Chapter X (3)

This did the King no good, and then the doctors tried their hand with a sweet conserve of mallow leaves, not, one would think, a sovereign remedy for gall-stones. On Monday, 14th September, the physicians confessed themselves hopeless. The hemorrhage was very great, and the patient utterly exhausted with frequent paroxysms of fever, in one of which he was thought to be dead, and the news spread through the capital that he was so. When he was restored to consciousness, he summoned the new Secretary of State, Loyola, and entrusted him with official papers and his will for Queen Mariana, and then demanded the last sacrament. When the friars brought the viaticum and told the dying man that all hope was gone, he was resigned; though the Holy Virgin of the Atocha was taken in procession past his windows, and the body of {510} St. Diego, with scores of other grisly remains, were kept in the sick-room itself, in the hope that good would come of them. Mariana and her two children came to say good-bye to the dying man on Monday afternoon, and, with tears in his eyes, Philip sighed to the five-year-old weakling who was to succeed him: "God make you happier than He has made me."[55] He took an affecting leave, too, of the Duke of Medina de las Torres, and the other nobles who were attached to him; pardoned the Marquis of Heliche for the attempt to blow up the Retiro, and granted many titles and knighthoods to his gentlemen-in-waiting. Count Castrillo, always self-seeking, had the bad taste to pester the King, both personally and through the friars, that he should be made Grandee, but Philip angrily referred him to the Queen.

For three days the King lingered on in suffering, confessing again and again and receiving absolution; never for long abandoning his hold upon the rough crucifix that had comforted the last moments of his saintly predecessors on the throne. The jealous friars and confessors about him quarrelled so violently in the death chamber on one occasion, about administering the last sacrament again, that the Marquis of Aytona turned the King's confessor out of the room and forbade his return. On Wednesday, Castrillo came in full of the great news that Don Juan had presented himself at the palace, and Philip, disturbed and unhappy at the trouble that this portended, sternly sent orders for the Prince to return instantly; for this, he said, was only {511} the time for him to die, not to enter into mundane disputes.

[Sidenote: Death of Philip IV.]

All that night the King was delirious, until he suddenly recovered consciousness just before dawn on Thursday, 17th September 1665, and then quietly passed away. He had been beloved by those around him, and had been prodigal all his life of favour to the men who served him; but Mariana and her son were the source of bounty now, and human nature showed its baseness at such a crisis, as it is wont to do in palaces; for, as my eye-witness authority avers,[56] "Of all his Majesty's household, the Marquis of Aytona and two other servants alone wept for the death of their King and master; and in all the rest of the capital there was not one person who shed a tear." The Marquis of Malpica, captain of the Guard, came from the death chamber first to the anteroom filled with guards on duty, and announced the King's passing by shouting: "Now, comrades, your duty is to go upstairs[57] and guard his Majesty King Charles." Courtiers were too busy thence-forward looking towards the future to care much for the unhappy Planet King who had laid down his heavy burden. The reading of the will which made Mariana Regent, the constant meetings, and the coming and going of the ministers, kept the palace astir from morning till night; but a few faithful souls dressed the poor remains of the King in a musk-coloured velvet suit, embroidered with silver, placed a silver sword by his side, a {512} diamond cross in his hands folded upon his breast, which was embroidered with the great red dagger of Santiago, and covered the head with a beaver hat. And so, garbed and enclosed in gorgeous silver and red velvet coffins, he was placed high upon a dais under a canopy illumined by great wax torches, surrounded with the insignia of imperial majesty, and guarded by the faithful halberdiers of Espinosa; whilst friars chanted and prayed around the bier hour after hour. The hall in which the body of Philip lay thus in deathly state was that which had seen so many gay hours of his hopeful youth; for it was the room devoted to the stage-plays that he had loved not wisely but too well.

Lady Fanshawe, like the rest of the great people in Madrid, went to see the sight, and thus records her impressions--

"The body of Philip IV. lay exposed from the 18th September, Friday morning, till the night of Saturday the 19th, in a great room in his palace, in which they used to act plays. The room was hung with fourteen pieces of the King's best hangings, and over them rich pictures round about, all of one size placed close together. At the upper end of the room was raised a throne of three steps, upon which there was placed a bedstead raised at the head. The throne was covered with a rich Persian carpet, and the bottom of the bedstead with a counterpoint of cloth of gold. The bedstead was of silver, the valance and headcloth of gold wrought in flowers with crimson silk. Over the bedstead was {513} placed a cloth of state of the same as the valance and headcloth of the bedstead, upon which stood a silver gilt coffin raised a foot or more at the head than at the feet, and in the coffin lay Philip IV. with his head on a pillow, upon it a white beaver hat, his hair combed, his beard trimmed, his face and hands painted. He was clothed in a musk-coloured silk suit embroidered with gold, a golilla about his neck, cuffs on his hands, which were clasped on his breast, holding a globe and a cross therein. His cloak was of the same, with his sword on his side; stockings, shoe-strings, and garters of the same, and a pair of white shoes upon his feet."

[Sidenote: The burial of Philip]

Seven altars and scores of lighted tapers were erected in the chamber, and offices for the dead King's soul went ceaselessly on, as the courtiers came and went before the painted clay that had been once so potent; but when, late on Saturday, the time came to carry the body through the night across the plains to the snow-tipped Guadarramas glimmering afar off, where in the stately jasper chamber he had wrought for his royal house Philip IV. was to lie amongst the greater dead, few of the high nobles and officers cared to absent themselves from Madrid in these early days; and one after the other they refused to do the last sad offices to him who had so often commanded them with a glance. At last the Duke of Medina de las Torres peremptorily ordered a kinsman of his own to take charge of the body to the Escorial. Even the bearing of the body to the mule litter that awaited it gave rise to a hot dispute, in which threats of {514} violence between two sets of officials were flung across the coffin.[58]

With fourscore friars and the great officers of the palace who were obliged to accompany the corpse, the litter, surrounded by torches, travelled throughout the night, and on Sunday, 20th September 1655, the prior of the Escorial relieved the courtiers of the burden of which they were so glad to be free; whereafter they all scurried back, as fast as horses could carry them, to make the preparations and ensure their own important participation in the glorious series of bull-fights, cane-tourneys, masques, and sumptuous parades which within a fortnight were to greet the accession of his Catholic Majesty King Charles II.

[Sidenote: The end]

There were still thirty-five years more of national humiliation and grief for Spain before the great convulsion that awoke her to a new life; but these years were but a prolongation of the agony preceding the dissolution that had been made inevitable during the reign of Philip IV. The Court over which he was the presiding spirit had exhibited in the forty-five years he ruled it the strange phenomenon of corruscating intellectual activity, accompanied by unexampled moral and social corruption. Literature and art had blazed up with sudden refulgence before they too sank into twilight; and when Philip passed in, the generation of geniuses that illumined his Court were dead or hastening to the grave, whilst all else was sinking deeper and deeper into darkness.

It needed the formation of new ideals, the evolution of a new patriotism, to make Spain {515} worthy of her history again; and the outworn, incestuous blood of the Philips was powerless to lead the nation back to health and sanity after its splendid epoch of heroics. Philip did his best, but he himself was but a product of his time and country: a kindly gentleman of noble aspirations and ignoble practice, weak of will and tender of conscience, a poet and a dilettante, doomed to an overwhelming task for which he was unfit. In his long reign he saw moral decadence that he could not arrest, national ruin that even his frantic prayers were powerless to avert; and he lived through half a lifetime of martyrdom, because he ascribed his failure to the vengeance of a ruthless deity whom he had offended by his sins, and believed that he, gentle-hearted as he was, had brought upon the people that he loved the wide-spread woe he saw around him.

[1] _Avisos de Barrionuevo_ (Coleccion de Autores Castellanos), Madrid, 1892; _Voyage en Espagne_ (1655), Aersens Van Sommerdyk, Amsterdam, 1666; _Relation de l'État et Gouvernement d'Espagne_, Bonnecasse, Cologne, 1667. Barrionuevo, who was brother of the Marquis of Cusano, was a "character." He was a jovial priest, not ashamed to boast of his love affairs, of his good looks, of his bravery: and he belonged to a turbulent family who were always getting into affrays of some sort, He himself records without any word of reprobation a murder committed in the open streets of Madrid by his kinsman, Francisco Barrionuevo, upon a man who had boasted of making love to his wife; and the chronicler quite unconcernedly predicts that the murderer, who had fled to sanctuary, will get off. Barrionuevo confesses that he is insatiably curious, and gathers news from everyone, going every morning to the palace to learn what was passing there. His brother, who was Spanish ambassador in London, also kept him well posted as to what happened in England. See Barrionuevo's biography by Señor Paz y Melia in the first volume of the _Avisos_.

[2] Van Sommerdyk.

[3] _Ibid._ The population at this time was between 250,000 and 300,000.

[4] Aersens and Bonnecasse. The charge for entrance was 1½ sous, which went to the actors; 2 sous were charged for admission to the seated part, which went to the Town Council; and 7 sous was the cost of a seat in the cheapest part, 1½ sous of which went to charity, and the rest for the lessee.

[5] Bonnecasse says that at this time there were 30,000 women of evil life in Madrid. Even now strangers in Madrid are surprised to see the impunity with which well-dressed, respectable young men dare to make audible remarks of an amorous or complimentary nature intended to reach the ears of ladies unknown to them in the streets.

[6] A curious craze was universal amongst men in Madrid at this time, and for some years previously, namely, that of wearing large round horn framed spectacles such as are seen in the portrait of Quevedo. The modern name for goggles in Spanish is "Quevedos." The habit of snuff-taking was also a fashionable affectation of the time.

[7] Worth 2s. 8d. each.

[8] He also cites, however, very numerous cases of professedly poor people having large secret hoards of money. The universal want of confidence had undoubtedly led to the hoarding of coin--especially silver--to a very great extent by all classes, and this will to some extent explain the strange facility with which money was found on emergency even in the midst of poverty.

[9] Barrionuevo mentions a malicious caricature which was current in the palace (1655, satirising Philip's helpless despondency in the face of universal corruption.) A group represents Haro, the chief minister, saying: "I can do everything"; the Secretary of State, Contreras, saying: "I want everything"; the King saying: "I see everything"; his Confessor saying: "I absolve everything"; and the devil saying: "I shall fly away with the lot." Aersens, as an instance of the ineptitude and corruption everywhere at the same period, mentions that he saw on the beach at St. Sebastian a great warship in course of construction, but which had not been touched for a long time; "but upon which more millions had already been spent than would have built a dozen such; but those who have spent it have alone profited by it."

[10] The tradition is that Philip himself painted the cross of Santiago on the representation of Velazquez as a token of his delight at the masterpiece. This, however, is hardly likely to be the case, as the rank was not granted to the painter until two years later. It was no doubt eventually added by Philip's orders, but Velazquez was not a Knight of Santiago when the painting was executed.

[11] Barrionuevo.

[12] _Curias de Sor Maria_. Philip evidently recollected the bitterness of his losing Baltasar Carlos in the flower of his youth.

[13] In a long doggerel ballad on the occasion, quoted by Barrionuevo, many lines are devoted to the King's delight. These are specimens--

Salio el Rey á verlo todo,
y tambien á que le viesen;
porque todos conociesen
en el regocijo el modo
de salir....

En toda mi vida vi
hacer locuras mayores
a plebeyos y señores;
y sin reparar, entrando
al rey le iban hablando
desde el Grande hasta el rapaz.

Fué el Rey el dia noveno
a dar las gracias á Atocha
mas tierno que una melcocha,
y, por Dios, que iba muy bueno
de diamantes todo lleno,
a ese cielo parecia.

The King came out to see the show,
And also that he might be seen;
For by his gay and happy mien
Thus all the world his joy might know.

Sure never in my life before
Did such mad pranking meet my eye,
By rich and poor and low and high.
For no one cared, but in did walk,
And to the King himself did talk,
From great grandee to urchin poor.

And when nine days had taken flight,
Atocha's saint with thanks to greet,
Our King did ride, as honey sweet,
By God! he was a gallant sight,
From top to toe with diamonds fine,
Like starlit heaven did he shine.

[14] It will be recollected that this was the same costume as that which Olivares wore at the baptism of Baltasar Carlos, and which then puzzled people. The dress, whatever it was, seems only to have been worn at christenings.

[15] What was called "marchpane" at royal baptisms was not really marchpane, which is of course a sweetmeat compounded of almond paste and honey, but a piece of crumb of bread upon which the bishop wiped his fingers of the holy oil after anointing the royal infant during the ceremony. The crumb of bread was often enclosed in an envelope of marchpane and was carried in the procession wrapped in a beautifully embroidered cloth upon a gold salver.

[16] Barrionuevo.

[17] _Cartas de Sor Maria_.

[18] Braganza himself, John IV., had died in 1656, leaving his son, Alfonso VI., a minor.

[19] Lionne's own account of his negotiations in _Recueil des Instructions données aux Ambassadeurs Français_. Ed. Morel Fatio, Paris, 1894.

[20] On Good Friday, 1657, for instance, the procession, as usual, passed before the palace of Madrid, and as the carved group representing the Flight into Egypt passed the royal balconies a large flight of white doves was let loose. One of the doves, Barrionuevo says, flew direct to the window where the Infanta was standing, and settled upon her head, whilst another alighted upon the King's hat. Both birds were caught and liberated by the King's command, and all Madrid was soon talking of the good omen the event presented.

[21] On the day of St. Blas, writes Barrionuevo, the King and Queen go to the Retiro, and on the 8th February (1658) there will be the great comedy there which will cost 50,000 ducats, with unheard of machines. There will be 132 performers, 42 of them musical women brought from all parts of Spain.... One of them, the _Bezona_, is a very fine lady from Seville, and another one, the _Grifona_, has escaped from her prison, so that the feast will be brilliant, and will last from Shrove Sunday to Ash Wednesday.

[22] _Cartas de Sor Maria._

[23] Barrionuevo.

[24] Barrionuevo.

[25] There are three French MS. narratives of it in the Bibliotheque Nationale, written by various hands, as well as a _Journal du Voyage d'Espagne_, by Bertaut, in print, Paris, 1669, and _La Veritable Rélation du Voyage_, etc., Toulouse, 1659. Several Spanish narratives of the embassy also exist in print and MS. in the Biblioteca Nacional.

[26] _Journal du Voyage d'Espagne_, par l'Abbe Bertaut, Paris, 1669.

[27] So jealous were the nations of one another still, that Mazarin strictly forbade any of his French followers from crossing the Spanish line during the conference: "Dans la crainte qu'il avail que les Français, accoutumés à mépriser les étrangers et à se moquer de tous ceux qui ne sont pas vétus à leur mode, ne fissent quelques déplaisirs aux espagnols, dont le procédé est plus serieux et plus modeste." "L'isle de la Conference et le Mariage du Roi," 1660.

[28] _Avisos anonimos_. Appendix to Barrionuevo.

[29] A full account of the progress from day to day, written by an eyewitness, is _Viage del Rey Nuestro Señor à la Frontera de Francia_. Madrid, 1667.

[30] So few were they at this time, that it was projected to repopulate the rural districts by large immigration of Irish and Dalmatian families (Barrionuevo).

[31] Palamino, _Life of Velazquez_.

[32] An eye-witness, from whose unpublished MS. description of these ceremonies I have condensed some passages, says they were "de los mayores y de mayor lucimiento que ha visto Europa en muchos siglos." MS. Biblioteca Nacional, P. v. c. 27.

[33] In one of the narratives of the ceremonies from day to day, written by Roque de la Luna, one of Philip's household (MS. Biblioteca Nacional, P. v. c. 31, transcribed by me), he says "Don Francisco took an hour and a half to read it, and as we were all standing it seemed a very long time to us."

[34] "The noise was so great that it seemed as if the world was crumbling," says the narrator from whose manuscript I am quoting.

[35] Narrative of Roque de Luna, MS., Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. P. v. c. 31.

[36] Narrative of Roque de Luna, MS., Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, P. v. c. 31.

[37] MS. narrative of an anonymous eye-witness. Biblioteca National, Madrid, P. v. c. 27.

[38] Contemporary descriptions of these ceremonies in French are numerous. One, published in Paris in June 1660, is specially interesting. It is called "Le mariage du Roy, célébré à St. Jean de Luz." The occasion remains one of the great glories of St. Jean de Luz, where the house in which Maria Teresa lodged still stands, and is called "La maison de l'Infante." A series of interesting tapestry pictures of the ceremonies may be seen in the exhibition palace in the Champs Elysées, Paris.

[39] Some of the Spanish narrators mention with surprise and chagrin that neither the Spanish troops nor courtiers were so fine as the French. The anonymous Newsletter writer (sequel to Barrionuevo) says: "Many of our courtiers write (_i.e._ to Madrid) that the French gentlemen and ladies who came to the ceremonies were so numerous, and the adornments they wore were so rich and abundant, that we were evidently inferior to them, although much care had been taken on our side to excel, and no expense had been spared. So we cannot say this time, as we have said before, that the French finery was nothing but frills, furbelows, and feathers."

[40] It was against the etiquette of the Court for a left-handed son of the sovereign to stay in Madrid, or even to visit it without special permission. The rumour, though untrue, that Don Juan was to be allowed to come to Madrid and welcome Philip at this time caused much heart-burning.

[41] The Newsletter writer (_Avisos anonimos_) says that when Don Juan was told of Haro's death, he replied: "My father has lost a great minister; Let us go hunting," which he did immediately, to show his satisfaction.

[42] _Avisos_. Sequel to Barrionuevo.

[43] _Cartas de Sor Maria_, 25th November 1661.

[44] It was necessary for Philip to seize all the securities lodged in the hands of the contractors and money-lenders for the raising and provision of this army, the excuse being that the contractors were swindling him. It appears that they bought barley in Estremadura at 8 reals the fanega (1½ bushels), and sold it to the army for 56 reals. The contractors (Genoese and Portuguese) offered 3½ million ducats for the securities back again, but it was refused. Another seizure of securities left with loan-mongers and contractors was made in the following year, which completed the ruin of several of them. _Avisos_. 1660-1664.

[45] Don Juan was kept in Madrid for many months, much to his own disgust, as he saw that it was in consequence of the intrigues of Queen Mariana to separate him from the army altogether. One of her plans was to induce the King to order Don Juan to conduct to Germany the young Infanta Margaret, who had just been betrothed to her uncle, the Emperor. Don Juan stood out firmly against this. He hated the Austrian connection, and Mariana and her German advisers were his enemies. Affairs came to a head in October 1663, when Don Juan forced the pace by boldly urging his father to make him an Infante of Spain and first minister. This frightened Mariana and her alter ego, Father Nithard, her Jesuit confessor; and it had the effect desired by Don Juan, of obtaining his despatch from Madrid to the army at Badajoz. During his stay in the capital he had offended nearly all the nobles by his haughty arrogance. _Avisos_.

[46] Instructions to Sir Richard Fanshawe. _Original Letters of Sir Richard Fanshawe_, London, 1702.

[47] Fanshawe's _Original Letters_. A most naive and amusing account of his embassy in Spain, where he died, is in Lady Fanshawe's Memoirs. of which a new and fully annotated edition has recently been published.

[48] The controversy on this point is fully set forth in Fanshawe's own letter to Lord Holles. The French ambassador's exceptional courtesy to the Englishman somewhat disconcerted the Spaniards, who thought there was some political significance behind it.

[49] Lady Fanshawe's _Memoirs_.

[50] The fish she calls dolphins were probably tunny.

[51] Lady Fanshawe's _Memoirs_.

[52] Whilst the penury of the country led Philip to adopt such measures as this, the influence of Mariana and her German entourage induced him at this very time--November 1664--to send a contribution of 500,000 ducats to the Emperor's needs.

[53] An interesting volume founded upon Pöetting's correspondence, and dealing with the connection between Spain and the Empire at this time, has recently been published by his Excellency Don W. de Villa Urrutia, Spanish ambassador in England. It is called _Relaciones entre Espana y Austria_, Madrid, 1905.

[54] There is a very minute account of Philip's illness and death written by one of his attendants, from which I take some of the particulars. Biblioteca National, Madrid, P. v. c. 24. Manuscript, 15 pages transcribed by me.

[55] _Muerte del Rey Felipe IV._, a contemporary account by an eyewitness. British Museum MSS., Add. 8703.

[56] MSS. Bib. Nac., Madrid, P. v. c. 24.

[57] Philip had died in the entresol-room in the palace, which he always occupied in summer, as it was shady and cool.

[58] MSS. Biblioteca National, Madrid, p. v. c. 24.

{519}

INDEX

Abbot, Archbishop, 109.
Academies (literary contests), 200, 301.
Admiral of Castile (Duke of Medina de Rio Seco), 163, 167.
Aguila, Marquis del, 300.
Ahumada, Father, 373.
Alamos, Don Baltasar de, 237.
Albert, Cardinal, Archduke, 21, 286.
Aliaga, confessor of Philip III., 45.
Alumbrados, the blasphemous sect so called, 271.
Amegial, battle of, 494, 495.
Anna of Austria, Queen of France, 155, 334, 335, 377, 464, 465, 482.
Aragonese Cortes, 141, 159, 162-170, 228, 254-259, 287, 296, 397.
Archy Armstrong in Spain, 100, 120.
Arcos, Duke of, 342.
Arnet, murderer of Ascham, 433.
Arundel, Philip, Earl of, 196.
Ascham, Anthony, Cromwell's envoy to Spain, 429; his mission, 431;
his murder in Madrid, 431-437.
Astillano, Prince of, 460.
Aston, Sir Walter, 77, 81, 106, 124, 292, 293, 295, 311, 312,
313, 317, 322.
Atillano, "the poet," 301.
Auto-de-fé, an, 150, 259.
Avendaño, an actor, 231.
Aytona, Marquis of, 218, 229, 391, 510.

B

Balbeses, Marquis of (Spinola), 341.
Ballard, an English priest in Madrid, 102.
Baltasar, Carlos, Prince, 210, 225, 241, 244, 246, 250, 253, 257,
276, 282, 284, 285, 353, 367, 387, 397; his betrothal, 399.
Barbastro, Cortes at, 164.
Barcelona, 167 et seq., 255-259, 297, 337-342.
Bejar, Duke of, 253, 342, 461.
Borgia, Cardinal, 253, 343, 458.
Borja, Melchior, 371.
Braganza, Duke of, 286, 334; proclaimed King of Portugal, 345, 423.
Breitenfeld, battle of, 247.
Bristol, Earl of, Sir John Digby, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76, 77, 81, 97,
98, 100, 106, 123, 124.
Buckingham, Duke of, in Madrid, 67 et seq.; meets Philip, 81-85;
the state entry, 86-92, 95, 96, 105; quarrels with
Olivares, 106, 113-120; leaves Spain, 121-123, 125; his
assassination, 216.
Buckingham, Duke of, his letters to King James, 79, 83, 92, 93,
105, 107, 111, 114.
Buen Retiro, palace of, 201, 238, 273, 280, 281, 284, 300,
301, 311, 316-319, 330, 342, 388, 392, 455, 489.
Burgos, Archbishop of, 39.
Burke, Marquis of Mayo, 216.

C

Calderon, 147.
Calderon, Marquis de Siete Iglesias, 31, 44.
Caracena, Count, defeated in Portugal, 504.
Cardenas, Alonso de, 423, 424, 425-429.
Cardona, Duke of, 167, 257, 287, 342.
Carducho, V., 194.
Carignano, Princess of, her reception in Madrid, 311, 316-319, 329.
Carlos, Infante, 44, 62, 65, 66, 90, 99, 123, 138, 163, 167, 174-186,
241, 246, 247, 255, 256, 259; his death, 260.
Carlos, Prince, son of Philip IV., 492, 500, 511.
Carpio, Marquis of, 65, 66, 99, 167, 229, 352, 366, 371, 394.
Carrion, the nun of, 122; her impostures, 308.
Castel Rodrigo, Marquis of, 163, 319.
Castrillo, Count of, 364, 488, 510.
Catalan Cortes. _See_ Aragonese.
Catalonia, disaffection and war in, 336-342, 357, 365, 388, 391, 392.
Cea, Duke of, 91.
Chambers, Laurence, 432.
Charles, Prince of Wales, 37; the Spanish match, 51, 52;
arrives in Madrid, 67 et seq.; he sees the Infanta, 77;
meets Philip, 81-83; his state entry to Madrid, 87 et seq.;
in love with the Infanta, 93; attempts to convert him, 94, 95;
his pastimes in Madrid, 96; his visits to the Infanta, 97;
his indiscretion, 100; negotiations, 104-110; disillusioned,
119; departs from Spain, 121, 195, 196.
Charles I., King of England, 216, 217-225, 243, 266, 274,
282, 288, 290-295, 313, 315, 321, 322, 323; his execution, 424.
Charles I., his painter in Madrid, 282 n.
Charles II. of England, birth of, 224, 426, 487, 495.
Chevreuse, Duchess of, in Madrid, 317.
Cinq Mars, 364.
Coloma, Carlos, Spanish ambassador in England, 218.
Condé, Prince of, 378, 462, 463, 466.
Cottington, Sir Francis, 67, 74, 76, 81, 106, 107, 117, 217,
218, 219, 220, 221, 222-225, 268, 275, 282, 295, 426, 432.
Corral de la Cruz. _See_ Theatres.
Corral de la Pacheca. _See_ Theatres.
Crofts, Courier, 112.
Cromwell, his relations with Spain, 423-437.

D

Don Juan of Austria, son of Charles V., 59.
Don Juan Jose of Austria, son of Philip IV., 207, 285, 353,
387, 403, 405, 418, 452, 463, 464, 467, 474, 486, 487, 494,
495, 504, 506, 510.
Downs, the capture of the Spanish fleet in, 324.
Dunkirk captured, 463.

E

English courtiers, their behaviour at Philip's christening, 6.
English embassy at Philip's baptism, 1-10.
Eraso, Don Francisco, 237.
Escovedo, 59.
Execution of the Hijar conspirators, 407-411.

F

Fadrique de Toledo, 156, 279 n.
Fanshawe, Lady, in Madrid, 498 et seq.; her opinion of Spaniards,
501; her account of Philip's lying in state, 512.
Fanshawe, Sir Richard, 314; his mission to Spain, 495-497; his
state entry, 498; his failure, 504.
Fashions, change of, in Spain after the marriage of Maria
Teresa, 486.
Felton assassinates Buckingham, 216.
Feria, Duke of, 155.
Fernando, Infante, 44, 90, 174-186, 241, 246, 247, 255, 256,
259; goes to Flanders, 260, 281, 288, 293, 299, 303, 310,
315, 331; dies, 377.
Festivities in Madrid, 60-66, 86-92, 101, 118, 145, 150, 209,
210, 225, 231-235, 273, 301, 307, 310, 312, 316-319, 451,
456-46l, 469, 472.
Fischer, Ascham's secretary, 432-437.
Field sports in Spain, 211-213.
Flanders and Spain, 21, 156, 176, 246, 247.
Flores d'Avila, Marquis of, 64.
Fonseca, Dr., patron of Velazquez, 197-199.
Francisco Fernando of Austria, Philip's natural son, 236-238.
Frederick the Palatine, 70, 116, 216, 217-225, 266.
Frias, Duke of, Grand Constable of Castile, 5, 354, 461.
Fuenterrabia, 335, 480.

G

Garcia Fray, punished by the Inquisition, 272.
Golilla, the, 138, 144, 447, 486.
Gomez Davila's way with the Moriscos, 23.
Gondomar, Count, Spanish ambassador in England, 68, 73,
74, 76, 81, 102, 123, 125.
Gongora, his sonnet on the English embassy, 4.
Grammont, Marshal, his mission to Madrid, 471.
Granada, Archbishop of, Philip's tutor, remonstrates with
Olivares, 53.
Guevara, Anna de, 367.
Gustavus Adolphus, 245, 247, 249.
Guzman, Enrique Felipe, Olivares' son, 268, 352, 354.
Guzman, the house of. _See_ Olivares.

H

Halsey, Major, murderer of Ascham, 433 et seq.
Haro, Count of (a child), 457.
Haro, Don Luis de, 352, 369, 371, 379, 394, 401, 406, 411, 420,
448, 451, 457, 459, 464, 466-485; death of, 487-490.
Hay, Earl of Carlisle, 103, 216, 217.
Heliche, Marquis of, 163, 167, 229.
Heliche, Marquis of (2), 450, 451, 469, 489, 510.
Henrietta Maria, Queen, 295.
Henry IV. of France, 24, 29.
Herrera, Don Juan, 300, 328.
Hijar, Duke of, 327; his conspiracy, 407 et seq.
Hinojosa, Marquis of, Spanish ambassador in England, 115, 117, 501.
Hopton, Sir Arthur, 219, 242, 243, 244, 249, 250, 252, 260, 263,
268, 273, 275, 276, 277-279, 280, 282, 287, 288, 290, 291,
292-295, 312, 314, 321, 322, 423.
Howard, Lord Admiral, Earl of Nottingham, in Spain, 3.
Howel, his account of the visit of Charles Stuart to Madrid.
_See_ Charles, Prince of Wales.
Humanes, Count of, 237, 288, 292.

I

Idiaquez, Minister of Philip II., 25.
Infanta Isabel, 21, 156, 176, 246, 260.
Infantado, Duke of, 38, 39, 133, 139.
Irish intrigues in Madrid, 216, 312.
Isabel of Bourbon, Philip's first wife, 30, 31, 55-58, 60, 61, 65,
77, 91, 97, 120, 121, 144, 145, 147, 173, 183, 212, 220, 229,
230, 231-235, 259, 283-326, 353, 360, 361; leads the
enemies of Olivares, 367; illness and death of, 392-395.
Isasi Ydiaquez, Don Juan, 236.
Isle of Pheasants, conferences and meetings on, 467, 470, 473, 481.

J

Jamaica seized by England, 439.
James I. of England, 29, 36, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 84, 85, 95, 101,
105, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 124.
James I., his letters to "Baby" and "Steenie," 84, 101, 104,
108, 112, 116.
James, Duke of York, 463.
John Frederick of Saxony, 289.

L

Lede, Marquis of, goes to England, 438.
Leganes, Marquis of, 194, 229, 281, 364, 365.
Lerida, Cortes at, 163.
Lerma, Duke of, 1, 9, 11, 17, 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 43,
46, 68, 69.
Liars' Walk, 54, 76, 146, 147, 196, 299, 327, 371, 439.
Lindsay, Lord, 216.
Linhares, Count, 325, 326.
Lionne's mission to France, 465-467.
Lope de Vega, 59, 147, 196, 240, 241.
Los Velez, Marquis of, 335, 343.
Louis XIII., 30, 252, 360, 377.
Louis XIV, 377; his marriage with Maria Teresa, 466-485.

M

Madrid, 27, 54, 59-66; Prince Charles arrives at, 67; his
state entry, 87; social condition, 131-136, 146, 147, 188-194;
as an artistic centre, 194-196; corruption of, 209, 227,
265; scandals in, 268-271; artists in, 282, 296; turbulence
in, 299-310; prices in, 321; lawlessness, 328-331, 356, 385,
441-446, 456, 469.
Malpica, Marquis of, 38, 498, 499, 511.
Mantua, Duchess of (Margaret of Savoy), 287, 333, 346, 367, 386, 387.
Maqueda, Duke of, 91, 233, 490.
Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain, 7, 14, 26, 27.
Margaret Maria, Infanta, 419, 453, 501.
Maria, Infanta, 36, 50, 51, 52, 65, 68, 77, 84, 85, 91, 97, 99, 100,
103, 118, 120, 121; betrothed to the Emperor's heir, 172, 209,
219, 240, 403.
Maria Teresa, Infanta, 353, 393, 403, 414, 415, 419, 453, 459;
her marriage with Louis XIV., 466-485.
Mariana of Austria, betrothed to Baltasar Carlos, 399;
betrothed to Philip, 403, 413-416; married, 417-419, 449,
465, 472, 475, 487, 489, 501, 511.
Marie de Medici, 29, 55, 254, 266, 288, 317.
Marston, English resident in Madrid, 432, 433.
Mary Stuart (Princess of Orange), 276, 399.
Masaniello's revolt, 405.
Matthew, David, 294.
Maurice of Nassau, 21.
Mawe, English chaplain, 84.
Mazarin, Cardinal, 404, 418, 438, 462, 465, 467, 470.
Medina Celi, Duke of, 288, 430.
Medina de las Torres, Duke of, 229, 460, 475, 488, 489, 497,
510, 513.
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 253, 286, 333, 334, 357.
Melo, General, 378.
Mendoza, Antonio de, 231, 233.
Meninas, the, 455.
Millan, Don Francisco, 165.
Montalvo, Count, Corregidor of Madrid, 307.
Monterey, Count of, 194, 195, 229, 230, 231, 281.
Monzon, Cortes at, 165.
Moreto, 147.
Moriscos, the expulsion of, 23-27.
Moscoso, Antonio de, 254, 255, 258, 259.
Motte, Marshall de la, 357, 353.
Moura, Don Cristobal, 286.
Münster, Treaty of, 404, 405 n.

N

Navarre, 398.
Nicolalde, Spanish agent in London, 275, 276, 288, 290, 292, 293, 295.
Nithard, Father, Mariana's confessor, 495, 505.
Nocera, Duke of, 334.
Nördlingen, battle of, 260, 288, 289.

O

Olivares, the Count-Duke, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 46, 49,
60, 65, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 85, 104-114, 121, 128; his policy,
141, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160-162; in Aragon, 163-170;
opposition to him, 173-177, 183-186; urges Philip to
work, 179; patron of Velazquez, 197; negotiations with
England, 216-225; his entertainment to the King, 230-235;
builds the Buen Retiro, 238-241; his negotiations with
Hopton, 242 et seq.; and the Catalan Cortes, 254-259;
fresh negotiations with England, 262; his unpopularity,
265; secret negotiation with Charles I., 266, 275, 276, 288,
289-295; opposes Philip's journey, 297; again
approaches England, 312, 313; negotiations dropped, 324, 325;
his policy in Portugal, etc., 332, 333; his decline, 352; goes
to Aragon, 362; his fall, 366-374; his death, 375.
Olivares, Countess of, 210, 220, 230, 273, 367-375, 386, 387.
Oñate, Count, 295, 313, 460.
Oquendo, Admiral, his quarrel with Spinola, 304.
Orange, Prince of, 287.
Orleans, Gaston, Duke of, 254, 266, 288, 315.
O'Sullivan, Beare, Count of Bearhaven, 216.
Osuña, Duke of, 45.

P

Pacheco, Don Juan, 329.
Padilla, Carlos de, execution of, 408.
Palatinate, the, 37, 70, 116, 120, 216, 217-225, 242, 251, 266,
274, 296, 313, 314, 423.
Peace of the Pyrenees, 465-474.
Pennington, Admiral, 324.
Philip II., 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 23, 40.
Philip III., 1, 6, 7, 11, 19, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32; his death,
36-40, 51, 68, 69.
Philip IV., christening of, at Valladolid, 1-10; his childhood,
26-30; his marriage, 31; under the influence of
Olivares, 35; his accession, 42; his reforms, 46; his own
account of affairs, 50; early profligacy, 54; his character,
60; his attitude towards the English match, 51, 52, 74, 81;
his reception of Charles, 86-92, 97-99; his reforms, 135;
his mode of life, 143; his garb, 144; goes to Aragon,
162; quarrels with the Aragonese, 163-170; his pity for
Castile, 170, 171; and his brothers, 174-186; promises
to work, 180, 181; his serious illness, 183; scruples of
conscience, 187; his liking for Velazquez, 189-200; his
literary and dramatic tastes, 200-202; his amours, 206;
the Calderona, 207; his field sports, 211-213; receives
Cottington, 221, 224; at an entertainment, 230-235; goes
to Barcelona, 254-259; his domestic life in Madrid, 283;
negotiations with England, 290-295, 296; insists upon
going to Aragon, 297; at a grand entertainment, 318;
scandal of the Nun of St. Placido, 348; goes to Aragon,
359; his good resolves after dismissing Olivares, 377;
returns to Aragon, 379, 381, 389, 395, 398, 401; betrothed
to Mariana, 403; his marriage, 413; his mode of life,
420; his attitude towards the English Commonwealth, 423-440;
his garb, 447; his poverty, 449, 455; his despondency, 452, 470;
he visits the frontier for his daughter's marriage, 475; splendid
ceremonies, 478-485; said to be bewitched, 490; intrigues
around him, 505; his last illness, 509; his death, 511;
his burial, 513; his character, 515
Philip IV., his letters to Sor Maria, 381, 389, 395, 399, 400;
402, 406, 417, 457, 468, 491, 492, 505.
Philip Prosper, Infante, 456-462, 463, 465, 470, 486; dies, 491.
Poëtting, Count, Austrian ambassador, 505.
Polanco, Dr., 184.
Porter, Endymion, 70, 77, 81, 100.
Portugal, Dom Duarte de, 88.
Portugal, Queen of, 334, 464.
Portugal, revolt of, 268, 333, 344-346, 405, 423, 464, 487, 494, 495.
Pozo, Count, 329.
Priego, Duke of, 342.
Priego, Marquis of, 460.
Prodgers, Captain, murderer of Ascham, 433 et seq.
Punoñrostro, Count of, 461.

Q

Quevedo, 147, 200, 231, 233, 355.
Quiñones, Suero, his promise of pictures to Charles I., 296 n.

R

Rahosa, the Infanta's confessor, 95.
Rentin, Marquis of, 63.
Ribera, Archbishop of Valencia, 3.
Richelieu, his rivalry with Olivares, 154, 155, 214 et seq.,
226, 260, 261, 288, 289, 303, 315, 325, 334, 335, 364, 376.
Roche, Valentine, murderer of Ascham, 433.
Rocroy, battle of, 378.
Rojas, Francisco de, 197, 262, 312, 373.
Rubens, Peter Paul, 217, 218, 224.

S

St. Isidore, the Husbandman, 61, 335, 392.
St. Placido, the scandals of, 272, 347-350.
St. Teresa, 61.
Salazar, Count, 329.
Salazar, Father, invents stamped paper, 320.
Salinas, Count of, Howard lodges in his house, 5.
Salvatierra, Countess of, 459.
Sandoval, house of. _See_ Lerma.
Sandoval de Rojas, Cardinal, 26.
San Lucar, Duke of, 49. _See_ also Olivares.
Santa Coloma, Viceroy of Catalonia, 340; killed, 343.
Santa Cruz, Marquis of, 361.
Saragossa, Philip at, 164, 363, 381, 391, 399.
Sastago, Count, 301.
Savoy, Duke of, 24, 154, 215, 315.
Scaglia, Abbé, an English agent in Madrid, 216, 217.
Schomberg, Marshal, 357, 487.
Seven Chimneys, the house with the, 67, 81, 498.
Silva, General, 397.
Silva, Pedro de, execution of, 408.
Simancas, English embassy lodged at, 4.
Soissons, Count of, 315.
Sor Maria of Agreda, 379-384, 395, 398-401, 407, 417, 462
et seq.; her death, 506.
Sotomayor, Philip's confessor, 42, 229, 349.
Spain, condition of (in 1600), 17 et seq.; (1621), 45 et seq.;
50, 51, 130-135, 242, 243, 263, 277, 279, 299, 309, (1637),
320, 327, 338, (1654-1660), 441-447.
Spanish match. _See_ Charles, Prince of Wales.
Sparkes, murderer of Ascham, 433.
Spinola, Marquis, 155.
Spinola, Nicholas, quarrels with Oquendo, 304, 328, 329.
Strada, Carlos, 318.
Suarez Diego, Portuguese minister, 333.
Sumptuary laws, 131, 137, 309, 319, 320, 445, 447, 476.

T

Tavara, Margaret, 79.
Taxation in Spain, 17, 18, 19, 20, 162, 170, 243, 252, 253,
263, 277, 279, 296, 309, 319, 325, 338, 352, 366, 406 n., 444,
448, 468, 492, 493, 504.
Taylor, English agent in Spain, 288.
Tejada, Auditor, 281.
Theatres (Corrales) of Madrid, 147, 201; description of a
performance, 202-206, 444.
Theatrical craze, 57, 60, 61, 147, 201-206, 233, 444.
Thirty Years' War and Spain, 245-249, 260, 267, 289, 300-303, 315.
Tilly, Imperial general, 156, 249.
Tirlemont, battle of, 293.
Toledo, Pedro de, Marquis of Villafranca, 64, 65.
Torrecusa, Marquis, 365.
Turenne, Marshal, 462.
Tyrone, Earl of, 223, 312, 344.

U

Uceda, Duke of, 30, 32, 33, 37, 40; his fall, 43, 45.

V

Valette, Duke de la, 335, 336, 344.
Valladolid, Philip's christening at, 1-10, 19.
Vallejo, an actor, 231.
Vasconcellos, Miguel, Portuguese minister, 333, 346.
Velazquez, Diego, 197-200, 212, 282, 284, 350, 373, 385,
454-456, 477, 481.
Verdugo Fernando, 63, 65.
Verney, Sir Edmund, 102.
Villa Mediana, Count of, murder of, 56-59, 196.
Villamor, Count, 88.
Villanueva, Geronimo de, State Secretary, 238, 319 n., 348-351.

W

War with France, 154-158, 214 et seq., 226, 274, 303, 315, 325,
334, 340-343, 357 et seq., 378, 391, 397, 422, 448, 452,
465-467.
Washington, page to Charles in Madrid, 102.
Williams, Captain, murderer of Ascham, 433.
Wimbledon, Lord (Sir E. Cecil), his attack on Cadiz, 126, 154, 157.
Windebank, Secretary, 275, 276, 278, 288, 291, 323.
Windebank, Kit, his escapade in Madrid, 323.
Wren, English chaplain, 84.
Wright, Sir Benjamin, 501.

Z

Zapata, Cardinal, Inquisitor, 152, 229, 268.
Zapata, Lieutenant of the Guard, 301, 329.
Zuñiga, Baltasar de, 38, 43, 49, 52.

_Printed by_
MORRISON & GIBB LIMITED
_Edinburgh_