Chapter XI: Faustian and Apollinian Nature-Knowledge (6)

Race-suicide, as phenomenon of Civilization, 359
Radioactivity, effect on natural science, 423
Ragnarök, Muspilli as contemporary, 400;
and world’s end, 400
Rameses II, analogy, 39;
and artistic impotence, 44, 294;
contemporaries, table iii
Ranke, Leopold von, and analogy, 4, 5;
and historical tact, 22;
on historical vision, 96
Raphael Sanzio, Madonnas, 136, 268, 280;
technique, 221, 278;
and Titian, 227;
and background, 237;
popularity, 243;
colour, 245;
and confession, 264;
and portrait, 272;
as dissatisfied thinker, 274;
and fresco and oil, line and space, 279, 280
Raskolnikov. _See_ Dostoevsky
Rationalism, and chance, 142_n._;
contemporaries of English, table i
Ravenna, and Arabian Culture, 206, 211, 216, 235;
mosaics, 221, 247, 329
Rayski, Louis F. von, art and portrait, 271_n._
Reason, and will, 308
Red, symbolism, 246
Reformation, conflicts in Germany, 33;
and Dionysiac movement, 111;
as common cultural epoch, 112;
class-opposition to Renaissance, 229;
contemporaries, table i
Reims Cathedral, 224;
statuary, 267
Relations, and magnitudes, 84, 86
Relativity theory, and time, 124_n._;
effect on natural science, 419;
domain, 426
Relief, Egyptian, 189, 202;
and Classical round sculpture, 225.
_See also_ Sculpture
Religion, reality of Classical, 10, 11, 13;
relation of clock and bell, 15_n._, 134_n._;
and number, 56;
mathematical cultural analogy, 66, 70;
stage in a Culture, 108, 399-402;
second period, sequel to Civilization, 108, 424-428;
Western, and “memory”, 132_n._;
and death, 166;
birth of Western soul, 167;
and early art periods, 185;
cultural expression, 185-188, 399, 401;
Egyptian, 188;
Chinese, 190;
and imitation, 191;
architecture as ornament, 195;
Russian, 201_n._;
Arabian architecture, 208;
Classical, and art, 268;
and _plein-air_ painting, 288_n._;
revelation and dualism, 307;
cultural soul-elements, and deities, 312;
and Classical drama, 320;
and astronomy, 330;
relation to Civilization, 358;
and hygiene, 361;
and philosophy, 365;
and natural science, 380-382, 391, 411, 416;
Western experience and faith, 394;
varieties, 394;
and theory, 395;
God-feelings, 395;
depth-experience in Western, cathedral, organ, 395-397;
naming of numina, 397;
Classical bodied pantheon, 398, 402;
Western deity as force, unitary-space symbol, 398, 403, 413;
of primitive folk, 399;
elements of Western, 399-401;
Classical, and strange gods, 404;
late Classical, dislocation and monotheism, Arabian ascendency, 406-
408;
cult of deified men, 405, 407, 411;
atheism as phenomenon, 408-411;
cult and dogma, cultural attitude, 410, 411;
contemporary cultural epochs, table i.
_See also_ Death; Soul; Spirit; creeds and sects by name
Rembrandt, portraiture, and confession, 101, 103, 130, 140, 264, 266,
269, 281, 300;
contemporaries, 112, table ii;
inwardness, colour, 183, 251-253;
etchings, nights, 187, 246, 290;
musical counterpart, 220;
and horizon, 239;
esoteric, 243;
depth, 244;
and body, 271;
period, 283;
impressionism, 287, 288;
and psychology, 319
Renaissance, contemporaries, 27, table ii;
mathematic, 71;
relation to Classical, as revolt, illusion, 28_n._, 132_n._, 232-234,
237, 238, 252, 266, 272-274, 279, 323;
homology, 111;
and beautiful, 194;
and Western style, 202, 205, 206, 221, 223, 225, 244;
and Arabian and Gothic, 212, 234-238;
and polychrome sculpture, 226;
class-opposition to Reformation, 229;
ornament, 233_n._, 238;
façades and courtyards, 235;
arch and column, 236;
park, 241;
and popularity, 243, 328;
and patina, 253;
and child-figures, 266;
and portrait, 271-273;
and spiritual development, 273;
leaders as dissatisfied thinkers, 274, 281;
Michelangelo, 275-277, 281;
Raphael, 279, 280;
Leonardo, 277-281;
and background, 237;
and statics, 414
Renoir, Pierre A., striving, 292
Resaïna, academy, 381
Research, and vision, 95, 96, 102, 105, 142;
historical and scientific data, 154;
metaphysical, 163
Restorations, Western attitude toward, 254
Resurrection, change in meaning, 135_n._
Rhine River, as historic, 254_n._
Rhodes, Cecil, analogy, 4;
and imperialism, 37, 38;
morale, 349, 351
Rhodes, as “Venice of Antiquity”, 49;
and Helios, 402
Richelieu, Cardinal, morale, 349;
contemporaries, table iii
Riegl, Alois, on Arabian art, 208, 215
Riemann, Georg F. B., artist-nature, 61;
relation to Archimedes, 69;
religion and mathematic, 70;
notation, 77;
and boundlessness, 88;
mathematical position, 90;
goal of analysis, 418;
contemporaries, table i
Riemenschneider, Tilmann, and portraiture, 270
Robespierre, Maximilien, adventurer, 149;
contemporaries, table iii
Rococo, as stage of style, 202;
architecture and music, 231, 232, 285;
parks, 240;
contemporaries, table ii.
_See also_ Baroque
Rodin, Auguste, sculpture as painting, 244, 245
Rogier van der Weyden, in Italy, 236
Roman Catholicism, colour symbolism, 247-249;
and music, 268_n._;
monasticism, 316_n._, 343, 348;
esoteric dogma, 328;
prelates and manly virtue, 349.
_See also_ Christianity; Jesuitism
Roman law, and cultural-language, 310_n._
Romanesque, simplicity, 196;
as stage of style, 201, 202;
and Classical, 275_n._
Romanticism, defined, 197;
and mysticism, 365_n._;
and mathematics, 366
Rome, city, megalopolitanism, 32, 34
Rome, empire, and Classical Culture, 8;
imperialism, 36-38, 336;
and Arabian Culture, 72, 207, 208;
army and citizenship, 325;
emperor-worship, 405, 407, 411;
and toleration, 411.
_See also_ Classical Culture
Rondanini Madonna, as music, 277
Rondeau, origin, 229
Roof, as Arabian expression, 210
Rore, Cyprian de, in Italy, 236;
music, 251, 252
Rossellino, Antonio, and portrait, 272
Rossini, Gioachino, Catholicism, 268_n._;
on Meyerbeer, 293
Rottmann, Karl, and grand style, 289
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, and naturalism, 33, 207, 288;
and superficially incidental, 144;
and imperialism, 149, 150;
autumnal accent, 207;
and Civilization, 352;
contemporaries, 353_n._, table i;
and compassion, 362;
and Darwinism, 369;
intellect and wisdom, 409
Rubens, Peter Paul, colour, 253;
and body, 270, 271_n._, 278;
and dynamics, 414
Ruins, as Western expression, 254
Ruler-cult, 405, 411
Runge, Otto P., and grand style, 289
Russia, and the West, 16_n._;
stage of art, 201;
architecture, 211;
ignored art, 223;
will-less soul, 309;
culture and charity, 350
Rutherford, Sir Ernest, atoms as quanta of action, 385, 419
Ruysdael, Jakob, colour, 246;
period, 283

Sabæans, and early Christian designs, 22_n._, 209_n._;
temple-form, 210_n._;
art, 223;
art contemporaries, table ii
Sahu-rê, pyramid, 203
St. Denis, royal tombs, 261, 264
St. Lorenz Church, Nürnberg, and styles, 205
St. Mark, Venice, origins, 211
St. Patroclus, Soest, arcade-porch, 205
St. Paul without the Walls, as Pseudomorphic, 210, 210_n._
St. Peter’s, Rome, as Baroque, 206, 238
St Pierre et St Paul, Moissac, ornamentation, 199
St. Priscilla, catacombs, paintings, 137
St. Vitale, Ravenna, characteristics, 200
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, boundlessness, 199
Saints, contemporary legends, 400, table i
Saivas, Lingayats, 136_n._
Saktas, 136_n._
Salamanca, loss of prestige, 33
Salvation Army, as exception, 348
Samarra, contemporaries, table ii
Samnites, Roman war as classic, 36, 151_n._
Samos, Hera of Cheramues, 225_n._
Sangallo, Antonio da, Palazzo Farnese façade, 275
Sankhya, and Buddhism, 353_n._, 356;
contemporaries, table i
Sant’ Andrea, Pistora, Pisano’s Sibyls, 263
Santa Maria Novella, Florence, style, 234;
Flemish paintings, 236
Sassanids, and Arabian state, 212;
art 223;
music, 228
Satyrs, materiality, 403
Savonarola, Girolamo, and art tendencies, 233;
and Renaissance, 328;
and Western morale, 348;
contemporaries, table i
Scarlatti, Alessandro, character of arias, 219_n._
Scene, dramatic, cultural basis, 325
Scepticism, as last stage of Western philosophy, 45, 374
Scharnhorst, Gerhard von, army reforms, 150_n._
Schelling, Friedrich von, and dualism, 307;
esoteric, 369;
contemporaries, table i
Schiller, Johann C. F., tragic form, 147;
banality, 155
Schirazi, and dualism, 307
Schlüter, Andreas, architecture, 244, 245, 285
Schöngauer, Martin, colour, 250
Scholasticism, art association, 229;
will and reason, 305;
and dualism, 307;
cultural culmination, 365_n._;
contemporaries, table i
Schopenhauer, Arthur, and history, 7, 29, 97_n._;
provincialism, 23, 24;
practical philosophy, 45, 368;
and mathematics, 67, 125, 366;
will, and reason, 308, 342;
and Civilization, 352;
and ethics, 354, 373;
pessimism and system, 366, 370;
and critique of society, 367;
and Darwinism, 369, 372, 373;
contemporaries, table i
Schroeter, Manfred, on criticism of Spengler, x
Schütz, Heinrich, Matthew Passion, 199, 244;
and imagination, 220;
pictorial music, 283;
God-feeling, 395
Science, of history, 153, 154;
esoteric Western, 328.
_See also_ Art; Mathematics; Natural science; Nature
Scipio, P. Cornelius, and economic organization, 138;
contemporaries, table iii
Scopas, and self-criticism, 264;
and body, 270;
period, 284
Scott, Sir Walter, as historian, 96
Scrope, Richard, as warrior, 349_n._
Sculpture, and proportion and function, 84;
Classical, as become, 97;
cultural basis, 216, 225;
form-ideal of Classical, picture-origin, 225;
polychrome, 226;
music-origin of Rococo, 231;
Gothic, 231, 261;
use of marble, 232, 249_n._, 253, 276;
Renaissance, 235, 237, 238, 253;
position in Western Culture, 244;
Egyptian, polish, 248_n._, 266;
bronze, 253, 276;
Classical expression of body as soul, 260, 261, 305;
Michelangelo’s attitude, 275-277, 281;
free Classical, and Western music, 283, 284;
Classical, and time of day, 325;
Classical, and spectator, 329;
contemporary cultural periods, table ii.
_See also_ Art; Portraiture
Sebastiano del Piombo, and Raphael, 272
Second religiousness, period in a Culture, xi, 108, 424-428;
of Rome, 306
Selene, as goddess, 147_n._, 402
Seleucus, astronomical theory, 68
Seljuk art, contemporaries, table ii
Semper, Gottfried, on style, 221
Seneca, L. Annæus, Stoicism and income, 33;
and Baroque drama, 317
Sentinum, battle, 151
Septimius Severus, favourite god, 406
Serapis, cult, 406
Serenus, as Arabian thinker, 63
Servius Tullius, myth, 11
Sesostris, court, 81;
as name, 206;
autumn of Culture, 207
Sethos I, contemporaries, table iii
Sèvres ware, and Wedgwood, 150_n._
Sex, naturalism, 24, 33, 207, 288;
problem of Civilization, 35;
cultural attitude, 136;
historical aspects, 137
Sforzas, Hellenic sorriness, 273
Shaftesbury, Earl of, and imperialism, 150
Shakespeare, William, tragic form and method, vision, 129, 130,
141_n._, 142, 143, 220, 319;
Bacon controversy, 135_n._;
and motive, 156;
as dramatist of the incidental, 142, 146;
and historical material, 255;
and Classical drama, 323;
and time of day, 324;
scenes, 325;
God-feeling, 330, 395;
ethical passion, 347, 355;
and evolution, 370
Shang Period, contemporaries, table iii
Shaw, George Bernard, sex problem, 35;
and history, 255_n._;
and morale, 346, 368, 369, 373, 374;
superman, 350;
and diet, 361;
on Schopenhauer, 367;
and Socialism and Darwinism, 371, 372
Shih-huang-ti, career, 112_n._
Shiva, cult, 136_n._
Short story, Western, 318_n._
Siegfried, archtype, 402;
contemporaries, table i
Siena, and counter-Renaissance, 234;
school, 268
Signorelli, Luca de’, and Classicism, 221;
and body and colour, 239, 242, 278;
act and portrait, 270, 271;
and statics, 414
Sikyon, Adrastos cult, 33_n._
Silesian wars, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._
Simone Martini, and Gothic, 235
Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo’s frescos, 263, 275, 395
Sistine Madonna, 268, 280
Six Classical Systems, contemporaries, table i
Skyscraper, and gigantomachia, 291
Sluter, Klaus, sculpture, 263
Smith, Adam, economic theory, 417
Soaring, as Western term, 397
Socialism, and Civilization, 32;
and Darwinism, 35, 370-372;
and economic motives, 36, 355;
and imperialism, 37;
Frederick William I’s practice, 138;
ethical, defined, esoteric, 328_n._, 342, 347, 351, 355, 374;
scientific basis of ideas, 353;
as end-phenomenon, 356, 357;
and contemporaries, immaturity, 357, 358, 361;
irreligion, 359, 409;
necessity, 361;
dynamic qualities, and compassion, 361;
and work, 362;
and future, 363;
tragedy of nebulous aim, 363;
and lie of life, 364;
and political economy, 367;
contemporaries, table i
Sociology, biological, 155;
and Western ethics, 367, 368
Socrates, ahistoric consciousness, 14;
ethic, 347;
and Civilization, 352;
and Stoicism, 353_n._;
intellect and wisdom 409;
condemnation, 410;
contemporaries, table i
Soest, church, 205
Sol Invictus, cult, 406, 406_n._, 407
Sonata, movement, 231
Sophists, scientific basis, 353_n._, 356;
and diet, 361;
contemporaries, table i
Sophocles, ahistoric consciousness, 9;
tragic form and method, 129, 130, 141_n._, 143, 146, 318, 321, 330,
386;
statue, 269;
deification, 405
Soul, and world and life, 54;
mathematic expression, 101;
of Cultures, inner image, 106, 303;
and predestination, 117;
individual, and macrocosm, 165, 259;
cultural designations and attributes, 183;
man as phenomenon, cultural expression, 259;
Classical “body” expression, 259-261;
Western expression in portrait, 261-266;
knowledge and faith, 299, 300;
as image of counter-world, 300;
and “exact” science, 301, 302, 313;
culture-language, 302;
cultural basis of systematic psychology, 303, 304, 307, 313, 314;
Classical static and Western dynamic, 304, 305;
Arabian dualism, 305;
will and reason, outer world parallels, 308;
Western will-culture, egoism, 308-312, 314;
and cultural religious concepts, 312, 358;
cultural basis of morale, 315;
dynamic, and biography, 315, 316;
Classical gesture, beauty, 316;
and cultural forms of tragedy, 317-326;
popularity, cultural basis, 326-329;
cultural relation to universe, 330-332;
and to discovery, 332-337;
and brain, 367.
_See also_ Morale; Portraiture; Spirit
Space, and natural morphology, 6, 7;
and the become, 56;
relation to Classical and Western Cultures, 64, 81-84, 88;
world-fear and creative expression, 79-81;
multi-dimensional, symbolism, 88, 89, 165;
direction and extension, 99, 172;
and causality and destiny, 119, 120;
awareness, 122;
and scientific time, 124, 125;
time as counter-concept, 126, 170, 172;
and death, 166;
world-experience and depth, 168, 169, 172;
perception or comprehension, 169-172;
cultural symbolism in depth-experience, 173-175;
cultural prime symbols, 174-178, 337;
Classical use of term, 175_n._;
cultural basis of concepts, 179, 310;
and architectural and religious expression of Culture, 183-188, 198-
200;
Egyptian and Chinese experiencing, 189-191, 201-203;
Western arts and prime phenomenon, 281, 282;
extension and reason, 308.
_See also_ Become; Causality; Depth-experience; Nature; Time
Spain, period of ascendency, incident and destiny, 148, 150
Spaniards, and discovery, 333
Spanish-Sicilian art, contemporaries, table ii
Spanish Succession War, and cultural rhythm, 110_n._;
as epoch, 149
Sparta, myth, 11;
and music, 223
Spencer, Herbert, and economic ascendency, 367;
contemporaries, table i
Spengler, Oswald, reception of book, ix;
basis of philosophy, xiii-xv, 49_n._
Speyer Cathedral, 185, 224
Spinoza, Baruch, and dualism, 307;
and force, 413
Spirit, and soul in Arabian dualism, 306.
_See also_ Body; History; Morale; Nature; Philosophy; Religion; Soul
Spirit land, cultural conception, 333
Spirit-wall, 203
Spitzweg, Karl, significance of colour, 252
Sport, and Civilization, 35
Stahl, Georg Ernst, chemical theory, 384
Stained glass. _See_ Glass painting
Stamitz, Johann K., Classical contemporary, 177;
and four-part movement, 231;
period, 284
State. _See_ Politics
Statics, as Classical system, 384, 393;
no Western concept, 414.
_See also_ Natural science
Statistics, and probability, 421
Steamship, Classical anticipation, 334
Stendhal, and psychology, 319
Stipel, and zero, 178_n._
Stirner, Max, and morale, 346;
and Hegelianism, 367;
contemporaries, table i
Stoicism, and Civilization, 32, 352;
and money, 33, 36;
practicality, 45;
homology, 111;
and state, 138;
and corporeality, 177;
weak soul, 203;
ethic, 315, 347, 355, 367;
and will, 344_n._, 347;
scientific basis of ideas, 353;
as end-phenomenon, 356, 357;
and contemporaries, 357, 358, 361, table i;
irreligion, 359, 409;
and diet, 361
Stone, as symbol, 188, 195, 206;
polish, 248_n._
_See also_ Architecture; Marble; Sculpture
Strassburg Minister, Arabian influence, 213
Streets, cultural attitude, 109;
Western aspect and depth-experience, 224, 241;
Egyptian aspect, 224_n._
Strindberg, August, provincialism, 24, 33_n._;
sex problem, 35;
and morale, 346, 374;
and Civilization, 352
String music, in Western Culture, 231, 252_n._
Strzygowski, Josef, on Arabian art, 184, 209
Style, as cultural emanation, 108, 200, 202;
brave Egyptian, 201-203;
Chinese, 203;
weak Classical, 203-205;
history as organism, cultural basis, 205;
stages of each style, 206;
history of Arabian, 207-214;
and technical form of arts, 220;
in natural science, 387, 391
Suez Canal, Goethe’s prophecy, 42
Sufism, contemporaries, table i
Suhrawardi, on body, 248
Suicide, cultural attitude, 204
Sulla, incident, 139;
contemporaries, table iii
Sunda, islands of, Roman knowledge, 334
Superman, in Nietzsche and Shaw, 350, 369, 370;
natural selection, 371
Sutras, contemporaries, table i
Sylvester II, pope, and clock, 15_n._
Symbolism, in living thought, xiii;
symbols of a culture, 4, 13, 31;
in historical morphology, 7, 46;
clock and bell, 14, 131, 134_n._;
money and Civilization, 34;
in the become, 101;
actuality, 101, 168;
symbols (names) and fear, 123, 193, 397;
of funeral customs, 134, 135;
of museums, 135;
of world-history, 163;
symbols defined, 163;
spatiality, 165;
and knowledge of death, 166;
kind of extension as cultural symbol, 173-175;
cultural prime symbols, plurality, 174, 179, 180, 189, 190, 196, 203,
337;
writing as cultural symbol, 197_n._;
window, 199, 210, 224;
in colour and gold, 245-249;
as replacing images, 407
Synagogues, patterns, 211_n._
Syncretism, architectural expression, 209;
cults, 228;
contemporaries, table i
Syracuse, culture city, 32;
and Plato, 42
Syria, music of sun-worship, 228;
contemporaries of art, table ii.
_See also_ Arabian Culture

Taboo, idea, 80; effect of naming, 123; side of art, 127. _See also_ Religion Tacitus, Cornelius, ahistoric consciousness, 10, 11; limited background, 132, 133 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles de, on life before 1789, 207 Talmud, dualism, 306; determinism, 307; and nature, 393; contemporaries, table i Tanis, Hyksos Sphinx, 108, 262 Tanit, as deity, 406 Tao, principle, 14, 190, 203, 228; perspective, 311_n._ Tarquins, myth, 11; contemporaries, table iii Tartessus, realm, 332_n._ Tartini, Giuseppe, orchestration, 231; violin story, 276_n._ Tasso, Torquato, and fixed scene, 325 Taygetus, Mount, Lycurgus as local god, 11 Technics, and future of Western Culture, 41, 44 Technique, and theory, 395 Teleology, as caricature, 120 Telephus Frieze. _See_ Pergamene Telescope, as Western symbol, 331 Tell-el-Amarna, art, 193_n._, 293 Tellez, Gabriel. _See_ Tirso de Molina Tellus Mater, materiality, 403 Temperature, and dynamics, 414 Templum, as cult-plan, 185 Tension, as Western principle, 386 Ten Thousand, expedition, as episode, 147, 336_n._ Terpander, music, 223 Thales, and problem of knowing, 365, 381 Thalestas, music, 223 Thebes, autumnal city, 99 Themistocles, ahistoric consciousness, 9; morale, 349 Theocritus, irreligion, 358 Theory, and fact, 378; and religion, 395 Theosophy, conversion, 346 Theotokos, and Mary-cult, 137_n._, 267, 268 Theresa, Saint, and Western morale, 348 Thermodynamics, first law and energy, 413; second law, entropy, 420 Theseus legends, contemporaries, table i Thing-become. _See_ Become Thing-becoming. _See_ Becoming Thinite Period, contemporaries, tables ii, iii Thinker, defined, xiii Third Kingdom, as Western conception, 363; and lie of life, 364 Thirty Years’ War, as epoch, 149 Thoma, Hans, painting, 289 Thomas Aquinas, influence of Joachim of Floris, 20; and destiny, 141; ethic, 309; religion, 394; contemporaries, table i Thoroughbass, and geometry, 61; rise, 230 Thorwaldsen, Albert, sculpture, 245 Thothmes, workshop, 193_n._ Thucydides, ahistoric consciousness, 9; limited background, 10, 132, 133_n._ Thunder-pattern, 196 Thuthmosis III, maturity of culture, 94; contemporaries, table iii Tiberius, as episode, 140; contemporaries, table iii Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, painting, 283; ease, 292 Time, and historical morphology, 6; and history, problems, 49, 95, 103, 158; and direction, 54, 56; and mathematics, 64, 125, 126; enigma, as word, effect of naming, 79, 121-123; direction and extension, 99, 172; and destiny and causality, 119, 120; unawareness, 122; mechanical conception, 122; “space of time”, 122_n._; and Relativity, 124_n._, 419; and space, scientific explanation, counter-concept, 124-126, 170; ahistoric and historic drama, cultural basis, 130; cultural symbolism of clock, 131, 134; and cause and incident, 142; as feeling, 154; and nature, 158, 387-391; past and transience, 166; direction and dimension, 169_n._; and depth, 172, 173; and imitation and ornament, 193-195, 197; direction and will, 308; direction and aim, 361. _See also_ Becoming; Destiny; History; Space Time of day, cultural attitude, 324, 325 Tintoretto, background, 239 Tiresias, cult, 185 Tirso de Molina, and unities, 323 Tiryns, funeral customs, 135 Titian, period, 108; technique, brushwork, 221, 249; and Raphael, 227; and colour, 242, 252; and popularity, 243; portraits as biography, 264; and body, 271; Baroque, 274; impressionism, 286; contemporaries, table ii Title, symbolic importance, 408_n._ Toleration, cultural attitude, 343, 404, 410, 411 Tolstoi, Leo, and Europe, 16_n._; provincialism, 24; on notion of death, 166; philosophy, 309 Totem, side of art, 128. _See also_ Religion; Taboo Tragedy. _See_ Drama Trajan, analogy, 39; and Arabian art, 211; forum, 215; contemporaries, table iii Transcendentalism, Western, 311 Transience, notion, 166 Trecento, so-called Renaissance, 233_n._ Trent, Council of, Jesuit domination, 148; and Western Christianity, 247; and church music, 268_n._; and Western morale, 348 Trigonometry, contemporaries, table i. _See also_ Mathematics Trinity, as physical problem, 383 Trojan War, and Crusades, 10_n._, 27 Troubadours, imitative music, 229 Truth, relativity, cultural basis, xiii, 41, 46, 60, 146, 178-180, 304, 313, 345 Tscharvaka, contemporaries, table i Tsin, contemporaries, 37, table iii Turfan, Indian dramas, 295 Turgot, Anne R. J., economic theory, 417 Tuscany. _See_ Florence; Renaissance Tusculum, battle, 349_n._ Twelfth Night, 325 Twilight of the Gods, Christian form, 400 Tyche, as deity, 146 Tzigane music, improvisation, 195

Uhde, Fritz K. H. von, and religious painting, 288_n._ Ulm Minster, as model, 224 Unities, dramatic, Classical and Western attitude, 323 Universe, cultural attitude, 330-332 Upanishads, contemporaries, table i Usefulness, cult, 155, 156 Uzzano bust, Donatello’s, 272

Vaishnavism, 136_n._ Valcashika, contemporaries, table i Valhalla, conception, 186, 187; history, 400; and unitary space, 403 Valkyries, and unitary space, 403 Valmy, battle, Goethe and significance, 149 Van Dyck, Anthony, musical expression, 250 Varangians, movement-stream, 333_n._ Varro, M. Terentius, classification of gods, 11; on religions, 394 Varyags, movement-stream, 333_n._ Vasari, Giorgio, on imitation, 192 Vase-painting, Classical, and time of day, 226, 325; Renaissance, 237 Vatican, Raphael’s frescoes, 237, 279; Michelangelo’s, 263, 275, 395 Vaux-le-Vicomte, park, 241 Vector, concept and Baroque art, 311; and motion, 314 Vedanta doctrine, 352, 355; contemporaries, table i Vedas, homology, 111; contemporaries, table i Vegetarianism, and Civilization, 361 Velasquez, Diego, musical expression, 250; and body, 271; period, 283; as religious, 358 Venice, and Arabian Culture, 211, 216, 235; art ascendency, 224; school of painting, 227, 281; music, 230, 236, 282; and Renaissance, 273. _See also_ Titian Venus and Rome, temple, 211 Verlaine, Paul, autumnal accent, 241 Vermeer, Jan, technique, 221; colour, 251, 253; period, 283 Veronese, Paolo. _See_ Paolo Verrocchio, Andrea, sculpture, Colleone statue, 235, 238, 272; goldsmith, 237; and portrait, 271; anti-Gothic, 275_n._ Versailles, park, 241 Vesta, materiality, 403 Viadana, Lodovico, music, 230 Vienna, master-builders, 207; chamber music, 232 Vieta, François, significance of algebraic notation, 71 Vignola, Giacomo, architecture, liberation, 87, 313, 412 Village Sheikh, statue, 265 Violin, as Western symbol, 231, 252_n._ Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene E., and restorations, 254_n._ Virtue, cultural concepts of manly, 348. _See also_ Truth Vishnu, and Krishna, 136_n._ Vision, and history and art, 95, 96, 102, 142 Vitruvius, and arch and column, 204 Völuspá, unitary space, 185. _See also_ Eddas Voltaire, contemporary mathematics, 66; and imperialism, 150; contemporaries, table i _Voluntas_, meaning, 310_n._ Vulturnus, materiality, 403

Wagner, Richard, sensuousness, 35;
and popularity, 35, 327;
foreshadowing by, 111;
modernity, 111;
and imagination, 220;
end-art, 223, 425;
impressionism, and endless space, 282, 286, 292;
and form and size, 291, 352;
striving, 292;
and psychology, 319;
and Civilization, 352;
character of Nihilism, 357;
irreligion, 358;
nebulous aim, 363, 364;
and lie of life, 364;
and Nietzsche, 370;
and socio-economic ethics, 370, 372, 373;
forest-longing, 397
Wallenstein, Albrecht von, horoscope, 147;
contemporaries, table iii
Walther von der Vogelweide, lyrics, 324
Wang-Cheng, contemporaries, table iii
Wang Hü, imperialism, 37
Washington, George, contemporaries, table iii
Washington, D. C., contemporaries, 112
Wasmann, Rudolf F., act and portrait, 271_n._;
and grand style, 289
Watteau, Jean A., period, 108;
“singing” picture, 219, 232, 283;
colour, 246, 247, 253;
contemporaries, table ii
Way, as Egyptian prime symbol, 174, 189, 201
Wazo of Liége, Bishop, as warrior, 349_n._
Wedgwood ware, and Sèvres, 150_n._
Weierstrass, Karl T. W., on poetry in mathematics, 62;
and time, 126
Weimar, culture city, 29, 139
Weininger, Otto, position in Western ethics, 374
Western Culture, clock and bell as symbols, 14, 15_n._, 131, 134;
mathematic, function, 15, 62, 68, 74-78, 87-90;
irrational idea of historical culmination in, 16-20, 39;
provincialism, 22-25, 39;
Classical contemporary of present period, 26;
destiny, acceptance, 32, 37-41, 44, 336;
philosophy of decline, 45, 46;
World War as type of change, 46-48;
infinite space as prime symbol, art expression, 81, 86, 87, 89, 174-
178, 184-187, 198-201, 224, 229-232, 239-242, 281-285, 337;
and popularity, 85, 243, 326-328, 362;
historic basis, destiny-idea, 97, 129, 130, 133-135, 143, 145, 363;
morphological aspect, 100;
dramatic form, 129;
expression of soul, portrait, 130, 260-266, 304;
and care and sex, 136;
attitude toward state, 137;
economic organization, 138;
religious expression, 140, 185-188, 312, 398-401;
Franco-Spanish period of maturity, 148, 150_n._;
English basis of Civilization, 151, 371;
final test of foreseeing destiny, 159;
birth of soul, attributes, 167, 183;
literary expression, 185-188;
art-work and sense-organ, imagination, 220;
secularization of arts, 230;
form and content, 242;
position of sculpture, 244;
colour symbol, 245-247, 250;
brushwork as symbol, 249;
unity, 252;
and motherhood, 266-268;
languages, 302_n._;
as will-culture, 308-312;
and time of day, 324;
significance of astronomy, 330-332;
and discovery, 332-337;
aspects of ethics, 367-369;
culture and dogma, 410;
spiritual epochs, table i;
art epochs, table ii;
political epochs, table iii.
_See also_ Art; Civilization; Cultures; History; Nature; Politics;
Spirit
Weyden, Rogier van der. _See_ Rogier
Wilhelm, Meister, painting, 263
Will, free will and destiny, 140, 141;
unexplainable, 299;
as Western concept, 302, 304, 308-313;
and reason, 308;
and Western concept of God, 312;
and character, 314;
and life, 315;
and Western morale, 341-345, 373
Willaert, Adrian, music, in Italy, 236, 252
Winckelmann, Johann J., narrow Classicalism, 28_n._
Wind instruments, colour expression, 252_n._
Window, cultural significance, 199, 210, 224
Woermann, Karl, on catacomb Madonna, 137_n._
Wolfram von Eschenbach, world-outlook, 142;
forest-longing, 186, 397;
and Grail, 213_n._;
and popularity, 243;
tragic method, 319, 324
Woodwind instruments, colour expression, 252_n._
Word, relation to number, 57.
_See also_ Language; Names
Work, Protestant works, 316_n._;
and deed, 355;
and Socialism, 362;
Western concept, 413
World, and soul and life, 54
World-Ash Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396
World conceptions, historical and natural, overlapping, 98-100, 102,
103, 119, 153, 154, 158;
(diagram), 154;
symbolic, 163-165;
happening and history, 153.
_See also_ History; Macrocosm; Nature
World-end, as symbol of Western soul, 363, 423
World-fear, creative expression, 79-81
World-longing, development, and world-fear, 78-81
World War, and Spengler’s theories, ix, xv;
as type of historical change of phase, 46-48, 110_n._;
contemporaries, table iii
Writing, alphabet and historical consciousness, 12_n._;
as ornament, 194_n._, 197_n._
_See also_ Language
Würzburg, Marienkirche and style, 200;
master-builders, 207
Wu-ti, contemporaries, table iii

Yahweh, dualism, 312, 402 Yang-chu, practical philosophy, 45 Yellow, symbolism, 246 Yggdrasil, as symbol, 396 Yoga doctrine, 355; contemporaries, table i Youth, and future, 152

Zama, as marking a period, 36 Zarathustra. _See_ Zoroaster Zarlino, Giuseppe, music, 230, 282 Zend Avesta, dualism, 306, 307; and nature, 393; contemporaries, table i Zeno, of Elea. _See_ Eleatic philosophy Zeno, the Stoic, ethic, 347, 354; character of Nihilism, 357; and mathematics, 366; contemporaries, table i Zenodorus, as Arabian thinker, 63 Zero, Classical mathematic and, 66-68; and theory of the limit, 86; cultural conception, 178 Zeuxis, painting, light and shadow, 207, 242_n._, 283, 325_n._ Zola, Emile, journalism, 360 Zoroaster, Nietzsche’s “Zarathustra”, 30, 342, 363, 370, 371; unimposed mystic benefits, 344_n._; Arabian epic, 402. _See also_ Zend Avesta Zwinger, of Dresden, in style history, 108, 207, 285

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TABLES

════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TABLE I. “CONTEMPORARY” SPIRITUAL EPOCHS
═════════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════╤════════════════╤═══════════════════════
│ _INDIAN_ │ _CLASSICAL_ │ _ARABIAN_ │ _WESTERN_
│ (from 1500) │ (from 1100) │ (from 0.) │ (from 900)
─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────
=SPRING.= │ I. BIRTH OF A MYTH OF THE GRAND STYLE, EXPRESSING A NEW GOD-FEELING.
│ WORLD-FEAR. WORLD-LONGING
│ │ │ │
_(Rural-intuit- │1500-1200 │1100-800 │0-300 │900-1200
ive. Great crea- │Vedic religion │Hellenic-Ital- │ Primitive │German Catholicism
tions of the │ │ ian “Demeter” │ Christianity │Edda (Baldr)
newly-awakened │ │ religion of │ (Mandaeans, │Bernard of Clairvaux,
dream-heavy Soul.│ │ the people │ Gnosis, Sync- │ Joachim of Floris,
Super-personal │ │ │ retism Marcion,│ Francis of Assisi
unity and ful- │ │ │(Mithras, Baal) │Popular Epos
ness)_ │Aryan hero- │Homer │Gospels. Apoca- │ (Siegfried)
│ tales │ │ lypses │Western legends of the
│ │Heracles and │Christian, Maz- │ Saints
│ │ Theseus │ daist and │
│ │ legends │ pagan legends │
│ II. EARLIEST MYSTICAL-METAPHYSICAL SHAPING OF THE NEW WORLD-OUTLOOK
│ ZENITH OF SCHOLASTICISM
│ │ │ │
│Preserved in │Oldest (oral) │Origen (d. 254),│Thomas Aquinas (d.
│oldest parts of │Orphic, Etruscan│Plotinus (d. │1274), Duns Scotus (d.
│the Vedas │discipline │269), Mani (d. │1308), Dante (d. 1321)
│ │ │276), Iamblichus│and Eckhardt (d. 1329)
│ │ │(d. 330) │
│ │After-effect; │Avesta, Talmud. │Mysticism.
│ │Hesiod, │Patristic │Scholasticism
│ │Cosmogonies │literature │
─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────
=SUMMER.= │ III. REFORMATION: INTERNAL POPULAR OPPOSITION TO THE GREAT SPRINGTIME
│ FORMS
=(Ripening │Brahmanas. │Orphic movement.│Augustine (d. │Nicolaus Cusanus (d.
consciousness. │Oldest parts of │Dionysiac │430) │1464)
Earliest urban │Upanishads (10th│religion. “Numa”│Nestorians │John Hus (d. 1308)
and critical │and 9th │religion(7th │(about 430) │Savonarola, Karlstadt,
stirrings)= │Centuries) │Century) │Monophysites │Luther, Calvin (d.
│ │ │(about 450) │1564)
│ │ │Mazdak (about │
│ │ │500) │
│ │ │ │
│ IV. BEGINNING OF A PURELY PHILOSOPHICAL FORM OF THE WORLD-FEELING.
│ OPPOSITION OF IDEALISTIC AND REALISTIC SYSTEMS
│ │ │ │
│Preserved in │The great Pre- │Byzantine, │Galileo, Bacon,
│Upanishads │Socratics (6th │Jewish, Syrian, │Descartes, Bruno,
│ │and 5th │Coptic and │Boehme, Leibniz. 16th
│ │Centuries) │Persian │and 17th Centuries
│ │ │literature of │
│ │ │6th and 7th │
│ │ │Centuries │
│ │ │ │
V. FORMATION OF A NEW MATHEMATIC CONCEPTION OF NUMBER AS COPY
AND CONTENT OF WORLD-FORM
│ │ │ │
│(lost) │Number as │The indefinite │Number as Function
│ │magnitude │number (Algebra)│(analysis)
│ │(proportion) │ │
│ │Geometry. │ │
│ │Arithmetic │ │
│ │Pythagoreans │(development not│Descartes, Pascal,
│ │(from 540) │yet │Fermat (_ca._ 1630)
│ │ │investigated) │
│ │ │ │Newton and Leibniz
│ │ │ │(_ca._ 1670)
│ │ │ │
VI. PURITANISM. RATIONALISTIC-MYSTIC IMPOVERISHMENT OF RELIGION
│ │ │ │
│(lost) │Pythagorean │Mohammed (622) │English Puritans
│ │ society │ Paulicians and │ (from 1620)
│ │ (from 540) │ Iconoclasts │French Jansenists
│ │ │ (from 650) │ from 1640)
│ │ │ │ Port Royal
│ │ │ │
─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────
=AUTUMN.= │VII. “ENLIGHTENMENT.” BELIEF IN ALMIGHTINESS OF REASON. CULT OF “NATURE.”
│ “RATIONAL” RELIGION
│ │ │ │
=(Intelligence │Sutras; Sankhya;│Sophists of │Mutazilites │English Ration-
of the City. Zen-│ Buddha; later │ the 5th Cen- │ │ alists (Locke)
ith of strict │ Upanishads │ tury │Sufism │French Encyc-
intellectual cre-│ │Socrates (d. │ │ lopaedists
ativeness)= │ │ 399) │Nazzam, │ (Voltaire)
│ │Democritus (d. │ Alkindi │ Rousseau
│ │ _ca._ 360) │ (about 830) │
│ │ │ │
│ VIII. ZENITH OF MATHEMATICAL THOUGHT. ELUCIDATION OF THE FORM-WORLD OF
│ NUMBERS
│ │ │ │
│(lost) │Archytas (d. │(not invest- │Euler (d. 1763),
│ │ 365) │ igated) │ Lagrange (d. 1813),
│ │Plato (d. 346) │(Theory of │ Laplace (d. 1827)
│(Zero as │(Conic Sections)│ number. │(The Infinitesimal
│ number) │ │Spherical │ problem)
│ │ │ Trigonometry) │
│ │ │ │
│ IX. THE GREAT CONCLUSIVE SYSTEMS
│ │ │ │
│_Idealism_ }│ │ │ { Schelling
│ Yoga, Vedanta }│Plato (d. │Alfarabi (d. │Goethe {
│_Epistemology_ }│ 346) │ 950) │ { Hegel
│ Valcashika }│Aristotle (d. │Avicenna (d. │Kant {
│_Logic_ Nyaya }│ 322) │ _ca._1000) │ { Fichte
│ │ │ │
─────────────────┼────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴───────────────────────
=WINTER.= │ X. MATERIALISTIC WORLD-OUTLOOK. CULT OF SCIENCE, UTILITY AND PROSPERITY
│ │ │ │
=(Dawn of Mega- │Sankhya, │Cynics, Cyr- │Communistic, │Bentham, Comte,
lopolitan Civ- │Tscharvaka │ enaics │ atheistic, │ Darwin
ilization. Ex- │(Lokoyata) │Last Soph- │ Epicurean sects│Spencer, Stirner,
tinction of │ │ ists (Pyr- │ of Abbassid │ Marx
spiritual cre- │ │rhon) │ times. “Breth- │Feuerbach
ative force. │ │ │ ren of Sincer- │
Life itself be- │ │ │ ity” │
comes problem- │ XI. ETHICAL-SOCIAL IDEALS OF LIFE. EPOCH OF “UNMATHEMATICAL PHILOSOPHY.”
atical. Ethical- │ SKEPSIS
practical tend- │ │ │ │
encies of an │Tendencies │Hellenism │Movements │Schopenhauer,
irreligious and │in Buddha’s │ │ in Islam │ Nietzsche
unmetaphysical │time │ │ │Socialism,
cosmopolitan- │ │ │ │ Anarchism
ism)= │ │ │ │Hebbel, Wag-
│ │ │ │ ner, Ibsen
│ │ │ │
│ XII. INNER COMPLETION OF THE MATHEMATICAL FORM-WORLD. THE CONCLUDING
│ THOUGHT
│ │ │ │
│(lost) │Euclid, │Alchwarizmi │Gauss (d. 1855)
│ │Apollonius │(800) │
│ │(about 300) │ │
│ │ │Ibn Kurra (850) │Cauchy (d. 1857)
│ │Archimedes │Alkarchi, │Riemann (d. 1866)
│ │(about 250) │Albiruni (10th │
│ │ │Century) │
│ │ │ │
│ XIII. DEGRADATION OF ABSTRACT THINKING INTO PROFESSIONAL LECTURE-ROOM
│ PHILOSOPHY. COMPENDIUM LITERATURE
│ │ │ │
│The “Six Class- │Academy, Peri-, │Schools of │Kantians.
│ ical Systems” │ patos, Sto- │ Baghdad and │“Logicians”
│ │ ics, Epicur- │ Basra │ and “Psycho-
│ │ eans │ │ logists”
│ │ │ │
│ XIV. SPREAD OF A FINAL WORLD-SENTIMENT
│ │ │ │
│Indian Buddhism │Hellenistic- │Practical │Ethical Socialism from
│ │Roman Stoicism │fatalism in │1900
│ │from 200 │Islam after 1000│

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════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
TABLE II. “CONTEMPORARY” CULTURE EPOCHS
═════════════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤═══════════════╤═══════════════
│_EGYPTIAN_ │_CLASSICAL_ │_ARABIAN_ │_WESTERN_
─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────
=PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD.= CHAOS OF PRIMITIVE EXPRESSION FORMS. MYSTICAL SYMBOLISM AND
NAÏVE IMITATION
│ │ │ │
│Thinite Period │Mycenean Age │Persian- │Merovingian-
│ │ │ Seleucid │ Carolingian
│ │ │ Period │ Era
│(3400-3000) │(1600-1700) │(500-0) │(500-900)
│ │Late-Egyptian │Late-Classical │
│ │ (Minoan) │ (Hellenistic)│
│ │Late-Babylonian │Late-Indian │
│ │ (Asia Minor) │ (Indo- │
│ │ │ Iranian) │
│ │ │ │
=EXCITATION= │ │ │
──────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────
=CULTURE.= LIFE-HISTORY OF A STYLE FORMATIVE OF THE ENTIRE INNER-BEING. FORM-
LANGUAGE OF DEEPEST SYMBOLIC NECESSITY
=I. EARLY PERIOD=│OLD KINGDOM │DORIC │EARLY-ARABIAN │GOTHIC
│ │ │ FORM-WORLD. │
=(Ornament and │(2900-2400) │(1100-500) │(Sassanid, │(900-1500)
architecture as │ │ │ Byzantine, │
elementary │ │ │ Armenian, │
expression of the│ │ │ Syrian, │
young world- │ │ │ Sabæan, │
feeling.) (The │ │ │ “Late- │
“Primitives”)= │ │ │ Classical” │
│ │ │ and “Early │
│ │ │ Christian” │
│ │ │ (0-500) │
│ _1. Birth and Rise. Forms sprung from the Land, unconsciously
│ shaped_
│Dynasties IV-V. │11th to 9th │1st to 3rd │11th to 13th
│ │ Centuries │ Centuries │ Centuries
│(2930-2625) │ │Cult interiors │
│ │ │Basilica, │Romanesque and
│ │ │ Cupola │ Early-Gothic
│ │ │ (Pantheon as │ vaulted
│ │ │ Mosque) │ cathedrals
│Geometrical │Timber building │ │
│ Temple style │ │ │
│Pyramid temples │Doric column │Column-and-arch│Flying buttress
│Ranked plant- │Architrave │Stem-tracery │Glass-painting,
│ columns │ │ filling │ Cathedral
│ │ │ blanks │
│Rows of flat- │Geometric │Sarcophagus │sculpture
│ relief │ (Dipylon) style│ │
│Tomb statues │Burial urns │ │
│ │ │ │
_2. Completion of the early form-language. Exhaustion of possibilities.
Contradiction_
│VI Dynasty │8th and 7th │4-5th Centuries│14-15th
│ (2625-2574) │ Centuries │ │ Centuries
│Extinction of │End of archaic │End of Syrian, │Late Gothic and
│ pyramid-style │ Doric-Etruscan │ Persian, and │ Renaissance
│ and epic- │ style │ Coptic │
│ idyllic relief│ │ pictorial art│
│ style │ │ │
│Floraison of │Proto-Corinthian-│Rise of mosaic-│Floraison and
│ archaic │ Early-Attic │ picturing and│ waning of
│ portrait- │ (mythological) │ of arabesque │ fresco and
│ plastic │ vase │ │ statue. From
│ painting │ │ │ Giotto
│ │ │ │ (Gothic) to
│ │ │ │ Michelangelo
│ │ │ │ (Baroque).
│ │ │ │ Siena,
│ │ │ │ Nürnberg. The
│ │ │ │ Gothic
│ │ │ │ picture from
│ │ │ │ Van Eyck to
│ │ │ │ Holbein.
│ │ │ │ Counterpoint
│ │ │ │ and oil-
│ │ │ │ painting
─────────────────┼────────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────
=II. LATE PERIOD │MIDDLE KINGDOM │IONIC │LATE-ARABIAN │BAROQUE
(Formation of │(2150-1800) │(650-350) │ FORM-WORLD │(1500-1800)
a group of arts │ │ │ (Persian-Nest-│
urban and con- │ │ │ orian, Byz- │
scious, in the │ │ │ antine-Arm- │
hands of individ-│ │ │ enian, Islam- │
uals) (“Great │ │ │ ic Moorish) │
Masters”)= │ │ │ (500-800) │
│ │ │ │
_3. Formation of a mature artistry_
│XIth Dynasty. │Completion of │Completion of │The pictorial
│ Delicate and │ the temple- │ of the mosque-│ style in
│ telling art │ body (Peri- │ interior (Cen-│ architecture
│(Almost no │ pteros,stone) │ tral dome of │ from Michel-
│ traces left) │The Ionic col- │ Hagia Sophia) │ angelo to Ber-
│ │ umn │ │ nini (d. 1680)
│ │Reign of fresco- │Zenith of mos- │Reign of oil-
│ │ painting till │ aic painting │ painting from
│ │ Polygnotus │ │ Titian to Rem-
│ │ (460) │ │ brandt (d.
│ │Rise of free │Completion of │ 1664)
│ │ plastic “in │ the carpet- │Rise of music
│ │ the round” │ like arabesque│ from Orlando
│ │ (“Apollo of │ style (Machat-│ Lasso to H.
│ │ Tenea” to │ ta) │ Schütz (d.
│ │ Hageladas) │ │ 1671)
│ │ │ │
_4. Perfection of an intellectualized form-language_
│ │ │ │
│XIIth Dynasty │Maturity of │Ommayads │Rococo
│ (2000-1788) │ Athens (480- │ │
│ │ 350) │ │
│Pylon-temple, │The Acropolis │(7th-8th │Musical
│ Labyrinth │ │ Century) │ architecture
│ │ │ │ (“Rococo”)
│ │ │ │
│Character- │Reign of │Complete │Reign of
│ statuary and │ Classical │ victory of │ classical
│ historical │ plastic from │ featureless │ music from
│ reliefs │ Myron to │ arabesque │ Bach to
│ │ Phidias │ over │ Mozart
│ │ │ architecture │
│ │ │ also │
│ │End of strict │ │End of
│ │ fresco and │ │ classical
│ │ ceramic │ │ oil-painting
│ │ painting │ │ (Watteau to
│ │ (Zeuxis) │ │ Goya)
│ │ │ │
_5. Exhaustion of strict creativeness. Dissolution of grand form. End of the Style.
“Classicism” and “Romanticism”_
│Confusion after │The age of │“Haroun-al- │Empire and
│ about 1750 │ Alexander │ Raschid” │ Biedermeyer
│ │ │ (about 800) │
│(No remains) │The Corinthian │“Moorish Art” │Classicist
│ │ column │ │ taste in
│ │ │ │ architecture
│ │Lysippus and │ │Beethoven,
│ │ Apelles │ │ Delacroix
─────────────────┼────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────
=CIVILIZATION.= │EXISTENCE WITHOUT INNER FORM. MEGALOPOLITAN ART AS A COMMONPLACE:
│ LUXURY, SPORT, NERVE-EXCITEMENT: RAPIDLY-CHANGING FASHIONS IN
│ ART (REVIVALS, ARBITRARY DISCOVERIES, BORROWINGS)
│ │ │ │
_1. “Modern Art.” “Art problems.” Attempts to portray or to excite the megalopolitan
consciousness. Transformation of Music, architecture and painting into mere craft-
arts_
│Hyksos Period │Hellenism │Sultan │19th and 20th
│ │ │ dynasties of │ Centuries
│ │ │ 9th-10th │
│ │ │ Century │
│(Preserved only │Pergamene Art │ │Liszt, Berlioz,
│ in Crete; │ (theatricality)│ │ Wagner
│ Minoan art) │ │ │
│ │Hellenistic │Prime of │Impressionism
│ │ painting modes │ Spanish- │ from
│ │ (veristic, │ Sicilian art │ Constable to
│ │ bizarre, │ │ Leibl and
│ │ subjective) │ │ Manet
│ │Architectural │Samarra │American
│ │ display in the │ │ architecture
│ │ cities of the │ │
│ │ Diadochi │ │
│ │ │ │
_2. End of form-development. Meaningless, empty, artificial, pretentious
architecture and ornament. Imitation of archaic and exotic motives_
│ │ │ │
│XVIII Dynasty │Roman Period │Seljuks (from │From 2000
│ (1580-1350) │ (100-0-100) │ 1050) │
│ Rock temple of│ Indiscriminate │ “Oriental │
│ Dehr-el-Bahri.│ piling of all │ Art” of the │
│ Memnon- │ three orders. │ Crusade │
│ Colossi. Art │ Fora, theatres │ period │
│ of Cnossos and│ (Colosseum). │ │
│ Amarna │ Triumphal │ │
│ │ arches │ │
│ │ │ │
_3. Finale. Formation of a fixed stock of forms. Imperial display by means of
material and mass. Provincial craft-art_
│ │ │ │
│XIX Dynasty │Trajan to │Mongol Period │From 2000
│ (1350-1205) │ Aurelian │ (from 1250) │
│Gigantic │Gigantic fora, │Gigantic │
│ buildings of │ thermæ, │ buildings │
│ Luxor, Karnak │ colonnades, │ (e.g. in │
│ and Abydos. │ triumphal │ India) │
│ │ arches │ │
│Small-art (beast│Roman provincial │Oriental craft-│
│ plastic, │ art (ceramic, │ art │
│ textiles, │ statuary, arms)│ (rugs,arms, │
│ arms) │ │ implements) │

------------------------------------------------------------------------

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ TABLE III. “CONTEMPORARY” POLITICAL EPOCHS ═══════════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════ │_EGYPTIAN_ │_CLASSICAL_ │_CHINESE_ │_WESTERN_ ───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────── =PRE-CULTURAL PERIOD.= PRIMITIVE FOLK. TRIBES AND THEIR CHIEFS. AS YET NO “POLITICS” AND NO “STATE” │ │ │ │ │Thinite Period │Mycenean Age │Shang Period │Frankish Period │(Menes) │(“Agamemnon”) │ │(Charlemagne) │3400-3000 │1600-1100 │(1700-1300) │(500-900) ───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────── =CULTURE.= NATIONAL GROUPS OF DEFINITE STYLE AND PARTICULAR WORLD-FEELING. “NATIONS.” WORKING OF AN IMMANENT STATE-IDEA I. EARLY PERIOD. _Organic articulation of political existence. The two prime classes (noble and priest)._ _Feudal economics; purely agrarian values_ │ │ │ │ =1. Feudalism. │OLD KINGDOM │DORIC PERIOD │EARLY CHOU │GOTHIC PERIOD Spirit of country- │ (2900-2400) │ (1100-650) │ PERIOD │ (900-1500) side and country- │Feudal conditions│The Homeric │ (1300-800) │ Roman-German man. The “City” │ of IV Dynasty │ king │The central │ Imperial per- only a market or │Increasing power │ │ (Wang) │ iod stronghold. Chiv- │ of feudatories │Rise of the │ pressed │Crusading nob- alric-religious │ and priest- │ nobility │ hard by the │ ility ideals. Struggles │ hoods │(Ithaca. Et- │ feudal nob- │Empire and of ideals. Strug- │The Pharaoh as │ruria, Sparta) │ ility │ Papacy gles of vassals │ incarnation of │ │ │ amongst them- │ Ra │ │ │ selves and a- │ │ │ │ gainst overlord= │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ =2. Crisis and │VI Dynasty. │Aristocratic │934-904. I-Wang │Territorial dissolution of │ Break-up of the│ synoecism │ and the vassals│ princes patriarchal forms │ Kingdom into │ Dissolution of│ │ Renaissance From feudalism to │ heritable │ kinship into │ 842. │ towns. aristocratic State=│ principalities.│ annual offices│ Interregnum │ Lancaster and │ VII and VIII │ Oligarchy │ │ York │ Dynasties, │ │ │ 1254 │ interregnum │ │ │ Interregnum │ │ │ │ II. LATE PERIOD. _Actualizing of the matured State-idea. Town versus countryside. Rise of Third Estate (Bourgeoisie)._ _Victory of money over landed property_ │ │ │ │ =3. Fashioning of a│MIDDLE KINGDOM │IONIC PERIOD │LATE CHOU PERIOD │BAROQUE PERIOD world of States of │ (2150-1800) │ (650-300) │ (800-500) │ (1500-1800) strict form. │ XIth Dynasty. │ 6th Century. │ Period of the │ Dynastic Frondes= │ Overthrow of │ First │ “Protectors” │ family power, │ the baronage by│ Tyrannis. │ (Ming-Chu 685- │ Fronde │ the rulers of │ (Cleisthenes, │ 591) and the │ (Richelieu, │ Thebes. │ Periander, │ rulers of │ Wallenstein, │ Centralized │ Polycrates, │ Thebes. │ Cromwell) │ bureaucracy- │ the Tarquins.)│ congresses of │ about 1630. │ state │ The City- │ princes (-460) │ │ │ State. │ │ │ │ │ │ =4. Climax of │XIIth Dynasty │The pure Polis │Chun-Chiu per- │Ancien Régime. the State-form │ (2000-1788) │ (absolutism of │ iod (“Spring” │ Rococo. (“Absolutism”) │Strictest cent- │ the Demos). │ and “Autumn”), │Court nobility Unity of town and │ ralization of │ Agora politics │ 590-480 │ of Versailles. “Society.” The │ power │Rise of the │Seven powers │ Cabinet poli- “three estates”)= │Court and fin- │ tribunate │Perfection of │ tics │ ance nobility │Themistocles, │ social forms │Habsburg and │ │ Pericles │ (Li) │ Bourbon. │ │ │ │Louis XIV. │ │ │ │ Frederick the │ │ │ │ Great │ │ │ │ =5. Break-up of │1788-1680. Rev- │4th Century. │480. Beginning │End of XVIII the State-form │ olution and │ Social revol- │ of the Chan- │ Century. Rev- (Revolution and │ military govern-│ ution and Sec- │ Kwo period │ olution in Ame- Napoleonism). │ ment. Decay of │ ond Tyrannis │ │ ica and France Victory of the │ the realm. Small│ (Dionysius I, │ │ (Washington, city over the │ potentates, in │ Jason of Phe- │441. Fall of │ Fox, Mira- countryside (of │ some cases │ rae, Appius │ the Chou dyn- │ beau, Robes- the “people” │ sprung from the │ Claudius the │ asty │ pierre) over the priv- │ people │ Censor) │Revolutions and │ ileged, of the │ │ │ annihilation- │_Napoleon_ intelligentsia │ │_Alexander_ │ wars │ over tradition, │ │ │ │ of money over │ │ │ │ policy)= │ │ │ │ ───────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────┴────────────────

=CIVILIZATION.= THE BODY OF THE PEOPLE, NOW ESSENTIALLY URBAN IN CONSTITUTION, DISSOLVES INTO FORMLESS MASS. MEGALOPOLIS AND PROVINCES. THE FOURTH ESTATE (“MASSES”), INORGANIC, COSMOPOLITAN │ │ │ │ =1. Domination of │1680 (1788) │300-100. Politi-│480-230. Period │1800-2000. XIXth Money (“Democracy”)│ -1580. Hyksos │ cal Hellenism. │ of the “Contend-│ Century. From Economic powers │ period. Deepest │ From Alexander │ ing States” │ Napoleon to the permeating the pol-│ decline.Dicta- │ to Hannibal and│288. The Imperial│ World-War. itical forms and │ tures of alien │ Scipio royal │ title │ “System of the authorities= │ generals (Chian)│ all-power; from│The imperialist │ Great Powers,” │After 1600 │ Cleomenes III │ statesmen of │ standing arm- │ definitive │ and C. Flamin- │ Tsin │ ies, constit- │ victory of the │ ius (220) to │From 289 incorp- │ utions. XXth- │ rulers of │ C. Marius, rad-│ oration of the │ Century trans- │ Thebes │ ical demagogues│ last states in │ ition from │ │ │ the Empire │ constitutional │ │ │ │ to informal │ │ │ │ sway of indivi- │ │ │ │ duals. Annihi- │ │ │ │ lation │ │ │ │ wars.Imperialism │ │ │ │ Imperialism │ │ │ │ =2. Formation of │1580-1350. │100-0-100. Sulla│ │ Cæsarism. Victory │XVIIIth Dynasty │to Domitian │250-0-26. House }│ of force-politics │ │ │of Wang-Cheng }│ over money. In- │ │ │and Western Han }│1000-1200 creasing primitive-│ │ │ Dynasty }│ ness of political │Thuthmosis III │Cæsar, Tiberius │221. Augustus }│ forms. Inward de- │ │ │ -title (Shi) }│ cline of the nat- │ │ │of Emperor }│ ions into a form- │ │ │ Hwang-Ti }│ less population, │ │ │140-80. Wu-ti }│ and constitution │ │ │ │ thereof as an Imp- │ │ │ │ erium of gradually-│ │ │ │ increasing crudity │ │ │ │ of despotism= │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ =3. Maturing of the│1350-1205. XIXth │100-300. Trajan │25-220 A.D. }│ final form. Private│Dynasty │ to Aurelian │ Eastern Han }│after 1200 and family policies│ │ │ Dynasty }│ of individual │Sethos I │Trajan, Septi- │58-71. Ming-ti }│ leaders. The world │ │ mius Severus │ │ as spoil. Egyptic- │ │ │ │ ism, Mandarinism, │Rameses II │ │ │ Byzantinism. His- │ │ │ │ tory less stiffen- │ │ │ │ ing and enfeeble- │ │ │ │ ment even of the │ │ │ │ imperial machin- │ │ │ │ ery, against young │ │ │ │ peoples eager for │ │ │ │ spoil, or alien │ │ │ │ conquerors. Primi- │ │ │ │ tive human condi- │ │ │ │ tions slowly │ │ │ │ thrust up into the │ │ │ │ highly-civilized │ │ │ │ mode of living= │ │ │ │

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Transcriber’s Note

The use of an extra ‘S’ in the name of ‘Hagia S Sophia’ on p. 200 is questionable. If it is an abbreviation of ‘Saint’ as it is a line early, it is redundant here given the word ‘Hagia’, meaning the same thing.

On p. 407, footnotes 508 and 509 refer to the same work, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_. However the citation of the first note is garbled, as _Kult. und. Relig. d. Römer_.

In the Index, a reference to the effect on natural science of the Relativity Theory was corrupted as ‘19;4’. The proper page is p. 419, and the reference is corrected.

The page reference to a note on Goethe and Materialism should have been to p. 111, not p. 211.

The page references in footnote 486 most likely refer to Volume II, since the two pages mentioned contain no pertinent material.

There are a number of index entries which refer to footnotes on a given page while the topics appear in the main text. This would seem to indicate that the preparation of the Index was not reviewed after the final version of the text was complete. These references have been amended to direct the reader to the correct page:

Intercultural Contemporaneity (multiple times) (p. 112), Frescos (p. 225), Tasso (p. 325),

The reference to Saint John and world-history as a note on p. 18 seems incorrect. Footnote 13 on that page refers to the Apostle Paul. The reference is left unlinked.

On p. vi of the Index, a cross-referenced ‘Motherland’ topic is missing.

Minor punctuation lapses in the Index have been corrected without further notice.

Other errors deemed most likely to be the printer’s have been corrected, and are noted here. The references are to the page and line in the original.

xvii.18 Geometry and arith[e]metic Removed. 8.4 lead to a naturalistic[,] Chronology Removed. 8.27 there is certain[t]ly no world-history Removed. 12.29 unparallel[l]ed in art-history Removed. 25.19 all these arbit[r]ary> and narrow schemes Inserted. 26.39 occurring f[u/o]r us Replaced. 37.20 and theor[i/e]tically Replaced. 62.42 de [s]oudaineté et de certitude absolue Added. 82.30 The Greek m[e/a]thematicians Replaced. 126.35 approached these question[s] Added. 128.18 a glad materialization of the sp[i]ritual. Inserted. 129.39 κακῶς [ἐί/εἴ]ληφα τ[ὀυ/οὐ]μὸνσῶμα σ[υ/ὺ]ν Replaced. τέχνῃ κακῇ. 129.41 μαντεῖα ... [ἅ/ἃ] τοῦδ’ Replaced. 133.43 (παρὰ τοσ[όu/oῦ]τον μ[ε/ὲ]ν [ἥ/ἡ] Μυτιλήνη Replaced. ἦλθε κινδύνου) 134.36 “Handbook of Early Christian Antiquities)”[.] Added. 134.43 “Handbook of May on Antiquities.[”] Added. 150.41 was th[o]roughly English in spirit Inserted. 191.22 (mitschwingen i[n/m] Lebenstakte) Replaced. 200.16 Hagia [S ]Sophia in Constantinople Removed. 212.30 Here there was no brill[i]ant instant Inserted. 213.42 Ency. Brit., XI Ed.[)] Added. 227.28 to the harp[is/si]chord Transposed. 269.24 absorbed philos[o]pher Inserted. 269.38 impor[t]ant and significant Inserted. 270.34 comp[a]re his unbridled dynamism Inserted. 271.43 Oldach, Wasmann[,] Rayski and many another Inserted. 277.18 he shattere[e]d the canon Removed. 288.39 it is so th[o]roughly irreligious Inserted. 290.31 something of Rembrandt’s p[ro/or]traiture Transposed. 299.6 Every professed philos[o]pher Inserted. 302.27 the essen[s/c]e of the soul Replaced. 307.16 of _our_ Nature-picture[.] Added. 307.40 Ges[s/c]h. d. neueren Philosophie Replaced. 313.42 οὔκουν ἂν[ ]εκφύγοι γε τὴν πεπρωμένην Inserted. 318.6 ἀνθρώπ[ῶ/ω]ν ἀλλὰ πρ[[α/ά]ξεων καὶ βίου. Replaced. 330.25 that would not i[n/m]pugn the primacy Replaced. 333.43 quite independently of gunpow[d]er Inserted. 355.8 oppressive actualiti[t]es Removed. 360.18 sp[i]ritual prostitution Inserted. 363.31 what should be dest[r]oyed Inserted. 373.30 der politischen [O/Ö]konomie Replaced. 400.36 Mo[v/r]eover, it is only Replaced. 410.2 in its attitude to[r]wards toleration Removed. a.iii.20 _See_ Bart[h]olommeo Removed. a.v.41 Calculus, and Classical astro[mon/nom]y Transposed. a.vi.17 ancest[o]ral worship Removed. a.xii.33 Western math[e]matic and term Inserted. a.xiii.47 wi[ds/sd]om and intellect Transposed. a.xxv.45 intellect and wi[ds/sd]om Transposed. a.xxviii.38 Tartini, G[ui/iu]seppe Transposed. a.xxix.42 [‘/“]space of time” Replaced. a.xxxi.11 Wey[ ]den, Rogier van der. Removed. t3.20 dis[s]olution of Inserted.