Chapter VII: Scope and Influence of Irish Scholarship (2)

[152] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, III., 13, 15, 29.

[153] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 318, 382.

[154] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 378, 379, 380.

[155] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, III., pp. 33, 39.

[156] The relation between the Irish Church and the State is very ably yet concisely treated in a pamphlet by Rev. James F. Cassidy, St. Paul, Minnesota, entitled “_The Irish Church as an Element in Irish Nationality_” whose thesis is cited here.

[157] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 382.

[158] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 94; Stokes, Whitley, _Tripartite Life of St. Patrick_, I., p. 236.

[159] Plummer, Charles, _op. cit._ I., p. xcviii.

[160] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 365.

[161] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 24, 143.

[162] Concannon, Helen, _The Life of St. Columban_, p. 145.

[163] Stokes, W., _op. cit._ p. 236; Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ pp. 357–361.

[164] Reeves, Wm., _ibid._; Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 94–96.

[165] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 17.

[166] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 17; Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I. l. 409.

[167] See Bibliography, _Rules_.

[168] _Op. cit. Lives of Saints_.

[169] Columbanus, _Regula Monachorum_, C. III., cited by Concannon, Helen, _Life of St. Columban_, p. 68.

[170] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan’s Vita Sancti Columbae_, p. 348.

[171] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ p. 69.

[172] _Ibid._

[173] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 355.

[174] Concannon, Helen, _ibid._

[175] _Ibid._

[176] McAlister, R. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice_, p. 63.

[177] The number of Canonical Hours vary in different Rules; some give _six_, others _seven_; the Bangor usage was _eight_. See notes by R. I. Best on _Tractate on the Canonical Hours_ edited from the _Lebor Brecc_ in _Miscellany to Kuno Meyer_.

[178] See Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ pp. 58, 67; Plummer, I., cxvii.

[179] MacAlister, R. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise_, p. 63.

[180] See above _Means of Support_.

[181] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ p. 75.

[182] Healy, J., _op. cit._ p. 104.

[183] Published in Skene’s _Celtic Scotland_, II., p. 509.

[184] Adamnan, _Vita S. Columbae_, Reeves Edition, p. 9.

[185] Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., pp. 3–483 for _Glosses on Psalms_; O’Hanlon, John, _Lives of Irish Saints_, VI., p. 286 for story of St. Columba.

[186] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan’s Life of St. Columba_, pp. 20, 22, 36, 43, 49.

[187] Reeves, W., _op. cit._ pp. 343, 344.

[188] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 103.

[189] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ pp. 186–191.

[190] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ pp. 343, 344.

[191] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 29, 25, 330, 332; II., 166, 167, 168, 483.

[192] Reeves, Wm., _op. cit._ pp. 343, 344.

[193] For translations of Early Irish Nature Poetry see Sigerson, G., _Bards of the Gael and Gall_; Meyer, Kuno, _Old Irish Poetry_; Hull, Eleanor, _Poem Book of the Gael_.

[194] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 102, 103.

[195] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 102.

[196] Johnson, Samuel (Dr.), in a letter to Charles O’Connor published in O’Reilly’s _Irish Writers_, pp. i., ii. Also cited in Article _Dr. Johnson and Ireland_ in _Irish Monthly_, XLVI., 538, p. 211.

[197] Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., 408.

[198] Hyde, Douglas, _Literary History of Ireland_, p. 241.

[199] Hull, Eleanor, _Text Book of Irish Literature_, I., 189.

[200] Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., pp. 418, 419.

[201] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs_, I., p. 78.

[202] O’Donovan, John, _Tribes and Customs of Hy Many_, pp. 79, 167.

[203] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 417.

[204] See also _Catalogue of Irish MSS. in Trinity College, Dublin_, pp. 285–402, 530–535; _The Bibliography of Irish Philology and Irish Printed Literature_, edited by R. I. Best, pp. 1–307.

[205] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 103, 107.

[206] _Op. cit._, pp. 79–80.

[207] Meyer, Kuno, _Old Irish Poetry_. See several examples; also _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, II., pp. 290, 293, 294, 296.

[208] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _Littérature Celtique_, I., 384.

[209] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 418, 419; Hull, E., _op. cit._ I., 189.

[210] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 417.

[211] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs_, I., 92. _MS. Materials_, p. 50.

[212] The Irish word _fithcheal_ is usually translated _chess_.

[213] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, II., 349. Also pp. 153, 1616.

[214] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 418, 426. For _Fosterage_, see II., p. 14.

[215] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 418, 426.

[216] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 132.

[217] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 211.

[218] Stokes, Whitley, _Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore_.

[219] Plummer, C., _op. cit._ I., p. cxv.; Joyce, _op. cit._ I., 440, p. 251.

[220] Concannon, Helen, _op. cit._ p. 10.

[221] _Op. cit._ pp. 24, 25.

[222] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _La Civilization des Celtes_, p. 109.

[223] Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 14; Moran, Patrick, _Irish Saints in Great Britain_, pp. 248, 240. Montalambert, Conte de, _Les Moines d’Occident_, IV., p. 62.

[224] For the influence of the Irish monks on early English poetry, see Brooke, Stopford, _History of English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest_, Chapters i., ii., iii. Also _Cambridge History of English Literature_, I., pp. 13–16.

[225] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 410.

[226] _Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie_, II., p. 137.

[227] Stokes, Whitley, _Lives of the Saints_, line 4128.

[228] Plummer, C., _Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae_, I., p. cxv.

[229] Todd, J. H., _Life of St. Patrick_. See _Catalogus Sanctorum Hiberniae Secundum Diversa Tempora_, printed on pp. 88, 89.

[230] _Book of Leinster_, p. 373; _Lebor Brec_, p. 23 b; edited Stokes, Whitley, _Royal Irish Academy MSS. Series_, 1880.

[231] Meyer, Kuno, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 24.

[232] Petrie, George, _Christian Inscriptions_, II., p. xiv.

[233] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 413.

[234] Plummer, C., _op. cit._ I., xiv.

[235] _Epistolas_ in _Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_, Epistola III.; _Epistolas Merovingi et Carolingi Aevi_, I., p. 231.

[236] Bede, _Ecclesiastical History of England_, Bk. III., Chap. xxvii., Bohn’s English Translation.

[237] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 530–532.

[238] Petrie, George, _Round Towers_, p. 355. O’Curry, E., _Manners & C._, p. 38.

[239] Moran, Patrick, _Irish Saints in Great Britain_, pp. 219–223.

[240] Published in _Eriu_, VIII. text, p. 67, translation p. 74.

[241] Hyde, Douglas, _op. cit._ p. 221.

[242] Roger, M. L., _Enseignement des lettres classiques_, p. 410.

[243] Moran, Patrick, _op. cit._ p. 253.

[244] Quoted from Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 32.

[245] Bede, _op. cit._ Book V., Chap. IX., X.

[246] Bede, _op. cit._ III., vii.

[247] Bede, _op. cit._ IV., ii.

[248] See Migne’s _Patrologia Latina_, Tomus 89, col. 3.

[249] Zimmer, _op. cit._ p. 42.

[250] Meyer, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 13.

[251] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 412.

[252] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 272, 273.

[253] Turner, Wm., _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., p. 388, 1907.

[254] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 314.

[255] Published in Migne, _Patrologia Latina_, Tomus, 142; _Alcuini Epistola_, 3; Ussher, _Sylloge_: _Epistola 18_.

[256] _Dictionary of National Biography_, Article on _Colchu_ by T. O. (Thomas Orpen), XI., pp. 259, 260.

[257] _Dictionary of National Biography_, XI., _loc. cit._ pp. 259, 260.

[258] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 272–273.

[259] Plummer, Charles, _Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae_, I., p. cxv.; Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., p. 440.

[260] Stokes, Whitley, _Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore_, p. 173.

[261] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 437.

[262] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, I., p. 149; Healy, John, _Ireland’s Ancient Schools and Scholars_, p. 435.

[263] Bede, _Ecclesiastical History of England_, Chapter xxvii., Bohn’s Ed.

[264] Stokes, Whitley, _op. cit._ p. 172.

[265] See Joyce. P. W., _op. cit._ I., 439 for illustration of alphabet engraved on a large stone in Kilmakedar in Co. Kerry.

[266] Plummer, Charles, _op. cit._ I., p. cxv.

[267] See Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., pp. 3–481.

[268] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 482–484.

[269] Coffey, George, _Guide to Celtic Antiquities of the Christian Period_, see illustration, p. 99.

[270] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 438.

[271] Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., p. 567; Zimmer, H., _Glossae Hiberniae_, p. 69, Note 7.

[272] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ I., p. 516.

[273] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ p. 440.

[274] _Book of Leinster_, p. 135; _Rawlinson_ MS. B. 502, p. 77, edited by Kuno Meyer; _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, 1883, pp. 219–252, edited and translated by Thomas Olden; cited by _Revue Celtique_, V., p. 192.

[275] Macalister, R. A. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise_. See Map on Plate I., opposite p. 12.

[276] Traube, Ludwig, _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 58.

[277] Concannon, Helen, _Life of St. Columban_, pp. 41–42.

[278] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ II., p. xix., and for Glosses see _op. cit._ II., pp. 49–232.

[279] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 430–431.

[280] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 432.

[281] See Macalister, R. A. S., _Muiredach_, p. 65, for a collection of these fragmentary marginalia.

[282] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 483.

[283] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, Preface, lviii.

[284] _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, III., p. 89.

[285] Sullivan, Sir Edward, _The Book of Kells_, p. 24.

[286] Sullivan, Sir Edward, _op. cit._ p. 25.

[287] Or the juice of “green skinned holly,” Meyer, Kuno, _Ancient Irish Poetry_, p. 87.

[288] Keller, Ferdinand, _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, Old Series, VIII., p. 222.

[289] Stokes, Margaret, _Early Christian Ireland_, Article ix.

[290] See Abbot’s _Reproduction of the Book of Kells_, Plate xxxiv.; also reproduced in Sir Arthur Sullivan’s _The Book of Kells_.

[291] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 480, illustration i., 481.

[292] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 477–478.

[293] See Chapter III.; also _Four Masters_, I., passim.

[294] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, Preface, pp. xxi.–xxii.

[295] Sandys, J. E., _Companion of Latin Studies_, Article on _Palaeography_ by Sir Edward Maude Thompson, pp. 780–781.

[296] Keller, F., _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, O.S. VIII., p. 223.

[297] Keller, F., _Bilder und Schriftzuge_, Zurich, 1851, English translation _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, VIII., pp. 210–291.

[298] Lindsey, W. M., _Early Irish Minuscule Script_, Oxford, 1910.

[299] Sandys, J. E., _Companion of Latin Studies_, p. 281.

[300] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, pp. 121–124.

[301] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 120.

[302] Hull, Eleanor, _Early Christian Ireland_, p. 270.

[303] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 488.

[304] Coffey, George, _Guide to the Antiquities of Christian Ireland_. See illustration, p. 50.

[305] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 489.

[306] Hull, Eleanor, _Early Christian Ireland_, p. 271.

[307] Hull, E., _ibid._ Sandys in his _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., p. 453 gives 666 as the number of volumes.

[308] See Muratori, _Antiquitates Italiae_, fol. ed. I., _Dissert._ 43, pp. 493.

[309] Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in the Appenines_, pp. 296–7.

[310] Sandys, J. E., _op. cit._ I., p. 453; Hull, Eleanor, _op. cit._ p. 272.

[311] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 116.

[312] Sandys, J. E., _op. cit._ I., p. 454.

[313] Sandys, J. E., _ibid._

[314] _Ibid._

[315] Jonas, _Vita Columbani_, p. 26, cited Sandys, _op. cit._ I., p. 456.

[316] Sandys, J. E., _ibid._

[317] Hull, Eleanor, _Early Christian Ireland_, p. 274.

[318] Hull, Eleanor, _op. cit._ p. 276.

[319] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 116.

[320] Sandys, J. E., _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., p. 455; Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 116; Hull, Eleanor, _Early Christian Ireland_, p. 276.

[321] See Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., pp. xiii.–xxiv., II., pp. ix.–xxv.

[322] Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_, I., pp. 430–436.

[323] Rashdall, _Universities of Europe_, I., p. 36.

[324] Leach, A. F., _The Schools of Mediæval England_, p. 48.

[325] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 202–204; Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 432.

[326] Sigerson, George, _Bards of the Gael and Gall_, p. 45.

[327] See above Chapter III.

[328] Healy, John, _op. cit._ 120–123.

[329] Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., pp. 1–482.

[330] Migne, _Patrologia Latina_, Tomus 80, p. 328.

[331] Bede, _Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum_, Liber III., Ch. 7.

[332] Roger, _L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques_, p. 275.

[333] Bede, _op. cit._ III., 4.

[334] Roger, _op. cit._ p. 228.

[335] Roger, _ibid._

[336] See _Note 41 above_.

[337] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 207.

[338] Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tomus 87.

[339] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 236–239; Stokes, G., _R.I.A._; May, 1892, p. 125.

[340] Ed. Stokes, Whitley, in _Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, MSS. Series_, Vol. L., p. 139.

[341] _Revue Celtique_, XIV., p. 226. For examples of glosses belonging to the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries see Stokes and Strachan’s _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, 2 vol.

[342] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ II., pp. xxiii., 415.

[343] Thurneysen, _Revue Celtique_, VI., pp. 336–347.

[344] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 62, cf. Dümmler in _Neues Archiv_, VI., 258. _Cruindmeli sive Fulcharii Ars Metrica._, Vienna, 1883.

[345] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 63.

[346] _Op. cit._ p. 50.

[347] Published, Keil. _Grammatici Latini_, Leipsig, 1857, I., p. xix.

[348] _Ibid._ Turner, Wm., _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., p. 392.

[349] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 60.

[350] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 61. Turner, Wm., _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., p. 149. See also Chapter VII.

[351] _Poetae Aevi Caroli_, III., p. 691. Ozanam, F., _Documents Inedits_.

[352] Roger, M., _L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques_, p. 229.

[353] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 262; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 237.

[354] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ I., p. xxiii., II., p. xvii., pp. 46–48; Thurneysen, _Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie_, III., p. 52, _seq._

[355] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. 14, 140, 192, 229.

[356] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 262.

[357] Roger, M., _op. cit._ pp. 262–3, footnotes.

[358] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ II., p. xiv.; Stokes, Whitley, _Tripartite Life of St. Patrick_, II., p. 269; Roger, M., _l.c._ p. 266.

[359] Chap. III.

[360] _Studies_ (Dublin), September, 1918, for an article by Aubrey Gwynn arguing that St. Columban was thirty years old when he left Bangor. We, however, have accepted the (tentative) chronology of Helen Concannon whose _Life of St. Columban_ is the best that has been published.

[361] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _Littérature Celtique_, I., p. 373.

[362] De Jubainville, _op. cit._ I., pp. 373–375; Sigerson, _op. cit._ p. 407.

[363] Gundlach, _Mon. Ger. Epistolae_, III., Notes on _Epistolae Columbani_.

[364] Esposito, Mario, Articles _Hiberno-Latin MSS. in Belgian Libraries_, Art. in _Archivium Hibernicum_, III., p. 2; _The Latin Writers of Mediæval Ireland_, Art. in Hermathena, XIV., No. 33, pp. 519–529; Art. in _Irish Theological Quarterly_, IV., pp. 181–185.

[365] Published under the title _Peronna Scottorum_ in _Sitzungsberichte of the Academy of Munich_, 1900, p. 490.

[366] Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tomus, 89, col. 96; _Epistolae Mer. et Karl Aevi_.

[367] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 260.

[368] Nolan, Thomas P., _Irish Universities and Culture_, p. 13.

[369] Ker, W. P., _The Dark Ages_, p. 319.

[370] Jonas, _Vita Columbani_ in Krusch _Script. rer. Merov._, IV., p. 71; cited by Roger, _op. cit._ p. 411.

[371] Roger, M., _op. cit._ p. 412.

[372] Turner, Wm., Article _Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival_ in _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., p. 387.

[373] Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ XIII., p. 389. This article by Turner in the _Catholic University Bulletin_, XIII., pp. 283 _seq._ and 567 _seq._ is by far the most helpful contribution to the study of the Carolingian Revival. A valuable array of facts is given and the sources for further inquiry are pointed out.

[374] Manitius, Max, _Geschichte der Lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters_, Teil I., München, 1911; Roger, M., _op. cit._ 1905; Esposito, Mario, _Knowledge of Greek in Ireland during the Middle Ages_, Article in _Studies_, Dublin, 1912.

[375] Quoted by Traube in _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 58; see Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tomus, 124, col. 1133d; De Jubainville, _op. cit._ I., p. 379.

[376] Roger takes this view _op. cit._ p. 229; cf. Gougaud, Dom. _Les Chrétientés Celtiques_, p. 251.

[377] _Amra Coluim Cille_ in the _Irish Liber Hymnorum_, edited by Bernard and Atkinson, I., 162–183, II., 50–80, 223–35.

[378] Meyer, Kuno, _Learning in Ireland_, p. 26.

[379] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, p. 158.

[380] Reeves, Wm., _ibid._

[381] _Sitzungsberichte_ of the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1909, p. 561.

[382] Meyer, Kuno, _op. cit._ p. 27.

[383] Note in a Würzburg MS. of eighth century quoted by Zimmer in _Pelagius in Ireland_, p. 5.

[384] Keller, F., _Bilder und Schriftzugein den irischen Manuscripten in Mitteilungen des antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich_, II., 61.

[385] Reeves, Wm., _Adamnan_, pp. xiv., xv., xxi. and Plates I., II., III.

[386] Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, II., p. xiv.

[387] Stokes and Strachan, _op. cit._ II., pp. 159, 158, 169.

[388] See Giles, _Aldhelmi Opera_, p. 94.

[389] Bede, _op. cit._ Liber IV., Ch. I.

[390] Ed. Stokes, Whitley, _Three Irish Glosses_, London, 1862.

[391] In _Duil Dromma Ceta_ (Egerton MS. 1782 15a ff; h. 3, 1863, ff T.C.D., 1317).

[392] Hyde, Douglas, _Literary History of Ireland_, p. 420.

[393] The celebrated _Vocabularius S. Galli_ written in 780 A.D. in the Irish style of writing containing some of the earliest examples of German and French is believed to be the work of an Irish monk. See Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, p. 71.

[394] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 68.

[395] Sandys, J. E., _History of Classical Scholarship_, I., p. 463.

[396] Meyer, Kuno, _Triads of Ireland_, p. xiv.

[397] _Monumenta Germaniae Historiae_, Epistolae, III., p. 318.

[398] Flood, J. M., _Ireland: Its Saints and Scholars_, p. 92.

[399] Traube, L., _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 61.+

[400] _Ibid._

[401] Zimmer, _op. cit._ p. 126.

[402] For further details see Traube, L., _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 61. Also Norden, _Die Antike Kunstprosa_, p. 666, Note 1.

[403] De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois, _op. cit._ I., p. 397.

[404] Traube, L., _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 287.

[405] Of the non-Irish of the time only Eric of Auxerre, Christian of Stavelot, and Walafrid knew Greek, Traube, _op. cit._ p. 65.

[406] Concannon, Helen, _Life of St. Columban_, p. 287.

[407] Michelet, _Histoire de France_, I., p. 121.

[408] Healy, John, Art. in _Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, 1880, p. 16.

[409] Mullinger, H. B., _The Schools of Charles the Great_, p. 118.

[410] Newman, John H., _Idea of a University_, p. 485.

[411] Renan, E., in _Sur l’Étude de la langue grecque au Moyen Age_, cited by Flood, J. M. in _Ireland: its Saints and Scholars_, p. 7.

[412] Baluze, _Miscellanea_, V., p. 54, cited by Mullinger, _op. cit._ p. 119.

[413] Mullinger, _op. cit._ p. 119.

[414] Mullinger, _ibid._

[415] Flood, W. H. Grattan, _History of Irish Music_, p. 4.

[416] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 571.

[417] O’Curry, Eugene, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_.

[418] Joyce, P. W., _Social History of Ireland_.

[419] Flood, W. H. Grattan, _History of Irish Music_.

[420] Flood, W. H. Grattan, _op. cit._ p. 20.

[421] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I.; Flood, W. H., _op. cit._ p. 10.

[422] Quoted in _Irish Ecclesiastical Record_, 1883, p. 510.

[423] Keller, F., _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, VIII., p. 218.

[424] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 572.

[425] Wood-Martin, W. G., _Pagan Ireland_, illustrations; Joyce, _op. cit._ I., 675, 582.

[426] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 576, 582.

[427] Bollandists, _Acta Sanctorum_, p. 595; Lanigan, _Ecclesiastical History of Ireland_, II., p. 464; Joyce, _op. cit._ I., p. 572.

[428] Flood, W. H. G., _op. cit._ pp. 7, 8.

[429] Flood, W. H. G., _op. cit._ p. 12.

[430] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 73.

[431] Zimmer, H., _ibid._

[432] Matthew, _History of Music_, cited by Flood, _op. cit._ p. 15.

[433] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 76.

[434] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 77.

[435] Flood, W. H. G., _op. cit._ p. 15.

[436] Flood, W. H. G., Article _Irish Music in Glories of Ireland_, p. 71.

[437] Schubiger, _Die Sängerschule St. Gallen_, p. 33; Flood, W. H. G., _History of Irish Music_, pp. 16–19; Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 573.

[438] Flood, W. H. G., Article _Irish Music_ in _Glories of Ireland_, p. 771.

[439] See _Liber Hymnorum_, ed. by Atkinson and Bernard; also Stokes and Strachan, _Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus_, I., 298 _seq._

[440] Flood, W. H. G., Art. in _Glories of Ireland_, p. 72.

[441] Turner, Wm., _History of Philosophy_, p. 247. (Query: Is this the same or a different commentary from that referred to by and attributed to Bishop Donnchadh, by Flood?)

[442] Flood, W. H. G., _History of Irish Music_, pp. 19, 20.

[443] See Coffey, George, _Bronze Age in Ireland_, Plates II., V., VII., VIII., IX., X. and pp. 48, 49, 50.

[444] McKenna, James E. (Right Rev.), _Irish Art_, p. 7.

[445] McKenna, James E., _op. cit._ pp. 8, 9.

[446] Sullivan, Sir Edward, _The Book of Kells_, Introduction, p. 1.

[447] Westwood, John, _Palaeographia Sacra Pictoria_, quoted by McKenna, James E., _op. cit._ pp. 20–21.

[448] Coffey, George, _Guide to the Celtic Antiquities of Christian Ireland_, pp. 9, 10.

[449] Quoted by McKenna, James F., _op. cit._ p. 20, 21.

[450] Hartley, _Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society_, N.S., IV., 1885.

[451] See _Ireland: Industrial and Agricultural_, pp. 19, 20 for the places where these materials are obtainable in Ireland.

[452] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., 561; Coffey, G., _Bronze Age_. Illustration.

[453] Stokes, Wm., _Life of Petrie_, Chap. vii.

[454] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 561.

[455] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., pp. 560–563.

[456] Coffey, G., _Guide to Antiquities of Christian Ireland_. Illustration.

[457] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 560.

[458] Joyce, P. W., _op. cit._ I., p. 567.

[459] MacAlister, R. A. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice_ (890–923 A.D.). This work gives a detailed account of one of these crosses at Monasterboice.

[460] Abelson, Paul, _The Seven Liberal Arts_, p. 64.

[461] Text in Migne, _Latin Patrology_, Vol. 90, Col. 294–578.

[462] Text in Migne, _Latin Patrology_, Vol. 107, Col. 669–727.

[463] See Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ p. 90.

[464] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ p. 100; Turner, Wm., _Hist. of Phil._, p. 257.

[465] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ p. 104.

[466] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ pp. 103–104.

[467] Abelson, Paul, _op. cit._ pp. 113–114.

[468] _De Nuptiis_, etc., Eyssenhardt ed. pp. 194–254.

[469] Text in Migne, Vol. 70, c. 1212–1216.

[470] Text in Migne, Vol. 82, c. 161–163.

[471] _Dictionary of National Biography_, Vol. I., p. 93.

[472] Maguire, Eugene, _Life of Adamnan_, p. 95.

[473] Chap. V., p. 69, Text and translation in _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, 1883, pp. 219–252.

[474] See MacAlister, R. A. S., _Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise_, where a copy of this map will be found.

[475] See Mullinger, J. B., _The Schools of Charles the Great_, p. 120, for Alcuin’s silly explanations of astronomical phenomena.

[476] The Vernacular Studies would naturally be confined chiefly to the schools situated in Ireland. It is possible that they were taught in some of the schools in Scotland and in those schools on the Continent which had Irish pupils. It might be remarked that some writers attribute the early literary development of vernacular poetry in Northern England to the example set by the Irish monks in using their native tongue for poetry.

[477] Perhaps Clement, the successor of Alcuin at the Palace School, should also be ranked as one of the greatest Irish scholars. It is well known that he was a famous Greek scholar and is believed by many to have been a much greater scholar than Alcuin, his rival in royal favour. We have not yet succeeded in collecting sufficient evidence to warrant his inclusion in the present connection.

[478] Lecky, _Rationalism in Europe_, III., p. 5.

[479] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, p. 62; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 369.

[480] Healy, John, _op. cit._ pp. 569–571.

[481] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 571.

[482] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element_, pp. 62–63.

[483] _Annals of the Four Masters_, I., sub anno 784 A.D.

[484] Published by Walckenaer, Paris, 1807; by Letronne in a more critical edition, Paris, 1814; by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870.

[485] _Dictionary of National Biography_, XV., pp. 48–49.

[486] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 283.

[487] _Dictionary of National Biography_, Vol. XV., pp. 49–50.

[488] Zimmer, H., _Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, pp. 55–56.

[489] Turner, Wm., _Catholic University Bulletin_, Vol. XIII., p. 396.

[490] Turner, Wm. _op. cit._ p. 396.

[491] _Poetae Aevi Carolini_, III., p. 691.

[492] In the _Valenciennes Codex_, 386, pp. 73–76, cited by Turner, _ibid._

[493] Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 395.

[494] Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tom. 105, p. 477.

[495] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 383.

[496] Turner, W., _op. cit._ p. 392.

[497] Pertz, _Monumenta Germaniae Historica_, Leg. I., p. 249. Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in the Appenines_, App. VIII., p. 205. Muratori, _Antiquitates Italicae_, Tom. III., Dissertatio, 43.

[498] Stokes, Margaret, _ibid._

[499] _Poetae Caroli_, I., pp. 396, 408, 411, 413, 429, 430, 511.

[500] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 392.

[501] Zimmer, H., _op. cit._ p. 11.

[502] Entitled _Dungali Responsa contra Perversae Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias_.

[503] Cited by Lanigan in _Ecclesiastical History of Ireland_, III., Chap. XX.

[504] Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 391.

[505] Stokes, Margaret, _Six Months in the Appenines_, p. 213.

[506] For list see Miss Stokes, _op. cit._ pp. 296–297.

[507] Muratori, _Antiquitates Italicae_, Dissert. Tom. iii., col. 821.

[508] See Stokes, Margaret, _op. cit._ p. 216 for contents.

[509] About 90 of his poems are published by Traube, _Poetae Aev. Carl._

[510] See his tract _Artem Euticii Grammatici_ in Traube’s _O Roma Nobilis_, p. 61, which shows a knowledge of Greek. Traube thinks it was composed in Ireland.

[511] Montfaucon, _Pal. Graeca_, p. 235, describes the Greek Psalter transcribed by Sedulius now No. 8047 in the Library at the Arsenale at Paris.

[512] First published by Cardinal Mai in _Specilegium Romanus_; also by Traube in _Quellen u. Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters_; Teil I., Erstes Heft von S. Hellman, München, 1906, pp. 203, Zweites Heft Johannes Scottus von Edward Kennard Rand, München, 1906, p. 106.

[513] Turner, Book Review in _Cath. Univ. Bulletin_, xiii., p. 149.

[514] _Ibid._

[515] Traube, _O Roma Nobilis_; Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 397.

[516] Baemker in _Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Spekulative Theologie_, Band VII., p. 346, Bd. VIII., p. 222; Healy, John, _op. cit._ p. 578.

[517] De Wülf, M., _History of Mediæval Philosophy_, p. 246.

[518] The Council of Eperny (846 A.D.) speaks of _Hospitalia Scottorum_, “quae sancti homines illius gentis in hoc regno construxerunt”; _Mon. Ger. Leg._ I., 390; Warren, F. E., _op. cit._ p. 15.

[519] Many believe that Eriugena was a layman.

[520] Flood, F. M., _Ireland: its Schools and Scholars_, pp. 94–95.

[521] Flood, F. M., _op. cit._ p. 95, where the above is quoted.

[522] Text of Eriugena’s works in Migne, _Pat. Lat._, Tom. 122, with Preface by Gale and Schulter.

[523] In the Library of the British Museum, Harleian, 2506; Turner, Wm., Art. _Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival_, _op. cit._ XIII., 256.

[524] Mullinger, J. B., _op. cit._ p. 171.

[525] De Wülf, Maurice, _History of Mediæval Philosophy_, English translation by Dr. P. Coffey, p. 167.

[526] Turner, Wm., _History of Philosophy_, p. 257.

[527] De Wülf, M., _op. cit._ pp. 167–168.

[528] Turner, Wm., _op. cit._ p. 256.

[529] Migne, _Pat. Lat._ Tom. 122, _De Predestinatione_, I., 1.

[530] Erdman, _History of Philosophy_, English translation by Williston S. Hough, Vol. I., p. 292.

[531] _De Divisione Naturae_, I., p. 69.

[532] _Ibid._, IV., p. 9.

[533] Turner, Wm., _loc. cit._ p. 249.

[534] _Ibid._

[535] Poole, Reginald Lane, _Illustration in the History of Mediæval Thought_. See _Excurus on Visit to Greece_, Legend Examined, pp. 311–313.

[536] For numerous complimentary tributes see T. P. Nolan’s booklet _Irish University and Culture_ in the Catholic Truth Society Series.

[537] Poole, Reginald Lane, _op. cit._ p. 14.

[538] Turner, Wm., Article _Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival_ in _Catholic University Bulletin_, Vol. XIII., pp. 579–580.

[539] Zimmer H., _The Irish Element in Mediæval Culture_, p. 130.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Early Irish Monastic Schools, by Hugh Graham