Chapter XII: The Last Word in Submarines

IT is less than twenty years agone that the first five baby Hollands were built in this country for, and delivered to, England, and from that time dates the beginning of the art of modern submarine construction.

Since then the size, speed, and cruising radius of each succeeding type of submarine has grown greater and ever greater, until from a craft hardly larger than a power pleasure boat there has been evolved a truly wonderful undersea vessel of magnificent proportions.

=Uncle Sam’s Latest Submarines.=—The result of this marvelous development is that the latest of Uncle Sam’s submarines are of the 1200 and 1500 tons _displacement_ type and they have a speed of 21 knots on the surface.

These giant submarines have a cruising radius of about 4,000 miles and are fitted with every instrument, device, apparatus and machine that human ingenuity can think of, or at least that has been invented, which goes to make for their operating and fighting qualities and for the safety and comfort of their crews.

From this you will see that since the year of 1900 the size of these craft has been increased about four times, their speed doubled, and their efficiency raised to half again as much. Based on the rapid strides that have been made since the war has been going on, it does not take any great foresight to predict that in the near future, if the U-boat blockade is not broken, submarines of upwards of 500 feet in length and 10,000 tons’ displacement will form the merchant fleet of the United States.

=The Great Blockades of the Warring Nations.=—The great blockades by which the Allies have bottled up the German Empire by their superior naval forces, and by which Germany is trying to shut off the trading of other countries with the Allies by her U-boat warfare, have prevented either side from scoring a victory.

But with Germany’s usual dogged determination for overcoming the difficulties that beset her, she built a submarine which could travel without a _convoy_, that is, without any base-ship to go along with her to provision and supply her needs, for 5,000 miles at least.

This giant submarine carried a cargo worth a million dollars or more, sunk out of sight as she left her home port, slipped underneath the grim warships of the Allies which menaced German shipping, and in this way ran the blockade.

Then one fine day there bobbed up in American waters near Chesapeake Bay a monster merchant submarine—the largest underwater craft ever built and the first of her kind ever seen. She was in very truth a nine days’ wonder.

=The First of the Merchant Submarines.=—The _Deutschland_, as she was named, was a marvel of engineering skill, and she was hailed as the first of a great fleet of merchant submarines which was to break the Allies’ blockade.

Starting from Bremen, Germany, and traveling underwater through the English Channel for a distance of 90 miles without even once coming to the surface, she made the entire voyage without mishap and docked at Baltimore just 16 days later.

When you think of how carefully she had to be handled and how cautiously she had to proceed so that she might escape destruction at the hands of her surface enemies, you must admit that she made the run in really remarkable time.

=Some Facts About the Deutschland.=—This great merchant submarine is 315 feet long, 30 feet through the beam, and _draws_[40] 17 feet of water. She is, therefore, as large as many of our coastwise steamers, so that she is something more than a mere underwater boat—indeed, she is a veritable submarine _ship_.

Her hull is shaped more nearly like that of a real ship than any submarine craft that was ever built before her, as Fig. 69 shows; but she has a conning tower, periscopes and wireless masts like any of the other of the tribe of submarines.

NAVIGATING THE “DEUTSCHLAND” BY MEANS OF THE DECK CONTROL. (NOTE OPEN HATCH LEADING TO CONNING TOWER.)]

Her wireless aerial is held in place between two steel masts, each of which is 50 feet high and both of which can be folded down on the deck. The mast on her for’ard deck is fitted with a _crow’s nest_ for a _lookout_, as though she were a real ship.

_Her Captain and His Crew._—The inside of her hull is very much like an ordinary merchantman. For’ard are large and comfortable quarters for the officers, of whom there are nine, including Captain Koenig—a man you can’t help but admire. Abaft the ship are the quarters for the crew, and both fore and aft in her hold are compartments for the cargo she carries.

_Her Valuable Cargo._—In making her first trip over from Bremen her cargo consisted of dyestuffs, medicines, _synthetic stones_[41] and other merchandise which took up small storage room and yet which was very valuable.

These she unloaded in Baltimore, and her return cargo was made up of crude rubber, tin, and nickel—materials much needed by the German Government for purposes of warfare.

She also served the very useful purpose of a _packet_, for by means of her Captain Koenig was able to hand personally to Count von Bernstorff, the German Ambassador to the United States at that time, important instructions which would otherwise have been hard to get through.

Again, what was of even greater urgency was that the Count was able to get rid of certain documents which would have made matters quite uncomfortable for him if they had been found in his possession some months later when the break came between the United States and Germany.

_Her Great Engines._—The _Deutschland_ is driven by two 600-horsepower Diesel engines, each of which has four cylinders. She is able to make a speed of 14 knots on the surface, but when submerged her speed is only about half as much.

She is supplied with enough liquid fuel and solid foods to enable her to cruise for 5,000 miles without making port.

Such is the _Deutschland_, and to her belongs the distinction of being the first underwater merchantman. Under the skilful command of her captain, she served her country nobly and well for the purpose for which she was built.

=How the United States Can Break the Blockade.=—Right now the United States and the Allies have to face the same gigantic problem that was forced upon Germany at the beginning of the war, and that is to break the enemy’s blockade.

The scheme of keeping the sea-roads clear for shipping by destroying the U-boats has proved a slow and hard process, and so new plans have been mapped out by our naval engineers and others with which to defeat the blockade.

_The Wooden Ship Idea._—The first plan, and one which is being carried out with great energy, is the building of hundreds of little wooden ships, each of which is 25 feet shorter than the _Deutschland_ and has a cargo carrying capacity of 3,500 tons, and a speed of 4 knots less than the surface speed of the great German submarine.

The main idea seems to be to turn these little boats out fast enough so that the number the U-boats sink will be so small that the loss will not be felt. The glaring fault of this idea is that while the U-boats are sinking 500,000 tons of shipping a month, American ship-builders can build only 200,000 tons a month, and this is figuring it out with a liberal margin.

While these small wooden craft of the vintage of 1850 would relieve the stress that is now felt in shipping circles they would not by any means remove it.

_The Submarine Plan._—Simon Lake, the inventor of the submersible, has enlarged upon the German plan, and his plan is one which our Government ought to carry out, because, in the humble opinion of the writer, it is the only feasible one thus far advanced.

Mr. Lake has organized a company to build a fleet of undersea merchantmen, each boat of which will be ten times as large as the _Deutschland_ and can carry a cargo of 7,500 tons. Mr. Lake says that with the co-operation of the Government he can build 100 of these giant craft in the first year, and that at the end of three years he can have a fleet of 500 of them built and in service. That is to say, in this short time he can have 4,000,000 tons of cargo sailing the seas with absolute safety.

This plan of the great submarine builder is the key which will unlock the horns of our dilemma. The only drawback seems to be the ability of a company to turn out so complex a mechanism as the submarine, and of such an enormous size, fast enough to make up for the rapidly disappearing tonnage of the Allies.

In the meantime the submarine chasers and the wooden and steel ships that are now being built may help to some extent to take care of our shipping until the great commercial submarines of Lake can be built and put into the trans-Atlantic service.

=When Submarine Meets Submarine.=—When Greek meets Greek then comes the tug of war, so the old saw goes, and it is just as true that the way to break the blockade of the U-boats is to pit the cunning of submarines against them.

With all our shipping going by the undersea route, the U-boats will lose their sting, the blockade will be broken, the power of the Allies will outweigh that of Germany, and the war will speedily come to an end.

And may that time come soon!

THE END

INDEX

Air chasers, submarine, 195

Air, compressed, 67

Air compressor pumps, 67

Air control mechanism of a model submarine, 32, 42

Aircraft attacks, 177

Air flashes, 67

Airplane, the, 195
versus submarine, 139

Air pressure required to drive torpedo, 101

Airship, the, 195

Air tanks of a torpedo, 108

Action, the model torpedo in, 96

Aerial, wireless, 55

Allies’ blockade, 200

Allies, the, 1, 176, 185, 200

Ananias club, 139

Anchor, mushroom, 69

Angle, definition of, 59

Angle indicator, 60

Armament, definition of, 117

Arming merchantmen with guns, 187

Artemus Ward, 23

Attacks, how a submarine, 171

Automatic gyro control, 101
pendulum control, 102

Automobile torpedo, 92, 115

Auxiliary, definition of, 171

Awash condition, 62

Awash, definition of, 23

Baby Holland, 199

Back pressure, 68

Balance chamber, 101

Ballast pumps, what they do, 66

Ballast tank of a model submarine, 28

Ballasting the model submarine, 40

Balloon, dirigible, 189

Base ship, what it is for, 161

Bell for submarine signaling, 151

Bell or violin signaling system, 151

Blackheads, 92

Blind fish of Mammoth Cave, 58

Blockade, how the U. S. can break the U-boat, 204
the Allies’, 200

Blockade, the submarine plan to break the U-boat, 205
the wooden ship idea, 204
a way to lift the U-boat, 195
by U-boats, 200

Blockades of the warring nations, great, 200

Body of a model torpedo, 92

Bomb, clock-work of a submarine, 10
submarine, 9

Bomb idea, the, 116
the old, 91

Book of wireless, 149

Bores of Allies’ submarine guns, 120

Boy of the Prehistoric Age, 3

Boy, the second submarine, 1
when he learned to swim, 3

Bushnell’s submarine, 7

Bushnell, submarine boat inventor, 8

Bulkhead door, electrically operated, 59

Bulkhead in model submarine, putting in, 34

Buoyancy, 63
experiment in, 67
natural, 67
reserve, 63, 67

Buoyancy tanks, what they are for, 66

Caliber, definition of, 188

Campbell and Ash, English submarine boat inventors, 14

Carburetor, for gasoline engine, 76
what it does, 78

Centennial Exposition, 13

Central Powers of Europe, 1

Central Powers, the, 176

Chaser, how it chases a submarine, 192
shooting the guns of the, 193

Chasers, submarines, 116

Chasers for submarines, air, 195

Cipher code, definition of, 166

Clock-work of a submarine bomb, 10

Collapsible boat, 178

Colored light signaling system, 146

Commanding officer, the, 164

Commutator of model electric motor, 39

Compass, 55

Compass courses, 167

Compass, gyroscopic, 58

Compartment, diving control, 60
mine, 68
torpedo, 68

Compartments, watertight, 53

Compressed air, 67

Compressed air action gun, 119

Compressed air for driving engine, 105

Compressed air tanks, 100

Compression stroke of engine, 78

Conditions of the submarine, four, 62

Conductivity system, how it works, 155
parts of, 155

Conductivity system of signaling, 154

Connecting up the power plant circuit of the model submarine, 42

Conning tower of a model submarine, 42

Conning tower, outside of the, 54
peep into the, 56

Contact mines, 122

Contact mine, how it works, 123

Contraband, definition of, 178

Course of a torpedo, 110

Crews, hard to sign, when, 160

Crew of a submarine, 69

Davis, torpedo inventor, 111

Deck of a model submarine, 28, 35

Defense, the submarine flotilla as a means of, 173

Depth indicator, 60

Depth meter, 59

Depuy de Lôme, French submarine inventor, 16

Destroyers, submarine, 177

Destroying mother ships, 188

Detonating or firing mechanism, 98

_Deutschland_, cruising radius of the, 204
her great engines, 204
her valuable cargo, 203
some facts about the, 201
the captain and crew of the, 203
the largest submarine, 201

Diesel engine, 80
how it works, 80

Diesel, German gas engine inventor, 80

Dirigible balloon, 189

Dives, how a submarine, 64, 68

Dive is made, why a shallow, 65

Dive, time it takes for submarine to, 66

Diving control compartment, 60

Diving rudder, 53, 59
of a model torpedo, 95

Diving rudders, fore, 64

Diving wheel, 60

Doyle, inventor of Sherlock Holmes, 130

Draw, definition of, 201

Dry cells for model electric motor, 35

Dry cells, where to buy, 35

Dummy heads, 167

Dynamo, definition of, 85, 86

Dynamo motor and storage battery system, 85

_Eagle_, first warship to be attacked by a submarine, 9

Ears of a submarine, 143

Electric controlled mine, 124

Electric motor, 34, 85
commutator of an, 39
discovery of the, 14
where to buy an, 35

Electric motor current of a model submarine, 43

Electric motor for model submarine, 35

Electric motors, 14, 56

Electric power plant, why it is needed, 85

Electric submarine, invention of the, 14

Electric switch of model submarine, 36

Electrically controlled mines, 122

Electricity for the submarine, 15

Enemy ships, gauging the distance of, 136

Enemy of the submarine, a new, 139

Engines, 73

_Engine Building for Boys_, 74

Engine, carburetor for gasoline, 76

Engines, compressed air for driving, 105

Engine, Diesel, 80
that drives the torpedo, the, 104
faults of the steam, 74
four cycle, 75
gasoline, 75

Engines, horse power of, 83
last word in submarine, 80

Engine works, how the Diesel, 80
how a gasoline, 75

Exhaust stroke, 78

Experiment in buoyancy, 67

Explosive, amount needed for a torpedo, 98
high powered, 97

Explosive compounds, 98

Eye, the first submarine, 130

Eye of submarine, 55
wonderful, 129

Firing mechanism, 98

First Holland submarine, 5

First submarine boat, 5

Fish, air bladder of, 2
the first submarine, 1

Fish of Mammoth Cave, blind, 58

Floating dock, 162

Flashlight system of signaling, 146

_Fly, How to_, 196

Freedom of the seas, 185

Fuel mixture, 76

Fulton’s experiments on the Seine River, 10

Fulton’s first steam boat, 12

Fulton’s first submarine, 10

Fulton’s _Nautilus_, 10

Fulton plans to rescue Napoleon, 12

Fulton, submarine boat inventor, Robert, 10

Galley of a submarine, 70

Game, naval war, 96

Garrett, English submarine boat inventor, 12

Garrett’s steam propelled submarine, 12

Gas and electric power combined for the submarine, 15

Gas engine, 34
for the submarine, 15

Gas engines, two cycle, 82

Gasoline, 79

Gasoline engine, 75
how it works, 75

Gauging the distance of enemy ships, 136

Granddaddy of the modern submarine, 6

German Empire, the, 200

German policy, 115

Grecian galleys of old, 5

Greek meets Greek, when, 206

Gun, compressed air action, 119
the Lewis machine, 196
need of a quick-action, 117
spring action, 118

Guncotton, 97

Guns, arming merchantmen with, 187

Guns, arming the submarine with, 116

Guns, bores of Allies’ submarine, 120
rapid-fire machine, 115

Guns of the chaser, shooting the, 193

Gyro control, automatic, 101

Gyroscope, action of a, 102
compass, 58
toy, 102

Heart of a submarine, 73

High tension current, 79

High tension magnets, 76

Holland and Lake combined type of boats, 17

Holland submarine, 51 the first, 5

Holland, submarine inventor, 16
baby, 199

Horse power of submarine engines, 83

Horsman Co., toy dealers, 102

_How to Fly_, 196

How the hull is made, 52

How to make and work a model submarine, 23

How a real submarine is made and works, 51

How to work your model submarine, 47

Hull, definition, 51
how it is made, 52
inside the, 55
of a model submarine, 24

Hydroplanes of a submarine, 64

Hydrostatic control, 103

Ichthyoid form, 2

Inside the hull, 55

Installing the motor in model submarine, 39

Integral, definition of, 164

_Inventing for Boys_, 58

Inventors of the submarine, 4

Inventors of submarine,
American, 7

Knot, definition of, 13

Koenig, captain of the _Deutschland_, 203

Krupp, German gun makers, 118

Lake, his plan for undersea merchantmen, 205
submarine inventor, 16
submersible, 51
submersible boat, 16

Latent heat, 106

Latitude, how found, 167

Laying mine fields in harbors, 187

Lee, operator of Bushnell’s submarine, 10

Lenticular, definition of, 132

Lewis machine gun, 196

Lewis, machine gun inventor, 196

Lieutenants, how to pronounce, 165

Light condition, 61

Listening in, 150

Log distances, 167

Longitude, how found, 167

Lupius, Austrian torpedo inventor, 92

_Magic of Science_, a book, 133

Magneto electro machine, 79

Magneto, high tension, 76

Magnetic lines of force, stray, 58

Main parts of a submarine, 57

_Maine_ was sunk, way the, 122

Making the superstructure of a model submarine, 41

Mammoth Cave, blind fish of, 58

Maneuver, definition of, 166

_Mayflower_, landing of the, 5

Merchant submarine, the first, 201

Merchantman, how a submarine attacks a, 177

Mercuric fulminate, 99

Millimeter, definition of, 119

Mine compartment, 68

Mine, electric controlled, 124

Mine fields in harbors, laying, 187

Mine layer, 69, 120

Mine works, how a contact, 123

Mines, how they are made, 122
how a submarine lays, 120
kinds of submarine, 121
submarine, 115

Model submarine, air control mechanism of a, 32
ballast tank for a, 28
ballasting the, 40
conning tower of a, 43
how to make and work, 23
how to work your, 47
hull of a, 24
installing motor in, 39
painting your, 47
parts of a, 24
periscope of, 48
power plant in, 34
power plant of a, 24
propeller for a, 45
propeller-shaft for, 39
pusher control for, 36
rudder for the, 45
superstructure of a, 41
torpedo, how to make a, 92

Model torpedo, in action, the, 96
body of a, 92
motor for a, 95
rudders of a, 93

Mother ships, destroying, 188

Mother ship, what it is, 162

Motor for a model torpedo, 95

Motor, rubber strand, 95

Munitions, definition of, 115

Mushroom anchor, 69

Napoleon, attempts to rescue with a submarine, 12

Nautical mile, 13

_Nautilus_, Fulton’s first submarine, 10

Naval war game, 96

Navigating room, 60

Neutral, definition of, 176

Nordenfelt, Swedish submarine boat inventor, 13

Nose and tail blocks of a model submarine, 26

Offense, the submarine flotilla as a means of, 174

Painting your model submarine, 47

Paleozoic era, submarine of, 2

Parts of a model submarine, 24

Parts of a submarine, 52

Pendulum control, automatic, 104

Percussion caps, 100

Permutation in signaling, 145

Periscope, 55, 129
complete view, 137
the first, 130
how it got its name, 129
how it is made, 134
how to make a simple, 130
how it works, 131

Periscope, latest type of, 136
limited use of the, 138
of the model submarine, 48
the modern, 132

Personnel of a submarine crew, 159

Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock, 5

Pipes for model submarine, 32

Pipes, where to buy them, 32

Pirate, submarine, 4

Plans for a model submarine, 23

Plantéol, inventor of the storage battery, 14

Power plant, 33

Power plant circuit of model submarine, 44

Power plant in model submarine, 34

Power plant of a model submarine, 24, 32
how it is hooked up, 36

Power plant is needed, why an electric, 85

Power stroke of engine, 77, 78

Power unit, 75

Prehistoric boy, 2

Prime mover, 75

Prisms, reflecting, 133

Projectile, how a bow trajectory affects a, 194

Projectile, how a flat trajectory affects a, 194

Propeller for a model submarine, 45

Propeller-shaft of a model submarine, 39

Propeller-shaft of a torpedo, 106

Propellers of a torpedo, the, 106

Pterodactyl, largest flying creature, the, 3

Pumps, air-compressor, 67

Pusher control of a model submarine, 36

Quadrant, 60

Quick-action guns, 117

Raw recruits, breaking in, 166

Reducing valve, 101

Reflecting prisms, 133

Reserve buoyancy, 63, 67

Rise of the submarine, 172

Rookies, what they are, 164

Roosevelt, inventor of the Ananias Club, 139

Rubber strand motor, 95

Rudder, diving, 59
for the model submarine, 45

Rudders, fore diving, 64
diving, 53
of a model torpedo, 93

Rudders, of the torpedo, steering and diving, 107

Scout, the submarine as a, 175

Sea anchor, 69

Searchlight signal system, 146

Semaphore for signaling, 144

Servo-motor, the, 103

Setting ballast tank in the hull of model submarine, 34

Shape of a submarine, 52

Shipping, definition of, 185
tonnage per month, 205

Ships, gauging the distance of enemy, 136

_Shooting for Boys_, 193

Shooting, the guns of the chaser, 193
the torpedo, 91
a torpedo at a ship, 107

Signaling with colored lights, 146
with the flashlight system, 146
permutation in, 145
with the searchlight system, 146
semaphore for, 144
by underwater “wireless,” 154
wigwag, 144

Signaling, with the wireless telegraph system, 147

Signaling systems, kinds of, 144
underwater, 151

Skins, inner and outer, 53

Skin of a model submarine, 27

Solder, how to, 28

Soldering fluid, 28

Spark plug, 79

Specifications for a model submarine, 23

Spirit level, 60

Spring action gun, 118

Squadron, definition of, 172

Steamboat, Fulton’s first, 12

Steam engine, faults of, 74

Steam propelled submarine, first, 12

Steering rudder of a model torpedo, 95

Steering rudders, 53

Steering wheel, 55

Storage batteries, 14, 34, 74, 85, 86

Storage battery and dynamo motor system, 85

Storage battery, inventor of the, 74

Submarine air chasers, 195

Submarine, air control mechanism of a, 32
ballast tank for a, 28

Submarine, ballasting the, 40
as a blockader, the, 176

Submarine bases, destroying, 126

Submarine bell, 151

Submarine boat, the first, 5
what it is, 16

Submarine bomb, 9

Submarine chaser, 80-foot, 189
110-foot, 189

Submarine chasers, 116, 177
kinds of, 188

Submarine in Chesapeake Bay, a giant, 200
clock-work of a, 10
complement of a, 164
conning tower of a model, 42
construction of Bushnell’s, 8

Submarine craft, early conditions on, 159
crew of a, 69
crew, personnel of, 159
cruising radius of a, 162

Submarine destroyers, 177
the _Deutschland_, 201
development of the, 4

Submarine duty, how men are trained for, 164
electric power for the, 15

Submarine engines, last word in, 80

Submarine eye, the first, 130
the first merchant, 201
first steam propelled, 12
the first torpedo fired by a, 9
first torpedo tube, 13

Submarine flotilla as a means of defense, the, 173

Submarine flotilla as a means of offense, 174
four states of the, 61
Fulton’s _Nautilus_, 10
Fulton’s turned down, 10

Submarine galley, 70
gas power for the, 15
a giant, 200
granddaddy of the modern, 6

Submarine, with guns, arming the, 116
Bushnell’s, 7
Bushnell’s second, 8
guns, bores of Allies’, 120
heart of a, 73
Holland, 51
Holland type of, 16
how it attacks, 171
how it attacks a merchantman, 177
how it came to be, 1
how a chaser chases a, 192
how it dives, 64, 68
how to make and work a model, 23
how it is submerged, 65
how to work your model, 47
hull of a model, 24
hydroplanes of a, 64
installing motor in model, 39
invention of the electric, 14
invention of the screw-driven, 9
inventors of the, 4
Lake type of, 16
the largest, 201

Submarine lays mines, how a, 120

Submarine is made and works, how a real, 51
main parts of a, 57
marvelous tongue and ears of the, 143

Submarine meets submarine, when, 206

Submarine mines, 115

Submarine mines, kinds of, 120
a modern, 18
new enemy of the, 139
Nordenfelt, 13
painting your model, 47

Submarine of the Paleozoic era, parts of, 52
parts of a model, 24
periscope of the model, 48

Submarine pirate, 4
power plant of a model, 24
power plant in model, 34
propeller for a model, 45
propeller-shaft for a model, 39
pusher control for a model, 36
to rescue Napoleon, attempts with a, 12
rise of the, 172
Robert Fulton’s first, 10
rudder for the model, 45
in the Russo-Japanese War, 172
schemes for outwitting the, 186
as a scout, the, 175
shape of a, 52
in the Spanish-American War, 172
superstructure of a model, 41
time it takes to dive, 66
torpedo, how to make a model, 92
uses of the, 170
Van Drebel’s, 5
what it is, 1
wonderful eye of, 129

Submarine works with the fleet, how the, 173

Submarines, airplanes, a new enemy of, 139

Submarines, American inventors of, 7
cruising radius of Uncle Sam’s, 199
the first, 1

Submarines for the trans-Atlantic service, 206
types of, 16
your Uncle Sammy’s latest, 199
when they attack in pairs, 179

Submerged condition, 62

Submerge, definition of, 51
how the boat is kept, 65

Submersible boat, Lake, 16
what it is, 16

Submersible, Lake, 51

Suction stroke of engine, 77

Superstructure of a model submarine, 41

Superstructure, what it is, 53

Synthetic stones, definition of, 203

Tactician, definition of, 164

Targets, floating, 167

Telescope, how it is made, 132
how it is made and works, 133

Tell-tale, 59

Timer for gasoline engines, 79

Time fuse, 112

TNT for torpedoes, 97

Tongue of a submarine, 143

Torpedo in action, the model, 96

Torpedo, air pressure required to drive, 101

Torpedo air tanks, 108
automobile, 92, 115
body of the, 100
body of a model, 92

Torpedo with a cannon in it, 111

Torpedo compartment, 68
course of a, 110

Torpedo director, a, 100
engine that drives the, 104

Torpedo fired by a submarine, the first, 9
first submarine, 92
how it is aimed, 109
how to make a model submarine, 92
high powered explosive for the, 97
how a real one is made, 108
how it is shot at a ship, 107
is made, how a real, 97
making and shooting the, 91
motor for a model, 95

Torpedo practice, 167
propellers of a, 106

Torpedo, rudders of a model, 93
steering and diving rudders for a, 107

Torpedo, warhead of, 93, 97
weight of, 68

Torpedo tube, the, 108
submarine, first, 13

Torpedoes, TNT for, 97

Totally submerged condition, 62

Trajectory, bow, 194

Trajectory, flat, 191

Trans-Atlantic submarine service, 206

Trimming tanks, 58

Trimming tanks are used, why, 62

Tuning in, 150

Two-cycle gas engines, 82

U-boat blockade, 200
a way to lift the, 195

U-boat, German captain of a, 109

U-boat menace, 195

U-boat, what it is, 1

U-boats, German, 185
plans for destroying the, 187

Uncle Sammy’s latest submarines, 199

Uncle Sammy, your, 196

Underwater signaling system, 151

Valve, reducing, 101

Van Drebel, submarine boat inventor, 5

Van Drebel’s experiments on the Thames River, 6

Van Drebel’s submarine, 5

Violin transmitter, 152

Violin or bell signaling system, 51

Von Bernstorff, Ex-German Ambassador to the United States, 203

Warhead of a torpedo, 93, 97

Warplane, 189

Water pressure control, 103

War time conditions, 167

War between U. S. and Spain, 122

Watertight compartments, 55

Watertight doors, 56

Whitehead, American torpedo inventor, 92

Wigwag signaling, 144

Windjammers of old, 70

Wireless aerial, 55

Wireless, how it works, 149

Wireless telegraph system, 147

Wireless system, parts of, 147

Wireless in war time, 168

Work your model submarine, how to, 47

Worm gears, 56

Zédé, Gustave, French submarine inventor, 16

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Central Powers_: Germany, Austria, and Bulgaria.

[2] _Allies_: Governments united by a treaty or having common interests. England, France, Belgium, Russia, Italy, the United States, and Japan are called the _Allies_.

[3] _U-Boat_: So called because it is an undersea boat, or _Unterseeboote_, as the Germans call their submarines.

[4] _Paleozoic._—The next to the lowest geological series of strata.

[5] The _Pterodactyl_ was one of these and it was the largest living thing that ever flew. It is pronounced _Ter-o-dak´-til_.

[6] A _knot_ is the speed of a boat when she is making 1 _nautical_ mile in 1 hour. A nautical mile is 6,080 feet.

[7] The design, construction and operation of submarine torpedoes will be found in Chapter V.

[8] The storage battery was invented by Gaston Planté in 1860. The electric motor was discovered in 1876, by whom nobody knows.

[9] These pipes can be bought cut to length and threaded to suit of The Chicago Model Works, 166 West Madison Street, Chicago, Ills., or of Luther H. Wightman, 132 Milk Street, Boston, Mass.

[10] The L. E. Knott Apparatus Company, of Boston, Mass., sell a _standard motor_, as they call it in their catalogue, for $3.75. It weighs 1½ pounds and takes up a space of about 3½ inches square. Powerful little motors can be bought at almost any electrical supply house, and you can use one of these by building up the base.

[11] Cells of this kind that measure 2 x 2½ x 6 inches on the sides can be bought of the Manhattan Electrical Supply Company, of 17 Park Place, New York City.

[12] A machinist’s saw for sawing metal.

[13] The pulley can be bought of dealers in model makers supplies. See footnote on page 32.

[14] You can certainly get it of the F. W. Devoe and C. T. Raynolds Company, 101 Fulton Street, New York City.

[15] The top of the conning tower is called the bridge.

[16] The hull is the body or shell of a boat or ship.

[17] For a description of the gyroscopic compass, see _Inventing for Boys_, by the present author and published by the Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York.

[18] Any figure formed by two straight lines which meet is an angle, also the space between them.

[19] For a simple theory of how the steam engine works, see _Engine Building for Boys_, by the present author and published by Small, Maynard & Co., Boston.

[20] Any kind of machine which develops its power at first hand is a _prime mover_, as, for instance, the water wheel, steam engine, and gas engine. An electric motor energized by a storage battery, or a compressed air motor are only _subsidiary movers_.

[21] A _dynamo_ is an electric machine, which generates a _direct current_ of electricity, like a battery.

[22] It can be bought of the E. I. Horsman Co., Toy Dealers, Union Square, New York.

[23] The guns and other munitions on a boat are called her _armament_.

[24] The _millimeter_ is the 1-1000 part of a _meter_. The meter is the fundamental unit of length used in the metric system of measurement. It is 39.37 inches.

[25] Lenticular (pronounced len-tik´-u-lar) means having lenses.

[26] Telescopes and their construction are fully explained in _The Magic of Science_, by the present author, and published by Fleming H. Revell Co., New York.

[27] 360 degrees = a complete circle.

[28] For a complete description of how to make and use wireless apparatus, and how it works, see _The Book of Wireless_, by the present author, and published by D. Appleton & Co., New York.

[29] A _floating dock_ is built with a water compartment on each side and a platform on the bottom, thus leaving a large open space in between to hold a submarine or other vessel. By partly filling the compartments with water the platform sinks into the water deep enough so that the vessel can pass over and on top of it; then by pumping the water out of the compartments the floating dock is raised and the platform with the vessel on it is lifted out of the water where she can be examined and repaired if necessary.

[30] _Integral_ means a part of a whole thing which is needed to make it complete.

[31] A _cipher code_ is one in which the message is telegraphed in the Morse alphabet of dots and dashes as usual, but the words which form the message are given other meanings which have been previously agreed upon, and this prevents the enemy from knowing what is sent.

[32] The word _auxiliary_ in this sense means other smaller and less important craft which give aid to and supports the larger and more powerful ships of the fleet.

[33] A squadron is one of the divisions of a fleet.

[34] A country that neither helps nor hinders the countries that are at war is said to be _neutral_.

[35] July, 1917.

[36] A boat’s capacity for cargo.

[37] The _caliber_ of a gun is the _gage_, or diameter of the _bore_ of its barrel. Thus a gun of 3-inch caliber means that the bore is 3 inches in diameter; a gun that has a caliber of 45 _centimeters_ means that its bore is 45 centimeters across. A centimeter is 1/100 of a _meter_ and a meter is 39.37 inches.

[38] For a full description of the trajectory of bullets, see _Shooting for Boys_, by the present authors, and published by Moffat, Yard & Co., New York

[39] A full description of the Lewis machine gun for airplane work will be found in _How to Fly_ by the present author and published by D. Appleton and Co., of New York.

[40] This means she sinks into the water 17 feet.

[41] These are real rubies, sapphires, and other gems made of chemicals in an oxyhydrogen furnace.

* * * * *

Transcriber’s Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Page 29, “to-together” changed to “together” (bring the ends together)

Page 94, “PPROPELLER” changed to “PROPELLER” (COVER AND PROPELLER)

Page 115, “no” changed to “not” (not so, for there)

Page 122, “betwen” changed to “between” (war between the United)

Page 124, “torquoise” changed to “turquoise” (the turquoise seas)

Page 136, “Guaging” changed to “Gauging” (Gauging the Distance of)

Page 139, “runing” changed to “running” (boat is running light)

Page 155, the word of “telegraph” was split over two lines and the first half was not italicized but the rest of the phrase for “telegraph key” was. This was edited to italicize the whole phrase.

Page 218, “Tactitian” changed to “Tactician” (Tactician, definition)

Index, all items out of alphabetical sequence were rearranged.