Chapter VIII: Memphis and the Fayyûm (2)

The twelve kings owe their origin to the twelve courts of the Labyrinth. They are a reminiscence of the twenty vassal-kings or satraps whom the Assyrians appointed to govern the country, and among whom Psammetikhos and his father had been included. But even the twelve courts are not altogether correct. We learn from Strabo that there were many more than twelve—as many, in fact, as were the nomes of Egypt. This makes us distrustful of the further statement of Herodotos that the halls contained one thousand five hundred chambers above the ground, and one thousand five hundred below. The information must have come from the guides, and it is not likely that he verified it. To count three thousand chambers would have occupied at least a day.

In the time of Strabo it was known that the real builder of the Labyrinth was Maindês, that is to say, Mâ(t)-n-Ra, or Amon-em-hat III. of the twelfth dynasty. The excavations of Professor Petrie at Howâra in 1888 have proved the fact. He succeeded in penetrating into the central chamber of the brick pyramid which formed part of the building, and there, deep in water, he found the sarcophagus and the shattered fragments of some of the funerary vases of the dead Pharaoh. They were all that had been left by the spoilers of a long-past age, but they were sufficient to show who the Pharaoh was. He had not been buried alone. In another chamber of the pyramid was the sarcophagus of his daughter Neferu-Ptah, who must have died before the pyramid was finally closed. The labyrinth itself has been used as a quarry or burnt into lime long ago. On its floor of hard plaster lie the chippings of the stones which composed it, six feet in thickness, and covering a far larger area than that of any other Egyptian temple of which we know. There was none other which could vie with it in size.

Amon-em-hat III. seems to have left another memorial of himself further north—at least, such is the natural interpretation of Mr. de Morgan’s recent discoveries at Dahshûr. Though the pyramid did not repay his engineering skill with even a scrap of inscription, he found tombs on its northern side which prove that here also was a burial-place of the twelfth dynasty. Two long corridors had been cut out of the rock, one above the other, and at intervals along their northern walls square chambers had been excavated, in which were placed the sarcophagi of the dead. Inscriptions show for whom they were intended. Nofer-hont, Sont-Senebt, Sit-Hathor and Menit, were the royal princesses who had been entombed within them in the time of Amon-em-hat III. Their jewels had been hidden in two natural hollows in the stone floor of the corridors, and had thus escaped the eye of the ancient treasure-hunter. We can see them now in the Gizeh Museum, and thus learn to what an exquisite state of perfection the art of the goldsmith had already been brought.

Among them we may notice large sea-shells of solid gold, enamelled lotus-flowers and necklaces of amethyst, carnelian and agate beads. Of beautifully-worked gold ornaments there is a marvellous profusion. But nothing surpasses the golden pectorals inlaid with precious stones. The work is so perfect as to make it difficult to believe that we have before us a mosaic and not enamel. On one of the pectorals the cartouche of Usertesen III. is supported on the paws of two hawk-headed lions, crowned with the royal feathers, and trampling under their feet the bodies of the foe. On another Amon-em-hat III. is represented smiting the wild tribes of the Sinaitic Peninsula. By the side of this jewellery of the twelfth dynasty, that of Queen Ah-hotep of the seventeenth, found by Mariette at Thebes, looks formal and degenerate. In jewellery, as in all things else in ancient Egypt, the earlier art is the best.

From Amon-em-hat III. of the twelfth dynasty to the founder of the twenty-sixth, two thousand years later, is a far cry, and how the Labyrinth came to be connected with the latter by the guides of Herodotos it is hard to say. The bronze helmet of Psammetikhos indicates that the story is of Greek origin. That was a Greek head-dress; no Egyptian, much less an Egyptian Pharaoh, would ever have worn it. The head-dress of the Egyptian monarch was of linen, coloured red for Lower Egypt, white for the south.

Herodotos seems to have visited Howâra from the capital of the Fayyûm, much as a traveller would do to-day. At least, such is the inference which we may draw from his words. Its position is defined as being “a little above Lake Mœris, near the city of the Crocodiles.” But we must remember that the Lake Mœris of the Greek tourist included not only the actual lake, but also the inundation, which covered at the time the cultivated land of the Fayyûm. Nor was it, as he supposed, an artificial piece of water excavated in a district which was “terribly waterless,” the excavators of which were wasteful enough to fling all the earth they had extracted into the Nile twenty miles away. It was, on the contrary, an oasis reclaimed from marsh and water by the wise engineering labours of the kings of the twelfth dynasty and the embankments which they caused to be erected. So far from destroying the precious cultivable ground by turning it into a lake, they drained the lake so far as was possible, and thereby created a new Egypt for the cultivators of the soil.

From the walls of the city of the Crocodiles Herodotos looked out over a vast expanse of water, which he thought was the creation of the Pharaohs, but which was really the result of man’s neglect. The dykes were broken which should have kept back the flood and prevented it from swamping the summer crops. It was with this view of almost boundless waters that the journey of Herodotos up the Nile came to an end. He returned to Memphis, and from thence pursued the way along which we have followed him to Pelusium and the sea. His note-book was filled with memoranda of all the wonders he had seen; of the strange customs he had observed among the Egyptian people; above all, with the folk-tales which his guides had poured into his ear. At a later day, when his eastern travels were over, and he had leisure for the work, he combined all this with the accounts written by his predecessors, and added a new book to the libraries of ancient Greece. From the outset it was a success, and though malicious critics endeavoured to condemn and supersede it, though Thukydides contradicted its statements in regard to Athens, though Ktêsias declared that its oriental history was a romance and Plutarch discoursed on the “malignity” of its author, the book survived all attacks. We have lost the work of Hekatæos of Miletos, we have lost also—what is a more serious misfortune—that of the careful and well-informed Hekatæos of Abdera, but we still have Herodotos with us. And in spite of our own knowledge and his ignorance, in spite even of his innocent vanity and appropriation of the words of others, it is a pleasure to travel with him in our hand and visit with him the scenes he saw. Nowhere else can we find the folk-lore which grew and flourished in the meeting-place of East and West more than two thousand years ago, and in which lay the germs of much of the folk-lore of our own childhood. It may even be that some of the stories which the modern dragoman relates to the modern traveller on the Nile have no better parentage than the guides of Herodotos. Cairo is the successor of Memphis, and ’the caste’ of the dragomen is not yet extinct.

APPENDICES.

Appendix I.

The Egyptian Dynasties According To Manetho (As Quoted By Julius Africanus, A.D. 220), Etc.

[The excerpts of Africanus are known from George the Synkellos (A.D. 790) and Eusebius (A.D. 326): where Eusebius differs from Synkellos the fact is stated.]

(Each king is followed by the number of years reigned.)

DYNASTY I.—Thinites: 8 kings.

1. Menes 62 2. Athôthis his son 57 3. Kenkenes his son 31 4. Ouenephes his son 23 5. Ousaphaidos his son (Ousaphaes, _Eus._) 20 6. Miebidos his son (Niebaes, _Eus._) 26 7. Semempses his son 18 8. Biênakhes his son (Oubienthes or Vibethis, _Eus._) 26 —— Sum 253 (_Eus._ 252 Really 263)

DYNASTY II.—Thinites: 9 kings.

1. Boêthos (Bôkhos, _Eus._) 38 2. Kaiekhôs (Khoos or Kekhous, _Eus._) 39 3. Binôthris (Biophis, _Eus._) 47 4. Tlas (unnamed by _Eus._) 17 5. Sethenês (unnamed by _Eus._) 41 6. Khaires (unnamed by _Eus._) 17 7. Nepherkheres 25 8. Sesôkhris 48 9. Kheneres (unnamed by _Eus._) 30 —— Sum 302 (_Eus._ 297)

DYNASTY III.—Memphites: 9 kings.

1. Nekherophes (Nekherôkhis, _Eus._) 28 2. Tosorthros (Sesorthos, _Eus._) 29 3. Tyreis (unnamed by _Eus._) 7 4. Mesôkhris (unnamed by _Eus._) 17 5. Sôyphis (unnamed by _Eus._) 16 6. Tosertasis (unnamed by _Eus._) 19 7. Akhes (unnamed by _Eus._) 42 8. Sêphouris (unnamed by _Eus._) 30 9. Kerpheres (unnamed by _Eus._) 26 —— Sum 214 (_Eus._ 197)

DYNASTY IV.—Memphites: 8 kings. (_Eus._ 17.)

1. Sôris (unnamed by _Eus._) 29 2. Souphis I. (3rd king of the dynasty, _Eus._) 63 3. Souphis II. (unnamed by _Eus._) 66 4. Menkheres (unnamed by _Eus._) 63 5. Ratoises (unnamed by _Eus._) 25 6. Bikheris (unnamed by _Eus._) 22 7. Seberkheres (unnamed by _Eus._) 7 8. Thamphthis (unnamed by _Eus._) 9 —— Sum 277 (_Eus._ 448 Really 284)

DYNASTY V.—Elephantines: 9 kings.

(_Eus._ 31 kings, including Othoês or Othius the First and Phiôps; the others are unnamed.)

1. Ouserkheres 28 2. Sephres 13 3. Nepherkheres 20 4. Sisires or Sisikhis 7 5. Kheres or Ekheres 20 6. Rathoures 44 7. Menkheres 9 8. Tankheres 44 9. Ounos or Obnos 33 —— Sum 248 (Really 218)

DYNASTY VI.—Memphites: 6 kings. (No number in _Eus._)

1. Othoês 30 2. Phios 53 (or 3) 3. Menthu-Souphis 7 4. Phiôps (lived 100 years) 94 5. Menthe-Souphis 1 6. Nitôkris, a queen 12 —— Sum 160 (_Eus._ 245)

DYNASTY VII.—70 Memphites for 70 days. (_Eus._ 5 kings for 75 days, or 75 years according to the Armenian Version.)

DYNASTY VIII.—27 Memphites for 146 years. (_Eus._ 5 kings for 100 years, or 9 kings according to the Armenian Version.)

DYNASTY IX.—19 Herakleopolites for 409 years. (_Eus._ 4 kings for 100 years.)

1. Akhthoes ?

DYNASTY X.—19 Herakleopolites for 185 years.

DYNASTY XI.—16 Thebans for 43 years, after whom Ammenemes reigned 16 years.

End of Manetho’s first book, the kings of the first eleven dynasties reigning altogether 2300 years (_Eus._ 2200) and 70 days (really 2287 years and 70 days).

DYNASTY XII.—Thebans: 7 kings.

1. Sesonkhôsis, son of Ammenemes 46 2. Ammanemes, slain by his eunuchs 38 3. Sesôstris 48 4. Lakhares (Lamaris or Lambares, _Eus._), the builder of 8 the Labyrinth 5. Ammeres (unnamed by _Eus._) 8 6. Ammenemes (unnamed by _Eus._ 8 7. Skemiophris his sister (unnamed by _Eus._) 4 —— Sum 160 (_Eus._ 245)

DYNASTY XIII.—Thebans: 60 kings for 453 years.

DYNASTY XIV.—Xoites: 76 kings for 134 years. (_Eus._ 484 years).

DYNASTY XV.—Shepherds: 6 Phœnician strangers at Memphis for 284 years. (_Eus._ Thebans for 250 years).

1. Saites 19 2. Bnôn 44 3. Pakhnan 61 4. Staan 50 5. Arkles 49 6. Aphôbis 61 —— Sum 284

DYNASTY XVI.—Shepherds: 32 kings for 582 years. (_Eus._ 5 Thebans for 190 years).

DYNASTY XVII.—Shepherds: 43 kings for 151 years and 43 Thebans for 151 years. (_Eus._ Shepherds, Phœnician strangers for 103 years:

1. Saites 19 2. Bnôn 40 3. Arkles (Arm. Version) 30 4. Aphôphis (Arm. Version) 14 —— Sum 103

DYNASTY XVIII.—Thebans: 16 kings. (_Eus._ 14 kings.)

1. Amôs[is] 25 2. Khebrôs (Khebrôn, _Eus._) 13 3. Amenôphthis (Amenôphis for 21 years, _Eus._) 24 4. Amensis or Amersis (omitted by _Eus._) 22 5. Misaphris (Miphris for 12 years, _Eus._) 13 6. Misphragmouthôsis 26 7. Touthmôsis 9 8. Amenôphis Memnôn 31 9. Horos (Oros, _Eus._) 37 10. Akherres (Akhenkheres or Akhenkherses for 16 or 12 32 years, _Eus._) 11. Rathôs (omitted by _Eus._) 6 12. Khebrés (Akherres for 8 years, _Eus._) 12 13. Akherres (Kherres for 15 years, _Eus._) 12 14. Armeses (Armais Danaos, _Eus._) 5 15. Ramesses (Ramesses Ægyptos for 68 years, _Eus._) 1 16. Amenôphath (Amenôphis for 40 years, _Eus._) 19 —— Sum 263 (_Eus._ 348 Really 287)

DYNASTY XIX.—Thebans: 7 kings. (_Eus._ 5 kings.)

1. Sethôs (for 55 years, _Eus._) 51 2. Rapsakes (Rampses for 66 years, _Eus._) 61 3. Ammenephthes (for 8 years, _Eus._) 20 4. Ramesses (omitted by _Eus._) 60 5. Ammenemmes (for 26 years, _Eus._) 5 6. Thouôris or Polybos 7 —— Sum 209 (_Eus._ 194 Really 204)

DYNASTY XX.—Thebans: 12 kings for 135 years. (_Eus._ 172 or 178 years.)

Among the 12 kings were:—

Nekhepsôs 19 Psammouthis 13 Kêrtos 16 (_Eus._ 12) Rampsis 45 Amenses or Ammenemes 26 Okhyras 14 —— Sum 137

DYNASTY XXI.—Tanites: 7 kings.

1. Smendes 26 2. Psousennes (for 41 years, _Eus._) 46 3. Nephelkheres (Nepherkheres, _Eus._) 4 4. Amenôphthis 9 5. Osokhôr 6 6. Psinakhes 9 7. Psousennes (for 35 years, _Eus._) 14 —— Sum 130 (_Eus._ 130 Really 114)

DYNASTY XXII.—Bubastites: 9 kings. (_Eus._ 3 kings.)

1. Sesonkhis (Sesonkhôsis, _Eus._) 21 2. Osorthôn 15 3, 4, 5. Unnamed (omitted by _Eus._) 25 6. Takelôthis 13 7, 8, 9. Unnamed (omitted by _Eus._) 42 —— Sum 120 (_Eus._ 44 Really 116)

DYNASTY XXIII.—Tanites; 4 kings. (_Eus._ 3 kings.)

1. Petoubates (Petoubastes for 25 years, _Eus._) 40 2. Osorkhô Hêraklês (Osorthôn for 9 years, _Eus._) 8 3. Psammous 10 4. Zêt (omitted by _Eus._) 31 —— Sum 89 (_Eus._ 44)

DYNASTY XXIV.—One Saite.

1. Bokkhôris the legislator (for 44 years, _Eus._) 6

DYNASTY XXV.—Ethiopians: 3 kings.

1. Sabakôn (for 12 years, _Eus._) 8 2. Sebikhôs his son (for 12 years, _Eus._) 14 3. Tearkos (Tarakos for 20 years, _Eus._) 18 —— Sum 40 (_Eus._ 44)

DYNASTY XXVI.—Saites: 9 kings. (_Eus._ 1, Ammeris the Ethiopian for 18 or 12 years.)

1. Stephinates (Stephinathis, the 2nd king, _Eus._) 7 2. Nekhepsôs (the 3rd king, _Eus._) 6 3. Nekhaô (for 6 years, _Eus._) 8 4. Psammêtikhos (for 44 or 45 years, _Eus._) 54 5. Nekhaô II. 6 6. Psammouthis II. (or Psammitikhos, for 17 years, _Eus._) 6 7. Ouaphris, (for 25 years, _Eus._) 19 8. Amôsis (for 42 years, _Eus._) 44 9. Psammekherites (omitted by _Eus._) 1/2 ———- Sum 150-1/2 (_Eus._ 167)

DYNASTY XXVII.—Persians: 8 kings.

(Each king is followed by the number of years and months reigned.)

1. Kambyses, in the 5th year of his reign (for 3 years, 6 0 _Eus._) 2. Dareios, son of Hystaspes 36 0 3. Xerxes I. 21 0 4. Artabanos (omitted by _Eus._) 0 7 5. Artaxerxes 41 0 6. Xerxes II. 0 2 7. Sogdianos 0 7 8. Dareios, son of Xerxes 19 0 —— Sum 124 4 (_Eus._ 120 4)

DYNASTY XXVIII.—One Saite.

1. Amyrtaios 6 0

DYNASTY XXIX.—Mendesians: 4 kings. (_Eus._ 5 kings.)

1. Nepherites I. or Nekherites 6 0 2. Akhôris 13 0 3. Psammouthes 1 0 (_Eus._ inserts Mouthis here, 1 year.) 4. Nepherites II. 0 4 —— Sum 20 4 (_Eus._ 21 4)

DYNASTY XXX.—Sebennytes: 3 kings.

(Each king is followed by the number of years reigned.)

1. Nektanebes I. (for 10 years, _Eus._) 18 2. Teôs 2 3. Nektanebes II. (for 8 years, _Eus._) 18 —— Sum 38 (_Eus._ 20)

DYNASTY XXXI.—Persians: 3 kings.

1. Okhos, in his 20th year (for 6 years, _Eus._) 2 2. Arses (for 4 years, _Eus._) 3 3. Dareios (for 6 years, _Eus._) 4 —— Sum 9 (_Eus._ 16)

The Dynasties Of Manetho According To Josephus.

DYNASTY XV.—Hyksôs or Shepherds.

After the overthrow of Timaios, the last king of the fourteenth dynasty, a period of anarchy.

(Each king is followed by the number of years and months reigned.)

1. Salatis at Memphis 13 0 2. Beon 44 0 3. Apakhnas 36 7 4. Apôphis 61 0 5. Yanias or Annas 50 1 6. Assis 49 2

DYNASTIES XVIII. and XIX.—Thebans.

1. Tethmôsis 25 4 2. Khebrôn his son 13 0 3. Amenôphis I. 20 7 4. Amesses his sister 21 9 5. Mephres 12 9 6. Mephramouthôsis 25 10 7. Thmôsis 9 8 8. Amenôphis II. 30 10 9. Oros 36 5 10. Akenkhres his daughter 12 1 11. Rathôtis her brother 9 0 12. Akenkheres I. 12 5 13. Akenkheres II. 12 3 14. Armais 4 1 15. Ramesses 1 4 16. Armesses Miamoun 60 2 17. Amenôphis III. 19 6 18. Sethôsis Ægyptos and Ramesses (or Hermeus) Danaos 59 0 19. Rhampses his son 66 0 20. Amenôphis his son ? 21. Sethôs Ramesses his son ?

[The order ought to be: 15, 18, 19 (identical with 16), 20 (identical with 17).]

The Theban Kings Of Egypt According To Eratosthenes.

(Each king is followed by the number of years reigned.)

1. Mênes, a Thênite of Thebes, interpreted “of Amon” 62 2. Athôthes, son of Mênes, interpreted “born of Thoth” 59 3. Athôthes II. 32 4. Diabiês his son, interpreted “loving his comrades” 19 5. Pemphôs his brother, interpreted “son of Hêraklês” 18 (Semempsis) 6. Toigar the invincible Momkheiri, a Memphite, interpreted 79 “with superfluous limbs” (Tosorthros) 7. Stoikhos his son, interpreted “insensate Arês” [? Set] 6 8. Gosormies (perhaps Tosertasis) 30 9. Mares his son, interpreted “Sun-given” 26 10. Anôyphis his son, interpreted “promiscuous” or “festive” 20 11. Sirios, interpreted “son of side-locks” or “unenvied” 18 12. Khnoubos Gneuros, interpreted “the golden son of the 22 golden” 13. Rauôsis, interpreted “chief ruler” (Ratoises) 13 14. Biyres (Bikheres) 10 15. Saôphis, interpreted “long-haired” or “tradesman” 29 (Kheops) 16. Saôphis II. (Khephren) 27 17. Moskheres, interpreted “given to the Sun” (Mykerinos) 31 18. Mousthis 33 19. Pammes Arkhondes (Pepi I.) 35 20. Pappos the Great (Pepi II.) 100 21. Ekheso-Sokaras (Sokar-m-saf) 1 22. Nitôkris, a queen, interpreted “Nit the victorious” 6 23. Myrtaios the given to Amon 22 24. Thyosi-mares, interpreted “the strong Sun” 12 25. Thirillos or Thinillos, interpreted “who has increased 8 his father’s strength” (Nefer-ka-Ra Terel) 26. Semphroukrates, interpreted “Hêraklês Harpokrates” 18 27. Khouthêr Tauros the tyrant (perhaps Akhthoês) 7 28. Meures 12 29. Khômaephtha, interpreted “a world loving Ptah” 11 30. Soikouniosokhos the tyrant 60 31. Pente-athyris 16 32. Stammenes III. (Amen-m-hat II.) 23 33. Sistosi-khermes, interpreted “Heraklês the strong” 55 (Usertesen II.) 34. Maris (Amen-m-hat III.) 43 35. Siphyas (Siphthas), interpreted “Thoth the son of Ptah” 5 (Si-Ptah) 36. Name lost 14 37. Phrourôn or Neilos (Sebek-neferu-Ra) 5 38. Amouthantaios 63

The Egyptian Kings According To The Monuments.

DYNASTY I.

Abydos. Saqqârah. Turin Manetho. Papyrus. 1. Meni Meni Menes 2. Teta Atut Athothis 3. Atota Kenkenes 4. Ata Ouenephes I. 5. Husapti Husapti Ousaphaidos 6. Mer-ba-pa Mer-ba-pen Mer-ba-pen, 73 yrs. Miebidos 7. Samsu Samsu, 72 Semempses yrs. 8. Qabh(u) Qabhu Qabhu, 83 Bienekhes. yrs.

DYNASTY II.

Abydos. Saqqârah. Turin Manetho.
Papyrus.
1. Buzau Bai-nuter (Buzau), 95 Boêthos
yrs.
2. Kakau Kakau Kakau Kaiekhos
3. Ba-nuter-en Ba-nuter-en Ba-nuter-en, Binothris
95 yrs.
4. Uznas Uznas (Uznas), 70 Tlas
yrs.
5. Senda(10) Send Senda, 74 (?) Sethenes
yrs.
6. Nefer-ka-Ra (Nefer-ka-Ra), Nepherkheres.
70 yrs.

DYNASTY III.

Abydos. Saqqârah. Turin Manetho.
Papyrus.
1. Nefer-ka-Sokar Nefer-ka-Sokar Nekherophes
(? 2) 8 yrs.
4 mths. 2
dys.
2. Zefa Hu-Zefa, 25(?) Tosorthros
yrs. 8 mths. 4
dys.
3. Babai
4. Zazai Zazai, 37 yrs. Tyreis
2 mths. 1 day.
5. Neb-ka Neb-ka-(Ra), Mesokhris
19 yrs.
6. Zoser-Sa Zoser Zoser, 19 yrs. Sôyphis
2 mths.
7. Teta II. Zoser-teta Zoser-teta, 6 Tosertasis
yrs.
8. Sezes Neb-ka-Ra Akhes
9. Nefer-ka-Ra (Nefer-ka-Ra), Sephouris
I. 6 yrs.
10. Huni Huni, 24 yrs. Kerpheres.

DYNASTY IV.

Abydos. Saqqârah. Turin Manetho.
Papyrus.
1. Snefru Snefru Snefru, 24 Soris
yrs.
2. Khufu Khufuf (Khufu), 23 Souphis I.
yrs.
3. Ra-dad-f Ra-dad-f (Ra-dad-f), 8 Ratoises
yrs.
4. Khâ-f-Ra Khâ-f-Ra Souphis II.
5. Men-kau-Ra [Men]-kau-[Ra] Menkheres
6. Shepseskaf Shepseskaf Seberkheres
(?)

DYNASTY V.

Abydos. Saqqârah. Turin Manetho.
Papyrus.
1. User-ka-f User-ka-f (Userkaf), 28 Ouserkheres
yrs.
2. Sahu-Ra Sahu-Ra (Sahu-Ra), 4 Sephres
yrs.
3. Kaka (Kaka), 2
yrs.
4. Nefer-Ra Nefer-ar-ka-Ra(11) (Nefer-ar-ka-Ra), Nepherkheres
7 yrs.
5. Shepses-ka-Ra (Shepses-ka-Ra), Sisires
12 yrs.
6. Khâ-nefer-Ra Kheres
7. Akau-Hor, 7 Rathoures
yrs.(12)
8. Ra-n-user (Ra-n-user-An),
(An) 25 yrs.
9. Men-kau-Hor Men-ka-Hor Men-ka-Hor, 8 Menkheres
yrs.
10. Dad-ka-Ra Mâ-ka-Ra Dad(-ka Ra Assa), Tankheres
(Assa) 28 yrs.
11. Unas Unas Unas, 30 yrs. Obnos.

DYNASTY VI.

Abydos. Saqqârah. Turin Manetho.
Papyrus.
1. Teta III. Teta Othoes
2. User-ka-Ra (Ati?)
3. Meri-Ra (Pepi Pepi I. (Pepi I.), 20 Phios
I.) yrs.
4. Mer-n-Ra Mer-n-Ra I. (Miht-m-saf Methousouphis
Miht-m-saf I. I.), 14 yrs.
5. Nefer-ka-Ra Nefer-ka-Ra (Pepi II. ), Phiops
(Pepi I.) 9 (4) yrs.
6. Mer-n-Ra (Miht-m-saf Menthesouphis
Miht-m-saf II.), 1 yr. 1
II. mth.
7. Neit-aker, a Nitokris.
queen

DYNASTIES VII. AND VIII.(13)

Turin Papyrus. Abydos. 1. Nefer-ka, 2 yrs. 1 mth. 1. Nuter-ka-Ra 1 dy. 2. Neferus, 4 yrs. 2 mth. 2. Men-ka-Ra 1 dy. 3. Ab-n-Ra I., 2 yrs. 1 3. Nefer-ka-Ra III. mth. 1 dy. 4. ... 1 yr. 8 dys. 4. Nefer-ka-Ra IV. Nebi 5. Ab-n-Ra II. 5. Dad-ka-Ra Shema 6. Hanti 6. Nefer-ka-Ra V. Khondu 7. Pest-sat-n-Sopd 7. Mer-n-Hor 8. Pait-kheps 8. Snefer-ka I. 9. Serhlinib.(14) 9. Ka-n-Ra. 10. Nefer-ka-Ra VI. Terel 11. Nefer-ka-Hor 12. Nefer-ka-Ra VII. Pepi-Seneb 13. Snefer-ka II. Annu 14. [User-]kau-Ra 15. Nefer-kau-Ra 16. Nefer-kau-Hor 17. Nefer-ar-ka-Ra.

DYNASTY IX. Monuments.

Khiti (or Khruti) I. Âa-hotep-Ra Skhâ-n-Ra Mer-ab-Ra (the Akhthoes of Manetho) Aah-mes(?)-Ra Mâa-ab-Ra Se-n(?)-mu-Ra(15) Khâ-user-Ra

DYNASTY X.

Monuments. Turin Papyrus. Mer-ka-Ra

Nefer-hepu-Ra
Nefer-ka-Ra
Ra-hotep-ab Khiti II.
Amu-si-Hor-nez-hirtef
Se-heru-herri
[Ameni?](16)
Mer ...
Meh ...
Hu ...(17)

DYNASTY XI.(18)

Karnak. Other Monuments. 1. Antef I., Prince (of Seshes-Hor-ap-mâa-Ra Thebes) Antuf-Aa 2. Men[tu-hotep I.] the Neb-hotep Mentu-hotep I. Pharaoh 3. Antef II. Uah-ânkh [Ter?]-seshes ap-mâa-Ra Antef-Aa, his son 4. Antef III. Seshes-herher-mâa-Ra Antef, his brother 5. Nuter-nefer Neb-taui-Ra Mentu-hotep II. 6. Antef IV. Nub-kheper-Ra Antauf (more than 50 yrs.) 7. Neb-[khru]-Ra Neb-khru-Ra Mentu-hotep III. (more than 46 yrs.) 8. Queen Aah 9. Antef V. her son 10. S-ânkh-ka-Ra S-ânkh-ka-Ra(19)

DYNASTY XII.

Monuments. Turin Papyrus. Manetho. 1. Amen-m-hat I. S-hotep-ab-Ra, 19 Ammenemes S-hotep-ab-Ra alone, yrs. 20 yrs. With Usertesen I., 10 yrs. 2. UsertesenI. ... 45 yrs. 7 mths. Sesonkhosis Kheper-ka-Ra alone, 32 yrs. With Amen-m-hat II., 3 yrs. 3. Amen-m-hat II. ... 3[2] yrs. Ammanemes Nub-kau-Ra alone, 29 yrs. With Usertesen II., 6 yrs. 4. Usertesen II. ... 19 yrs. Sesostris Khâ-kheper-Ra 5. Usertesen III. ... 3[8] yrs. Lakhares Khâ-kau-Ra (more than 26 yrs.) 6. Amen-m-hat III. ... 4[3] yrs. Ammeres Mâat-n-Ra, 43 yrs. 7. Amen-m-hat IV. Mâ-khru-[Ra], 9 yrs. Ammenemes Mâ-khru-Ra 3 mths. 27 dys. 8. Sebek-nefru-Ra (a Sebek-nefru-Ra, 3 Skemiophris queen) yrs. 10 mths. 24 dys. Sum of years of twelfth dynasty: 213 years 1 mth. 17 days.

DYNASTIES XIII. and XIV. Turin Papyrus.(20)

1. Sebek-hotep I. [Sekhem]-khu-taui-Ra (son of Sebek-nefru-Ra), 1 yr. 3 mths. 24 dys. 2. Sekhem-ka-Ra, 6 yrs. 3. Ra Amen-m-hat V. 4. S-hotep-ab-Ra II. 5. Aufni, 2 yrs. 6. S-ânkh-ab-Ra [Ameni Antuf Amen-m-hat], 1 yr. 7. S-men-ka-Ra 8. S-hotep-ab-Ra III. 9. S-ânkh-ka-Ra 10, 11. Destroyed 12. Nezem-ab-Ra 13. Ra-Sebek-hotep II. 14. Ran-seneb 15. Autu-ab-Ra I. (Hor)(21) 16. Sezef-[ka]-Ra 17. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra II. Sebek-hotep III. 18. User-n-Ra 19. S-menkh-ka-Ra Mer-menfiu 20. ... ka-Ra 21. S-user-set-Ra 22. Sekhem-uaz-taui-Ra Sebek-hotep IV. 23. Khâ-seshesh-Ra Nefer-hotep, son of Ha-ânkh-f 24. Si-Hathor-Ra 25. Khâ-nefer-Ra Sebek-hotep V. 26. [Khâ-ka-Ra] 27. [Khâ-ânkh-Ra Sebek-hotep VI.] 28. Khâ-hotep-Ra Sebek-hotep VII., 4 yrs. 8 mths. 29 dys. 29. Uab-Ra Aa-ab, 10 yrs. 8 mths. 29 dys. 30. Mer-nefer-Ra Ai, 23 yrs.(22) 8 mths. 18 dys. 31. Mer-hotep-Ra Ana, 2 yrs. 2 mths. 9 dys. 32. S-ânkh-n-s-uaztu-Ra, 3 yrs. 2 mths. 33. Mer-sekhem-Ra Anran,(23) 3 yrs. 1 mth. 34. S-uaz-ka-Ra Ur, 5 yrs. ... mth. 8 dys. 35. Anemen ... Ra 36-46. Destroyed 47. Mer-kheper-Ra 48. Mer-kau-Ra Sebek-hotep VIII. 49-53. Destroyed 54. ... mes-Ra 55. ... mât-Ra Aba 56. Nefer-uben-Ra I. 57. ... ka-Ra 58. S-uaz-n-Ra. 59-60. Destroyed 61. Nehasi-Ra(24) 62. Khâ-khru-Ra 63. Neb-f-autu-Ra, 2 yrs. 5 mths. 15 dys. 64. S-heb-Ra, 3 yrs. 65. Mer-zefa-Ra, 3 yrs. 66. S-uaz-ka-Ra, 1 yr. 67. Neb-zefa-Ra, 1 yr. 68. Uben-Ra I. 69-70. Destroyed 71. [Neb-]zefa-Ra II., 4 yrs. 72. [Nefer-]Uben-Ra II. 73. Autu-ab-Ra II. 74. Her-ab-Ra 75. Neb-sen-Ra 76-79. Destroyed 80. S-kheper-n-Ra 81. Dad-khru-Ra 82. S-ânkh-ka-Ra 83. Nefer-tum-Ra 84. Sekhem ... Ra 85. Ka ... Ra 86. Nefer-ab-Ra 87. A ... ka-Ra 88. Khâ ... Ra, 2 yrs. 89. Nez-ka ... Ra 90. S-men ... Ra 91-111. Destroyed. 112. Sekhem ... Ra 113. Sekhem ... Ra 114. Sekhem-us ... Ra 115. Sesen ... Ra 116. Neb-ati-uzu-Ra 117. Neb-aten-uzu-Ra 118. S-men-ka-Ra 119. S-user-[aten]-Ra 120. Khâ-sekhem-[hent]-Ra Some 37 more names are illegible.

[DYNASTIES XIII. and XIV. Karnak.

1. ... ka. 2. S-uaz-n-Ra (Nefer-ka-Ra) 3. S-ankh-ab-Ra (T. P. 6) 4. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra (T. P. 17) 5. Sekhem-s-uaz-taui-Ra. (T. P. 22) 6. Khâ-seshesh-Ra (T. P. 23) 7. Khâ-nefer-Ra (T. P. 25) 8. Khâ-ka-Ra (T. P. 26) 9. Khâ-ânkh-Ra (T. P. 27) 10. Kha-hotep-Ra 11. S-nefer-Ra 12. ... Ra 13. Ses-user-taui-Ra 14. Mer-sekhem-Ra 15. Sekhem-uaz-khâu-Ra (Sebek-m-saf I.) 16. S-uah-n-Ra 17. [Sekhem]-uah-khâu-Ra (Sebek-m-saf II.) 18. Za ... Ra 19. S-uaz-n-Ra 20. S-nefer ... Ra 21. ... Ra.

Other Monuments.

Men-khâu-Ra An-ab Sekhem-ap-taui-Ra Nefer-kheper-ka-Ra Mut-r-ka-n-Ra Ta-neb-n-Ra Sekhem-nefer-khâu-Ra Apheru-m-saf Mâa-nt-n-Ra Ter-n-Ra Senb-in-mâ Uazd Khâ-nefrui Men-nefer-Ra (Menophres) Sekhem-sheddi-taui-Ra Sebek-m-saf II. Ra-seshes-men-taui Tehuti].

DYNASTIES XV. and XVI. Turin Papyrus.

1. Abehnas ... (?) 2. Apepi 3. A ...

Other Monuments.

Shalati (?) Banân (?) Ya’qob-hal (“Jacob-el”) Khian S-user-(Set-)n-Ra Apepi I. Aa-user-Ra (reigned more than 33 years) Apepi II. Aa-ab-taui-Ra.

DYNASTY XVII.

Skenen-Ra Taa I. (contemporary with Apepi II.) Skenen-Ra Taa II. Aa Skenen-Ra Taa III. Ken Uaz-kheper-Ra Ka-mes, and wife Aah-hotep.

Other kings of the seventeenth dynasty were:—

Si-pa-ar-Ahmes Aah-hotep S-khent-neb-Ra Amen-sa Kheper-ka-n-Ra S-nekht-n-Ra.

DYNASTY XVIII.

Manetho. 1. Neb-pehuti-Ra Aahmes (more than 20 yrs.), and Amosis wife Nefert-ari-Aahmes(25) 2. Ser-ka-Ra Amen-hotep I., his son (20 yrs. 7 Amenôphis I. mths.); his mother at first regent 3. Aa-kheper-ka-Ra Tehuti-mes I., his son, and Chebron (?) wife Aahmes Meri-Amen, and Queen Amen-sit. 4. Aa-kheper-n-Ra Tehuti-mes II., his son (more Amensis than 9 yrs.), and wife (sister) Hashepsu I. Mâ-ka-Ra 5. Khnum Amen Hashepsu II. Mâ-ka-Ra, his sister Amensis (?) (more than 16 yrs.) 6. Ra-men-kheper Tehuti-mes III., her brother, Misaphris (57 yrs. 11 mths. 1 dy., B.C. 1503, March 20-1449, Feb. 14(26)) 7. Aa-khepru-Ra Amen-hotep II., his son (more Misphragmu-thosis then 5 yrs.) 8. Men-khepru-Ra Tehuti-mes IV., his son (more Touthmosis than 7 yrs.) 9. Neb-mâ-Ra Amen-hotep III., his son, (more Amenôphis II. then 35 yrs.), and wife Teie 10. Nefer-khepru-Ra Amen-hotep IV. Horos Khu-n-aten(27), his son (more than 17 yrs), and wife Nefrui-Thi S-âa-ka-khepru-Ra 11. Ankh-khepru-Ra, and wife Meri-Aten Akherres 12. Tut-ânkh-Amen Khepru-neb-Ra, and wife Rathotis Ankh-nes-Amen 13. Aten-Ra-nefer-nefru-mer-Aten 14. Ai Kheper-khepru-ar-mâ-Ra and wife Thi more than 4 yrs. 15. Hor-m-hib Mi-Amen Ser-khepru-Ka (more than 3 Armais yrs.)

DYNASTY XIX.

Manetho. 1. Men-pehuti-Ra Ramessu I. (more than 2 yrs.) Ramesses 2. Men-mâ-Ra Seti I. Mer-n-Ptah I. (more than 27 Sethos yrs.), and wife Tua 3. User-mâ-Ra (Osymandyas) Sotep-n-Ra Ramessu II. Mi-Amen (B.C. 1348-1281) 4. Mer-n-Ptah II. Hotep-hi-ma Ba-n-Ra Mi-Amen Ammenephthes 5. User-khepru-Ra Seti II. Mer-n-Ptah III. Sethos Ramesses 6. Amen-mesu Hik-An Mer-kha-Ra Sotep-n-Ra Amenemes 7. Khu-n-Ra Sotep-n-Ra Mer-n-Ptah IV. Si-Ptah Thouoris (more than 6 yrs.), and wife Ta-user

DYNASTY XX.

1. Set-nekt Merer Mi Amon (recovered the kingdom from the Phœnician Arisu) 2. Ramessu III. Hik-An (more than 32 yrs.) 3. Ramessu IV. Hik-Mâ Mi-Amen (more than 11 yrs.) 4. Ramessu V. User-mâ-s-kheper-n-Ra Mi-Amen (more than 4 yrs.) 5. Ramessu VI. Neb-mâ-Ra Mi-Amen Amen-hir-khopesh-f (Ramessu Meri-Tum in northern Egypt) 6. Ramessu VII. At-Amen User-mâ-Ra Mi-Amen 7. Ramessu VIII. Set-hir-khopesh-f Mi-Amen User-mâ-Ra Khu-n-Amen 8. Ramessu IX. Si-Ptah S-khâ-n-Ra Mi-Amen (19 yrs.) 9. Ramessu X. Nefer-ka-Ra Mi-Amen Sotep-n-Ra (more than 10 yrs.) 10. Ramessu XI. Amen-hir-khopesh-f Kheper-mâ Ra Sotep-n-Ra 11. Ramessu XII. Men-mâ-Ra Mi-Amen Sotep-n-Ptah Khâ-m-uas (more than 27 yrs.)

DYNASTY XXI. ILLEGITIMATE.

1. Hir-Hor Si-Amen, High-priest of Amon at Thebes, and wife Nezem-mut 2. Piankhi, High-priest, and wife Tent-Amen 3. Pinezem I., High-priest, and wife Hont-taui 4. Pinezem II., King, and wife Mâ-ka-Ra 5. Men-kheper-Ra, High-priest, and wife Isis-m-kheb 6. Pinezem III., High-priest.

DYNASTY XXI. LEGITIMATE.

Manetho. 1. Nes-Bindidi Mi-Amen Smendes 2. P-seb-khâ-n I. Mi-Amen Aa-kheper-Ra Psousennes Sotep-n-Amen I. 3. [Nefer-ka-Ra] Nephelkheres 4. Amen-m-apt Amenophthis 5. Osokhor 6. Pinezem (?) Psinakhes 7. Hor P-seb-khâ-n II. Psousennes II.

DYNASTY XXII.

Manetho. 1. Shashanq I. Mi-Amen Hez-kheper-Ra Sotep-n-Ra, Sesonkhis son of Nemart (more than 21 yrs.), and wife Ka-râ-mât 2. Usarkon I. Mi-Amen Sekhem-kheper-Ra (married Osorkon Mâ-ka-Ra, daughter of P-seb-khâ-n II.) 3. Takelet I. Mi-Amen Si-Isis User-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Amen (more than 23 yrs.) 4. Usarkon II. Mi-Amen Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra (more than 23 yrs.) 5. Shashanq II. Mi-Amen Sekhem-kheper-Ra 6. Takelet II. Mi-Amen Si-Isis Hez-kheper-Ra Takelothis (more then 15 yrs.) 7. Shashanq III. Mi-Amen Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra (52 yrs.) 8. Pimai Mi-Amen User-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Amen 9. Shashanq IV. Aa-kheper-Ra (more than 37 yrs.)

DYNASTY XXIII.

Manetho. 1. S-her-ab-Ra Petu-si-Bast Petoubastes 2. Usarkon III. Mi-Amen Aa-kheper-Ra Osorkho Sotep-n-Amen 3. P-si-Mut User-Ra Sotep-n-Ptah Psammos 4. Zet.

INTERREGNUM.

Egypt, divided between several princes, including Tef-nekht (Tnephakhthos), father of Bak-n-ran-f. It is overrun by Piankhi the Ethiopian, while Usarkon III. reigns at Bubastis. The son and successor of Piankhi is Mi-Amen-Nut.

DYNASTY XXIV.

Manetho.
1. Bak-n-ran-f Uah-ka-Ra (more than 16 yrs.)(28) Bokkhoris

DYNASTY XXV.

Manetho. 1. Shabaka Nefer-ka-Ra, son of Kashet (12 yrs.) Sabako 2. Shabataka Dad-ka-Ra Sebikhos 3. Taharka Nefer-tum-khu-Ra or Tirhakah (26 Tearkos yrs.)

INTERREGNUM.

The Assyrian conquest and division of Egypt into twenty satrapies, B.C. 672-660. Taharka and his successor Urdamanu (Rud-Amen), or, as the name may also be read, Tandamane (Tanuath-Amen), make vain attempts to recover it. In Manetho the period is represented by Stephinates (Sotep-n-Nit), Nekhepsos and Nekhao, the last of whom is called in the Assyrian inscriptions Niku, the father of Psammetikhos, and vassal-king of Memphis and Sais.

DYNASTY XXVI.

Manetho. 1. Psamtik I. Uah-ab-Ra and wife Mehet-usekh Psammetikhos (B.C. 664-610) 2. Nekau Nem-ab-Ra and wife Mi-Mut Nit-aker Nekhao (B.C. 610-594) 3. Psamtik II. Nefer-ab-Ra, and wife Nit-aker Psammouthis (B.C. 594-589) 4. Uah-ab-Ra Haa-ab-Ra and wife Aah-hotep (B.C. Ouaphris 589-570) 5. Aah-mes Si-Nit Khnum-ab-Ra and wife Amosis Thent-kheta (B.C. 570-526) 6. Psamtik III. Ankh-ka-n-Ra (B.C. 526-525) Psammekherites

DYNASTY XXVII.

Manetho. 1. Kambathet Sam-taui Mestu-Ra (B.C. 525-519) Kambyses 2. Ntariush I. Settu-Ra (B.C. 521-485) Dareios I. 3. Khabbash Senen Tanen Sotep-n-Ptah (B.C. 485) 4. Khsherish (B.C. 484) Xerxes I. Artakhsharsha (B.C. 465-425) Artaxerxes Ntariush Mi-Amen-Ra (B.C. 424-405) Dareios II.

DYNASTY XXVIII.

Manetho.
Amen-ar-t-rut(29) (more than 6 yrs.), B.C. 415 Amyrtaios

DYNASTY XXIX.

Manetho. 1. Nef-âa-rut I. Ba-n-Ra Mi-nuteru (more than 4 Nepherites yrs.) I. 2. Hakori Khnum-mâ-Ra Sotep-n-Ptah (13 yrs.) Akhoris 3. P-si-Mut User-Ptah-sotep-n-Ra (1 yr.) Psammouthes 4. Hor-neb-kha (1 yr.) Mouthes 5. Nef-âa-rut II. (1 yr.) Nepherites II.

DYNASTY XXX.

Manetho. 1. Nekht-Hor-hib Ra-snezem-ab Sotep-n-Anhur, son Nektanebes of Nef-âa-rut I. (9 yrs.) I. 2. Zihu (1 yr.) Teôs 3. Nekht-neb-f Kheper-ka-Ra (18 yrs.) Nektanebes II.

Appendix II. Biblical Dates.

B.C. 1348-1281. Ramses II., the Pharaoh of the Oppression, and builder of Pithom.

_Cir._ 1200. Campaign of Ramses III. in Judah and Moab.

_Cir._ 960. Solomon marries the daughter of the Tanite Pharaoh, and receives Gezer.

_Cir._ 925. Shishak (Shashanq I.) invades Palestine and takes Jerusalem.

_Cir._ 900. Invasion of Judah by Zerah (Osorkon II.)

725. Hoshea of Israel makes alliance with So of Egypt.

720. Sargon defeats the “Pharaoh” and Sibe his general at Raphia.

701. Defeat of Tirhakah by Sennacherib at Eltekeh.

674. Invasion of Egypt by Esar-haddon.

670. Tirhakah driven from the frontier to Memphis and thence to Ethiopia.

668. Revolt of Egypt suppressed by Assur-bani-pal.

665. Destruction of Thebes (No-Amon) by the Assyrians.

609. Necho invades Asia; defeat and death of Josiah.

605. Necho defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadrezzar; loss of Asiatic possessions.

_Cir._ 585. The Jews fly to Egypt, carrying Jeremiah with them.

567. Egypt invaded by Nebuchadrezzar.

320. Palestine seized by Ptolemy I.; many Jews settled by him in Egypt.

_Cir._ 280. The Greek translation of the Old Testament commenced.

167. Onias permitted by Ptolemy Philometor to build the temple at Onion.

4. Flight of the Holy Family into Egypt.

A.D. 70. Vespasian orders the prefect Lupus to close the temple at Onion.

Appendix III. The Greek Writers Upon Egypt.

(1) Hekataios of Miletos, tyrant, statesman, and writer, B.C. 500-480. Sent as ambassador to the Persians after the suppression of the Ionic revolt. Travelled in Egypt as far as Thebes. His account of Egypt contained in his great work on geography, now lost.

(2) Thales of Miletos, philosopher, B.C. 500. Wrote on the causes of the inundation of the Nile.

(3) Hellanikos of Mytilênê, historian, B.C. 420. Wrote an account of Egypt and a journey to the oasis of Ammon, now lost.

(4) Herodotos of Halikarnassos, historian, B.C. 445-430. Travelled in Egypt as far as the Fayyûm. His account of Egypt chiefly contained in the second book of his histories.

(5) Demokritos of Abdera, philosopher, B.C. 405. Spent five years in Egypt, and wrote books on geography and on the Ethiopic hieroglyphics, now lost.

(6) Aristagoras of Miletos, B.C. 350. Wrote a history of Egypt in at least two books, now lost.

(7) Eudoxos of Knidos, philosopher. Visited Egypt in B.C. 358, and wrote an account of it in his work on geography, now lost.

(8) Leo of Pella, B.C. 330. Wrote a book on the Egyptian gods, now lost.

(9) Hekataios of Abdera, B.C. 300. Lived at the court of Ptolemy I., travelled up the Nile and examined the Theban temples. Wrote a history of Egypt, the first book of which was on Egyptian philosophy, now lost. The account of the Ramesseum (the temple of Osymandyas or Usir-mâ-Ra) given by Diodôros is derived from his work.

(10) Manetho, Egyptian priest of Sebennytos, B.C. 270. Compiled the history of Egypt in Greek from the records contained in the temples. Corrected many of the errors of Herodotos, according to Josephus. The work was divided into three parts, and Josephus quotes from it the account of the Hyksos conquest, the list of the kings of the eighteenth dynasty, and the Egyptian legend of the Israelitish Exodus. An epitome of the history was probably added at the end of the work. We know it from the list of dynasties quoted by the Christian writers Julius Africanus (A.D. 220) and Eusebius, both of whom endeavoured to harmonise its chronology with that of the Old Testament. The work of Africanus is lost, but the list of dynasties has been preserved by Georgios the Synkellos or Coadjutor of the Patriarch of Constantinople (A.D. 792), who has added two other lists professedly from Manetho, but really from post-Christian forgeries (“The Old Chronicle” and “The Book of Sôthis”). Eusebius quotes from a copyist of Africanus, or some unknown copyist of Manetho himself, and his list has been preserved (like that of Africanus) by George the Synkellos, as well as in an Armenian translation. Manetho also wrote (in Greek) on Egyptian festivals and religion, but all his works are lost.

(11) Eratosthenes of Kyrênê, geographer, chronologist, astronomer and mathematician, B.C. 275-194. Librarian of the Alexandrine Museum under Ptolemy IV. First fixed the latitude of places by measuring the length of the sun’s shadow at noon on the longest day in Alexandria and then calculating the distance to Assuan, where there was no shadow at all. In his work on chronology (now lost) he gave a list of Theban kings, selected from the various dynasties, like the lists of Karnak or Abydos. This has been preserved, along with an attempt to translate the meaning of the names. The translations, however, are erroneous, as they are made from the Greek forms of the names compared with words then current in the decaying Egyptian of the day.

(12) Ptolemy of Megalopolis, B.C. 200. Wrote a history of Ptolemy Philopator, now lost.

(13) Kallixenos of Rhodes, B.C. 210. Wrote a description of Alexandria in four or more books, now lost.

(14) Philistos of Naukratis, B.C. 225. Wrote a description of Naukratis, a history of Egypt in twelve books, and an account of Egyptian religion in three books: all lost.

(15) Kharôn of Naukratis, B.C. 160. Wrote on Naukratis and on the succession of the Ptolemaic priests; the works are lost.

(16) Lykeas of Naukratis, B.C. 160. Wrote an account of Egypt, now lost.

(17) Agatharkhides of Knidos, geographer and historian, B.C. 120. Gave an account of the working of the Egyptian gold-mines (in his geographical work on the Red Sea) which has been preserved by Photios.

(18) Lysimakhos of Alexandria, B.C. 50. Wrote a history of Egypt containing the Egyptian legend of the Hebrew Exodus, which has been preserved by Josephus.

(19) L. Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor, B.C. 82-60. Wrote an account of Egypt in three books; now lost.

(20) Diodôros of Sicily (Diodorus Siculus), historian, travelled in Egypt, B.C. 57, published his great historical work, called _Bibliothêkê_, B.C. 28. The first book of it devoted to Egypt and Ethiopia. Quoted largely from Herodotos, Hekataios of Abdera, Ephoros and other authors now lost. We are dependent on him for a connected history of Egypt during the Persian period.

(21) Ptolemy of Mendes, historian, A.D. 1. Wrote a history of Egypt in three (?) books, now lost.

(22) Strabo of Amasia, geographer, A.D. 20. Travelled in Egypt. The last (17th) book of his great work on geography is devoted to Egypt.

(23) Apion of El-Khargeh, grammarian and historian, A.D. 40. Pleaded for the Alexandrines against Philo and the Jews before Caligula. Wrote a history of Egypt in five books, the third of which discussed the Hebrew Exodus; now lost.

(24) Khairêmôn of Naukratis, stoic philosopher, A.D. 50. Was Nero’s teacher. Wrote an account of Egypt and an explanation of the hieroglyphics; now lost.

(25) Josephus, son of the Jewish priest Matthias, born A.D. 37, received his freedom and the name of Flavius, A.D. 69. Quotes from Manetho, Lysimakhos, etc., in his _Antiquities of the Jews_ and _Contra Apionem_.

(26) Plutarch of Khaironeia, moralist, A.D. 125. Wrote at Delphi his treatise on Isis and Osiris, which is of great value for the history of the Osiris-myth.

(27) Ptolemy of Alexandria, geographer, A.D. 160. Egypt is thoroughly and scientifically treated in his great work on geography.

(28) St. Clement of Alexandria, head of the Alexandrine (Christian) School, A.D. 191-220. Many references to Egyptian history and religion in his _Strômateis_. He divides Egyptian writing into hieroglyphic, hieratic and epistolographic (or demotic), the first being further divided into alphabetic and symbolic, and the symbolic characters into imitative, figurative and rebus-like.

(29) Julius Africanus, Christian apologist, wrote in A.D. 221 his _Chronology_, in five books; now lost.

(30) Porphyry of Batanea, A.D. 233-305, wrote a history of the Ptolemies; now lost.

(31) Eusebios, bishop of Cæsarea, published in A.D. 326 his _Chronicle_, containing a list of Manetho’s dynasties. The work has been preserved in an Armenian translation.

(32) Horapollo of Nilopolis, grammarian, A.D. 390, wrote a work on the hieroglyphics in Coptic, which was translated into Greek by Philippos. Only the ideographic values of the characters are given, but they are mostly correct.

Appendix IV. Archæological Excursions In The Delta.

(1) Tel el-Yehudîyeh or Onion.—Take the train from Cairo at 10 A.M., reaching Shibîn el-Qanâter at 12.25. Leave Shibîn el-Qanâter at 5.57 P.M., reaching Cairo at 6.50. Donkeys can be procured at Shibîn, but it is a pleasant walk of a mile and a half through the fields (towards the south-east) to the Tel. There is a _café_ at Shibîn adjoining the station, but it is advisable to take lunch from Cairo.

(2) Kôm el-Atrib or Athribis.—The mounds lie close to the station of Benha el-´Asal, north-east of the town, and can easily be explored between two trains. All trains between Cairo and Alexandria stop at Benha.

(3) Naukratis.—The mounds of Naukratis (Kôm Qa´if) lie nearly five miles due west of the station of Teh el-Barûd on the line between Cairo and Alexandria, where all trains stop except the express. The first half of the walk is along a good road under an avenue of trees, but after a village is reached it leads through fields. Donkeys are not always to be had at Teh el-Barûd. The low mounds west of the station are not earlier than the Roman period.

(4) Kanôpos or Aboukir.—A train leaves the Ramleh station at Alexandria at 7.40 A.M., and reaches Aboukir at 10.42 A.M., returning from Aboukir at 4.42 P.M. It is a short walk northwards from the station to the temple of Zephyrion discovered by Daninos Pasha in 1891. Then walk eastward along the shore, where the rocks have been cut into baths and numerous relics of antiquity lie half-covered by the waves.

(5) The Monument of Darius, near Suez.—A ride of rather more than five miles through the desert north of Suez along the line of the Freshwater Canal brings us to the fragments of one of the granite stelæ erected by Darius to commemorate his re-opening of the Canal between the Red Sea and the Nile. Traces of the cuneiform and hieroglyphic inscriptions can still be detected upon some of them. The stelæ were erected at certain intervals along the line of the Canal, and the remains of three others of them have been found, on a mound one kilometre south of Tel el-Maskhûtah or Pithom, a little to the east of the station of the Serapeum on the Suez Canal, and on the side of a mound between the 61st kilometre of the Canal and the telegraphic station of Kabret. From Ismailîyeh to Tel el-Maskhûtah is a ride across the desert of eleven miles.

(6) Tanis or Zoan.—The easiest way of visiting Tanis or Sân is to sleep at Mansûrah, where there is a very tolerable hotel, and go by the morning train (at 9.15) to the station of Abu ´l-Shekûk, arriving there at 10.55 A.M. One of the small dahabiyehs which ply on the Mo’izz canal, which passes the station and runs to Sân, should have been previously engaged, and a servant sent with food the day before from Mansûrah to get it ready. It is advisable also to send cantine and bedding. A few hours (8 to 10) will take the traveller to Sân, where he can remain as long as he wishes. There is sufficient water in the canal all the year round to float the dahabiyeh. On the way to Abu ´l-Shekûk the station of Baqlîyeh is passed (at 9.41 A.M.), close to which (to the east) is Tel el-Baqlîyeh or Hermopolis Parva. The twin mounds of Tmei el-Amdîd (Mendes and Thmuis) are not far to the east of the station of Simbellauên, which is reached at 10.11 A.M. (or by the 6.45 A.M. train from Mansûrah at 7.30 A.M.). Donkeys should be telegraphed for beforehand. The great monolithic granite shrine of Amasis still stands on the mounds. Tel en-Nebêsheh is only eight miles south-east of Sân.

(7) Horbêt or Pharbaithos.—Leaving Mansûrah at 9.15 A.M., the train reaches Abu-Kebir at 11.55, where donkeys can be easily procured. It is a pleasant ride of three miles through the fields to Horbeit and the gigantic monoliths of Nektanebo. The train leaves Abu-Kebir for Zagazig and Cairo at 4 P.M., reaching Zagazig at 4.32 and Cairo at 6.50 P.M.

(8) Behbit (Egyptian Hebit, Roman Iseum).—The granite ruins of the temple of Isis, built by Ptolemy II., lie eight miles by river north of Mansûrah, and are less than half-an-hour’s walk from the eastern bank of the river. Delicate bas-reliefs have been carved on the granite blocks. The ruins are a favourite object of picnic parties from Mansûrah.

(9) Bubastis or Tel Bast.—The ruins of the ancient city are a few minutes’ walk from the railway station and can be visited between two trains. The site of the temple is in the middle of the mounds, the ruins of the old houses rising up on all sides of it. There is a poor hotel in Zagazig, kept by a Greek.

(10) Sais or Sâ el-Hagar.—This has become difficult of access since the construction of the railway from Alexandria to Cairo. The nearest railway station is Kafr ez-Zaiyât, from which it is distant (by donkey) about five hours. The voyage by river involves the passage of several bridges.

(11) Tel ed-Deffeneh.—Tents and camels are necessary, as well as drinking water, for that of the canal and Lake Menzaleh is brackish. Either go by train to Salahîyeh (leaving Cairo at 5 P.M., arriving at 9.35 P.M.), or, better, sleep at Ismailîyeh, and go thence by tramway to Kantara. The distance across the desert to Tel ed-Deffeneh from Salahîyeh and Kantara is about the same (eleven miles), but donkeys are more easily procurable at Kantara than camels. At Kantara (on the east side of the canal) are monuments and a _Tel_ (perhaps that of Zaru). The excursion may be combined with one to Pelusium, passing Tel el-Hir on the way. From Kantara to Pelusium is rather more than half-a-day’s journey. Encamp at the edge of the sand-dunes, one-and-a-half miles from the mounds of Pelusium, walking to them over the mud, which sometimes will not bear the weight of a camel. No fresh water is procurable there.

INDEX.

A

_abrêk_, 33.

Ab-sha, 19.

Abshadi, 238.

Abu, 203.

Abukîr, 208.

Abu-Simbel, 48, 186.

Abusir, 240.

Abutig, 194.

Abydos, 75, 153, 186, 196, 216.

Achæans, 84.

Adapa or Adama, 66.

Æginetans, 214.

Africanus, 16, 40, 286.

Ah-hotep, Queen, 283.

Annas el-Medîneh, 36, 192, 264, 269.

Aigyptos, 206.

Akhæmenes, 178.

Akhillas, 234.

Akhilleus, 167.

Alexander Ægos, 139, 140.

Alexander’s Tomb, 138.

Alexandria, 140, 147.

Am, Am-pehu, 236, 237.

Amasis (Ahmes II.), 130 _sqq._, 215, 216, 230, 232.

Ameni, 94.

Amenôphis III., 53, 58, 196.

—— IV. (Khu-n-Aten), 53.

Amon, 12, 53, 88, 122, 228, 242.

Amon-em-hat III., 13, 189, 247, 281-3.

—— IV., 208.

Amorites, 82, 88, 101, 110.

Amyrtæos, 178, 179, 181, 266.

Anaxagoras, 183.

Antiochus, 153 _sqq._

Anthylla, 215.

Anysis, 204, 266 _sqq._

Apis, 118, 223, 261.

Apopi, 15, 23, 42, 45, 228.

Apries, 128 _sqq._, 216.

Arabian nome, 236.

Arabians, 276.

Arad, 108.

Aram-Naharaim (Mitanni), 58, 82.

Arioch, 1.

Armais (Hor-m-hib), 73.

Arisu, 84, 94.

Arkhandropolis, 215.

Arsaphes (Her-shef), 270.

Arvad, 81.

Ashdod, 125.

Ashkelon, 90.

Ashmunên, 268, 269.

Ashtoreth, 242, 252.

Asshurim, 81.

Assur-bani-pal, 118, 120, 269, 277.

Assyria, 59, 82, 275.

Asykhis or Sasykhis, 264.

Atarbekhis, 262.

Aten (-Ra), 55.

Athêna, 217.

Athenians, 179, 181, 238.

Athribis, 118, 276.

Aupet, 269.

Avaris, 15, 39, 41, 92, 233.

B

Baba, 36.

Babylonians, 33, 60, 61.

Bagnold, Major, 4, 247.

Bah, 210.

Bahr Yûsuf, 263, 264.

Bashan, 72.

Bast, 224 _sqq._

Bata, 25 _sqq._

Benha, 238, 276.

Beni-Hassan, 19, 194, 266.

Berenikê, 146.

Bes, 225.

Biahmu, 185, 188.

Bigeh, 200, 203.

Blemmyes, 167.

Bokkhoris, 272.

Book of the Dead, 222.

Bouriant, M., 171.

Brugsch, 26, 35, 77, 335.

Bubastis, 45, 110, 112, 193, 204, 224 _sqq._, 267.

Busiris, 205, 239 _sqq._

Butô, 193, 204, 225, 235 _sqq._, 250, 267.

C

Cæsar, 165, 234,

Cæsarion, 166.

Cairo, 220.

Canaan, 60, 67 _sqq._

—— libraries in, 67.

camel, 21.

canal, 77, 125, 146.

Carchemish, 126.

Canopus, Decree of, 150.

cats, 193, 225, 230.

Cilicia, 81.

Champollion, 109, 238.

Christianity, 168 _sqq._

circumnavigation of Africa, 125.

Cleopatra, 140, 165.

colossus at Memphis, 3, 247.

colossi of Fayyûm, 188 _sqq._

Coptos, 167.

Coptic alphabet, 169.

cuneiform, 60-65.

—— tablets, 61 _sqq._

Cyprian potters, 236.

D

Dahabiyeh voyage, 194.

Dakkeh, 152.

Dahshûr, 204, 263, 265, 282.

Damanhur, 193, 204, 210.

Danaans, 86.

Daninos Pasha, 208.

Daphnæ, 129, 131, 205, 230.

Dead Sea, 87.

Debod, 152.

De Cara, Dr., 39.

De Morgan, Mr., 281, 300.

Demetrius Phalereus, 147.

Denderah, 197.

Dêr Abu Hannes, 173.

Diocletian, 167.

Diodoros, 247, 259.

Diospolis (Thebes), 163.

dreams, 30.

Dudu, 60.

E

Ebed-Asherah, 72.

Ebed-tob, 71.

Ecclesiasticus, 145.

Edom, 43, 72, 88, 96, 101-103.

Egypt, etymology of, 4, 206.

Ekhmîm, 197, 235, 275.

Elbo, 266.

Eleazar, 148.

Elephantinê, 201 _sqq._

El-Hibeh, 105.

El-Kab, 14, 36, 41.

El-Khargeh, 106.

Eltekeh, 276.

Enna, 25.

Enoch, book of, 162, 170.

Erman, Professor, 17, 25.

Esar-haddon, 113, 116, 118, 279.

Esneh, 276.

Ethiopians, 112, 122, 149, 152, 249, 266.

Eusebius, 17, 40, 286.

Exodus, 38, 40, 45, 51, 91.

Ezer, 72.

F

Fayyûm, 13, 137, 141, 142, 186, 188, 194, 196, 246.

famines, 34-38.

Fenkhu, 107.

G

Gardner, Mr. E., 212, 214.

Gaza, 80, 87, 88, 90, 95, 107, 126, 128, 139.

Gebal (Byblos), 72.

Gebel Abu Foda, 194, 271.

Gebelên, 105.

Gezer, 105.

Goshen, 43, 44, 96, 120, 236.

Golénischeff, M., 94.

Grant-Bey, Dr., 221.

Greeks, 123, 131.

Griffith, Mr., 11, 236, 271.

Gyges, 122.

H

Hadashah, 90.

Hamath, 88.

Hammamât, 272.

Hanes (Ahnas), 267.

Hapi (Nile), 200.

Hathor, 31, 260.

hawks, 193.

Hebron, 72, 87, 89.

Hekatæos, 176, 177, 183, 186, 223, 237, 285.

Helen, 251.

Heliopolis, 204, 220 _sqq._, 240, 250.

Hellanikos, 183.

Hellenion, 213.

helmet, bronze, 283.

Hephæstion, 138.

Herakleopolis (Ahnas), 192, 195, 204, 264, 270-271.

Hermes, 227.

Hermopolis, 193, 204, 210.

Her-shef (Arsaphes), 270.

Hezekiah, 115, 276.

Hierakon, 194.

Hininsu (Ahnas), 264, 267.

hippopotamus, 177, 193.

Hittites, 63, 74, 82, 86, 88.

Homer, 182.

Hont-mâ-Ra, 208.

Hophra, _see_ Apries.

Hor-m-hib, 73, 75.

Horus, 201, 222, 235, 237, 275.

Howâra, 191, 265, 281, 283.

Huseyn, feast of, 239.

Hyksos, 14, 23, 38, 39, 40, 42, 227.

Hypatia, 170.

I

Iannas, 228.

ibises, 193, 210.

Illahun, 263, 265.

Inaros, 178, 181.

inundation, 184.

Ionians, 213, 230, 280.

Isis, 219, 235, 239.

Istar, 277.

J

Jaddua, 144, 150.

Jason, 156.

Jerahmeel, 108.

Jeroboam, 106.

Jerusalem, 71, 80, 87, 106, 116, 126, 127, 134, 139.

Jews, 141, 144, 148, 152, 153, 155, 159, 162, 164.

Joseph, 24 _sqq._, 93, 221.

Josiah, 126.

Judah, 87, 88, 107.

K

Kadesh, 82,

Kambyses, 132, 149, 262.

Ka-meri-Ra, 11.

Kanôpos, 207-209, 235.

Kanôpic arm of Nile, 206, 209, 211.

Karians, 123, 183, 187, 218, 230, 239, 242, 254, 280.

Kafr el-Ayyât, 245.

Kellogg, Dr., 99.

Kerkasoros, 185.

Khabiri, 71.

Khabbash, 134.

Khal, 72, 100.

Khaf-Ra (Khephren), 256, 259.

Kheb, 235.

Khemmis, 197, 235, 237.

Kheops (Khufu), 8, 227, 256, 258.

Khephren (Khaf-Ra), 256, 259.

Kheti-ti, 276.

Khian (Iannas), 228.

Khita-sir, 82.

Khiti, 271.

Khri-Ahu, 220.

Khu-n-Aten (Amenôphis IV.), 53 _sqq._

Kimon, 179, 181.

Kirjath-sepher, 67, 68.

Kleomenes, 137, 138.

Klysma, 269.

Kokkê (Cleopatra), 161.

Kom el-Ahmar, 250.

Kôm Qa’if, 211.

Krophi, 199-201.

Ktêsias, 285.

Kyrênê, 130.

L

Labai, 71.

Labyrinth, 186, 273, 279.

Leku, 84.

Leontopolis, 158.

Lepsius, 76.

Leto, 235.

Libyans, 84, 106, 123, 130.

Lisht, 191.

M

Maccabees, the, 160.

Mafkat (Sinai), 254.

Mahanaim, 108.

Mahler, Professor, 17, 308.

Maindes, 281.

Manasseh, 116.

Manetho, 14, 16, 18, 73, 92, 100, 148, 228, 257, 272.

Mariette, 39, 78, 245, 283.

Mark Antony, 166.

Maspero, Professor, 39, 107, 191, 271.

Master-thief, tale of, 253.

Maxyes, 84, 85, 87.

Medînet Habu, 87, 89, 102, 253, 254.

Mêdum, 7, 263.

Megabyzos, 179, 181.

Megabazus, 238.

Megiddo, 72, 107.

Melchizedek, 71.

Memnon, 196.

Memphis, 2, 5, 41 _sqq._, 219, 242 _sqq._

Mendes, 239.

Menelaus (the Jew), 153.

Menelaite nome, 235, 237.

Menes, 2, 190, 244, 246.

Meneptah, 40, 43, 45, 49, 83, 92, 96, 97, 270.

Menshîyeh (Ptolemais), 143.

Menzaleh, Lake, 231.

Menûf, 238.

Mer-ka-Ra, 271.

Merom, 80.

Messianic prophecy, 94.

mice, 193, 275, 276.

Miletus, 126.

Milesians, 214, 215.

Min, 197.

Mitanni (Aram Naharaim), 58, 82, 88.

Mnevis, 222, 240.

Moab, 81.

_Mohar, Travels of a_, 68.

Moph (Memphis), 3.

Mophi, 201.

Mœris, 188, 189, 246 _sqq._, 273, 283.

Museum, the, 141, 147, 165.

Mut, 201.

Mykerinos (Men-ka-Ra), 256, 259, 264.

N

Nahum, 121.

name, change of, 31.

Napata, 112, 119, 268.

Naville, Dr., 43, 44, 76, 78, 110, 158, 211, 225, 226, 270, 271.

Naukratis, 131, 132, 204, 209 _sqq._, 232.

Neapolis (Qeneh), 197.

Nebuchadrezzar, 127, 129, 130.

Necho of Sais, 117, 118, 120, 278.

—— II., 125 _sqq._

Neferu-Ptah, 281.

Neit, 199, 216, 218, 253, 260.

Nektanebo I., 229.

—— II., 135, 211, 221.

Nikanor, 139.

Nikiu, 238.

Nile, 31, 34, 183, 184.

—— sources of, 198 _sqq._

Nineveh, 124.

Nitokris, 11, 246.

No-Amon (Thebes), 121.

Noph (Memphis), 3.

Norden, 187.

Nut-Amon, 30.

O

On (Heliopolis), 31, 131.

Onias, 157 _sqq._, 162, 250.

—— II., 151.

Onion, 157.

Osarsiph, 92.

Osiris, 216, 239.

Osorkon I., 227.

—— II., 110, 225, 226, 228, 268.

ostraka, 144.

Osymandyas, 196.

P

Pausírís, 179.

Papias, 173.

Paprêmis, 178, 180, 193, 205, 238.

Pa-Uaz (Butô), 235.

Peguath, 207.

Pelusiac arm of Nile, 224.

Pelusium, 178, 232.

Pepi I., 227.

Perdikkas, 138.

Pergamos, library of, 166.

Perseus, 198.

Peter, Apocalypse of St., 171.

—— Gospel of St., 171.

Petrie, Professor W. F., 7, 9, 11, 48, 54, 57, 65, 78, 129, 137, 185, 188,
191, 211, 230, 266, 281.

Phanês, 132, 214, 233, 234.

Phakussa, 43.

Pharaoh, meaning of, 22, 250.

Pharos, 147, 182.

Pherôn, 250.

Philæ, 200.

Philistines, 80, 84, 86, 88, 90.

Philotera (Qoseir), 146.

Phut, 130.

phœnix, 177, 223.

Pi-ankhi, 112, 268.

Pi-Sopd, 120.

Pithom, 43, 169.

Plato, 224.

Plutarch, 270, 285.

Polybos, 182.

Polykratês, 176.

Pompey, 164, 234.

Potiphar, 24.

Probus, 167.

Prosôpitis, 238, 262, 335.

Proteus, 182, 251.

Psalms of Solomon, 164.

Psammetikhos I., 118, 120, 122 _sqq._, 231, 243, 278 _sqq._

—— II., 127.

—— III., 132, 234.

Ptah, 4, 196, 204, 242 _sqq._, 274, 279.

Ptolemais, 143.

Ptolemy I., Lagos, 138 _sqq._

—— II., Philadelphus, 146 _sqq._, 213.

—— III., 148 _sqq._

—— IV., 151.

—— V., 152.

—— VI., 154.

—— Physkôn, 154.

—— Lathyrus, 162.

Pyramid, the great, 8, 190, 256.

Q

Qebhu, 203.

Qerti, 200, 202.

Qoseir, 146.

R

Ra, 12, 24, 29, 56, 222.

Raamses (city), 76, 98.

Ra-men-kheper, 105.

Ramses I., 75.

—— II., 3, 16, 18, 43, 47, 68, 76, 78, 80 _sqq._, 117, 196, 206, 208, 228,
236, 247, 250, 270.

—— III., 85-90, 101, 102, 157, 253, 254.

Ra-nefer, 7.

Raphia, 114.

Red Mound, 250.

Retennu, 111.

Rhampsinitos (Ramses III.), 252 _sqq._

Rhodopis, 214.

Rome, 153, 155, 164.

Rosetta Stone, 153.

S

Sabako, 110, 229, 266, 269, 273.

Sadducees, 151.

Sa el-Hagar (Sais), 217.

Saft el-Henneh (Goshen), 43.

Sais, 204, 215 _sqq._

Samaritans, 137, 159, 162.

Samians, 214.

Sapi-ris, 238.

Sappho, 214.

Sardinians, 84.