Chapter XXXI: Appendix (3)

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | FOOTNOTES: | | | | [348] The author seems to me here to allude to what Sydenham calls | | the “constitutio epidemica,” as if he would say, “The epidemic | | constitution as it exists at any one time, is but a step,” &c. | | | | [349] _Grafton_, Vol. II. pp. 147. 155. | | | | [350] _Hall_, p. 425. | | | | [351] For suddenlie a deadlie burning sweat so assailed their | | bodies and distempered their blood with a most ardent heat, that | | _scarce one amongst an hundred_ that sickened did escape with life; | | for all in maner as soone as the sweat tooke them, or within a | | short time after, yeelded the ghost. _Holinshed_, Vol. III. p. 482. | | _Godwin_, p. 98. _Polydor._ _Vergilius_, L. XXVI. p. 567. _Wood_, | | T. I. A. 1485. p. 233. _Wood_ takes his testimony respecting the | | symptoms of the disease at third hand from _Carol_. _Valesius_, | | (Cap. XIV. p. 226,) a French physician at Rome, about 1650, who | | employs _P. Foreest’s_ words. This last author, however, did not | | himself observe the English sweating sickness. | | | | [352] _Bacon_, p. 36. | | | | [353] _Fabian_, p. 673. | | | | [354] _Swetynge sykenesse_ in the Chronicles. | | | | [355] The Mayors’ names were _Thomas Hylle_ and _William Stocker_. | | _Fabian_, loc. cit. | | | | [356] Until the 30th of October. _Grafton_, p. 158. | | | | [357] _Wood_, loc. cit. | | | | [358] _Phil. de Comines_, Tom. I. p. 344. Compare the English | | chronicles quoted. The history of Croyland Abbey states that the | | 1st of August was the day of _Richmond’s_ arrival at Milford Haven. | | There exists no reason for departing from this statement with some | | modern writers, namely, _Kay, du Chesne_, p. 1192; _Lilie_, p. 382, | | and _Marsolier_, who assert the landing of the army to have taken | | place on the 7th of August. Historia Croylandensis, p. 573, in _Jo. | | Fell_. | | | | [359] _Grafton_, p. 147. | | | | [360] _Stow_, p. 779. | | | | [361] According to the unanimous statements of the chroniclers. | | | | [362] Histor. Croylandens, p. 573. _Fell_. | | | | [363] _Bacon_, p. 7. _Marsolier_, p. 142. Yet in the autumn of that | | same year _Henry_ established, what no prior king of England ever | | had, a body-guard. It consisted of only 50 “Yomen of the Crowne,” | | to each of whom there were appointed two men on foot—an archer and | | a demi-lance, and a groom to attend to his three horses. The first | | commander of this body-guard, which formed the most ancient stock | | whence sprang the English standing army, was _Henry Bourchier_, | | Earl of Essex. _Herbert of Cherbury_, p. 9. _Grafton_, and the | | other chroniclers, loc. cit. _Baker_, p. 254. | | | | [364] _Bacon_, _Stow_, _Baker_, loc. cit. Rapin considered the | | middle of September as the period of the outbreak. T. IV. p. 386. | | | | [365] “Infinite persons.” _Bacon._ “A wonderful number.” _Stow._ | | “Many thousands.” _Baker_, loc. cit. | | | | [366] The plague can scarcely be said to furnish this immunity, for | | though a second attack is an exception to a pretty general rule, it | | is one of by no means unfrequent occurrence.—_Transl. note._ | | | | [367] _Holinshed_, Vol. III. p. 482. | | | | [368] _Wood_, p. 233. | | | | [369] Histor. Croyland. p. 569. _Fell._ | | | | [370] No physick afforded any cure. _Baker_, p. 254. | | | | [371] Henry VII., and Henry VIII. Compare the excellent | | biographical account of this learned man by _Aikin_. | | | | [372] _Erasmus_ expresses himself on this subject in his usual | | manner. He was on terms of strict friendship with _Linacre_, whom | | on other occasions he greatly lauds. This, however, does not | | prevent him from lashing him with his satire as a philological | | pedant. “Novi quendam πολυτεχνότατον, græcum, latinum, | | mathematicum, philosophum, medicum, καὶ ταῦτα βασιλικὸν, jam | | sexagenarium, (he was born in 1460, and died in 1524,) qui _ceteris | | rebus omissis_, annis plus viginti se torquet ac discruciat in | | grammatica, _prorsus felicem se fore ratus, si tamdiu liceat | | vivere, donec certo statuat, quomodo distinguendæ sint octo partes | | orationis_, quod hactenus nemo Græcorum aut Latinorum ad plenum | | præstare valuit.” Laus Stultitiæ, p. 200. That _Linacre_ is here | | meant is quite plain; the passage applies to no other contemporary. | | | | [373] See the author’s History of Medicine, Book II. p. 311. | | | | [374] _Grafton_, p. 161, and the other chroniclers. | | | | [375] _Wood_, loc. cit. | | | | [376] The luscious Greek wines were at this time the most in vogue, | | especially Cretan wine, Malmsey, and Muschat. _Lemnius_, de compl. | | L. II. fol. 111. b. _Reusner_, p. 70. | | | | [377] _Werlich_, p. 248. | | | | [378] _Spangenberg_, Mansf. Chr. fol. 395. f. | | | | [379] _Werlich_, p. 236. _Spangenberg_, loc. cit. Overflow of the | | Lech, 1484. _Werlich_, p. 239. | | | | [380] _Frank von Wörd._ fol. 211. a. | | | | [381] _Grafton_, p. 133, and all the other chroniclers. _Short_, | | Vol. I. p. 201, and several others, even _Schnurrer_, erroneously | | asserted this inundation to have taken place in the year 1485. | | | | [382] _Campo_, p. 132. _Pfeufer_, p. 32. | | | | [383] _Frank v. Wörd_, fol. 211. a. In the plague which followed, | | about 20,000 people died in Brixen, and 30,000 in Venice. | | | | [384] _Fracastor_, p. 182. Morb. Contag. L. II. | | | | [385] _Wurstisen_, p. 474. cap. 15. _Fracastor_, p. 136. | | _Spangenberg_ (Pestilentz) calls this Epidemic of 1482, | | which spread all over Germany, Switzerland and France, “_das | | phrenitische, schwerhitzig Pestilentzfieber_”, the phrenitic, | | intensely ardent, plague-fever. Compare _Stumpff._ fol. 742. b. | | | | [386] The so called _Hauptkrankheit_. | | | | [387] _Spangenberg_, Mansfeld. Chr. fol. 396. a. | | | | [388] In many places women and children were obliged to draw the | | plough, from the want of draught cattle; they were obliged too to | | carry on the cultivation by night, that they might not be observed | | by the king’s inhuman revenue officers.—_Mezeray_, Tom. II. p. 750. | | | | [389] “Il couroit alors (1482) dans la France une dangereuse et | | mortelle maladie, qui affligeoit indifferemment les grands et les | | petits, bien qu’elle ne fut pas contagieuse. C’étoit une espèce | | de _fièvre chaude et frenetique, qui s’allumoit tout d’un coup | | dans le cerveau, et le brûloit avec de si cruelles douleurs, que | | les uns s’en cassoient la teste contre les murailles, les autres | | se précipitoient dans les puits_, ou se tuoient à force de courir | | çà et là. On en attribu la cause à quelque maligne influence des | | astres et à la corruption, que la mauvaise nourriture de l’année | | précédente avoit formé dans le corps; d’autant que les vins et | | les bleds n’étant point venus à maturité, la disette avoit été si | | grande, principalement dans les provinces de delà la Loire, que les | | peuples n’avoient vécu que de racines et d’herbes.” _Mezeray_, Tom. | | II. p. 746. | | | | [390] It is expressly affirmed by the historians that many of | | the higher classes were sleepless from _the constant alarm and | | fear of Tristan’s sword_. How greatly must such a condition have | | predisposed the mind to receive this destructive fever! | | | | [391] _Jacques Cotier._ He extorted from his patients 10,000 | | dollars a month, but, after his master’s death, was obliged to | | refund to _Charles_ VIII., 100,000 dollars. _Comines_, L. VI. c. | | 12. p. 400. | | | | [392] _Mezeray_, loc. cit. | | | | [393] _Spangenberg_, Mansfeld. Chron. fol. 379. a. Pestilentz, 1485. | | | | [394] Compare _Webster_, T. I. p. 147. | | | | [395] _Spangenberg_, Mansfeld. Chron. fol. 398. a., and many other | | chroniclers. The reader will have the goodness to observe, here and | | in similar places, that the text is not stating the opinion of the | | author, but the way in which these events were viewed in that age. | | | | [396] —Il y avoit seulement en Normandie quelque troupes de | | franc-archers, de ceux, que _Louis XI_. avoit licenciez, qui | | couroit la campagne: et plusieurs faineants s’étant joints avec | | eux, ils detruisoient tout le païs, et on devoit même craindre, | | que ce mal ne se communiquât aux provinces voisines. Mais il se | | présenta alors une belle occasion de delivrer la France de ces | | pillards ... et lui donna (_Charles VIII._) tout ces francs-archers | | et _brigands_ de Normandie jusqu’au nombre de 3000. _Mezeray_, T. | | II. p. 762. | | | | [397] “La milice estoit plus cruelle et plus desordonnée que | | jamais.” So says _Mezeray_ of the French soldiers in general. T. | | II. p. 750. | | | | [398] _Schiller_, Sect. II. c. 1. p. 131. b. | | | | [399] _Angelus_, p. 253. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 398. b. The | | scurvy affected society far more in the 15th and 16th centuries | | than it does at present, and made its appearance on several | | occasions as an epidemic. Compare, in particular, _Reusner_, whose | | work on the history of epidemics is one of general importance. | | _Sennert_, _Wier_, and others. | | | | [400] _Schiller_, loc. cit. | | | | [401] It was conceived not to bee an epidemicke disease, but to | | proceed from a malignity in the constitution of the aire, gathered | | by the predispositions of seasons: and the speedie cessation | | declared as much. _Bacon_, p. 9. | | | | [402] The name passed into the French, English, and Italian | | languages—Lansquenet, Lancichinecho. | | | | [403] ——“flock together like flies in summer, so that any one would | | wonder where all these swarms have sprung from, and how they are | | maintained during the winter; and truly they are such a miserable | | crew, that one ought rather to pity than envy the kind of life they | | lead and their precarious fortune.” _Franck’s_ Chronicle. “_On the | | destructive Lansquenets_,” fol. 217. b. | | | | [404] 1518. “This year there was a great gathering of the | | Landsknechts, who, as soon as they had assembled, went forth from | | Friesland, committed great ravages and made an incursion into the | | country at Gellern, and were beaten by _Vernlow_.” _Wintzenberger_, | | fol. 23. a. | | | | [405] “Not to mention too the curtailment of life, for one _seldom | | meets with an old Landsknecht_.” _Franck_, loc. cit. | | | | [406] Those Moors were so called who, in order to remain in Spain | | after the conquest of Granada, embraced Christianity.—_Transl. | | note._ | | | | [407] The petechial fever which will be spoken of further on. | | | | [408] _Grafton_, p. 220. _Webster_, Vol. I. p. 149. | | | | [409] _Stow_, p. 809. _Fabian_, p. 689. _Hall_, p. 502. _Grafton_, | | p. 230. _Holinshed_, p. 536. _Bacon_, p. 225. | | | | [410] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 403. a. Pestilenz, A. 1505. | | | | [411] _Webster_, Vol. I. p. 151. _Franck_, fol. 219. a. _Pingré_, | | T. I. p. 481. | | | | [412] _Bacon_, p. 225. _Stow_, p. 809. Compare the other | | chroniclers, who most of them notice this event in great detail. | | | | [413] _Bacon_, p. 231. | | | | [414] _Empson_ and _Dudley_, ministers of Henry VII., who left | | behind him treasure to the amount of £1,800,000 sterling. Compare | | _Hume_, Hist. of Eng. Vol. III., _Bacon_, and almost all the | | chroniclers. Both ministers were executed in the following reign, | | in the year 1509. _Grafton_, p. 236. | | | | [415] _Villalba_, T. I. pp. 69. 99.—_Ferdinand’s_ conflicts with | | the Saracens began in 1481, and ended with the fall of Granada in | | 1492. The disease is called in Spanish _Tabardillo_, which name, | | however, _Villalba_ has not quoted at so early a period as 1490. | | | | [416] _Villalba_, loc. cit. p. 66. | | | | [417] Ibid. p. 69—_Fracastor_, de morbis contagios. L. II. c. 6. p. | | 155.—_Schenck von Grafenberg_, L. VI. p. 553. T. II. | | | | [418] Besides those already named, the writings of _Omodei_ and | | _Pfeufer_. Compare _Schnurrer_, Book II. p. 27. | | | | [419] It was called Puncticula or Peticulæ, also Febris stigmatica, | | Pestis petechiosa. _Reusner_, p. 11. For later synonimes, see | | _Burserius_, Vol. II. p. 293. | | | | [420] Consimilem ergo _infectionem in aëre_ primum fuisse censendum | | est, quæ mox in nos ingesta tale febrium genus attulerit, quæ | | tametsi pestilentes veræ non sunt, in limine tamen earum videntur | | esse. Analogia vero ejus contagionis ad sanguinem præcipue esse | | constat, quod et maculæ illæ, quæ expelli consuevere, demonstrant, | | etc. p. 161. | | | | [421] Compare the whole of the sixth and seventh chapters of | | _Fracastor._ loc. cit. What was the general judgment of the Italian | | physicians respecting the spotted fever, may be gathered from _Nic. | | Massa_, whose confused work, however, contributes nothing to the | | history of the disease. Cap. IV. fol. 67, seq. Compare _Schenck | | von Grafenberg’s_ excellent and very copious treatise, de febre | | stigmatica. L. VI. p. 553, Tom. II. | | | | [422] _Osorio_, fol. 113. b., 114. a. | | | | [423] See further on. | | | | [424] _Villalba_, p. 78, et seq. | | | | [425] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 402. a. _Angelus_, p. 261. | | _Pingré_, T. I. p. 479. | | | | [426] Compare _Webster_, who has collected together whatever could | | be found on this subject. Vol. II. p. 82. | | | | [427] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 402. a. | | | | [428] The same. _Franck_, fol. 219. a. | | | | [429] Author’s History of Medicine. Book II. p. 146. | | | | [430] _Sigebert. Gembl._ fol. 58. a. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. | | 66. b. | | | | [431] _Sigebert. Gembl._ fol. 82. a. _Hermann. Contract_, p. 186. | | _Witichind._ p. 34. | | | | [432] Compare on this subject _Nees v. Esenbeck’s_ Supplement to | | _R. Brown’s_ Miscellaneous Botanical Writings, Book I. p. 571; and | | _Ehrenberg’s_ New Observations on Blood-like Appearances in Egypt, | | Arabia, and Siberia, together with a review and critique on what | | was earlier known, in _Poggendorff’s_ Annalen, 1830; the two best | | works on this subject; wherein is also contained a criticism on | | _Chladni’s_ Hypermeteorological Views. | | | | [433] _Crusius_ is the most circumstantial on this point, for | | he gives the names of many persons on whose clothes crosses | | were visible. On a maiden’s shawl the instruments of Christ’s | | martyrdom were supposed to have been seen marked. In the vicinity | | of Biberach, a miller’s lad made rude sport of the painting of | | crosses, but he was seized and burned. Book II. p. 156. | | | | [434] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 819. | | | | [435] _Angelus_, p. 261. | | | | [436] Perhaps Sporotrichum vesicarum, or a kind of Mycoderma. | | | | [437] _Vincenzo Sette_ describes a kind of red mould, which in the | | year 1819 coloured vegetable and animal substances in the province | | of Padua, and excited superstitious apprehensions among the people. | | See his work on this subject. | | | | [438] “Autumnali vero tempore, cum jam vestes, lintea, culcitræ, | | panes, omnis generis obsonia, sub dio, vel in conclavibus | | patentibus locata talem situ _mucorem_ contraxerunt, qualis oritur | | in penore, in opacis domus cellis collocato, aut etiam in ipsis | | cellis diu non repurgatis, pestis præsentes ad nocendum vires | | habet.” L. I. p. 45. _Agricola’s_ Treatise on the Plague is among | | the cleverest which the sixteenth century produced. | | | | [439] For example, at the time of the Justinian Plague, and of the | | Black Death. | | | | [440] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 828. | | | | [441] See above, p. 189. | | | | [442] The former mortality was so far from having ceased, yea, | | rather in the great heat (of summer) was still more vehement, | | that in some places a third part, and in some even the half of | | the people were snatched away by death, and that not by one only, | | _but by various and hitherto unheard of diseases_. Men caught the | | burning fever so rapidly and violently, that they thought they | | must be totally consumed. Some were seized with such _severe and | | insupportable headache_ that they were deprived of their senses, | | some with such _a violent cough_ that they _expectorated blood_ | | incessantly—some with such a very rapid flux, that it broke their | | hearts: the bodies of some putrefied, and were so offensive that | | no one could remain near them. And by reason of such extraordinary | | diseases, it was a most sorrowful and troublous year, and there | | followed a hard winter, in the which, the cold lasted for three | | months. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 402. b. Compare _Angelus_, p. | | 263, who, following some contemporaries, mentions a comet (doubted | | by _Pingré_, I. 479) as having appeared in the year 1504. | | | | [443] From a Poem on Henry VIII. in _Herbert of Cherbury_. | | | | [444] They found grazing more profitable, and converted large | | tracts of arable land into pasture. _Hume_, T. IV. p. 277. | | | | [445] _Lemnius_, fol. III. b. | | | | [446] _Grafton_, p. 294. This insurrection is called by the | | Chroniclers, “Insurrection of Evill May-day.”—_Hume_, T. IV. 274. | | | | [447] “Of the common sort they were numberless, that perished by | | it.” _Godwyn_, p. 23. | | | | [448] Is valde sibi videbatur adversus contagionem victus | | moderatione munitus: qua factum putavit, ut quum in nullum pene | | incideret, cujus non tota familia laboraverat, neminem adhuc e suis | | id malum attigerit, _id quod et mihi et multis præterea jactavit, | | non admodum multis horis antequam extinctus est_.“-_Erasm._ Epist. | | L. VII. ep. 4. col. 386. The date of the year of this letter from | | Sir _Thomas More_ to _Erasmus_, 1520, is clearly erroneous, as | | is that of many other letters in this collection, for at that | | time the Sweating Sickness did not prevail in London; it is | | also sufficiently well known from other researches (Biographie | | Universelle—General Biographical Dictionary), that Ammonius died | | in 1517. The date of the month, however, 19th August, seems to be | | correct. _Sprengel_ has, in consequence of this false date of the | | year, been misled to assume a specific epidemic Sweating Sickness | | as having taken place in the year 1520, (Book II. p. 686,) which is | | wholly unconfirmed. | | | | [449] _Grafton_, p. 294, is very detailed. Compare _Holinshed_, p. | | 626. _Baker_, p. 286. _Hall_, p. 592. | | | | [450] _Godwyn_, p. 23. _Stow_, p. 849. | | | | [451] This, from the foregoing remark upon the death of _Ammonius_, | | may be concluded with the greatest probability. | | | | [452] —“omnibus fere intra paucos dies decumbentibus, amissis | | plurimis, optimis atque honestissimis amicis.” _Th. More_ in | | _Erasmus’s Epist._ L. VII. ep. 4. col. 386. | | | | [453] Ibid. The only place where the disease is spoken of as having | | spread across the channel. | | | | [454] _Spangenberg._ M. Chr. fol. 408. a. | | | | [455] _Crusius._ T. II. p. 187. | | | | [456] _Wintzenberger_, fol. 21. a. _Angelus_, p. 282. | | _Spangenberg_, loc. cit. _Pingré_, T. I. p. 483. | | | | [457] Such was the name given in Germany to the already | | oft-mentioned pernicious fever with inflammation of the brain. We | | recognise it for the first time, as an epidemic, in France, in the | | year 1482. (See above, p. 189.) It frequently made its appearance | | throughout the whole of the sixteenth century. | | | | [458] _Crusius_, T. II. p. 187. | | | | [459] On the 16th of June, 1517, there was a great earthquake, and | | a tremendous storm of wind at Nördlingen, so that the parish church | | at St. Emeran was completely forced out of the ground and thrown | | down, and it was reckoned that there were 2000 houses and stables | | in that place which, for a space of two miles long, were overthrown | | and rent, and there were few houses there which were not, like the | | church, damaged and shaken to pieces. _Wintzenberger_, fol. 21. b. | | | | [460] In Xativa. _Villalba_, T. I. p. 83. | | | | [461] “_Il est saoul comme un Angloys._”—_Rondelet_, de dign. morb. | | fol. 35. b. | | | | [462] _Elyot_, in his “Castell of Health,” quoted by _Aikin_, p. | | 64. _Rondelet_, loc. cit. | | | | [463] In 1724, which was a great fruit year, there arose in this | | very county, from the immoderate use of cyder, an epidemic cholic; | | the Colica Damnoniorum. Vide _Huxham_, Opera. (Lips. 1764.) Tom. | | III. p. 54. | | | | [464] _Elyot_, in _Aikin_, p. 63. | | | | [465] _Le Grand d’Aussy_, T. I. p. 143. | | | | [466] _Hume_, T. IV. p. 273. _Aikin_, p. 59. | | | | [467] “Now-a-days, if a boy of seven years of age, or a young man | | of twenty years, have not two caps on his head, he and his friends | | will think that he may not continue in health; and yet, if the | | inner cap be not of velvet or satin, a serving-man feareth to lose | | his credence.” _Elyot_, in _Aikin_, p. 64. | | | | [468] ——“ubi homines perpetuo in hypocaustis degunt, multoque | | carnium esu se ingurgitant, et alimentis piperatis continuo | | utuntur. Quare factum est, ut continua hypocaustorum æstuatione | | meatuum cutis relaxatio consequeretur, quæ sudoris promptissima | | et potentissima causa esse solet, _cuius materia in humorum | | exsuperantia consistebat, quam frequens alimentorum multum | | nutrientium et piperatorum usus colligerat_.” _Rondelet_, loc. cit. | | | | [469] The floors of the houses generally are made of nothing but | | loam, and are strewed with rushes, which being constantly put on | | fresh, without a removal of the old, remain lying there, in some | | cases for twenty years, with fish-bones, broken victuals and other | | filth underneath, and impregnated with the urine of dogs and men. | | _Erasm._ Epist. L. xxii. ep. 12. col. 1140. This description is in | | all probability overdrawn, and applicable only to the poorest huts. | | It is, however, certainly not fictitious, and is not refuted by | | _Kaye_. | | | | [470] _Fracastoro_, _Fernel_, _Valleriola_, _Houlier_, and most of | | the other learned physicians of the sixteenth century. | | | | [471] ——“_quod, vulgaria diversoria parum tuta sunt a contagio | | sceleratæ pestis_, quæ nuper ab Anglis—in nostras regiones | | demigravit,” speaking of the English Sweating Sickness in Germany | | (1529). _Erasm._ Epist. L. xxvii. ep. 16. col. 1519. c. | | | | [472] _Brown’s_ “Opportunity.” | | | | [473] _Erasm._ Epist. L. vii. ep. 4. col. 386. | | | | [474] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 853. _Paré_, p. 823. _Holler_, Comm. II. | | in secund. sect. Coac. Hippocrat. p. 323. | | | | [475] “Un étrange rhûme qu’on nomma coqueluche, lequel tourmenta | | toute sorte de personnes, et leur rendit la voix si enrouée, que | | le barreau et les collèges en furent muets.”—_Mezeray._ Compare | | _Diderot_ et _d’Alembert_, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné | | des Sciences, etc. T. IV. p. 182. | | | | [476] _Pasquier_, Livr. IV. Ch. 28, pp. 375, 376. The following is | | the passage. “En l’an 1411, y eut une autre sorte de maladie, dont | | _une infinité de personnes_ furent touchez, par laquelle on perdoit | | le boire, le manger et le dormir, et toutefois et quantes que le | | malade mangeoit, il auoit une forte fievre; ce qu’il mangeoit luy | | sembloit amer ou puant, tousiours trembloit, et auec ce estoit si | | las et rompu de ses membres, que l’on ne l’osoit toucher en quelque | | part que ce fust: Aussi estoit ce mal accompagné _d’une forte | | toux_, qui tourmentoit son homme iour et nuit, laquelle maladie | | dura trois semaines entieres, _sans qu’une personne en mourust_. | | Bien est vray que par la vehemence de la toux plusieurs hommes se | | rompirent par les genitoires, et plusieurs femmes accoucherent | | avant le terme. Et quand venoit au guerir, ils iettoient grande | | effusion de sang par la bouche, le nez et le fondement, _sans | | qu’aucun médecin peust iuger dont procedoit ce mal, sinon d’une | | generale contagion de l’air, dont la cause leur estoit cachée_. | | Cette maladie fut appellée le _Tac_: et tel autrefois a souhaité | | par risée ou imprecation le mal du Tac à son compagnon, qui ne | | sçavoit pas que c’estoit.—L’an 1427, vers la S. Remy (1. Oct.) | | cheut un autre _air corrompu_ qui engendra une très mauvaise | | maladie, que l’on appelloit _Ladendo_ (dit un auteur de ce temps | | là) e n’y auoit homme ou femme, qui presque ne s’en sentist durant | | le temps qu’elle dura. _Elle commençoit aux reins, comme si on eust | | eu une forte gravelle_, en après venoient les frissons, et estoit | | en bien huict ou dix iours qu’on ne pouvoit bonnement boire, ne | | manger, ne dormir. Après ce venoit une toux si mauvaise, que quand | | on estoit au Sermon, on ne pouvoit entendre ce que le Sermonateur | | disoit par la grande noise des tousseurs. Item elle eust une très | | forte durée jusques après la Toussaincts (1. Nov.) bien quinze | | iours ou plus. Et n’eussiez gueres veu homme ou femme qui n’eust la | | bouche ou le nez tout esseué de grosse rongne, et s’entre-mocquoit | | le peuple l’un de l’autre, disant: As tu point eu Ladendo?” | | | | [477] _Reusner_, p. 75. | | | | [478] _Valleriola_, Loc. med. Comm. Append. p. 45. _Schenck a | | Grafenberg_, Lib. VI. p. 552. Compare _Short_, T. I. p. 221. | | | | [479] _Reusner_, p. 72. Some of the synonymes here adduced will | | shew the medical views of the period respecting these diseases: | | Catarrhus febrilis. Febris catarrhosa. Ardores suffocantes. | | Febris suffocativa. Catarrhus epidemicus. Tussis popularis. | | _Cephalæa catarrhosa._ Cephalalgia contagiosa. _Gravedo anhelosa_, | | _Fernel_. Der böhmische Ziep (the Bohemian pip). Der Schafhusten | | (the sheep-cough). Die Schafkrankheit (the sheep disease). | | Die Lungensucht (phthisis). Das Hühnerweh (the poultry cough, | | or chicken contracted to chin-cough), and many others. In the | | influenza of 1580, violent perspiration was occasionally observed, | | so that some physicians thought that the English sweating sickness | | was about to return, just as in the Gröninger intermittent (1826), | | and in the cholera of 1831, without any knowledge on the subject, | | they talked of the Black Death.—_Schneider_, L. IV. c. 6. p. 203. | | | | [480] That the physicians of the sixteenth century were familiar | | with this observation, is proved by the following quotation from | | _Houlier_. “Nulla fere corporis humani ægritudo est, quæ non | | defluxione humoris alicuius e capite aut excitari aut incrementum | | accipere possit.” Morb. int. L. I. fol. 68. b. | | | | [481] _Hvitfeldt_, Danmarks Riges Kronike. | | | | [482] _Forest_, Lib. VI. Obs. IX. p. 159. | | | | [483] _Webster_, vol. I. p. 157. 165. _Villalba_, T. I. p. 102. | | 117., and _Schnurrer_. | | | | [484] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 408. b. | | | | [485] _Tyengius_, in _Forest_: Lib. VI. Obs. II. Schol. p. 152. | | | | [486] _Forest_ availed himself of the unprinted and probably lost | | works of this distinguished physician, of whom, but for him, we | | should have known nothing. | | | | [487] The moderns, who prefer powerful remedies, employ for this | | purpose, without any better effect, the lunar caustic. | | | | [488] _Wurstisen_, p. 707. In this seventeenth year there arose an | | unknown epidemic. The patients’ tongues and gullets were white, | | as if coated with mould; they could neither eat nor drink, but | | suffered from headache together with a pestilential fever which | | rendered them delirious. By this disease 2000 persons perished in | | Basle within the space of eight months. Besides other means, it was | | found very efficacious to cleanse the mouth and gullet every two | | hours, even to the extent of making the surface bleed, and then to | | soften them with honey of roses. | | | | [489] _Bretonneau’s_ Diphtheritis. Compare _Naumann’s_ treatise on | | the subject in the author’s Wissenschaftlichen Annalen der ges. | | Heilkunde, Vol. XXV. II. 3. p. 271. | | | | [490] _Forest._ Lib. VI. obs. ix. p. 159. | | | | [491] _Petr. Martyr._ Dec. IV. cap. 10. p. 321. Compare _Moore_, p. | | 106. | | | | [492] 24th of Feb. 1525. | | | | [493] _Lautrec._ | | | | [494] At first under _Hugo de Moncada_; afterwards under the Prince | | of _Orange_. | | | | [495] 1495, the year of the epidemic Lues. | | | | [496] Among them some regiments of Swiss. | | | | [497] Two hundred knights under Sir _Robert Jerningham_, and | | afterwards under _Carew_: both died of the Camp Fever. _Herbert of | | Cherbury_, p. 212. seq. | | | | [498] The 6th of May, 1527. | | | | [499] _Jovius_, L. XXVI. Tom. II. p. 129. | | | | [500] Ibid. p. 114. | | | | [501] According to _Mezeray_, the pestilence was at its height at | | the end of July. This is in accordance with _Jovius_, who fixes the | | termination of the great mortality, with rather too much precision | | perhaps, on the 7th of August. | | | | [502] With reference to this seemingly inflammatory state of | | excitement, it is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that the commander | | in chief himself is stated to have been twice bled. _Jovius_, loc. | | cit. p. 125. | | | | [503] _Jovius_, loc. cit. p. 116–118. | | | | [504] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 963. | | | | [505] _Fracastor._ Morb. Contag. L. II. c. 6. p. 155, 156. | | | | [506] It broke out in the beginning of February, and prevailed | | throughout the following month. _Campo_, p. 151. | | | | [507] _Guicciardini_, p. 1054. | | | | [508] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 957. | | | | [509] _Guicciardini_, p. 1276. | | | | [510] Ibid. p. 1315. | | | | [511] See above, p. 201. | | | | [512] It was also observed, as is well known, in the summer of | | 1831, before the breaking out of the cholera. | | | | [513] _Gratiol._ p. 129, 130. | | | | [514] See above, p. 204. | | | | [515] _Jovius_, loc. cit. p. 115. | | | | [516] _Mezeray_, p. 963. | | | | [517] The Spanish name for the lues venerea, which it obtained in | | consequence of the prevailing eruptions. It corresponds with the | | French “la vérole,” and with the German “französische Pocken.” We | | must not, therefore, think that it means “buboes.” _Sandoval_, Part | | II. pp. 12. 14. Compare _Astruc_, T. I. p. 4. | | | | [518] In the Madrid edition of the same work, 1675. fol. L. XVII. | | p. 232. b. | | | | [519] “Auster namque ventus per eos dies perflare et mortiferum | | crassioris nebulæ vaporem ex palustri ortum uligine, per castra | | dissipare et circumferre ita cœperat, ut _aliis ex causis conceptæ | | febres_ in contagiosum morbum verterentur.” _Jovius_, L. XXVI. p. | | 127. | | | | [520] In Torgau where, in 1813 and 1814, 30,000 Frenchmen found | | their graves, there prevailed two diseases, typhus and diarrhœa, | | altogether distinct from one another. See _Richter_. | | | | [521] _Schwelin_, p. 143. | | | | [522] See page 189. | | | | [523] Trousser, in an obsolete sense, signifies to cause speedy | | death. | | | | [524] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 965, where the best notices of it are to | | be found. | | | | [525] His account applies to the town of Puy in the Auvergne, where | | he seems himself to have seen the disease. Livr. XXII. c. 5. p. 823. | | | | [526] _Forest._ L. VI. obs. 7. p. 156. _Sander_ writes from | | numerous observations which he made in and about Cambray. | | | | [527] _Sauvages_, T. I. p. 487, hence calls the Trousse-galant | | “Cephalitis verminosa,” although neither inflammation of the brain | | nor worms existed in all cases, and takes his description from | | _Sander_, as again _Ozanam_ has taken it from _Sauvages_, T. III. | | p. 27. | | | | [528] _Forest._ p. 157. Schol. | | | | [529] _Paré_, loc. cit. | | | | [530] So small-pox and measles, it is well known, are the | | forerunners of plague. | | | | [531] _Fabian_, p. 699. | | | | [532] _Sir William Compton_, and _William Carew_, besides many | | other distinguished persons who are not named. | | | | [533] _Grafton_, p. 412, the principal passage. Compare | | _Holinshed_, p. 735. _Baker_, p. 293. _Hall_, p. 750. _Herbert of | | Cherbury_, p. 215. | | | | [534] During _Henry_ the Eighth’s reign (1509 to 1547), 72,000 | | malefactors were, according to Harrison, executed for theft and | | robbery, making nearly 2000 for each year. _Hume_, T. IV. p. 275. | | | | [535] _Stow_, p. 885. | | | | [536] _Fabian_, loc. cit. | | | | [537] ——“it seeming to be but the same contagion of the aire, | | varied according to the clime.” _Herbert of Cherbury_, loc. cit. | | | | [538] _Stow_, loc. cit. | | | | [539] _Campo_, pp. 150, 151. | | | | [540] _Grafton_, p. 431. _Wagenaar_, Vol. II. p. 516. | | | | [541] _Haftitz_, p. 130. | | | | [542] Annales Berolino-Marchici, (no numbers to the pages.) | | | | [543] _Magnus Hundt_, fol. 4. b., and many others. | | | | [544] _Bonn_, p. 143. A girl in Lübeck died of fright at this | | meteor. | | | | [545] _Haftitz._ p. 131. _Angelus_, p. 317. | | | | [546] It must not be thought that the author, because he has | | brought forward these notices, has any pre-formed opinions whatever | | respecting the import of these heavenly bodies. The historian | | cannot pass over contemporaneous occurrences, whatever may be the | | conclusion which the limited extent of our knowledge enables us to | | draw from them. | | | | [547] _Pingré_, T. I. p. 485. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 410. a. | | | | [548] _Pingré_, p. 486. _Angelus_, p. 318. _Crusius_, Vol. II. p. | | 223. | | | | [549] _Pingré_, p. 487. _Campo_, p. 154. _Angelus_, p. 320, and | | numerous other accounts. It performs its revolution in 76 years, | | and was observed in 1456, 1531, 1607, 1682, and 1759. | | | | [550] _Pingré_, p. 491. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 433. b. | | | | [551] _Pingré_, p. 496. _Angelus_, p. 322. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. | | fol. 435. a. | | | | [552] Erfurt Chronicle. _Spangenberg_, who has availed himself | | frequently of this chronicle, makes use of the same words, M. Chr. | | fol. 431. b. | | | | [553] They called the sour wine of this year den | | _Wiedertäufer-Wein_; the Anabaptist wine. _Schwelin_, p. 144. | | | | [554] _Crusius_, Vol. II. p. 323. St. Vitus’s day is on the 15th | | of June. On the river Neckar, at Heidelberg, they took out a child | | which had floated down the stream in its cradle unharmed for a | | distance of six (German) miles. _Franck_, fol. 252. b. | | | | [555] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 432. a. | | | | [556] _Klemzen_, p. 254. | | | | [557] _Schwelin_, p. 144. _Newenar_, fol. 69. a. “fecit tamen | | huius anni, ac fortasse etiam præcedentium intemperies, fluminum | | exundationes, frigora cum humiditate perpetuo coniuncta, _ut jam in | | Germania Britannicus quidam aër suscitatus videri possit_.” Similar | | accounts are met with in almost all the chronicles. | | | | [558] _Leuthinger_, p. 90. see “Scriptorum,” etc. | | | | [559] Compare _Autenrieth’s_ excellent work on this subject. | | | | [560] _Schiller_, sect. I. cap. 2. fol. 3. b. | | | | [561] _Franck_, fol. 243. b. | | | | [562] Basle among others was particularly distinguished. | | _Stettler_, part II. p. 34. | | | | [563] _Spangenberg_, loc. cit. | | | | [564] _Leuthinger_, p. 89. | | | | [565] From Whitsuntide till towards St. James’s day, the 25th of | | July. _Klemzen_, p. 254. | | | | [566] Two masters of vessels, who had quitted the helm from a | | sudden attack of this kind, were in danger of grounding upon the | | Mole. Their situation was, however, noticed, and they were saved. | | _Klemzen._ | | | | [567] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 432. a. | | | | [568] Ibid. fol. 433. a. 435. b. _Schwelin_, pp. 149, 150. | | | | [569] A Chronicler of the Marches even assures us that it lasted | | until 1546. Annales Berol. Marchic: but the other contemporary | | writers contradict this. | | | | [570] _Spangenberg_, fol. 432. a. | | | | [571] _Newenar_ indeed maintains that the Sweating Fever used to | | break out in England every year, fol. 68. b., but such general and | | unsupported assertions coming from foreigners (the Graf _Hermann | | von Newenar_ was provost of Cologne) are wholly unworthy of | | credence. | | | | [572] About the 25th of July. | | | | [573] From St. James’s day, the 25th of July, until the Assumption | | of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the 15th of August. _Staphorst._ | | | | [574] It appears, for instance, somewhere in the second volume of | | _Leibnitz_, Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium, that 8000 people had | | died of the Sweating Fever in Hamburgh. An unknown Chronicler in | | _Staphorst_, Part II vol. I. p. 85, states 2000. | | | | [575] “Moreover in the year 1529, about St. James’s day, Almighty | | God sent a terrible disease upon the city of Hamburgh; it was the | | Sweating Sickness, which showed itself in a different manner, and | | began when Captain _Hermann Evers_ came from England on St. James’s | | day with many young companions, of whom, in the course of two days, | | twelve died of this disease, which was unknown as well in Hamburgh | | as in other countries, so that the oldest person did not recollect | | to have seen a similar disease.” An unknown eye-witness, quoted | | in _Staphorst_, Part II. Vol. I. p. 83. Another person expresses | | himself to the same effect, p. 85. “The disease had its origin in | | England, for the people were there attacked in the street when they | | came on shore, and those who came in contact with them, many of | | whom were of the lower class, took it.” Notices of uncertain date | | to be found in _Adelung_, at p. 77. _Steltzner_, Part II. p. 219. | | In the abbrev. Hamb. Chron. p. 45, and elsewhere. | | | | [576] “As soon as the ship arrived in Hamburgh people began to die | | throughout the city, and in the morning it was rumoured that four | | persons had died of it.” From _Reimar Koch’s_ MS. Chron. of Lübeck. | | For the extract from it the author is indebted to the kindness of | | Professor _Ackermann_ of Lübeck. | | | | [577] _Klemzen_, p. 254. It was thought that the waters of the | | Baltic were poisoned. | | | | [578] _Reimar Kock’s_ Chronicle of Lübeck. | | | | [579] “In the year 1529, this violent disease passed in a very | | short time all over Germany, and in Lübeck many of its most | | distinguished citizens died on the vigil of St. Peter in Vinculis.” | | _Regkman_, p. 135. Compare _Kirchring_, p. 143. _Bonn_, p. 144. | | | | [580] _Reimar Kock._ | | | | [581] _Schmidt_, p. 307. | | | | [582] See above, p. 243; and _Klemzen_, p. 254. | | | | [583] _Euric. Cordus._ | | | | [584] _Gruner_, It. p. 23. | | | | [585] Namely, on the Tuesday after the Beheading of John the | | Baptist (29th Aug.), which fell on a Sunday, for S. Ægidius was | | on the Wednesday. The dates are given throughout according to | | _Pilgrim’s_ Calendarium chronologicum. | | | | [586] _Klemzen_, p. 255. | | | | [587] _Curicke_, p. 271. | | | | [588] Kronica der Preussen, fol. 191. b. | | | | [589] _Stettler_, II. p. 33. | | | | [590] In _Gratorol._ fol. 74. b. | | | | [591] _Gruner_, It. p. 25, according to MS. Chronicles. | | | | [592] _Franck_, fol. 253. a. | | | | [593] By _Joseph Franck_, in the latest edition of his Praxeos | | Medicæ Universæ Præcepta. Compare _Gruner_, It. p. 28. | | | | [594] _Klemzen_, p. 254. | | | | [595] This appears from a letter of _Euricius Cordus_ to the | | Hessian private secretary, _Joh. Rau von Nordeck_, at the end of | | the 2d edition of his _Regimen_. | | | | [596] _Magnus Hundt_ closed his on the 7th October. | | | | [597] _Bayer von Elbogen_, cap. 7. | | | | [598] It was called there the _Ingelsche Sweetsieckte_, or the | | Sweating Sickness. | | | | [599] _Forest._ L. VI. Obs. VII. Schol. p. 157. Obs. VIII. c. | | Schol. p. 158. _Wagenaar_, T. II. p. 508. | | | | [600] _Pontan._ p. 762. _Haraeus_, T. I. p. 581. Antwerpsch | | Chronykje, p. 31. _Ditmar_, p. 473. | | | | [601] “Laquelle (sa suette) s’estendit par le pays d’Oostlande, de | | Hollande, Zeelande, et autres des pays bas, on en étoit endedens | | vingt et quatre heures mort ou guarry, elle ne dura in Zeelande | | pour le plus que 15 jours, dont plusieurs en moururent.” _Le | | Petit_, T. I. Livr. VII. p. 81. | | | | [602] _Forest_, loc. cit. | | | | [603] _Erasm._ Epist. Lib. XXVI. ep. 58. col. 1477. b. At _Zerbst_ | | the Sweating Fever lasted, in like manner, only five days. | | _Gruner_, It. p. 29. | | | | [604] It was called there “den engelske Sved.” | | | | [605] _Frederick I._ Histor. p. 181. The same words in _Huitfeld_, | | T. II. p. 1315. | | | | [606] _Boesens_ Beskrivelse over Helsingöer. For this statement the | | author has to thank Dr. _Mansa_, regimental physician at Copenhagen. | | | | [607] Dr. _Baden_, D. C. L., took much pains, at the request of | | _Gruner_, in making researches, but has elicited nothing more than | | _Huitfeld_ has given. A copy of his Latin letter to _Gruner_ on | | this subject, has likewise reached the author through Dr. _Mansa_. | | | | [608] _Dalin_, D. III. p. 221. _Engelske Svetten._ In _Tegel’s_ | | History of king Gustavus I. Part I. p. 267, general notices only | | are to be found respecting the English Sweating Sickness in | | Sweden, without any exact date (autumn of 1529) or description | | of the disease, such as are met with without number in the | | German Chronicles. _Sven Hedin_ clearly estimates the mortality | | in the epidemic sweating fever too highly, when he compares | | it, p. 27, with the depopulation caused by the Black Death. He | | gives (p. 47) a striking passage on the Sweating Sickness from | | Linneus’s pathological prælections. The great naturalist has, | | however, allowed free scope to his imagination, and, like all the | | physicians of modern times who have delivered their sentiments on | | the English Sweating Sickness, knows far too little of the facts | | to be able to form a right judgment on the subject. (Supplement | | till Handboken för Praktiska Läkare-vetenskapen, rörande | | epidemiska och smittosamma sjukdomar i allmänhet, och särdeles de | | Pestilentialiska. 1 sta St. Stockholm, 1805. 8vo.) | | | | [609] From _Reimar Kock’s_ MS. Chronicle of Lübeck, and _Forest_, | | loc. cit. Compare _Gruner’s_ Itinerarium, which is prepared | | throughout with laudable and even tedious diligence, but which met | | with so little acknowledgment in the Brunonian age, that it has | | already become a rare work. | | | | [610] “According to which it was given out by some, that a sweat | | must be kept up for twenty-four hours in succession, and in the | | mean time, that no air should be admitted to the patient. This | | treatment sent many to their graves.”—Erfurt Chronicle. | | | | [611] Erfurt Chronicle, and in the same strain _Spangenberg_, | | M. Chr. fol. 402. b. _Pomarius_, p. 617. and _Schmidt_, p. 305. | | _Gemma_ writes of the Netherlands, L. I. c. 8. p. 189, having | | received his account from his father, who was himself the subject | | of the Sweating Sickness: “Consuti (sewn up) et violenter operti | | clamitabant misere, obtestabantur Deum atque hominum fidem, | | sese dimitterent, se _suffocari iniectis molibus, sese vitam in | | summis angustiis exhalare_, sed assistentes has querelas ex rabie | | proficisci, _medicorum opinione persuasi_, urgebant continue usque | | ad 24 horas,” etc. | | | | [612] _Schmidt_, loc. cit. | | | | [613] ——“_Animos omnium terrore perculit adeo ut multis metus et | | imaginatio morbum conciliarit._” _Erasm._ Epist. L. XXVI. ep. 56. | | c. 1476. a. _Spangenberg_, loc. cit. | | | | [614] “Many an one sweats for fear and thinks he has the English | | sweat, and when he afterwards hath slept it off, acknowledges that | | it was all nonsense.” _Bayer v. Elbogen_, cap. 8. | | | | [615] The author could adduce some extraordinary instances of this | | kind which have occurred in his own practice. | | | | [616] It was a greengrocer in Paris. _Berliner Vossische Zeitung_, | | Sept. 2, 1833. | | | | [617] _Carlstadt_, _Nic. Storch_, _Marcus Thomii_, _Marus Stubner_, | | _Marlin Cellarius_ and _Thomas Münzer_. | | | | [618] “For all love hath grown cold in all nations; the axe lieth | | at the root of the tree, the rope is already applied, no one | | observeth it. For the world is stricken with thick blindness, faith | | is extinguished. All singleness and Godly fear hath withdrawn from | | the land for ever, and nothing but false hypocritical make-believe | | work is to be found among the Baptists, and at most a false, | | fictitious, fruitless, dead, tottering faith in the other sects, | | and yet the world thinks, notwithstanding, that she sees and sits | | in light. In short, for the one devil of the Baptists whom she | | has driven out, she is beset with seven more subtle and wickeder | | spirits, though she think that she be freed, and that they all be | | gone forth.” _Franck_, fol. 248, a. This same Chronicle contains a | | very lively description of the Peasant-war. | | | | [619] _Ad. Clarenbach_ and _Peter Flistedt_. | | | | [620] _Schmidt_, p. 308. | | | | [621] Nusquam pax, nullum iter tutum est, rerum charitate, penuria, | | fame, pestilenti laboratur ubique, sectis dissecta sunt omnia: ad | | tantam malorum lernam accessit letali sudor, multos intra horas | | octo tolleus e medio, etc. _Erasm._ Epist. L. XXVI. ep. 58. c. | | 1477. b. | | | | [622] _Fuhrmann_, Part II. p. 745. | | | | [623] Chronicon Monasterii Mellicensis. In _Pez_, T. I. col. 285. | | | | [624] The Assembly of the Reformers began there on the 2nd of | | October. | | | | [625] The pamphlet written by _Magnus Hundt_ is ornamented with a | | wood-cut, where, under the throne of God, and seated on lions who | | are spitting forth fire, a great host of angels, armed with swords, | | are hovering round men, whom they treat worse than Herod’s soldiers | | treated the children of Bethlehem. | | | | [626] _Reimar Kock’s_ Chronicle of Lübeck. | | | | [627] _Kersenbroick_ in Sprengel, II. p. 687. Compare _Sleidan_, L. | | VI. Tom. I. p. 380, who plainly and simply states the fact. | | | | [628] Culpam eius rei plerique conferebant in theologos | | concionatores, qui suppliciis impiorum placandam esse clamabant | | iram Dei, novo morbi genere nos verberantis. _Sleidan_, loc. cit. | | p. 380. | | | | [629] _Haftitz_, p. 131. _Angelus_, p. 319. _Cramer_, Book III. p. | | 76, and many others. | | | | [630] “Verum quamplurimi, tam nobiles quam populares viri ac | | mulieres, hoc morbo misere suffocati sunt, _ob libellos erroneos_, | | ab indoctissimis hominibus in vulgus emissos, qui in eiusmodi lue | | curanda peritiam et experientiam jactabant, multosque in Angliâ | | aliisque regionibus sese curasse dicebant, cum omnia falsa essent. | | Tales inquam minima pietate fulti erga ægrotos, _illorum loculos | | tantum expilabant_, ac in sui commodum convertebant, nullam de | | aliorum damnis nec morte ipsa curam gerentes, sed quæ sua sunt | | tantum curantes, nulla arte instructi miseros ægros, passim sua | | ignorantia trucidabant.” _Forest._ L. VI. obs. 8. p. 158. a. | | | | [631] “Ditissimi negociatores, lectis adfixi medicos ad se | | vocabant, montes auri promittentes, si curarentur.” _Ditmar_, p. | | 473. | | | | [632] “Nam occlusis rimis omnibus, et excitato igne copioso, | | opertisque stragulis, quo magis tutiusque suderent, æstu præfocati | | sunt.” _Forest._ loc. cit. p. 157. b. | | | | [633] _Wild_, in _Baldinger_, p. 278. | | | | [634] The printer _Frantz_. _Schmidt_, p. 307. | | | | [635] _Stelzner_, Part II. p. 219. | | | | [636] This appears from the Wittenberg regimen. | | | | [637] _Reimar Kock’s_ Chronicle of Lübeck. | | | | [638] _Klemzen_, p. 255. | | | | [639] In _Gratoroli_: _Petrus_, proto medicus, fol. 90. | | | | [640] See his pamphlet. | | | | [641] I here give the whole pamphlet, which only occupies five | | pages. It is entitled, “The Remedy, Advice, Succour and Consolation | | against the dreadful, and as yet by us Germans unheard-of, speedy, | | and mortal Disease, called the English Sweating Sickness, from | | which may Almighty God mercifully protect us.” | | | | “When the disease and sweating sets in, ask what o’clock it is, and | | note it. “If any one be afflicted with this pestilence (may God | | protect us from it!) it attacks him either with heat or with cold, | | and he will sweat violently; and this will take place all over his | | body. Some take the disease with sudden eructations, and do not | | sweat; and to those who do not sweat, a flower of mace with warm | | beer is given, and then they sweat. | | | | “But if the pestilence and disease, from which may God preserve | | us! attack any one after he has lain down in bed, he must be left | | there; but if he has a feather bed, though a thin one, over him, | | cut it open and take the feathers out, that it may consist only of | | the ticking or covering. If it be too thin, add a cool coverlet, | | and let the patient lie under that, covered up to the neck, and | | take care that the air do not touch or strike upon his breast, or | | under his arms, and the soles of his feet, and let him not toss | | about. | | | | “Item. Two men should attend the patient, to prevent him from | | uncovering himself, and from going to sleep. | | | | “Item. The same two men must watch the patient, and guard him | | against sleeping: if they neglect this, and do not so prevent him, | | and the patient sleep, he will lose his senses, and go raving mad. | | | | “In order, however, that he may be prevented from sleeping, take a | | little rosewater, and by means of a sponge or clean napkin, bathe | | his temples with it between the eyes and the ears, and by means of | | a sponge or napkin, apply pungent wine or beer vinegar to his nose, | | and talk constantly to him so that he fall not asleep. | | | | “If he would drink, give him a thin beverage, which should be a | | little warm; and he ought not to be given more than two spoonfuls | | at a time. | | | | “Item. On the patient’s head should be placed a linen night-cap, | | and a woollen one over it. | | | | “Item. A warm towel should be taken, and with it the sweat wiped | | from the face. | | | | “Item. Whoever is attacked in the day-time must be put to bed: if | | it be a man, in his stockings and breeches; if a woman, in her | | clothes; and let them be covered over with not more than two thin | | coverings; and, above all things, no feather bed; and then treat | | them as above written. | | | | “Item. The disease attacks most people from great dread and from | | irregular living, from which a man should guard himself with great | | pains. | | | | “Once for all, the patient must not have his own way; what he would | | have you do for him, that must not be done. | | | | “Item. With respect to those whom it attacks in the night, and who | | lie naked, if they will not lie still, let them be sewn up in the | | sheets, and let the sheets be sewn to the bed, so that no air can | | come from beneath; and then cover them as before. | | | | “Summa. Whoever can thus endure for twenty-four hours, by the | | blessing of God, will be cured of the sickness, and get well. | | | | “If a man has held out for twenty-four hours, let him be taken | | up, and wrapped in a warm sheet lest he become cold, and throw | | something over his feet, and bring him to the fire; and above all | | things, let him not go into the air for four days, and let him | | avoid much and cold drink. | | | | “If he would sleep, provided twenty-four hours have been passed, | | let him sleep freely; and may God preserve him! | | | | “The Lord is Almighty over us! Amen.” | | | | The place of publication is wanting. It was, probably, either | | Leipzig or Wittenberg. | | | | [642] _Magnus Hundt_, fol. 27. a. “Nullis vero aliis medicamentis | | utuntur adversus ipsam, quam expectatione sudoris, nam quibus | | advenit, omnes fere evadunt, quibus autem retinctur, maxima pars | | perit.” _Forest._ loc. cit. p. 159. a. Schol. | | | | [643] Born about 1483; died 1549. | | | | [644] Born 1492; died 1555. | | | | [645] Died 1558. | | | | [646] Died 1545. “Vir gravis; eximia litterarum cognitione, | | singulari judicio, summa experientia, et prudenti consilio Doctor.” | | _Aikin_, p. 47. | | | | [647] In _Henry VIII._ | | | | [648] See their biography, in _Aikin_. | | | | [649] _Thomas Gale’s_ description of this class of medical | | practitioners gives the best notion of their abilities. “I | | remember,” says he, “when I was in the wars at Montreuil, (1544,) | | in the time of that most famous Prince, Henry VIII., there was | | a great rabblement there, that took upon them to be surgeons. | | Some were sow gelders, and some horse gelders, with tinkers and | | cobblers. This noble sect did such great cures, that they got | | themselves a perpetual name; for like as Thessalus’ sect were | | called Thessalions, so was this noble rabblement, for their | | notorious cures, called dog-leaches; for in two dressings they | | did commonly make their cures whole and sound for ever, so that | | they neither felt heat nor cold, nor no manner of pain after. But | | when the Duke of Norfolk, who was then general, understood how | | the people did die, and that of small wounds, he sent for me and | | certain other surgeons, commanding us to make search how these | | men came to their death, whether it were by the grievousness of | | their wounds, or by the lack of knowledge of the surgeons, and we, | | according to our commandment, made search through all the camp, and | | found many of the same good fellows which took upon them the names | | of surgeons, not only the names, but the wages also. We asking of | | them whether they were surgeons or no, they said they were; we | | demanded with whom they were brought up, and they, with shameless | | faces, would answer, either with one cunning man, or another, which | | was dead. Then we demanded of them what chirurgery stuff they had | | to cure men withal; and they would show us a pot or a box, which | | they had in a budget, wherein was such trumpery as they did use | | to grease horses’ heels withal, and laid upon scabbed horses’ | | backs, with verval and such like. And others that were cobblers and | | tinkers, they used shoemakers’ wax, with the rust of old pans, and | | made therewithal a noble salve, as they did term it. But in the | | end this worthy rabblement was committed to the Marshalsea, and | | threatened by the Duke’s Grace to be hanged for their worthy deeds, | | except they would declare the truth, what they were and of what | | occupations, and in the end they did confess, as I have declared to | | you before.” | | | | In another place Gale says, “I have, myself, in the time of King | | Henry VIII., holpe to furnish out of London, in one year, which | | served by sea and land, three score and twelve surgeons, which were | | good workmen, and well able to serve, and all English men. At this | | present day there are not thirty-four, of all the whole company, of | | Englishmen, and yet the most part of them be in noblemen’s service, | | so that if we should have need, I do not know where to find twelve | | sufficient men. What do I say? sufficient men: nay, I would there | | were ten amongst all the company, worthy to be called surgeons.” | | | | [650] _Klemzen_, p. 255. | | | | [651] Part I. cap. 8. | | | | [652] _Gruner_, Script, p. 11. | | | | [653] “Vix malevolorum _cachinnos_ morsusque præteriit.” | | _Schiller_, Epist. nuncupator. the title which _Gruner_, Script. p. | | 12, gives to the original work, still existing in the library at | | Strasburg, and a Latin extract from it. _Gratoroli_, fol. 39. | | | | [654] See the Catalogue in the Appendix, “Ein Regiment,” &c. | | | | [655] Any kind of weak beer with the chill off. Warm beer was | | a beverage in general use in the north of Germany. The beer of | | _Eimbeck_ and _Bernau_ was stronger, and was recommended by medical | | men during the convalescence. | | | | [656] “I had in my house seven lying ill with the same disease, of | | which, thank God, none died.” From the letter of an inhabitant of | | Hamburgh, given in the same pamphlet, “Ein Regiment,” &c. | | | | [657] _Gratorol._ fol. 87. b. | | | | [658] _Gratorol._ fol. 90. | | | | [659] _Stettler_, Part II. p. 33. | | | | [660] _Wagenaar_, op. cit. p. 509. | | | | [661] His proper name was _Henry Spaten_, (German _Spät_, in | | English _late_,) whereof _Cordus_ (the last born or late-born) | | seems to have been a translation. | | | | [662] The second of September. | | | | [663] ℞ Pulveris cardiaci, (very complex, containing precious | | stones and many other ingredients,) Ʒij; Pulveris cornu cervi Ʒj; | | Seminis Santonici, Myrrhæ, aā Ʒſs ♏. ft. Pulv. Sum^t. Ʒj; in warm | | wine-vinegar. | | | | [664] Chronicle, p. 473. | | | | [665] Born 1505; died 1577. | | | | [666] It is the _Electuarium liberans Gasseri_:—℞ Spec. liberant. | | Galen, Spec. de gemm. aā Ʒj, Pulveris Dictamn., Tormentill, | | Serpentinæ, aā ℈iv, Pimpinell. Zedoariæ. aā Ʒſs, Bol. Armen, lot.; | | Terr. sigillat. aā ℈ij Rasur. Cornu cervin. ℈j, Zingiber. Ʒſs, | | Conserv. Rosar, rec. ℥ſs, Theriac. veteris ℥j, Syrup. acetositatis | | citri. q. s. ut ft. electuar. spiss.—Velsch, p. 19.—_Gasser_ states | | in his Augsburg Chronicle, that there were more than 3000 cases of | | the disease there, but that not more than 600 died. See _Mencken_, | | Scriptores rerum Germanicarum. | | | | [667] _Gratorol._ fol. 74. b. | | | | [668] _Gratorol._ fol. 85. Probably this epistle does not differ | | essentially from the Latin work of this author on the sweating | | fever which appeared separately. (De ἱδροπυρετοῦ seu sudatoræ | | febris curatione Liber. Coloniæ, 1529. 4.) | | | | [669] _Gratorol._ fol. 64. | | | | [670] _Gratorol._ fol. 69. b. | | | | [671] Videmus, quam multi de sudore convalescant, fol. 66. a. | | | | [672] This town is called in Flemish Tienen, (Thenæ in Montibus,) | | translated by _Damianus_ Decicopolis. | | | | [673] Fol. 117. a. | | | | [674] Fol. 109. a. | | | | [675] Fol. 116. b. | | | | [676] Fol. 118. a. _Damianus_ wrote his, by no means unimportant, | | treatise, during the prevalence of the epidemic sweating fever in | | Ghent. | | | | [677] He styles himself _Schiller von Herderen_, from an estate in | | the village of that name close to Freiburg. | | | | [678] _Schiller_ says with great naïveté, “that the symptoms of the | | disease are evident, and that those which he has not indicated must | | be imagined.” Sect. II. c. 1. fol. 206. | | | | [679] “Habet inconstantes notas morbus.” _Schiller._ “Diversos | | diversimode adoritur.” _Damian._ fol. 115. b. | | | | [680] See above, the remedium, p. 267, note e. Sudoris absentia | | plurimum nocebat.—_Forest._ p. 158. Schol. | | | | [681] See above, p. 245. _Klemzen_, p. 254. | | | | [682] _Bayer_, cap. 6. _M. Hundt_, fol. 5. a. | | | | [683] _Bayer_, loc. cit. | | | | [684] _Angelus_, p. 319. _Schiller_, _Stettler_, locis cit.: and | | many others. | | | | [685] _Damian._ fol. 115. b. | | | | [686] _Schiller_, loc. cit. | | | | [687] The Regimen of Wittenberg. | | | | [688] _Damian._ fol. 115. b. | | | | [689] _Klemzen_, p. 255. | | | | [690] “Ungues potissimum excruciat, alas ita comprimit, ut etiam | | si velis, non posses attollere.” _Forest._ p. 157. Schol. “In | | extremitatibus puncturis retorquentur dolorosis—extremitates | | obstupefiunt, dolet orificium ventriculi, nervorum contractiones | | nascuntur, plantarum pedumque dolores.”—_Damian._ fol. 116. a. | | | | [691] _Damian._ loc. cit. | | | | [692] _Klemzen_, loc. cit. | | | | [693] “Nec quenquam vidimus ita delirantem restitutum | | incolumitati.”—_Damian._ fol. 116. a. | | | | [694] _Schiller_, _Stettler_. | | | | [695] Somnolentia et _inevitabilis sopor_, _Schiller_; _a deep | | sleep_, in almost all the chroniclers. | | | | [696] _Schiller._ | | | | [697] “Aliis mox tument manus et pedes, aliis facies, quæ et | | in pluribus livet; nonnullis sola labia et superciliorum loca: | | mulieribus etiam inguina inflantur.”—_Damian._ fol. 116. a. | | | | [698] “Maximus denique calor haud procul a corde sentitur, | | qui ad cerebrum devolans delirium adducit, internecionis | | nuncium.”—_Damian._ loc. cit. | | | | [699] _Damian._ loc. cit. | | | | [700] _Schiller_, loc. cit. | | | | [701] “Primo insultu aliis cervices aut scapulas, aliis crus | | aut brachium _occupavit_,” p. 15. _Kaye_ does not state what he | | precisely means by this “occupare.” From an analogous more modern | | observation, it appears, however, that by it are meant tearing | | rheumatic pains. “Add to this, that the patients complained one and | | all, some more some less, of a tearing pain in the neck.” _Sinner_, | | p. 10. | | | | [702] Pulsus concitatior, frequentior. The only remark upon the | | pulse which is to be found in all the writers. _Caius_, p. 16. | | Probably most of the physicians were afraid of contagion, and, on | | this account, omitted to examine the pulse. | | | | [703] Page 252. | | | | [704] Odoris teterrimi. _Tyengius_ in _Forest._, p. 158. | | | | [705] _Newenar_, fol. 72. b. | | | | [706] Page 190. | | | | [707] _Schiller_, _Kaye_, loc. cit. | | | | [708] —— “cum alvi solutione ac lotii haud modica eiectione, in ea | | morbi specie, quæ curatum itura est.” _Damian._ fol. 116. a. | | | | [709] _Rondelet_, de dignosc. morbis, loc. cit. | | | | [710] To avoid exposure to cold, they preferred allowing the | | patient to pass his evacuations in bed. Bed-pans were unknown. | | _Kaye_, p. 110, and most of the other writers. | | | | [711] _Tyengius_ in _Forest._, p. 158. b. “Febrem sudor finiebat, | | _post se relinquens_ in extremitatibus corporis, _pustulas parvas_, | | admodum _exasperantes_ diversas et malignas secundum humorum | | malignitatem.” | | | | [712] When care was not taken that the hands and feet were kept | | under the clothes they died, and _their bodies became as black as a | | coal all over, and were covered with vesicles_, and stunk so, that | | it was necessary to bury them deep in the earth by reason of the | | stench. _Staphorst_, Part II. Vol. I. p. 83. | | | | [713] Spots, (maculæ quas ronchas (?) vocant,) which were on other | | occasions considered as signs of approaching death, or which did | | not come out until death had occurred, broke out, after a return of | | sweating which had been repressed, all over the body of the learned | | _Margaretha Roper_, the eldest daughter of _Thomas More_, who was | | the subject of sweating fever in 1517 or 1528, and recovered. _Th. | | Stapleton_, Vita et obitus Thomæ Mori, c. 6, p. 26. See _Mori_ | | Opera. | | | | [714] And certainly only after very appropriate and careful | | treatment. See the Wittenberg Regimen, _Kaye_, loc. cit. _Schmidt_, | | p. 307, and _Klemzer_, p. 256. | | | | [715] _Newenar_, fol. 72. b. | | | | [716] _Erasm._ Epist. L. XXVI. Ep. 58. p. 1477. b. “Et crebro quos | | reliquit brevi intervallo repetens, nec id semel, sed bis, ter, | | quater, donec in hydropem aut aliud morbi genus versus, tandem | | extinguat miseris excarnificatum modis.” | | | | [717] _Kaye_, p. 110. | | | | [718] Idem. p. 113. | | | | [719] _Staphorst_, Part II. vol. I. p. 83. | | | | [720] “Immunes erant pueri et senes ab hoc malo.” _Ditmar_, | | p. 473. “Pueri infra decem annos rarissime hac febre | | corripiuntur.” _Newenar_, fol. 72. a. “Senibus solis quandoque | | pepercit,—præternavigavit etiam magna ex parte atrabilarios et | | emaciatos corpore, quoniam et horum corpora putris succi expertia | | erant.” _Schiller_, fol. 4. a. | | | | [721] _Schmidt_, p. 307. | | | | [722] As for instance, _Schiller_, to name but one among thousands. | | “Juvit etiam auxitque malum frequens multaque crapula, et in | | potationibus otiosa vita nostra,” fol. 3. b. | | | | [723] Let it be observed _under similar circumstances_. It ought | | not to be affirmed that they are free from rheumatic diseases, but | | only that they are less disposed to be affected by them. | | | | [724] That _a rheumatic state makes the body an isolator_, _A. | | von Humboldt_ discovered as early as 1793, and he found that the | | observation was confirmed by subsequent experiments. “I have | | observed in myself that, when labouring under a severe attack of | | catarrhal fever, I was unable, by the most powerful metals, to | | excite the galvanic flash before my eyes; that I interrupted every | | connecting link between the muscular and nervous apparatus. As | | the rheumatic malady lessens the irritability of organs, so also | | it seems to diminish their conducting power. How is this? As yet | | nothing is known about it. I have every now and then met with | | isolating persons who were in perfect health, but can we not yet, | | amidst such an ocean of uncertainty, discover a condition by which | | we may determine every case?” _Versuche_ in Vol. I. p. 159. _Pfaff_ | | believes that, during the existence of rheumatic diseases, the | | proper electricity of the body sinks down to nothing. See his Essay | | on the peculiar Electricity of the Human Body in _Mechel’s_ Archiv. | | Vol. III. No. 2. p. 161. | | | | [725] The author has at times made extraordinary experiments of | | this kind upon himself. | | | | [726] This phenomenon may justly be compared with the very similar | | but more enduring morbid sequelæ of cholera. Paralysis and a | | repletion of the returning vessels must be regarded in the same | | light in both. | | | | [727] After _Henry_ VIIIth’s death in 1547, _Edward_ VI., who was | | only nine years old, came to the throne. He died in 1553. | | | | [728] _Caius_, p. 2. | | | | [729] Ibid. p. 28. | | | | [730] _Godwyn_, p. 142. _Stow_, p. 1023. | | | | [731] _Caius_, p. 3. | | | | [732] Ibid. p. 7. | | | | [733] “Which miste in the countrie wher it began, was sene flie | | from toune to toune, with suche a stincke in morninges and | | evenings, that men could scarcely abide it.”—_Kaye._ See Appendix, | | also Lat. edit. pp. 28, 29. It is to be remarked here, that in the | | year 1529, _Damianus_ observed in Ghent, that more people sickened | | in the morning at sunrise than at any other time. p. 115. b. | | | | [734] _Hosack_ admits in cases of this kind, a “_fermentative or | | assimilating process_” in the atmosphere. T. I. p. 312. Laws of | | Contagion. _Lucretius_ had already expressed the same thought in | | poetry. L. VI. v. 1118. to 1123. | | | | [735] _Caius_, p. 29. | | | | [736] Ibid. pp. 2–8. | | | | [737] _Holinshed_, p. 1031, and others. | | | | [738] _Stow_, p. 1023. _Baker_, p. 332. | | | | [739] _Godwyn_, p. 142. | | | | [740] Among others, the Duke of _Suffolk_ and his brother. | | _Godwyn_, loc. cit. | | | | [741] “And the same being whote and terrible, inforced the people | | greatly to call upon God and to do many deedes of charity: but _as | | the disease ceased, so the devotion quickly decayed_.” _Grafton_, | | p. 525. | | | | [742] History of Medicine, Vol. II. p. 136. | | | | [743] _Caius_, p. 30, and at other places quoted. “And it so | | folowed the Englishmen, that such marchants of England, as were | | in Flaunders and Spaine, and other countries beyond the sea, were | | visited therewithall, and none other nation infected therewith.” | | _Grafton_, loc. cit. Compare _Baker_, p. 332. _Holinshed_, p. 1031. | | | | [744] _Caius_, p. 48. | | | | [745] See Appendix, “these thre contryes (England, the Netherlands, | | and Germany) whiche destroy more meates and drynckes without | | al order, convenient time, reason, or necessitie then either | | Scotlande, or all other countries under the sunne, to the great | | annoiance of their owne bodies and wittes,” &c. Compare p. 46 of | | the Lat. edit. | | | | [746] _Godwyn_, loc. cit., expressly assures us, that gluttons who | | were taken with the disease when their stomachs were full, fell | | victims to it; and _Kaye_ states, that besides aged persons and | | children, the poor, who from necessity lived frugally, and endured | | hardships, either remained free, or bore the disease more easily, | | p. 51. | | | | [747] See above, pp. 231, 232. | | | | [748] _Caius._ See Appendix. | | | | [749] _Schwelin_, p. 177. | | | | [750] _Spangenberg_, fol. 463. a. | | | | [751] Chron. Chron. p. 401. | | | | [752] Ibid, and _Spangenberg_, loc. cit. | | | | [753] Chron. Chron. loc. cit. | | | | [754] _Spangenberg_, fol. 463. b. | | | | [755] _Angelus_, p. 344. _Spangenberg_, fol. 464. a. Chron. Chron. | | p. 401. | | | | [756] _Spangenberg_, fol. 464. a. | | | | [757] Chron. Chron. p. 402. | | | | [758] _Haftitz_, p. 167. _Angelus_, p. 344. | | | | [759] Chron. Chron. p. 403. _Leuthinger_, p. 248. | | | | [760] _Angelus_, loc. cit. | | | | [761] _Spangenberg_, fol. 465. a. Magdeburg was besieged at this | | time for having refused to accept the “Interim.” | | | | [762] _Wurstisen_, p. 624. _Spangenberg_, fol. 466. a. | | | | [763] In the March of Brandenburg, crosses, as they were called, | | were seen upon clothes in the year 1547 (_Leuthinger_, p. 216); | | red water was seen at Zörbig, in the year 1549, (Ibid. p. 231,) | | and frequently likewise in the year 1551. (Chron. Chron. p. 402.) | | _Agricola_ seems to point to these connected phenomena in the | | passage already quoted; see p. 206, note e. | | | | [764] “Pestis insuper in certis sæviebat Germaniæ provinciis | | (1533,) præsertim Nurenbergæ et Babenbergæ, et villis oppidisque | | per girum. Et est stupenda res, quod hæc plaga nunquam totaliter | | cessat, sed omni anno regnat, jam hic, nunc alibi, de loco | | in locum, de provincia in provinciam migrando, et si recedit | | aliquamdiu, tamen post paucos annos et circuitum revertitur, | | et juventutem interim natam in ipso flore pro parte majore | | amputat.”—_Jo. Lange_, Chron. Nuremburgens. eccles., in _Mencken_, | | T. II. col. 88. | | | | [765] _Spangenberg_, fol. 369. b. | | | | [766] _Fernel_, de abditis rerum causis, L. II. p. 107. | | | | [767] See _Fernel_. _Wurstisen_, (p. 613,) however, states that the | | preceding winter had been very warm. Thus Aph. 12. sect. III. would | | hold good. | | | | [768] _Wurstisen_, loc. cit. | | | | [769] L’année des vins rostis, of the French. _Stettler_, p. 119. | | | | [770] _Spangenberg_, fol. 439. a. Chron. Chron. p. 375. | | | | [771] _Kircher_, p. 147. | | | | [772] _Spangenberg_, fol. 439. b. | | | | [773] _Villalba_, T. I. p. 93. They committed great ravages in | | Spain. | | | | [774] See Appendix, and p. 25. of the Latin edition.—Compare | | _Haftitz_, p. 149, and others. | | | | [775] _Spangenberg_, fol. 439. b. | | | | [776] _Jordan_, Tr. I. c. 19. p. 220. | | | | [777] _Spangenberg_, fol. 440. b. | | | | [778] _Villaba_, T. I. p. 94. The author has not been able to | | obtain the work of Sixtus Kepser, an observer of this disease. | | (Consultatio saluberrima de causis et remediis epidemiæ sive | | pestiferi morbi Bambergensium civitatem tum infestantis.) Bambergæ, | | 1544. 4to. | | | | [779] See p. 236. | | | | [780] _Mezeray_, p. 1036. | | | | [781] See p. 236. | | | | [782] _Thuan._ L. IV. p. 73. | | | | [783] _Spangenberg_, fol. 458. a. b. 459. a. | | | | [784] _Leuthinger_, p. 241. | | | | [785] _Spangenberg_, fol. 460. a. | | | | [786] _Crusius_, p. 280. | | | | [787] _Villalba_, T. I. p. 95. | | | | [788] See above, p. 221. | | | | [789] _Wurstisen_, (1552, pestilential epidemic in Basle,) | | p. 627.—_Spangenberg_, fol. 467. b., 468. a. (Pestilence and | | Phrenitis.) | | | | [790] _Aikin_, p. 103, et seq. | | | | [791] See Appendix. | | | | [792] 1556.—This edition is very rare, and is probably not to be | | found in Germany. The edition brought out by the author, (1833,) is | | taken from a very good London reprint of 1721. | | | | [793] In the German, sometimes called “eines Tags pestilentziches | | Fieber.” | | | | [794] P. 15. Lat. edit.—II. ἑλώδης τυφώδης, ἱδρώδης. | | | | [795] Ibid. p. 17. seq. | | | | [796] Ibid. p. 49. | | | | [797] P. 31. Lat. edit. | | | | [798] See above, p. 272. | | | | [799] P. 43. Lat. edit. | | | | [800] P. 44. Lat. edit. See above, p. 214. | | | | [801] Ibid. p. 74. | | | | [802] P. 94. Lat. edit. | | | | [803] Practica, fol. 43. a. 263. a. | | | | [804] _Fallop._ de compos. medic. cap. 41. p. 208. | | | | [805] P. 102. Lat. edit. | | | | [806] P. 106, 7. Ibid. | | | | [807] Shortly before his death he resigned the Mastership, but | | continued to reside in the College as a fellow-commoner. See | | _Aikin_, p. 109.—_Transl. note._ | | | | [808] He gave for a new building to this establishment, more than | | 1,800_l._, a very considerable sum for those times. | | | | [809] De medendi methodo, ex Cl. Galeni Pergameni, et Joh. Bapt. | | Montani, Veronensis, principum medicorum, sententia, Libri | | duo. Basil. 1554. 8. He dedicated this frivolous book to the | | _court-physician in ordinary_, _Butts_. See _Balæus_, fol. 232. b. | | | | [810] Compare his own work, “De Libris Propriis,” in _Jebb_, which | | is a similar imitation of Galen, and is written in nearly the same | | spirit. | | | | [811] De canibus Britannicis et de rariorum animalium et stirpium | | historia, in _Jebb_. | | | | [812] See p. 270. | | | | [813] “Sudor anglicus fere similis ei sudori, quem cardiacum | | dicebamus.” De morb. int. L. II. fol. 60. a. | | | | [814] “Est autem _cor_ præstans atque salutaris corpori particula, | | præministrans omnibus sanguinem membris, atque spiritum.” _Cæl. | | Aurel._ Acut. L. II. c. 34. p. 154. Compare _the Author’s_ | | “Doctrine of the circulation, before _Harvey_,” Berlin, 1831. 8. | | | | [815] _Cæl. Aurel._ cap. 30. p. 146. | | | | [816] Ibid. cap. 34. p. 156. | | | | [817] The whole 34th chapter, loc. cit. _Aurelian_ gives, from | | the 30th to the 40th cap., the fullest information respecting the | | Morbus cardiacus. | | | | [818] Torpor frigidus, C. 35. p. 157. | | | | [819] Hallucinatio. | | | | [820] _Cæl. Aurel._ p. 157. | | | | [821] Spiratio præfocabilis. | | | | [822] C. 34. p. 154. Thoracis gravedo. | | | | [823] C. 35. p. 156. | | | | [824] _Aretæus_, L. II. c. 3. p. 30. | | | | [825] _Cæl. Aurel._ loc. cit. | | | | [826] Diaphoretici, cardiaci. | | | | [827] Febres continuæ flaminatæ. _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 31. p. 147. | | | | [828] _Aretæus_, Cur. ac. L. II. c. 3. p. 188. | | | | [829] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 33. p. 150. | | | | [830] L. II. c. 3. p. 30. | | | | [831] _Aret._ Cur. ac. L. II. c. 3. p. 193. | | | | [832] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 31. p. 146. | | | | [833] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 31. p. 146. | | | | [834] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 33. p. 153. A perfectly similar observation | | is made in the present day, on the increasing frequency of liver | | complaints in England. Parents who have been a long time in the | | East Indies, entail the predisposition to these diseases, which | | are altogether foreign to the temperate zones, on their posterity, | | among whom there is no need of a tropical heat, but merely common | | causes acting in their own country, to call forth various liver | | complaints. See _Bell_ (_George Hamilton_). | | | | [835] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 36. p. 159. | | | | [836] On this subject, read the classical work of _Baccius_. | | | | [837] _Celsus_, L. III. c. 19. p. 140. _Cæl. Aurel._ from c. 37. on. | | | | [838]Ἢν γὰρ ἐπὶ συγκοπῇ καὶ σμικρὸν ἁμαρτῴη, ῥηϊδίως εἰς ἅδου | | τρέπει. Cur. ac. L. II. c. 3. p. 188. | | | | [839] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 37. p. 169. | | | | [840] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 38. p. 171. | | | | [841] Græcum salsum, οἶνος τεθαλασσωμένος, a mixture of wine and | | sea-water which was very much in use. | | | | [842] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 39. pp. 174, 175. | | | | [843] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 38. p. 171. | | | | [844] “nihil jugulatione differre.” Ibid. | | | | [845] _Celsus_ recommended a sextarium and a half a-day, which is | | about 42 cubic inches, loc. cit. Cardiacorum morbo unicam spem in | | vino esse, certum est. _Plin._ Hist. Nat. L. xxiii. c. 2. T. II. | | p. 303. Bibere et sudare vita cardiaci est. _Senec._ Epist. 15. T. | | II. p. 68. Ed. Ruhkopf. Cardiaco cyathum nunquam mixturus amico. | | _Juvenal._ Sat. v. 32. | | | | [846] _Celsus._ | | | | [847] Aspergines, sympasmata, diapasmata. _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 38. p. | | 171. | | | | [848] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 37. p. 161. | | | | [849] _Aretæus_, p. 192. | | | | [850] _Celsus_, loc. cit. | | | | [851] For instance, in the villages of Rue-Saint-Pierre and | | Neuville-en-Hez, between Beauvais and Clermont. _Rayer_, Suette, p. | | 74. | | | | [852] _Godofredi Welschii_ Historia medica novum puerperarum morbum | | continens. Disp. d. 20. April. 1655. Lipsiæ, 4to. The principal | | work upon the first visitation of miliary fever in Germany. | | | | [853] For example, in the epidemic of 1782, which, during the | | course of a few months, carried off in Languedoc upwards of 30,000 | | people. _Pujol_ observed in that epidemic four forms of exanthem. | | 1. A Purpura urticata—elevated rose-like spots, or papulæ of | | smaller circumference: it was very favourable, and sometimes passed | | off without fever. 2. Spots consisting of very small miliary | | vesicles and pustules which ran into each other: less favourable. | | 3. Small hemispherical pimples, from the size of a mustard seed | | to that of a corn of maize. They were surmounted by a white point | | before they died away, and the large kind became converted into | | pustules, filled with matter or greyish semitransparent phlyctænæ, | | with red inflamed bases. This form was the commonest, and extended, | | mixed with the others, over the whole surface, especially the | | trunk. 4. An exanthem resembling flea-bites, of a bright red, with | | a small grey miliary vesicle in the middle, almost invisible, | | except through a lens: this form was the worst. _Pujol_, Œuvres | | diverses de Médecine Pratique, 4 vols. _Castres_, 1801. 8vo. | | | | [854] _Foderé_, III. p. 222. | | | | [855] On this point see _Allioni_, who drew his classical | | description of miliary fever from the Piedmont epidemics. | | | | [856] _Bellot_, An febri putridæ, Picardis Suette dictæ sudorifera? | | Diss. præs. _Ott. Cas. Barfeknecht_. Paris, 1733. 4to. | | | | [857] _Rayer_, Suette, p. 426, where the principal passage of | | _Bellot’s_ dissertation is reprinted word for word. | | | | [858] Best in _Rayer_, p. 421. Not so well in _Ozanam_, T. iii. p. | | 105. The writers are very numerous. | | | | [859] _Rayer_, _Mazet_, _Bally_, _François_, _Pariset_, and many | | others. | | | | [860] _Bally_ and _François_, in the Journal Général de Médecine, | | T. LXXVII. p. 204. Compare _Foderé_, T. III. p. 227. _Ozanam_, T. | | III. p. 116. _Rayer_, Suette, p. 148. Mal. d. l. p. T. I. p. 320. | | | | [861] We may add to them also those observed in the south of | | Germany, in the œtiology of which _Schönlein_ lays much stress | | on the contamination of the air in the process of steeping hemp. | | _Vorlesungen_, II. p. 324. | | | | [862] It is not complete, but may render apparent the power and | | extent of the disease. See _Rayer_, Suette, p. 465. | | | | [863] At that time inhabited by about two hundred and fifty country | | people. _Sinner_, p. 7. | | | | [864] _Dr. Thein_, government physician of the town of Aub. | | | | [865] The whole number of cases and of deaths is not stated. _Dr. | | Sinner_ found nine bodies, none of which had been opened, shortly | | before the cessation of the disease. | | | | [866] Everything heating was avoided; the air was cautiously | | purified, cooling beverage was given, and contrary to the method | | of Brown, at that time in vogue, few medicines, such as valerian, | | spirits of hartshorn, Hoffman’s drops, &c., were employed. Blisters | | were of service, and likewise, under some circumstances, camphor. | | The convalescents were well nourished. | | | | [867] Those works only which have been consulted by the author | | himself are here enumerated. | | | | [868] He treats only of petechial fevers, and that very | | superficially. | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+