Church authorities. The real charge in these cases, as in others, was of teaching what was then held to be false and heretical, teaching founded upon false interpretations of the Scripture text, or upon false translations.

[233] Ibid., p. 235.

[234] Ibid., p. 240.

[235] Ibid., p. 241.

[236] Ibid., p. 240.

[237] Ibid., p. 241.

[238] Ibid., p. 245.

[239] Ibid., p. 510.

[240] Ibid., p. 678.

[241] Roger Edgworth, _Sermons_, London, Caly, 1557, f. 31.

[242] Sir Thomas More, _English Works_, p. 108.

[243] Thomas Lupset, _Collected Works_, 1546. _Gathered Counsails_, f. 202.

[244] Ibid. _An Exhortation to young men_, written 1529. He insists much on the obligation of following the teaching of the Church.

[245] John Standish, _A discourse wherein is debated whether it be expedient that the Scripture should be in English for all men to read that wyll_ (1555), A. iij.

[246] _English Works_, p. 850.

[247] J. S. Brewer, _Henry VIII._, vol. ii. p. 468.

[248] Dore, _Old Bibles_, p. 13.

[249] P. 15.

[250] Ellis, _Historical Letters_, 3rd Series, ii. p. 71.

[251] Johannes Cochlæus, _An expediat laicis legere Novi Testamenti libros lingua vernacula_, 1533, A. i. The warning of Cochlæus was addressed to the Scotch king, and as a result of this letter, pointing out the Lutheran character of the English version of Tyndale, the Scotch bishops in the Synod of St. Andrews in 1529 forbade the importation of Bibles into Scotland.

[252] Ibid., L. iij.

[253] Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 727.

[254] _Cf._ Parker Soc. Tyndale’s _Doctrinal treatises_, &c., preface xxx.

[255] Probably on Sunday, February 11, when Cardinal Wolsey, with six and thirty bishops and other ecclesiastics, were present at the burning of Lutheran books before the great crucifix at the north gate. Amongst the books, according to Tyndale, were copies of his translated Testament.

[256] Dore, _Old Bibles_, p. 26.

[257] Dore, _ut sup._, 32.

[258] _English Works_, p. 422.

[259] Dore, 35.

[260] _English Works_, p. 849.

[261] _English Works_, p. 341.

[262] Ibid., p. 410.

[263] Ibid., p. 416.

[264] Ibid., p. 417.

[265] Ibid., p. 419.

[266] Ibid., p. 422.

[267] Ibid., p. 424.

[268] Ibid., p. 425.

[269] Ibid., p. 427.

[270] Ibid., p. 435.

[271] Ibid., p. 437.

[272] Ibid., p. 493.

[273] Ibid., p. 422. For examples of other false translations, see also p. 449.

[274] Standish, _A discourse_, &c., _ut supra_, sig. A. iiij.

[275] _English Works_, p. 223.

[276] Ibid., p. 223.

[277] Standish, _ut supra_, sig. E. iiij.

[278] Roger Edgworth, _Sermons_, f. 31.

[279] _The assertion and defence of the Sacrament of the Altar_ (1546), f. 3. The amateur theologians and teachers who sprung up so plentifully with the growth of Lutheran ideas in England seem to have been a source of trouble to the clergy. There was no difficulty in Scripture so hard which these “barkers, gnawers, and railers,” as Roger Edgworth calls them, were not ready to explain, and even women were ready to become teachers of God’s Word, “and openly to dispute with men.” Speaking in Bristol, in Mary’s reign, he advises his audience to stick to their own occupations and leave theology and Scripture alone, “for when a tailor forsaking his own occupation will be a merchant venturer, or a shoemaker will become a grocer, God send him help. I have known,” he says, “many in this town that studying divinity has killed a merchant, and some of other occupations by their busy labours in the Scripture hath shut up the shop windows, and were fain to take sanctuary, or else for mercery and grocery hath been fain to sell godderds, steaves, pitchers, and such other trumpery.”

[280] _A Commentary in Englyshe upon Sayncte Paule’s Epistle to the Ephesians_, 1540.

[281] _An Exposition in Englysh upon the Epistle of St. Paule to the Colossians_, 1548.

[282] _An Exposition_, &c., _upon the Philippians_, 1545.

[283] As an example of the open way in which the reading of the Bible was advocated, take the following instance. Caxton’s translation of the _Vitæ Patrum_, published by Wynkyn de Worde in 1495, contained an exhortation to all his readers to study the Holy Scripture. “To read them is in part to know the felicity eternal, for in them a man may see what he ought to do in conversation … oft to read purgeth the soul from sin, it engendereth dread of God, and it keeps the soul from eternal damnation.” As food nourishes the body, “in like wise as touching the soul we be nourished by the lecture and reading of Scripture.… Be diligent and busy to read the Scriptures, for in reading them the natural wit and understanding are augmented in so much that men find that which ought to be left (undone) and take that whereof may ensue profit infinite” (p. 345).

[284] B. Mus. Harl. MS. 172, f. 12b.

[285] Harl. MS. 115, f. 51.

[286] Ibid., f. 53.

[287] In speaking of the third Commandment, _The art of good lyvyng and good deyng_ (1503) warns people of their obligation to “Layr the holy prechyngys, that ys the word of God et the good techyngys, and shoold not go from the seyd prechyngs” (fol. 8. 2).

[288] Ibid., f. 1.

[289] _The Myrrour of the Church_ (1527), Sig. B4.

[290] _Exornatorium Curatorum._ W. de Worde. In 1518 the Synod of Ely ordered that all having the cure of souls should have a copy of this book, and four times a year should explain it in English to their people. (Wilkins, _Concilia_, III., p. 712.)

[291] _The Prymer of Salisbury Use._ Rouen: Nicholas le Rour, f. b. vij.

[292] _The art of good lyvyng and good deyng._ Paris, 1503, f. g. 2.

[293] _English Works_, p. 116.

[294] _English Works_, p. 117.

[295] Ibid., p. 121.

[296] Ibid., p. 420.

[297] _Sermons_, fol. 40.

[298] _English Works_, pp. 196-7.

[299] Ibid., p. 198.

[300] Ibid., p. 199.

[301] Ed. W. de Worde, 1496.

[302] William Bond, _The Pilgrymage of Perfeccyon_, Wynkyn de Worde, 1531, fol. 192.

[303] Ibid., fol. 196.

[304] Ibid.

[305] _English Works_, p. 408.

[306] The full title of this book is: _Pupilla oculi omnibus presbyteris precipue Anglicanis necessaria_. It is clear from the letter that W. Bretton had already had other works printed in the same way, and it is known that amongst those works were copies of Lynwode’s _Provinciale_ (1505), _Psalterium et Hymni_ (1506), _Horæ_, &c. (1506), _Speculum Spiritualium_, and Hampole, _De Emendatione Vitæ_ (1510), (cf. _Ames_, Ed. Herbert, iii. p. 16). Pepwell the London publisher, at “the sign of the Holy Trinity,” was the same who published many books printed abroad, and had dealings with Bishops Stokesley and Tunstall.

[307] For further information upon popular religious instruction in England, see an essay upon the teaching in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in my _The old English Bible, and other Essays_. The Rev. J. Fisher, in his tract on _The Private Devotions of the Welsh_ (1898), speaking of the vernacular prayer-books, says, “they continued to be published down to the end of Henry’s reign, and, in a modified form, even at a later date. Besides these prymers and the oral instruction in the principal formulæ of the Church, the scriptorium of the monastery was not behind in supplying, especially the poor, with horn-books, on which were, as a rule, written in the vulgar tongue the Lord’s Prayer, the Creed, and the Hail Mary.” In 1546 appeared a prymer in Welsh in which, amongst other things, the seven capital or deadly sins and their opposite virtues are given and analysed. This book, consequently, besides being a prayer-book afforded popular instruction to the people using it. The prymers in Welsh, we are told, were usually called “Matins’ Books,” and continued to be published long after the change of religion. A copy published in 1618 is called the fifth edition, and copies of it are recorded under the years 1633 and 1783. “It is rather a curious fact,” writes Mr. Fisher, “that nearly all the Welsh manuals of devotion and instruction, of any size, published in the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth century, were the productions of Welsh Roman Catholics, and published on the Continent. In Dr. Gruffydd Roberts’s Welsh Grammar, published at Milan in 1567, will be found poetical versions of the Apostles’ Creed, the Lord’s Prayer, the Hail Mary, the Ten Commandments and the Seven Sacraments. This work was followed by the _Athravaeth Gristnogavl_, a short catechism of religious doctrine, translated or compiled by Morys Clynog, the first Rector of the English College in Rome. It was published at Milan in 1568, and contains the Creed, the Lord’s Prayer, the Hail Mary, the Ten Commandments, &c., in Welsh, with expositions.”

The above, with the prayer-books of 1567, 1586, 1599, were all the works of religious instruction and devotion (private and public) that appeared in Welsh down to the end of the sixteenth century. I might add that there is in the Earl of Macclesfield’s collection a large folio volume of _Miscellanea_ (Shirburn MS. 113, D. 30), written between 1540 and 1560, which contains a prymer occupying several pages. There is also in the Swansea Public Library a Welsh-Latin MS. of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, written in different hands and in the South Walian dialect, which forms a manual of Roman Catholic devotion, containing in Welsh devotions for Mass, the usual meditations and prayers for various occasions, instructions, &c.

With the seventeenth century there is a good crop of manuals of devotion and instruction, such as the catechisms of Dr. Rosier Smith (1609-1611) and Father John Salisbury (1618 _tacito nomine_), both Welsh Roman Catholics (pp. 24-26).

[308] _A Werke for Housholders._ London, R. Redman, 1537, sig. A. 8.

[309] Ibid., sig. B. i.

[310] Ibid., sig. C. 8.

[311] Ibid., sig. D. 5.

[312] B. Mus. Harl. MS. 2125, f. 272.

[313] _Penny Cyclopædia._ Art., “English Drama.”

[314] _A Relation of the Island of England_ (Camden Society), p. 20.

[315] Ibid., p. 23.

[316] _Venetian Calendar_, ii. p. 91.

[317] _Works on the Supper_ (Parker Society), p. 229.

[318] To take one instance: the church of St. Neots possessed many stained glass windows placed in their present positions between the years 1480 and 1530. Almost all of them were put in by individuals, as the inscriptions below testify. In the case of three of the lights it appears that groups of people joined together to beautify their parish church. Thus below one of the windows in the north aisle is the following: “_Ex sumptibus juvenum hujus parochiæ Sancti Neoti qui istam fenestram fecerunt anno domini millessimo quingentessimo vicessimo octavo_.” Another window states that it was made in 1529, “_Ex sumptibus sororum hujus parochiæ_”; and a third in 1530, “_Ex sumptibus uxorum_.”

[319] _History of Modern Architecture_, pp. 37, 87.

[320] _Archæologia_, vol. xli. p. 355.

[321] _Parish Life in England before the Great Pillage_ (“Nineteenth Century,” March 1898), p. 433.

[322] _Churchwardens’ Accounts_ (Somerset Record Soc.), ed. Bishop Hobhouse, p. 200, _seqq._

[323] Ibid., p. xxi.

[324] Ibid., p. xii.

[325] _Archæologia_, vol. xli., p. 333 _seqq._

[326] _Somerset Record Soc._, preface, p. xi.

[327] J. W. Cowper, _Accounts of the Churchwardens of St. Dunstan’s, Canterbury_ (_Archæologia Cantiana_, 1885).

[328] Siméon Luce, _Histoire de Bertrand du Guesclin_, p. 19.

[329] The words of Pope Leo XIII. as to the Catholic teaching most accurately describe the practical doctrine of the English pre-Reformation Church on this matter: “The chiefest and most excellent rule for the right use of money,” he says, “rests on the principle that it is one thing to have a right to the possession of money and another to have the right to use money as one pleases.… If the question be asked, How must one’s possessions be used? the Church replies, without hesitation, in the words of the same holy doctor (St. Thomas), _Man should not consider his outward possessions as his own, but as common to all_, so as to share _them without difficulty when others are in need_. When necessity has been supplied and one’s position fairly considered, it is a duty to give to the indigent out of that which is over. It is a duty, not of justice (except in extreme cases) but of Christian charity … (and) to sum up what has been said, Whoever has received from the Divine bounty a large share of blessings … has received them for the purpose of using them for the perfecting of his own nature, and, at the same time, that he may employ them, as the minister of God’s Providence, for the benefit of others.”

[330] _The Economic Interpretation of History_, p. 63.

[331] _Churchwardens’ Accounts_ (Somerset Record Soc.), p. xxiv.

[332] Roger Edgworth, _Sermons_, London, R. Caly, 1557, p. 309.

[333] _Parish Life in England before the Great Pillage_ (“Nineteenth Century,” March 1898), p. 432.

[334] _English Gilds_ (Early English Text-Society), pp. lxxx.-civ.

[335] Ibid., p. xiv.

[336] _The Economic Interpretation of History_, p. 306.

[337] _English Gilds_ (Early English Text-Society), p. 3.

[338] Ibid., p. 6.

[339] Ibid., p. 8.

[340] Ibid., p. 48.

[341] Egerton MS., 142.

[342] The existence of which I know from Mr. Francis Joseph Baigent, who with his usual generosity allowed me to examine and take my notes from the copies which he has among his great collection of materials for the history of Hampshire.

[343] One example of this latter, or as I might call it, ordinary expense of the society, is worth recording. In 1411, and subsequent years, an annual payment of 13s. 4d. is entered on the accounts as made to one Thomas Deverosse, a tailor, and apparently a member of the fraternity. The history of this man’s poverty is curious. When Bishop William of Wykeham, desiring to build Winchester College, purchased certain lands for the purpose, amongst the rest was a field which a tailor of Winchester, this Thomas Deverosse, subsequently claimed; and to make good his contention, brought a suit of ejectment against the Bishop. The case was tried in the King’s Bench, and the tailor not only lost, but was cast in costs and so ruined. With some writers, William of Wykeham’s good name had been allowed to suffer most unjustly for his share in the misfortunes of the unlucky tailor; for the Bishop not only undertook to pay the costs of the suit himself, but agreed that the college should make the unfortunate claimant a yearly allowance of 8d. to assist him in his poverty. The Tailors’ Guild secured to him a pension of 13s. 4d.

[344] Here is the bill for the annual feast in the Guild of Tailors of Winchester in 1411. The association was under the patronage of St. John the Baptist, and they kept their feast on the Day of the beheading of the Saint, August 29. In this year, 1411, the 29th of August fell upon a Saturday, which in mediæval times, as all know, was a day of abstinence from flesh-meat. It is to be noticed, consequently, that provision is made for a fish dinner: “6 bushels of wheat at 8½d. the bushel; for grinding of the same, 3d.; for baking the same, 6d.; ready-made bread purchased, 12d.; beer, 7s. 1d.; salt fish bought of Walter Oakfield, 6s. 8d.; mullet, bass, ray, and fresh conger bought of the same Walter, 6s. 8d.; fresh salmon of the same, 8s.; eels, 10½d.; fresh fish bought of John Wheller, ‘fisher,’ 2s.; ditto, of Adam Frost, 9s.; ditto, bought of a stranger, 2s. 8d.; beans purchased, 9d.; divers spices, _i.e._ saffron, cinnamon, sanders, 12½d.; salt, 2d.; mustard, 2½d.; vinegar, 1d.; tallow, 2d.; wood, 18d.; coals, 3½d.; paid to Philip the cook, 2s.; to four labourers, 2s. 6d.; to three minstrels, 3s. 4d.; for rushes to strew the hall, 4d.; three gallons and one pint of wine, 19d.; cheese, 8d.” Making in all a total of £3, 4s. 3½d. This, no doubt, represented a large sum in those days, but it is as well to remember that at this time the guild consisted of 170 men and women, and the cost of the feast was not one-sixth part of the annual income.

[345] Harl. MS. 4626, f. 26.

[346] Ibid., f. 29. This was confiscated to the Crown on the dissolution of the Guilds and Fraternities under Edward VI.

[347] _Introduction to English Economic History_ (2nd ed.), i. pp. 100-101.

[348] _Old Crown House_, p. 36, cf. pp. 37-39.

[349] See the remarks in regard to France of M. Charles de Ribbe, _La Société Provençale à la fin du moyen age_, 1898, p. 60. Speaking of the fifteenth-century wills, he says: “Nous en avons lu un grand nombre, et nous avons été frappé de la haute inspiration, parfois meme du talent, avec lesquels des notaires de village savaient traduire les élans de foi et de piété dont ils étaient les interprètes chez leurs clients.… Cette foi et cette piété; trouvé d’abord leur expression dans le vénérable signe de la sainte croix (lequel est plus d’une fois figuré graphiquement). Suit la recommandation de l’âme à Dieu Créateur du ciel et de la terre, au Christ rédempteur, à la Vierge Marie,” &c. (p. 91).

[350] _Testamenta Eboracensia_ (Surtees Society), vol. iv. p. 21.

[351] Ibid., p. 127.

[352] Ibid., p. 127.

[353] Ibid., p. 170.

[354] Ibid., p. 27.

[355] Ibid., p. 60.

[356] Ibid., p. 335.

[357] Ibid., p. 277.

[358] Ibid., p. 139, _seqq._

[359] Ibid., p. 61 and _note_.

[360] Ibid., p. 69.

[361] Ibid., p. 89.

[362] Ibid., p. 132.

[363] Ibid., p. 149.

[364] Ibid., p. 208.

[365] Ibid., p. 215.

[366] Ibid., p. 230.

[367] Ibid., p. 119.

[368] Ibid., p. 160.

[369] B. Mus. Harl. MS. 670, f. 77 b.

[370] _Yorkshire Chantry Surveys_ (Surtees Soc.), ii., preface, p. xiv.

[371] _The Economic Interpretation of History_, p. 306.

[372] J. S. Burn, _History of Henley on Thames_, pp. 173-175.

[373] R. O. Chantry Certificate, No. 13 (account for year 37 H. VIII.), No. 17.

[374] Ibid., No. 30 and No. 95, M. 6.

[375] Ibid., No. 37, M. 12; also No. 95, M. 7; and No. 13 (38) Mins. Accts. 2, 3, Ed. VI., shows that the king received £11, 19s. 8d. for the property of this chapel, which was granted to Robert Swift and his brother.

[376] R. O. Chantry Certificate, No. 45 (m. i. d.).

[377] Ibid.

[378] Ibid.

[379] Ibid. (18).

[380] Ibid. (20).

[381] This was owing to the recent dissolution of the Abbey.

[382] In one case it is said: “_Mem._: The decay of rent is caused by the fact that most came from lands in possession of the abbey; since the dissolution these have been sold, and the purchasers do not allow that they are liable to pay.” The hospital called St. Parvell’s, without the south gate, also had been dissolved by Henry VIII., and the property granted to Sir George Somerset (6th July, 37 H. VIII.). It had produced £16, 13s. 4d. a year, with £5, 10s. “paid out of the late abbey of Bury to the sustentation of the poor.” The whole charity, of course, by the dissolution of the abbey and the grant of the remaining property as above, had come to an end.

[383] Ibid. (No. 44).

[384] _Yorkshire Chantry Surveys_ (Surtees Soc.), p. 213.

[385] Ibid., p. 214.

[386] Ibid., p. 215.

[387] Ibid., p. 216.

[388] Ibid., p. 11.

[389] Ibid., p. 12.

[390] Ibid., p. 13.

[391] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, vol. lxxxii., ii. 318. Quoted in J. Gough Nichol’s _Pilgrimages_, &c. Introduction, xcv.

[392] Lancelot Rydley. _Exposition in the Epistell of Jude._ London, Thomas Gybson, 1538, sig. B. v. In sermons and writings, pre-Reformation ecclesiastics strove to impress upon the minds of the people the true principles of devotion to shrines and relics of the saints. To take one example beyond what is given above. In _The Art of Good Lyvyng and Good Deyng_, printed in 1503, the writer says: “We should also honour the places that are holy, and the relics of holy bodies of saints and their images, not for themselves, but for that in seeing them we show honour to what it represents, the dread reverence, honour and love of God, after the intention of Holy Church, otherwise it were idolatry” (fol. 6).

[393] _A Commentary in Englyshe upon the Ephesians_, 1540, sig. A. ii.

[394] P. 190.

[395] _Opera omnia_ (ed. Leclerc), tom. v., col. 26.

[396] Col. 37.

[397] _A treatise concerning the division between the spiritualitie and the temporalitie._ London, R. Redman (1532?), fol. 27.

[398] _Dyaloge in Englyshe_, 1531. Part 3, fol. 23.

[399] English Works, p. 476.

[400] Stephen Gardiner. _A declaration of such true articles as George Joye hath gone about to confute as false._ 1546, f. 2.

[401] _Consilium de emendanda ecclesia_ (Ed. 1538), sig. B. 4.

[402] Jacobi Sadoletti, _Opera Omnia_, Verona (1737). Tom ii., p. 437.

[403] It is said to be “printed at Jericho in the land of Promes, by Thomas Treuth.”

[404] The English Testament.

[405] Sig. A. 3.

[406] Ibid., sig. A. 4.

[407] Ibid., sigs. A. 5 d., A. 6 d.

[408] Ibid., sig. B. i.

[409] Ibid., sig. B. ii.

[410] Ibid., sig. B. viii.

[411] Sig. D. vii.

[412] Ibid., sig. D. viii.

INDEX

Abbots, display in elections of, 129

Abraham, religious play, 320

Adrian VI., Pope, 157

Aggeus, Augustine, 310

Aldine press, at Venice, 160

Aldus, printer, 160, 166

Alexander VI., Pope, 102

Alms, 132

Alton, foundation for obits at, 403-404

Amberbach, printer, 166

Amyas Chantry, 401-402

Angels, devotion to, 308

Anti-clerical spirit, 114, 119

Antoninus, St., Archbishop of Florence, 96

“Apology” of Sir Thomas More, 71, 73, 115, 122, 144

Archæology, pagan and Christian, 206

Architecture, pre-Reformation activity in, 9-10, 328 _et seq._;
decline of the art, 329

Aretino, 23

Art, great activity of, prior to Reformation, 10-12

Arundel, Archbishop, 236

Ashley, Mr. W. J., cited, 379

Augmentation, Court of, 384

Badsworth, chantry foundation at, 401

Baigent, Mr. F. T., 372, _note_

Baker, mediæval fresco painter, 11

Baptism, 225

Barbarus, Hermolaus, 29

Barnes, Friar, 88, 118, 119, 136, 223

Basle, printing-press at, 165

Baynard’s Castle, meeting at, 68

Beccles, foundation at, 408

Becket, Thomas, 441

Bede-roll, 335, 341

Benedict XII., 103

Benedictine Order, average of graduates at Oxford, 42

Benefices, 55, 106, 108, _note_, 353

Benefit of clergy, 55

Bequests, mediæval, 389 _et seq._

Bere, Abbot, of Glastonbury, 39, 40, _note_

Berthelet, publisher, 72, _note_, 73, 98, _note_, 102, _note_,
107, _note_, 110, 137, _note_, 298

Bible, the Bishops’, 247

Bible, Erasmus’s translation, 168 _et seq._

Bible, English, hostility to, 236;
evidence of Catholic acceptance, 237, 242, 247;
supposed early Catholic version, 237, 242, 247;
persecutions for possession examined, 240, and _note_, 241;
translations authorised, 242-243, 247-249;
not prohibited, 247, 275-276;
absence of popular demand for, 250-251;
Tyndale’s version and Luther’s share in it, 252 _et seq._;
useless without interpretation, 275

Bishops, and ordination, 148;
and spiritual jurisdiction, 154;
obstacles to Reformation, 444

Blackfriars, meetings at, 67, 68

Bombasius, Paul, 33, _note_, 34

Bond, William, 83, 305

Boniface VIII., Pope, 99

Books, heretical, prohibited, 213-216;
More on heretical, 218 _et seq._;
earliest printed largely religious, 315

Bourbon, Duke of, 230

Boyer, Sebastian, Court physician, 160

Brentano, Mr., cited, 362-363

Brethren of St. John’s, 374;
and Hospital, 375

Bretton, William, 310, and _note_

Brewer, Mr., cited, 147, 211-212, 250, 279

Brotherhoods, Parish, 347

Brunfels, Otto, 194

Brygott, Richard, prior of Westacre, 44

Bucer, 214

Burials, 54

Burnet, historian, cited, 4

Bury St. Edmunds, chantries at, 409

Butley, Priory of, 43

Calendar of papers, domestic and foreign, of reign of Henry VIII., 4

Cambray, Bishop of, 159

Cambridge, portions of Prior Selling’s library at, 32;
monastic students at, 43;
petition of scholars to the king, 47

Campeggio, Cardinal, 179, 180, 181

Canterbury, Archbishop of, on clerical immunity, 69

Canterbury, entertainment of Emperor Manuel at Christchurch, 22;
Selling and Hadley, monks of Christchurch, 24 _et seq._;
Canterbury College at Oxford, 27, 28, _note_;
St. Augustine’s and the literary movement, 40

Caraffa, Cardinal, afterwards Paul IV., 105, 107, 438

Carmelites, origin, 117;
responsibility for Lutheranism, 197

Caxton, 275, _note_

Chalcocondylas, Demetrius, 29

Chantries, 123, 124, 399, 401

Chapels of ease, 413

Chaplains, evil effects of their position, 138-139

Charnock, Prior, 39

Chaucer, cited, 415

Children, and idols, 292;
religious instruction of, 312, 313-314

Christchurch, _see_ Canterbury

Christianity and the classical revival, 203-206

Chrysoloras, Manuel, Greek scholar, 23, and _note_

Chrysostom, St., cited, 122

Church, position of, prior to Reformation, 1, 147, 211;
need of reform in, 5 _et seq._;
attitude to learning, 15, 21, 35-38, 41;
hostility to “New Learning” explained, 15 _et seq._, 19;
limits of jurisdiction, 51;
and disputations entailed, _ibid._;
State right to regulate temporalities of, 53 _et seq._;
king as supreme head, 65, 111;
rights, 65;
what constitutes, 70;
riches coveted, 75;
Pope as head, 83 _et seq._;
Papal Commission appointed to save, 105;
evils in, and how caused, 105-106;
abuses pointed out by Commission, 107, _note_, 108, _note_;
limitations of king’s Headship, 111-112;
controversy on riches of, 123;
Erasmus’s attitude to, 167 _et seq._, 199-200;
Erasmus regarded as an enemy to, 175-176;
Lutheran tenets concerning, 194;
need of reform obscured by Reformation, 198;
attack on, 216;
attitude to vernacular Bibles, 236 _et seq._, 245-248;
but hostility to denied, 242-243, 246-247, 251;
religious teaching prior to Reformation, 278 _et seq._;
charges against on points of worship, 293, 302-305;
bequests to, 390 _et seq._;
suggested disposal of wealth of, 444;
abuses in, 415

Church of Christ, sermon on, 91

Church-building, activity of, 326;
contributions of people towards bequests for, 327, and _note_, 390;
decoration, 328, 332

Church House, 341

Churchyards, trees and grass in, 60

Cicero, and the classical revival, 203-206

_Ciceroniana_ of Erasmus, 203

Clark, Dr. John, English ambassador, 94

Classical revival, Erasmus on, 203;
absurdities of, 203-204

Claymond, John, Greek scholar, 40, _note_, 41, _note_

Clement, John, 37, _note_

Clement, Pope, 109, _note_

Clergy, alleged encouragement of ignorance, 2, 278;
mortuary dues, 53, 140-144;
“benefit,” 55;
rights and duties, 61, 65-70;
ordinations, 63, 148-153;
exemptions, 63;
immunity, 66 _et seq._;
not the Church, 70;
position as individuals, 72;
attack on their temporalities, 103;
laity’s grievance against, 114 _et seq._;
and its causes, 119, 138;
defended by More, 120-121;
alleged mercenary spirit, 123;
and idle laxity of living, 127;
prayers, 131;
alms, 132-133;
fasting and mortification, 134;
charges of corruption, 136;
lack of definite work, 137, _note_;
in households of laity, 138;
tithe exactions, 142;
faults, 143-145;
alleged immorality, 145-146;
charge of simony, 146;
Mr. Brewer cited on, 147;
ignorance of, 151;
hostility to vernacular scriptures examined, 236 _et seq._, 243, 246;
and reasons for not encouraging, 242, 244;
extent and character of their religious teaching, 280 _et seq._;
books used by for teaching, 309 _et seq._;
chantry clergy, 400, 405-409, 413;
pilgrimages and relics maintained by, 415;
and motives for, 422, 425

“Clericus,” 74

Cloth, clerical, State’s right to legislate on, 60

Cochlæus, John, 253, 254, _note_

Colet, Dean, 7, 19, 29, and _note_, 33, _note_, 149, 160, 164, 168

Commerce, progress not due to Reformation, 8

Commissioners, royal, 380, 384

Compostella, pilgrimages to, 416, 417

Concordat, between Leo X. and Francis I., 76

Concubines, alleged licences for, 145

Confession, 225, 282, 287

Congregation, denoting church, 173, _note_, 262-266

Conscience, examinations of, 286

Constantine, donation to Pope, 95

Constantine, George, 222

Constantinople, effect of fall of, 23

Constitution, Provincial, 237-239, 242, 280

Contarini, Cardinal, 107, 109, _note_

Convocation, grant of headship of Church to the king, 111;
enactment regarding ordination, 148-149;
powers of legislation transferred to Crown, 153;
draws up list of heretical books, 215

Corpus Christi, feast of, 373;
procession of guilds, 374;
at Corunna, 217

Council of Trent, 5, 109, _note_, 440

Courts, ecclesiastical, subject to Pope, 80-81

Coverdale, Myles, 102, 258

Cranmer and English Bible, 236, 247;
on hearing mass, 326

Creeping to the Cross, 302

Criticism in the Church, 155, 171

Croke, Richard, 36, _note_, 102, _note_

Cromwell, Thomas, 112, 153

Cross, honour to on Good Friday, 302

Crowley, quoted, 382

Crucifix, reverence of image of, 126, 289-290, 300, 307;
not an idol, 293

Curates and mortuaries, 140-141;
and tithes, 142

Cuthbert, Bishop, 219

Dalton, John, of Hull, will of, 391

Dead, prayers for, 387, 399

De Athegua, George, Bishop, 178, and _note_

De Burgo, John, 309

Dee, Dr., supplication to Queen Mary, 48

_Defence of Peace_, 103, and _note_, 104, _note_

Degree, advantage of to religious, 44

De Melton, William, Chancellor of York, 149

De Ribbe, M. Charles, on wills, 389, _note_

_Determinations of the Universities_, 102, _note_

Deventer, school, 157

De Worde, Wynkyn, 83, 149, 275, _note_, 280, and _note_, 298, 312

Digon, John, Canterbury monk, 41, and _note_

Dislike of clergy, alleged, 114;
reasons for, 127, 138

Dispensations, 106

_Dives et Pauper_, 284, 298, 353, 354

Division between spirituality and temporality, Saint-German’s work on,
115 _et seq._, 122, 127, 140

Divorce question, the, and its share in Reformation, 208, and _note_

Doctors of divinity, Erasmus’s satire on, 201

Döllinger, Dr., cited, 21

Dominicans, the, and Erasmus, 187;
responsibility for Lutheranism, 197

Dorpius, Marten, 169-170

Dues of clergy, 53

Dunstan’s, St., Canterbury, 346;
parish accounts, 347

_Dyalogue_ of Saint-German, 53 _et seq._, 115, 140;
of More, 262, 269, 289

Ecclesiastical authority, alleged discontent of laity under, 1, 114,
208 _et seq._, 416;
limits of, 51

Ecclesiastical discipline, inquiry into, 438

Ecclesiastics, attitude to revival of learning, 36-38, 41;
resistance to encroachment, 51, 53;
Erasmus’s satire on, 201 _et seq._;
attitude to English Bible, 236 _et seq._;
alleged encouragement of ignorance, 2, 278

Edgworth, Roger, preacher, 16, 46, 212, 244, 272, 273, _note_, 292, 359

Education, fostered by monasteries, 45

_Enconium Moriæ_, of Erasmus, 161-162, 201 _et seq._

Erasmus, attitude to Reformation, 7, 20;
made responsible for “New Learning,” 16, _note_;
but attitude to defined, 19, 20;
his chief support in England, 38;
position and views, 155;
considered a Reformer, 156, 178, 180-181;
birth and education, 156-157;
joins order of St. Augustine, 157;
ordained, _ibid._;
unfitness for religious life, 157;
hostility to religious orders, 158, 180, 187, 200;
denounces enticing of youths into cloister, _ibid._;
leaves the religious life, 159;
takes pupils, _ibid._;
at Oxford, 159-160;
in London, 160;
visits Italy, _ibid._;
his _Adagia_, _ibid._;
visits Venice, _ibid._;
returns to London, 161;
his _Enconium Moriæ_, 161-162, 201 _et seq._, 431;
at Cambridge, 161-162;
testimony to Archbishop Warham’s kindness, 162-163;
praise of English ecclesiastics, 163, _note_;
amounts received from English friends, 164;
again leaves England, 165;
settles at Basle, _ibid._;
superintends Froben’s press, 166;
death, 167;
attitude to Church, 167 _et seq._, 199-200;
translation of New Testament, 168 _et seq._;
attacks on, 173 _et seq._;
regarded as an enemy to the Church, 175-176;
opposition to his revival of Greek, 177-178;
defends himself to the Pope, 179, 181-182;
disclaims connection with Luther, 180-182, 185, 195-198;
opposition to national churches, 182, _note_;
attitude to Luther, 185, 195, 196-198;
attacks Luther, 186;
replies to von Hutten’s attacks, 187 _et seq._;
attitude to the Pope, 189-190, and _note_, 193, 194-195, 197;
attacks Lutheran motives, 191-192;
letter to Bishop Marlianus on attitude to Luther, 197;
general attitude to religious movement of his age, 200 _et seq._;
and to the classical revival, 203;
on pilgrimages and relics, 415, 418, 431;
on devotion to saints, 431 _et seq._

Eton College Chapel, wall paintings of, 11

Evensong, said before noon, 134

Exemptions of clergy, 63, 76

Fairs, 378 _et seq._;
at Winchester, 379

_Faith, The Olde, of Great Brittayne and the New Learning of England_,
17, and _note_

Fasting, 134

Ferguson, Mr., quoted on architectural art, 329

Fineux, Chief-Justice, tries John Savage, 57 _et seq._;
opinion on spiritual courts, 69

Fisher, Bishop, love of learning, 36, _note_;
object in studying Greek, 38;
views on Papal supremacy, 90, and _note_;
books against Luther, 90, _note_, 192;
execution, 91;
sermon on, 92;
on moral character of religious, 137, _note_;
invitation to Erasmus, 161;
on Erasmus’s New Testament, 169, 175, _note_;
supports study of Greek, 177

Fisher, Rev. J., 311, _note_

Fleming, Robert, 23

Foxe, cited, 240, _note_, 251

Francis I., 76

Francis, Order of St., 117

Free, John, 40, and _note_

Frith, 215, 222, 223, 227

Froben, printer, 165, 182

Froude, on Erasmus’s New Testament, 172

Funerals, 54

Gairdner, James, cited on jurisdiction of Pope, 81, _note_;
on the divorce question, 208, _note_;
on Reformation influences, 210, 211, _note_

Gardiner, Bishop, 438

Gardynare, Germen, 227

Garlekhithe, St. James, 366

German reformers, books prohibited, 214-215

Gibbon, cited, 22

_Glasse of Truth_, 101-102, _note_

Glastonbury monastery, 39

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 23

God, love of, 299;
worship of, 304

Goldstone, Reginald, monk, companion of Selling, 26

Goldstone, Thomas, Prior of Christchurch, 24

Gonville Hall, Cambridge, 43, 44

Good Friday observances, 302-303

Government, true principle of, 106

Grace at meals, 314

Graduates at Oxford, register of, 41-42

Greek emperors, journeys to courts of Western Europe, 22

Greek, influence in revival of learning, 14, 21 _et seq._;
first schools of the revival, 23;
effect of fall of Constantinople, 23-24;
decline in study of after Reformation, 47;
Erasmus and the Greek Testament, 168 _et seq._;
outcry against studies in, 177

Green, historian, cited, 16, _note_

Gregory VII., Pope, 101

Grocyn, William, 29, and _note_, 160

Grudge of laity against ecclesiastics, 114

Guardian angel, prayer to, 309

Guarini, pupil of Chrysoloras, 23

Guilds, 351;
founded upon principle of Christian brotherhood, 352 _et seq._;
trade, and religious, 361;
benefit societies, 363;
their work, 365, 385;
constitution, 366 _et seq._;
“Pinners’” Guild, 368;
accounts, 369-370;
fees, 371;
Guild of Tailors, 371;
members, 371;
expenditure, 372, and _note_;
their part in Corpus Christi processions, 373-374;
brethren of St. John’s, 374;
feasts, 376, and _note_;
Candlemas Guild of Bury St. Edmunds, 377;
bequests, 377-378;
connection with fairs, 378;
final destruction, 380

Hadley, William, companion of Prior Selling, 24;
studies at foreign universities, 25;
returns to Christchurch, 26

Hair shirts, 131, 134

Headship of the Church, the king’s, 56

Hegius, Alexander, 157

Henley on Thames, chantries at, 405

Henry IV., 136

Henry VII. obtains Bull from Innocent VIII., 56;
purchases pardon for Westminster and Savoy, 124

Henry VIII., calendar of papers of reign, 4;
exerts his influence on behalf of learning, 36, 177;
determined to maintain rights of Crown, 69;
book against Luther, 90, 94;
defends Church, 94, 226;
reputed book, 102, _note_;
petition of Commons, &c., against spirituality, 153;
quarrel with Rome on divorce question, 208, and _note_;
forbids Lutheran books, 214, 259;
authorises English Bibles, 273;
destroys the guilds, 380;
the reformers and, 440

Heresy, spread by books, 213, 218

Hobhouse, Bishop, cited, 346, 357

Holidays, determined by ecclesiastical law, 71

Holy Land, pilgrimages to, 416

_Hortulus Animæ_, the, 214, and _note_

Huchin, William, _see_ Tyndale

Hunn, Richard, 240

Hunting, by priests, 138, 139, 151

Hutton, Rev. W. H., cited, 208, _note_

Hytton, Sir Thomas, 224, 225

Idolatry, charges of, 293, 303, 305

Idols, distinguished from images, 265, 289 _et seq._, 305-306

Ignorance, alleged prevalence of, 2, 278

Images, confused with idols, 265, 292;
veneration of, 289 _et seq._, 423 _et seq._

Immunity of clergy, 63, 66 _et seq._

Indulgences, 108, _note_, 435 _et seq._

Innocent VIII. grants Bull to Henry VII., 56, _note_

Janssen, historian, cited, 6, 7, 279, 354

Jerome, St., corrections in Testament, 170;
cited on Papal supremacy, 197

Jessop, Dr., cited, 43;
on popular gifts to churches, 336;
on poverty, 360

Jesus, bowing at name of, 283

Joye, George, or Clarke, 221, 224, 253, 257-258, 438

Judges, English prelates as, 81

Julius II., Pope, 96, 102, 109, 204

Jurisdiction, limits of ecclesiastical and lay, 51, 65 _et seq._, 176;
leading factor in Reformation, 52;
Papal, 78 _et seq._;
Roman curia as court of appeal, 80

Katherine, Queen, 178

Kent, Holy Maid of, 441

King’s power, 75;
his headship of Church, 65, 111

Knowledge, result of increase of, 2

Laity, Reformation opposed to convictions of, 1;
alleged disaffection to Church, _ibid._;
and reasons advanced, _ibid._;
attitude to Church’s jurisdiction, 51;
absence of enthusiasm among in doctrinal disputes, 52;
grudge against ecclesiastics, 114 _et seq._;
charge clergy with mercenary spirit, 123;
dislike of clergy, and reasons for, 127;
“mortuaries” a great offence to, 140

Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, 33, and _note_

Languages, battle of, 176-179

Laocöon, the, statue of, 206, _note_

Latimer, William, Bishop, 34, 38, 47;
lawsuits, 348 _et seq._

“Latria,” 294-304, 306-307

Lawyers, ecclesiastical, 95

Learning, revival not due to Reformation, 7-8, 15;
adverse effects of Reformation on, 9, 198-199;
“New Learning” applied only to religious teaching, 15 _et seq._;
Church’s attitude to learning, 15, 19, 38;
Erasmus on Reformation’s effect on, 20;
general aspect of revival, 21;
Greek influence in, 14, 21 _et seq._;
subsequent progress, 35;
occasional pulpit denunciations, _ibid._;
slight nature of opposition, 36;
laymen associated with revival, 37;
fostered by monasteries, 39;
condition of things at universities, 41-44;
education assisted by religious houses, 45;
decay of after Reformation, 45-48;
revival of, associated with Lutheranism, 178;
but without cause, 180-181;
Erasmus’s attitude to revival of letters, 203-207

Lee, Edward, afterwards Archbishop of York, 173-174, and _note_, 252

Leeds, chantries at, 411-412

Leland, cited, 24, _note_, 25

Leo X., Pope, 28, and _note_, 76, 94, 96, 173, 179, 181, 185, 439

Leo XIII., Pope, cited, 355, _note_

Leonicenus, 34

Leonicus, 34, and _note_

Leverton, parish of, 339;
Church accounts, 343 _et seq._

Lewes, Cluniac House at, 43

Liberty advocated by Luther, 227

Libraries, destruction of, 48;
Dr. Dee’s supplication to Queen Mary, 48;
national library suggested, 49

Life, daily rules of, 286-287, 313

Lilly, George, 29, _note_

Linacre, pupil of Selling, sketch of early life, 27;
accompanies Selling to Italy, 28; becomes pupil of Politian, 28;
at Rome, 29;
returns to Oxford, 30;
appointed Court physician, _ibid._;
receives priest’s orders, _ibid._;
friend of Erasmus, 160, 164

Liveries for chaplains, 138

Lollards, the, 209 _et seq._, 214, 240

London, Mors’s Lamentation against, 440

Longland, Bishop, 93, 146, 147, _note_

Louvain, University of, 160, 174, _note_, 176, 178, 179, 180

Love of God, 299

Luce, M. Siméon, cited, 351

Lupset, Thomas, sketch of, 36, _note_;
on study of Bible, 248

Luther, Martin, aims of, 7;
cited on pre-Reformation progress, 8;
“New Learning” inculcated by, 16, and _note_;
books against, 84-85, 90, 94;
sermon against, 93;
Henry VIII. opposes, 94;
method of, 108-109, _note_; More and Lutherans, 120;
considered disciple of Erasmus, 156, 178, 180;
revival of letters not connected with his movement, 180-181;
Erasmus’s repudiation of, 180-182, 195-198;
efforts to win over Erasmus, 183-184;
attacked by Erasmus, 186, 191-192;
supported by von Hutten, 186 _et seq._;
tenets of Lutheranism, 194;
methods of attacking condemned, 196;
who responsible for his movement, 197;
effects of Lutheranism, 198;
and spread of, 212-213;
books prohibited, 213-215; disciples, 216;
his book, 222;
“New Learning” and, 225;
advocacy of liberty, 227;
evils of Lutheranism, 228-230;
and of Lutheran literature, 244;
Tyndale’s connection with, 252;
share in Tyndale’s Testament, 252-255;
direction of his remonstrances, 279

Lutheranism, tenets of, 194;
responsibility for, 197;
effects of, 198;
evils of, 228-230;
expectations of English Lutherans, 440, 445

Lyndwood, cited, 247, 353

Mace, George, canon of Westacre, 44

Maitland, Professor, quoted on pre-Reformation position of the Pope, 80

Manuel, Greek Emperor, arrival at Canterbury, 22

Mary Magdalene, religious play, 320

Marlianus, Bishop, 197

Marshall, William, 103

Marsilius of Padua, 103, 104, _note_

Mary, Queen, attempt to restore learning under, 48

Mass, the, 225, 271, 283, 285

Matrimony, State regulation of, 62;
Hytton’s view of, 225

Matthew, Simon, preacher, 91

Medici, Lorenzo de, 28

Mentz, Cardinal Archbishop of, 181, 184

Metal-working, inventions in, 428

“Miles,” mouthpiece of Saint-German, 74

Miracles, 62, 427

Monasteries, scholarship in, 39, and _note_;
members of at universities, 42 _et seq._

Monks, hostile to Erasmus, 176, 180;
Erasmus quoted on, 202;
pilgrimages and relics maintained by, 415

Morality, of clergy, 145-146

More, Sir Thomas, attitude to Reformation, 7;
and to learning, 19, 35-37;
connection with Christchurch, 28;
at Oxford, 29, and _note_;
on immunity of clergy, 70;
his “Apology,” 71, 73, 115, 122, 144;
on spiritual authority, 73;
on Papal supremacy, 85 _et seq._, 88;
on nature of the Church, 86 _et seq._;
against Friar Barnes, 88;
book against Luther, 90;
death, 91;
sermon on, 92;
controversy on clergy and laity, 115 _et seq._;
on quarrels between religious, 116-117;
defends clergy, 120;
and replies to allegation of their mercenary spirit, 124;
and of their idle laxity of life, 127;
on abuses in religious life, 130;
on prayers and alms of clergy, 131-135;
defends clergy from charges of corruption, 136;
on faults of clergy, 143-145;
and on their morality, 145-146;
visited by Erasmus, 160-161;
share in Erasmus’s _Enconium Moriæ_, 161-162, 201;
defends Erasmus’s translation of New Testament, 169-170, 173, _note_;
defends Greek studies, 177;
urges Erasmus against Luther, 186;
opinion of Erasmus’s _Enconium Moriæ_, 202, _note_;
on spread of heresy, 213, 218;
on “New Learning” and Lutheranism, 225;
on Luther’s advocacy of liberty, 227;
on evils of Lutheranism, 228-230;
on English Bible, 237 _et seq._;
on case of Richard Hunn, 241;
on Church’s acceptance of vernacular Bibles, 242-243, 247-249;
and on false translations, 243;
and reasons for condemnation of Tyndale’s version, 243, 260-270;
on reverence of images, 289-291, 293-298;
on prayer, 307;
on pilgrimages, 419 _et seq._, 425 _et seq._;
on relics, 429;
on indulgences, 437

Morebath, village of, well-supported church, 337

Mors, Roderigo, his “Lamentation,” 440

Mortality among pilgrims, 418

Mortmain, lands in, 54

Mortuaries, 53, 140

Morysine, Richard, 105, 107, _note_

Mountjoy, Lord, 159, 161, 164

Music, pre-Reformation progress in, 12-13;
Richard Pace quoted on, 35

Mystery plays, 316 _et seq._

National churches, opposed by Erasmus, 182, _note_

National feeling and the Papacy, 82 _et seq._

National library, suggested, 49

Nevill, Archbishop, 281

“New Learning” defined, 15 _et seq._;
its purely religious application, 16 _et seq._;
result of, 50;
founded on Luther’s teaching, 225

New Testament, Erasmus’s translation, 168 _et seq._;
English versions destroyed, 236;
Tyndale version, and Luther’s share in it, 252 _et seq._

Nicholas V., Pope, 96

Nicholas of Cusa, reforms in Germany, 6;
opinion on Constantine’s gift to Pope, 96

“Noah and his Sons,” religious play, 320

Nobility, attitude to clergy, 136

Norwich, Visitations of Diocese of, 43;
Benedictine Cathedral Priory of, _ibid._

Nottinghamshire, chantries in, 401-402, 406

Obits, 399 _et seq._

Œcolampadius, 184, 214

“Open Bible,” 236, 246, 273, 275

Orders, religious, their graduates at Oxford, 42;
suggested alterations in constitutions, 129;
hostility of Erasmus, 158

Ordinations, proposed prohibition regarding, 63;
abuses in, 107, 148;
action by Convocation, 148-149;
William de Melton on, 149-153, _note_;
reformers on, 225, 232

Oxford, Register of Graduates at, 41-42;
refounding of Durham College at, 48;
heresy at, 227;
Constitution or Synod of, 238, 247, 280

Pace, Richard, befriended by Bishop Langton, 33;
his _De Fructu_, 33, _note_;
at foreign universities, 34;
the Pope’s library, _ibid._;
remarks on music, 35;
indebtedness to Abbot Bere, 40;
supports Greek studies, 177

Pagula, Walter, 309

Papal Commissions, 105, 439

Papal jurisdiction, meaning of renunciation, 78;
general acceptance, 79;
books against, 101

Papal prerogatives, in England, 52, 107-108;
in France, 77

Papal supremacy, 83 et seq.;
rejection of, 90;
English belief in, 93-95;
rejection defended by Bishop Tunstall, 109;
Erasmus on, 190, and _note_, 194-195

Pardons, 124, 435 _et seq._

Parish churches, sanctuary privileges, 57;
religious teaching in, 280 _et seq._

Parish life, 323 _et seq._;
devotion of people, 325;
care of the churches, 328;
raising of money, 340;
brotherhoods, 347

Parliament, legislation on mortuaries, 53, 141;
and on immunity of clergy, 66;
need for settlement of religious divisions, 60;
suggested legislation, 55, 62, 71;
right of legislation, 141;
transfers powers of Convocation to Crown, 153;
petition of Commons against spirituality, _ibid._;
authorises destruction of guilds, 380

Paul III., Pope, 105, 439

Paul IV., Pope, 438

Payment for “Pardons,” 435 _et seq._

Peckham, or Pecham, Archbishop, 280, 286

Penance, 282

Pensions, 108, _note_

Pensioners, university, 43

Pepwell, publisher, 310, _note_

Petition of House of Commons against spirituality, 153

_Pilgrimage of Perfection_, quoted, 83

Pilgrimages, State supervision urged, 62;
objections to, 184, 293, 415;
importance, 416;
foreign, 416;
to England, 418

Pincern, Bartolomeo, 96

Pinners, Guild of, 368-369

Plays, mystery, 316 _et seq._, 342

Pocket, the people’s, a clue to religious changes, 52

Pole, Cardinal, 48, 107

Politian, Angelo, 25, 28

Pomeranus, 214

Poor, right to benefices, 55;
injury to by confiscations, 382, 402 _et seq._;
bequests to, 397-398

Pope, Sir Thomas, 48

Pope, the, and Sanctuary, 55 _et seq._;
pre-Reformation loyalty to, 79;
powers in England before Reformation, 80 _et seq._;
spiritual and temporal power in conflict, 82;
position as head of Church, 83 _et seq._;
rejection of his supremacy, 90;
imprisoned, 94;
English acceptance of his supremacy, 93-95;
Constantine’s gift to, 95;
wars of, 97;
temporal power of, 97-100, 103-104;
authority as Peter’s successor, 90, 99-100, 103;
works against character of, 101-104;
commission appointed by, 105;
how deceived, _ibid._;
recommendations of commission, 107;
sermon against, 109;
object of attacks on, 110;
Erasmus’s attitude to, 189-190, 193-195, 197;
Erasmus’s satire on, 202, and _note_;
refuses to grant Henry’s divorce, 208, and _note_

Powell, Edward, theologian, quoted on papal supremacy, 85

Power, spiritual and temporal, 70, 72-73, 82;
dialogue on, 73 _et seq._, 98;
the king’s, 75

_Praier and Complaynte of the Ploweman_, 17, and _note_, 223

Prayers, for Pope, 110;
of clergy and religious, 131;
Sir Thos. More on, 307;
daily, 313;
for the dead, 399

Preaching at St Paul’s Cross, 67, 69;
style of against Pope condemned, 92;
in parish churches, 281, 283;
more important than mass, 284-285

“Prick song,” or part music, 12, 13

“Primer,” the, 216, 223-224, 286

Printing, responsible for spread of heresy, 213;
religious works predominate in earliest, 315-316

Psalter, the, 223-224

Purgatory, 61, 225, 231, 387, 399, 405, 437

Pynson, printer, 298

Reformation, impossibility of writing history of, 3;
revival of letters not due to, 7-8, 15;
adverse effect on learning, 9, 20, 41 _et seq._;
English attitude to Pope prior to, 78-79;
share of divorce question in, 208, and _note_;
similar in England to Luther’s principles, 231;
meaning, 82, 279;
share of Wycliffe and Lollards in, 209 _et seq._;
effect upon church art, 331;
and poverty, 358

Relics, honour of, 415 _et seq._, 429 _et seq._

Religious, at universities, 42 _et seq._;
State interference, 61;
abuses among, 108, _note_;
reputed quarrels between, 116-117;
evils in constitutions, 129;
testimony to moral character, 137, _note_;
Mr. Brewer cited on, 147;
Erasmus on, 202

Religious teaching, alleged neglect of, 278;
Reformation not directly connected with, 279;
extent and character, 280 _et seq._;
nature and effect, 288 _et seq._;
books used by clergy in, 309 _et seq._;
religious plays, 316 _et seq._

Renaissance, definition of, 14;
in England, _ibid._;
earlier than generally supposed, 15

Restitution, argued, 125;
a case involving, 140

Reuchlin, 180-181, 184, 186, 187

Reverence of images, 289 _et seq._

Ridley, Lancelot, commentaries on Scriptures, 104, 111, and _note_,
273-274;
on devotion to saints, 422-423;
on pilgrimages and images, 424

Roberts, John, his _Mustre of scismatyke bysshops of Rome_, 101, and
_note_

Rogers, Mr. Thorold, cited, 356 _et seq._, 360-361, 364, 403

Rome, classical revival in, 203-206;
sack of, 230;
pilgrimages to, 416

Roper, John, 102, _note_

Roper, Mary and Margaret, 37, _note_, 41, _note_

Roy, Friar, 215, 222

Rule of life, daily, 286-287

Rules of religious orders, suggested examination, 129

Sacrament of the Altar, Dr. Richard Smythe on, 216-217, 273, _note_;
Hytton on, 226

Sacraments, English reformers on, 225, 231;
attack on, 271

Sadolet, Cardinal, 107, 108, _note_, 439