Chapter VI (3)

Biological sciences, scope of, 4

Blastoderm, 207

Blastomere, 205

Blastopore, 209

Blood, 31, 68, 176
corpuscles, 69, 176
development of, 224
sinuses, 50, 69

BOBRETSKY, referred to, 356

BOLIVAR, Dr., 298

Branchiæ,
_Astacoides_, 266
_Astacopsis_, 264 {365}
_Astacus_, 25, 75, 265
development of, 224
_Cancer_, 276
_Homarus_, 257
_Palæmon_, 270
_Palinurus_, 264
_Penæus_, 267

Branchial chamber, 25
formula,
_Astacoides_, 266
_Astacopsis_, 264
_Astacus_, 266
_Cancer_, 277
hypothetically complete, 268
_Palæmon_, 270
_Palinurus_, 265
_Penæus_, 267

_Branchiobdella_, 356

Branchiostegite, 25
development of, 217

BRAUN, quoted, 352

Brazilian Crayfishes, 306

C.

Cæcum, 61

Calcification of exoskeleton, 197

Californian Crayfishes, 243

_Cambarus_, 44, 247, 310, 312

_Cancer_, 272, 283

Carapace, 19
development of, 214

CARBONNIER, M., quoted, 297, 349, 350

Cardia, 52

_Caridina_, 330

Carpopodite, 165

Cell, 66, 199

Cell-aggregate, 190, 199
division, 200
theory, 202, 204

Cephalic appendages, 170
development of, 217
flexure, 163
somites, 154

Cephalon, 19, 141

Cephalothorax, 19

Cervical groove, 19
spines, 234

CHANTRAN, M., quoted, 348, 350, 351

Chelæ, 22

Chilian Crayfishes, 308

Chitin, 50
composition of, 347

_Chæraps_, 250

Chorology, 46

Circulation, 73
organs of, 68

Common knowledge and science, 3

Connective tissue, 178
development of, 224

COPE, Prof., quoted, 316

Cornea, 118

Coxopodite, 143

Coxopoditic setæ, 78

Crab, see _Cancer_

Crab’s-eye, see Gastrolith

_Crangon_, 272

Crayfish, origin of name, 12
common, see _Astacus fluviatilis_

Crayfishes, Amurland, 304
Asiatic, 304
Australian, 306
Brazilian, 306
Californian, 243
Chilian, 308
definition of, 254
Eastern North American, 247, 305
European, 288, 297
evolution of, 331
Figian, 306, 313
Japanese, 304, 313
Mascarene, 308, 313
northern and southern, compared, 252
Novozelanian, 306, 313
southern, 249
Tasmanian, 306
Western North American, 305, 313

_Crustacea_, 271, 278

Crystalline cones, 121

Cuticle, 33, 50, 175, 192

_Cyclas_, 356

D.

Dactylopodite, 165

_Daphnia_, asexual reproduction of, 128

DARWIN, C., referred to, 4

DE HAAN, quoted, 313

Development, 205
abdomen, 213
abdominal appendages, 217
alimentary canal, 213, 222
antennæ, 214, 218
antennules, 214, 218
blood and blood vessels, 224
branchiostegite, 217
carapace, 214
cephalic appendages, 217, 219
connective tissue, 224
ear, 225
eye, 225
eyestalk, 214, 218
gills, 224
heart, 224
kidney, 224
labrum, 218
mandibles, 214
muscles, 224
nervous system, 213, 224
reproductive organs, 225
rostrum, 217
thoracic appendages, 217, 219

Digestion, 63

Distribution, 46
chronological, of crayfishes, 44, 316, 339
table of, 345
geographical, of crayfishes, 44, 288
causes of, 335
results of study of, 308, 314

DORMER, quoted, 356

DULK, quoted, 349

E.

Ear, 116
development of, 225

Ecdysis, 32, 350

Écrevisse à pieds blancs, 289, 297
à pieds rouges, 289, 297

Ectoderm, 141

Ectostracum, 194

Edelkrebs, 290

Endoderm, 141

Endophragmal system, 157

Endopleurite, 158

Endopodite, 145

Endoskeleton, 17

Endosternite, 158

Endostracum, 194

_Engæus_, 250, 306

_Enoplocytia_, 342

Epiblast, 211

Epidermis, 140

Epimeron, 143

Epiostracum, 192

Epipodite, 167 {367}

Epistoma, 155

Epithelium, 140, 177

_Equus excelsus_, occurring with fossil crayfishes, 316

_Eryma_, 341

Evolution of crayfishes, 331

Excretion, organs of, 82

Exopodite, 145

Exoskeleton, 17
chemical composition, 347

Eye, 118
compound, 122
development of, 225

Eye-stalk, 24, 173
development of, 214

F.

Family, 252

Fat-cells, 180

Fibre, muscular, 185

Fibril, muscular, 185

Figian Crayfishes, 306

Filament, muscular, 185

Filter of stomach, 58

Flagellum, 167

Food-yelk, 206

Foot-jaws, _see_ maxillipedes

Forceps, 22

Foregut, 61
development of, 213, 222

Fossil crayfishes, 316

FOSTER, Dr. M., referred to, 110

France, consumption of crayfish in, 10

Function, 22

G.

_Galaxidæ_, 315

_Gammarus_, 323

Ganglion, 103, 105

Ganglionic corpuscle, 87, 103

Gastric mill, 53

Gastrolith, 29, 347
chemical composition, 349

Gastrula, 211

GAY, quoted, 356

Genus, 249

Geographical distribution, see Distribution

GERBE, M., quoted, 350

Germinal disc, 209
layer, 206
spot, 133
vesicle, 133

GERSTFELDT, Dr., quoted, 290

Gills, see Branchiæ

GIRARD, quoted, 356

GORUP-BESANEZ, quoted, 353

Green-gland, 83, 353
development of, 224

GROBBEN, Dr., quoted, 354

Growth of crayfish, 31, 349

Guanin, 82, 353

Gullet, see Œsophagus

GÜNTHER, Dr., quoted, 315

H.

HAGEN, Dr., quoted, 305, 312

_Haplochitonidæ_, 315

HARVEY, quoted, 5

Head, see Cephalon

Hearing, organ of, 116

Heart, 27, 71
development of, 224

HELLER, Dr., quoted, 298, 330

Hepatic duct, see Bile duct

Hind gut, 61
development of, 214, 223

Histology, 176

_Histriobdella_, 356

_Homaridæ_, 263 {368}

_Homarina_, 261

_Homarus_, 13, 42, 257, 332

Homology, homologous, homologue, 148

_Hoploparia_, 342

Hypoblast, 211

I.

_Idothea_, 323, 334

Impregnation, 135, 350

Integument, 50

Interseptal zone, 183

Intestine, 29, 61

Ischiopodite, 165

J.

Japanese Crayfishes, 313, 314

Jaws, 23

JOHNSTON, J., quoted, 42

K.

KESSLER, quoted, 298, 304

Kidney, see Green gland

KLUNZINGER, referred to, 330

L.

Labrum, 51
development of, 218

LAMARCK, referred to, 4

LEREBOULLET, quoted, 353

Legs, ambulatory, 168

LEMOINE, referred to, 353

LEYDIG, referred to, 115, 353

Liver, 30, 64
development of, 223
nature of secretion, 352

Lobster, common, see _Homarus_
Norway, see _Nephrops_
Rock, see _Palinurus_

LOVÈN, referred to, 327

M.

Machine, living, 128

M^CINTOSH, Dr. W. C., quoted, 288

Mandible, 23, 51, 170
development of, 214

MARTENS, VON, 306

_Mastodon mirificus_, occurring with fossil crayfishes, 316

Maxillæ, 23, 170

Maxillipedes, 23, 164

Medullary groove, 213

Megalopa stage of development, 283

Meropodite, 165

Mesoblast, 212

Mesoderm, 141

Mesophragm, 158

Metamere, 143

Metastoma, 51

Metope, 278

Midgut, 61
development of, 211, 214, 223

MILNE-EDWARDS, quoted, 13, 289

_Mollusca_, 284

Morphology, 46, 138
comparative, 230

Mortality of crayfishes, 128

Morula, 206

Mosaic vision, 122, 354

Motor plates, 189

Mouth, 51

MÜLLER, JOHANNES, referred to, 122

Muscle, 57, 90, 175, 181
development of, 224
histology of, 90, 181

Muscles
of abdomen, 99 {369}
of chela, 93
of stomach, 57

Myosin, 186

Myotome, 174

_Mysis_, 281, 323
_relicta_, origin of, from _M. oculata_, 327

Mysis stage of development, 280

N.

Natural History, 3
Philosophy, 3

Nauplius stage of development, 215, 280

Nearctic province, 314

_Nephrops_, 259, 332

Nerve, 101
auditory, 117
optic, 118

Nerve-cells, 103, 187
fibres, 101, 188

Nervous system, 105
development of, 213, 224
functions of, 354

Noble crayfish, see _Astacus nobilis_

Nomenclature, binomial, 13, 15

Norway lobster, see _Nephrops_

Novozelanian province, 314

Nucleated cell, 199

Nucleolus, 187

Nucleus, 177, 200
changes of, in cell-division, 200

O.

Œsophagus, 51

Olfactory organ, 114

Organ, 22

Origin of crayfish, evidence as to, 320, 331

Ovary, 31, 129
structure of, 131

Oviduct, 129

Oviposition, 351

Ovisac, 132

Ovum, 129
structure of, 133

P.

Palæarctic province, 314

_Palæmon_, 268, 328

_Palinuridæ_, 263

_Palinurus_, 261, 264

Palp, 171

_Paranephrops_, 250, 306, 313

Paraphragm, 158

Parasites of crayfish, 356

_Parastacidæ_, 252, 256, 306, 313

_Parastacus_, 250, 306

_Pemphix_, 341

_Penæus_, 267, 280

Pericardium, 69

Perivisceral cavity, 50

Phyllobranchia, 271

Physiology, 46

Pleurobranchia, 79

Pleuron, 96, 143

Podobranchia, 75, 165

_Podophthalmia_, 279

Pore-canals, 195

Post-orbital ridge, 233
spine, 232

_Potamobiidæ_, 252, 256

Prawn, see _Palæmon_

Prehension of food, 49

Procephalic lobes, 160
development of, 213

Propodite, 165

Protopodite, 143

_Prototroctes_, 315 {370}

_Protozoa_, 285

_Pseudastacus_, 343

Pylorus, 52

R.

Race, 292

RATHKE, quoted, 356

RÉAUMUR, quoted, 33

Reflex action, 108

REICHENBACH, quoted, 356

Renal organ, see Green-gland

Reproduction of lost limbs, 38
sexual, 39, 128, 135, 350

Reproductive organs, 128
development of, 225

Respiration, anal, 353

Respiratory organs, see Branchiæ

_Retropinna_, 315

ROBIN, quoted, 352

Rock lobster, see _Palinurus_

ROESEL VON ROSENHOF, quoted, 41, 43

RONDOLETIUS, referred to, 4

Rostrum, 157
development of, 217

S.

Salivary glands, 352

_Salmonidæ_, parallel between their distribution, and that of _Astacidæ_, 315

Sarcolemma, 90, 182

SARS, G. O., referred to, 327

SARTORIUS VON WALTERHAUSEN, quoted, 322

Scaphognathite, 80, 170

Schizopod stage of development, 280

SCHLÜTER, 317

SCHMIDT, O., quoted, 354

SCHRANK, 290

Science, physical, 3

Science and common sense, 1

Segmentation, 174

Self-causation, 112

Sensory organs, 113

Septal line, 183
zone, 183

Setæ, 197

Shrimp, see _Crangon_

SIEBOLD, VON, referred to, 331

Sight, organ of, 118

Sinus, sternal, 69

Smell, organ of, 114

Somite, 143, 161, 355
abdominal, 142
cephalic, 154
thoracic, 150

SOUBEIRAN, M., quoted, 349

Southern Crayfishes, 249

Species, 243, 290
morphological, 291
physiological, 296

Spermatozoa, 129, 135, 354

Spontaneous action, 112

Squame of antenna, 172

Steinkrebs, see _Astacus torrentium_

Sternum, 96, 143

Stomach, 29, 51

Stone-crayfish, see _Astacus torrentium_

Striated spindle, 121

Swimmeret, 20

T.

Taste, organ of, 115

Teleology, 47, 137

Tendon, 92, 175 {371}

Tergum, 96, 143

Terminal plates, 189

Terminology, scientific, 14

Testis, 129
structure of, 133

Thoracic appendages, 164
development of, 217
somites, 150

Thorax, 19, 141

Tissue, 175

Touch, organ of, 113

Transformism, 318

TREVIRANUS, referred to, 4

Tribe, 252

Trichobranchiæ, 263

_Troglocaris_, 337

V.

Valves of heart, 73
of stomach, 59

VAN HELMONT, quoted, 45

Variety, 290, 292

Vas deferens, 130

Vent, see Anus

_Vertebrata_, 284
eye of, 122, 125

Visual pyramid, 121
rod, 121

Vitelline membrane, 133

Vitellus, 133

Voluntary action, 112

VON DER MARCK, 317

W.

WARD, J., referred to, 354

WASSILIEW, quoted, 353

Whirlpool of life, 84

WILL, quoted, 353

WOOD-MASON, quoted, 44

Y.

Yelk, 133

Yelk-division, 205

Young of _Astacus_, newly hatched, characters of, 219

Z.

Zoæa stage of development, 280

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