Chapter LVII (2)

GOH. _Pers._ Mountain. More correctly, _koh_.

GONFALONIERA. _Ital._ Standard-bearer.

GRĀ, GRAS, GRASTE, GRY. _Rom._ A horse. P. ii. 145; A. 33; Pp. 249; M. vii. 58.

GRACIA. _Span._ GRATIA. _Lat._ Grace.

GRANJA. _Span._ A grange, farm. _La Granja_, the royal palace at San Ildefonso.

GRECO. _Ital._ GRIEGO. _Span._ Greek.

GUAPO, GUAPITO. _Span._ and _Port._ Gay, neat, clever, elegant, gallant.

GUARDACOSTAS. _Span._ A revenue cutter.

GUARDIA. _Span._ A guard, watch.

GUERILLA. _Span._ Lit. little war. Irregular warfare to which the Spaniards have ever been so much addicted. The _guerrillero_ is the irregular soldier, or armed _paisano_, who wages this little war.

GUERRA. _Span._ War.

GUISSAN. _Basque_. According to. It is an adaptation of the Fr. _guise_, Span. _guisa_. The regular Basque words are _arabera_, _araura_. Aizquibel, Basque-Spanish Dict., gives the form _gisara_.

GURSÉAN. _Moor._ The giant aloe. Span. _pita_. _Apud_ Borrow, ii. 276.

GUSTO. _Span._ (1) Taste, lit. or fig. (2) Fancy, caprice, wish.

* * * * *

HABER. _Span._ To have. _Hay_, there are. _No hay mas_? Are there no more?

HABLA. _Span._ Speech.

HABLAR. _Span._ To speak. Lat. _fabulare_.

HACER. _Span._ To do, make. _El hará el gusto por V_, He will do what you want.

HADA, HADE. _Arab._ This.

HAIK. _Arab._ A white cloth worn over the head by the Moors.

HAIMAS. _Arab._ Tents. More correctly, _ḥaimat_, plur. _ḥiyām_.

HAJI. _Arab._, _Turk._, and _Grk._ One who having made the _haj_, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, is entitled to wear a green turban and assume the title of _haji_. But the same title, strange to say, is assumed by orthodox Christians who have made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem; and _Haji Yanco_ is quite as common a title or mode of address in the Levant as _Haji Ibrahím_.

HALAL. _Arab._ Lawful.

HALOOF. _Berber_. Hog’s flesh. More correctly, _ḥalluf_.

HAMAL. _Arab._ Porter, carrier. More correctly, _ḥammāl_.

HANUTZ. _Arab._ Shop. More correctly, _ḥanūt_.

HARĀM. _Arab._ and _Hebr._ Forbidden. Akin to this is _harem_.

HASTA. _Span._ Until. See DESPUES.

HATO. _Span._ A herd, a multitude. Port. _fato_.

HAX WEIB, HAX. _Germ._ A witch. A wrong form of _Hexe Weib_ or _Hexe_, a witch, or female wizard.

HAYIM. _Hebr._ Living. More correctly, _hayyim_.

HELLER. _Germ._ A copper coin in use in Germany previous to 1848; in value about one farthing.

HERENCIA. _Span._ Heritage, inheritance.

HERRADOR. _Span._ A blacksmith.

HIDALGO. _Span._ See FIDALGO.

HIGUERA. _Span._ A fig-tree.

HIJO. _Span._ A son. Lat. _filius_.

HINAI. _Arab._ Here.

HOK. _Rom._ Deceit, falsehood, fraud. _Hokka_, to lie; _hokkawar_, to cheat. _Hokkano_, in Eng. Rom., a lie. P. ii. 160; A. 37; Pp. 317; M. vii. 63. _Hokkano baro_, the great trick. See Z. i. 310; LL. 244; Lel. 352; Gr. 357.

HOMBRE. _Span._ HOMME. _Fr._ A man

HORCA. _Span._ The gallows.

HORNO. _Span._ Oven.

HOURIS. _Arab._ The women of the Moslem Paradise. Plural of the Arab, _ḥawrá_ = black-eyed.

HSHEESH. _Arab._ I.e. _ḥashish_, a preparation of hemp.

HUÁJE. _Arab._ Things. _Huáje del Mselmeen_, more correctly, _ḥawāij el Muslimīn_, things of the Moslems.

HUESO. _Span._ A bone.

HUNDUNAR, JUNDUNAR. _Rom._ A soldier. P. ii. 172; R. 294. J. gives _jundo_, _jundonal_.

* * * * *

ICHASOA. _Basque_. The sea. The verse quoted by Borrow (ii. 118) more accurately runs thus—

“Ichasoa urac handi.
(The iea—the water—large)
Eztu ondoric aguerri—
(There is not—any bottom—manifest)
Pasaco ninsaqueni andic
(To pass—I could be able—thence)
Maitea icustea gatic.”
(The beloved—the seeing, _i.e._ to see—for).

INFAMIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Infamy.

INFANTE. _Span._ and _Port._ Prince.

INGLATERRA. _Span._ England.

INGLES. _Span._ English. _Inglesito_! “My little Englishman!”

INQUISICION. _Span._ The Inquisition.

INSHALLAH. _Arab._ Please God!

INSTANCIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Instance, prosecution. See note, ii. 141.

* * * * *

JABADOR. Apparently a Hispanized form of the African Arabic _jabdali_ = a gold-embroidered waistcoat.

JACA, or HACA. _Span._ A pony, or small riding horse.

JARA CANALLIS. _Rom._ The only authority I have succeeded in finding for this word is Z. ii. * 61. “_Jaracañales_, guards, officers of the revenue.” It may possibly be derived from the Bohemian gypsy _xáro_, Hungarian _háro_ = sabre, and the Span._ canalla_, but I have no reason to suppose that the word _xáro_ or _háro_ was known to the gypsies of Spain.

JARGON. _Eng._ Originally a Fr. word, meaning any unintelligible sound, as that of birds, then applied to the strange speech of the _Gueux_; and so to any unknown tongue. Borrow himself says of the gypsies, “when wishing to praise the proficiency of any individual in their tongue, they are in the habit of saying, ‘He understands the seven jargons’” (Z. ii. 125). Frampton Boswell is recorded (G. i. 374) to have stated that Romany was not one of “the seven languages,” “but,” adds Mr. Hinde Groome, “what he meant thereby, goodness alone knows.” The historian Mazaris (A.D. 1416) states that at that time the Peloponnesus was inhabited by seven principal nations, one of which was that of the Egyptians. These “Egyptians” are held by M. Bataillard to have been gypsies (_ib._ iii. 154), and I would suggest that we have here the origin of “the seven jargons.” The number seven seems to be in a special way connected with the children of Roma. For other instances see Leland, _English Gypsies_, p. 218; Gr. 171.

JAUN, JAUNA. _Basque_. Lord, the lord.

JAUNGVICOA. _Basque_. The Lord God. _Jaun_ = man, sir, lord; _Gincoa_ or _Jincoa_ = God.

JEHINNIM. _Arab._ and _Hebr._ Hell.

JENNUT. _Arab._ Paradise. Usually written, _jannat_.

JENTE. _Span._ See GENTE.

JIN. _Arab._ In classic English, _genie_ (Arabic and Persian _jinn_), a class of spirits lower than the angels.

JOHÁR. _Arab._ A pearl.

JOJABAR, JONJABAR. _Rom._ To deceive. From _jojána_, deceit. See HOK.

JORGE, dimin. JORGITO. _Span._ George.

JOROBADO. _Span._ A hunchback. The verb _jorobar_ means “to worry.”

JUEZ. _Span._ A judge.

JUMAL. _Arab._ Friday. More correctly, _jum_‘_a_.

JUNTA. _Span._ and _Port._ An assembly, meeting, council, governing body.

JUNTUNÓ. _Rom._ A listener, spy, sneak. From _junar_, _junelar_, to listen. P. ii. 221; Pp. 497; M. viii. 75.

JUSTICIA. _Span._ A legal tribunal, or the magistrate or magistrates who constitute it. _Absol_, justice.

* * * * *

KAFIR. _Arab._ Not a Moslem.

KANDRISA. According to Borrow, Turkish trousers. Possibly the same as the African Arabic _ḳan dūra_ = long shirt, _toga talaris_.

KAPUL UDBAGH. According to Borrow = “There is no God but one.”

KAUK. _Hebr._ The furred cap of Jerusalem, according to Borrow. We may perhaps compare _ḳūḳa_, stated by Redhouse in his _Turkish Diet_, to be a peculiar plumed head-dress worn by field-officers of the Janissaries.

KAWAR. _Arab._ An uncommon word, meaning, no doubt, a cemetery, being a corrupt form of _ḳabr_, a tomb.

KEBIR. _Arab._ Great.

KER, QUER. _Rom._ A house. P. ii. 153; Pp. 279; M. vii. 79; G. i. 178.

KERMOUS DEL INDE. _Arab._ A fruit; the prickly pear.

KISTUR, KESTER. _Rom._ To ride. P. ii. 122; SC. refer to _uklistó_, Pp. 560; A. 14; M. viii. 89. Borrow derives it from the Wallachian _keleri_. Perhaps from the Grk. κέλης.

KJÆMPE. _Scand._ A champion. Cf. “Kempion the kingis son” in the ballad that bears his name.

KNAW. _Rom._ Now. P. ii. 124; Pp. 130; M. vii. 5.

KOSKO, KOOSHTO. _Rom._ Good. P. ii. 157. This is an Eng. Rom. word. Continental gypsies use _latchó_, _mishtó_.

KYRIE. Grk. Κύριε, sir, my lord.

* * * * *

LABRADOR. _Span._ Cultivator, rustic, peasant. _Labrar_, to till the ground.

LÁCHA. _Rom._ Maidenhead, virginity. Z. ii. 7; P. ii. 331; Pp. 325; M. viii. 4.

LACHIPÉ. _Rom._ Silk. I cannot explain this word, unless it is connected with the following.

LACHÓ, fem. LACHÍ. _Rom._ Good. P. ii. 329; A. 49; Pp. 328; M. viii. 4.

LADRÕES. _Port._ Plur. of _ladrão_, a thief. Lat. _latro_.

LALORÉ. _Rom._ The Portuguese. LALORÓ, the red land. Eng. Rom. _Lotto_ (cf. _Jackanapes_, p. 28). P. i. 54, ii. 338; Pp. 328, 339; M. viii. 8.

LAPURRAC. _Basque_. The thieves.

LARGO. _Port._ A square, or public place in a town.

LECTURA. _Span._ Reading.

LEN. _Rom._ A river. _Len baro_, the great river; _Wady al Kebir_, the Guadalquivir. P. ii. 336; Pp. 333; M. viii. 6.

LEVANTARSE. _Span._ and _Port._ To raise one’s self, rise.

LE. _Span._ To him.

LI, LIL. _Rom._ Paper; a letter, passport, book. P. ii. 329, 339; A. 48; Pp. 334; M. viii. 7.

LIB. _Hebr._ Heart. More correctly, _leb_.

LICEO. _Span._ School, college.

LILIPENDI. _Rom._ A simpleton. Akin to LILÓ, _q.v._

LILÓ, fem. LILÍ. _Rom._ Foolish, mad. P. ii. 340.

LIMOSNA, dimin. LIMOSNITA. _Span._ Alms, charity.

LINDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Beautiful, pretty.

LIRI. _Rom._ Law. P. ii. 340.

LLAVERO. _Span._ Turnkey.

LOCO. _Span._ Mad.

LOMBO. _Port._ Loin.

LONDONÉ. _Rom._ An Englishman; lit. a Londoner. So B., but it is probably plural. P. i. 54.

LONGANIZERO. _Span._ Sausage-maker.

LONTRA. _Port._ Otter. Span. _nutria_. “L” for “N” is characteristic.

LOOR. _Old Span._ Praise.

LUME. _Port._ Light.

LUMIA. _Rom._ A harlot. P. ii. 334; Pp. 342; M. viii. 9; G. i. 178.

* * * * *

MA. _Arab._ Not.

MACHO, MACHA. _Span._ A mule, male or female. Considering that, even in Spanish, _macho_ did, and does, signify a male animal of any kind—being an abbreviation of the Latin _masculus_—_macha_, a she-mule, is rather a strange word!

MADRILATI. _Rom._ Madrid. Also _Adalí_, J. In thieves’ slang also _Gao_ (= _gav_, a town), Z. ii. * 54. But H. gives _gao_ = _piojo_ (a louse).

MAHA. _Sanscr._ Great. Persian _mih_.

MAHASNI, plur. MAKHASNIAH. _Arab._ Soldiers. More correctly, men of the garrison; defenders.

MAI. _Port._ Mother.

MAILLA. _Rom._ A she-ass. P. ii. 454. Apparently only found in Eng. Romany.

MAJARÓ. _Rom._ Holy. P. ii. 462.

MAJO, MAJA. Dandy; fancy man or girl. _Majo_, scarcely to be rendered in any foreign language, is a word of more general signification than _manolo_, q.v. The one is a dandy, or smart fellow, all over Spain; the other is used only of a certain class in Madrid.

MAJOON. I cannot find this word, but it is apparently the name of some intoxicating substance, and is probably connected with the Arabic _majnūn_ = possessed by a _jinn_, mad.

MAKHIAH. _Arab._ Brandy made of figs. More correctly, _ma’iyya_.

MALO. _Span._ Bad, wicked.

MALVADO. _Span._ and _Port._ Malicious, evil disposed.

MAN. _Rom._ Me. P. i. 229; Pp. 66; M. xi. 22.

MANOLO. _Span._ _Manolo_ is a somewhat difficult word to translate. It is applied to the flash or fancy man and his _manola_ in Madrid only; a class fond of pleasure, of fine clothes, of bull-fights, and of sunshine, with a code of honour of their own; men and women rather picturesque than exemplary, and eminently racy of the soil.

MANRÓ. _Rom._ Bread or corn. Estremadura is thus called _Chim del Manró_, “The Land of Corn.” P. ii. 440; Pp. 350; M. viii. 12. Given as _marron_, G. i. 177.

MANTA. _Span._ and _Port._ A woollen blanket. _Á manta de Dios_ = copiously. The word has nothing to do with the national _cloak_ of Spain, which is _la capa_.

MANTILLA. _Span._ The characteristic headdress of Spanish ladies, of black silk or lace, drawn over the back of the head and shoulders. Dimin. of _manta_.

MAR. _Span._ and _Port._ Sea.

MARAVEDÍ. _Span._ A coin of various weights and values. See Burke’s _History of Spain_, ii. 282.

MAREQUITA. _Span._ Dimin. of Maria.

MARIPOSA. _Span._ A butterfly; a night light.

MAS. _Span._ More.

MATADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) A slayer, murderer. (2) The man who kills the bull. See note, i. 170.

MATO. _Port._ A forest; or more exactly, a wild country, full of bushes and thickets.

MAUGHRABIE. _Arab._ A Borrovian adaptation of the Arabic _Al Maghrib_, the west, signifying Mauretania, or North-Western Africa.

MAYIM. _Hebr._ Waters.

MAYOR. _Span._ and _Port._ Greater.

MAYORDOMO. _Span._ and _Port._ House steward, or major-domo.

MEARRAH. _Hebr._ and _Arab._ Cemetery. Lit. a cave. Hebr. _m_‘_arah_, Arab. _maghārah._

MECLIS, MEKLIS. _Eng. Rom._ Leave off! have done! “‘_Meklis_,’ said Mrs. Chikno, ‘pray drop all that, sister’” (_The Romany Rye_, ch. v.). P. ii. 112, 434; Pp. 369; M. viii. 19.

MEDICO. _Span._ and _Port._ A physician.

MEFORSHIM. _Hebr._ The commentators. More correctly, _m_’_fár_’_shim_.

MEIGA. _Port._ and _Gal._ A female sharper, fortune-teller, or sorceress. The adjective _meigo_, in Spanish _mego_, has the signification of gentle, kind, mild.

MELEGRANA. _Rom._ Granada. From the Ital. _melagrana_, a pomegranate; Span. _granada_. See note, 375.

MENDI. _Basque_. A mountain. See note to Ingles Mendi, ii. 314.

MERCADO. _Span._ and _Port._ A market, or market-place.

MERCED. _Span._ (1) Favour, grace, mercy. (2) A day labourer’s pay, or wages. (3) In combination, _vuestra merced_, your worship, your honour, etc.; written V. or Vd. and pronounced _usted_.

MESUNA. _Rom._ A wayside inn, or _posada_, q.v. P. ii. 43, 463.

MEZQUITA. _Span._ A mosque.

MÍLA. _Irish_. A thousand.

MILAGRO. _Span._ A miracle.

MIN. _Rom._ My, mine. P. i. 237; Pp. 69; M. xi. 30.

MIN. _Arab._ From.

MIRAR. _Span._ To look.

MISERIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Misery, wretchedness; also niggardliness, stinginess.

MODERADO. _Span._ and _Port._ Moderate. The name assumed by the more royalist members of the _Cristino_ party. See i. 180.

MODO. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) Measure; (2) courtesy, urbanity. _V. no tiene modo_, “You’ve got no manners.”

MOIDORE. _O. Eng._ Portuguese _moeda d’ouro_ = golden money, was a gold piece of the value of about twenty-six shillings.

MONA. _Span._ and _Port._ A she-monkey.

MONRÓ. _Rom._ A friend; in thieves’ slang, an adult. Z. ii. 149; P. ii. 453; M. viii. 18.

MONTANA. _Span._ A hill, mountain.

MONTE. _Span._ and _Port._ A hill, mountain.

MONTERA. _Span._ A hunting-cap, a Montero cap.

MONTERO. _Span._ A hunter; originally, a mountaineer.

MORO. _Span._ Moorish.

MOSTRADOR. _Span._ The counter, of a shop.

MOZO. _Span._ A youth, or lad; _moza_, a girl.

MSELMEEN. _Arab._ Moslems. See HUÁJE.

MUCHACHO, MUCHACHA. _Spn._ Boy; girl.

MUCHO. _Span._ Much.

MUGER, MUJER. _Span._ Woman; wife.

MUJIK, MUZHIK. _Russ._ A peasant. It may be added that their popular song, “Come, let us cut the cabbage” (i. 175), is not, as might be supposed, an exhortation to horticultural pursuits. “To cut the cabbage” is a slang expression among the Slavs for killing a Turk, in allusion to the green turbans worn by the descendants of the prophet.

MUK. _Rom._ Let, allow. See MECLIS.

MUNDO. _Span._ and _Port._ World.

MUSHEE. _Arab._ I.e. _ma_ = not, _shee_ = thing.

MUY. _Span._ Very, much.

* * * * *

NACIONAL. _Span._ and _Port._ A Nationalist; a member of the National Guard.

NADA. _Span._ and _Port._ Nothing.

NAHI. _Rom._ Translated by Borrow, lost. If so, perhaps connected with _najabar_, to lose. P. ii. 324; Pp. 381; M. viii. 23. Possibly, however, it is only a negative = is not. P. i. 319; A. 70.

NAO. _Port._ Ship.

NARANGERO. _Span._ An orange-seller.

NAVA. _Span._ A plain.

NDUI. _Hebr._ A kind of hell, or purgatory, according to Borrow, who puts the word into the mouth of his Lisbon Jews. It is, apparently, the Hebr. _niddui_ = ban, excommunication.

NEFSKY. _Russ._ Of the Neva.

NEGRO. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) Black; (2) a negro, or African; (3) the nickname given by the Basque Carlists to the _Cristinos_, or Constitutionalists, 1833–1839.

NICABAR. _Rom._ To take away, steal, destroy. P. ii. 326; Pp. 390; M. viii. 25.

NIRI. _Basque_. My, mine.

NOCHE. _Span._ Night.

NOMBRE. _Span._ Name.

NOVILLO. _Span._ A young bull. See note, i. 361.

NOVIO. _Span._ Bridegroom, betrothed.

NUAR. _Arab._ Flowers. More correctly, _nawār_.

NUESTRO. _Span._ Our.

NUVEIRO. This word is neither Castilian, Galician, nor Portuguese; but is a made-up or fancy word, from the Portuguese _nuvem_, a cloud; a cloud man, or supernatural being.

* * * * *

O. _Rom._ The.

Ó. _Span._ Or.

OBISPO. _Span._ Bishop.

OJALATEROS. _Span._ “Waiters upon Providence.” A burlesque word. See note, i. 169.

ONZA. _Span._ A coin of the value of about £3 6_s._ 8_d._; lit. an _ounce_ of gold. Also known as the _doblon de à_ 8; Anglicized as “piece of eight.”

ORAÇAM, ORAÇÃO. _Port._ A prayer.

OTRO. _Span._ Other. _No hay otro en el mundo_, “There’s none like it in the world.”

OULEM. _Hebr._ Of the world. Arab. ‘_olam_.

* * * * *

PACHÍ. _Rom._ Modesty, honour, virginity. P. ii. 347.

PACIENCIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Patience.

PAÇO. _Port._ The Court.

PADRE. _Span._ and _Port._ Father.

PADRINO. _Span._ (1) Sponsor, godfather; (2) second—in a duel.

PADRON. _Span._ Patron, landlord.

PAHAN. _Phœn._ A rabbit.

PAISANO. _Span._ and _Port._ A countryman; _not_ a peasant, but a man of the same country as another; a compatriot. As the conventional answer to the challenge, “_Quien vive_?” by a Spanish sentry, it means “Civilian.”

PAJANDI. _Rom._ A guitar. According to Borrow, lit. “the thing that is touched or played upon.” P. ii. 369, 426.

PAJARIA. _Span._ Straw-market. The place where straw is _kept_ is PAJAR.

PAL. Rom. See PLAN.

PALABRA. _Span._ A word.

PALOMAR. _Span._ A dovecote.

PAN. _Span._ Bread.

PANHAGIA. _Grk._ Lit. All-holy. The Virgin Mary.

PANÍ. See PAWNEE.

PAÑUELO. _Span._ A handkerchief. Lit. a little cloth.

PAPAS. _Grk._ A priest (παπᾶς).

PARA. _Span._ and _Port._ For.

PARNÓ. _Rom._ White. P. ii. 359; Pp. 410; M. viii. 32.

PARNÉ. White, or silver money; thence, as in the case of Fr. _argent_, money in general. See PARNÓ.

PARRA. _Span._ Festoons of vines; the trellis or stakes upon which these festoons are trained.

PARUGAR. _Rom._ To barter, swop, chaffer. P. ii. 354; Pp. 412; M. viii. 33.

PASTELEROS. _Span._ Pastrycooks.

PASTESAS. _Rom._ The hands. _Ustilar á pastesas_ is to steal “with the hands,” or by any sleight of hand. Z. i. 315. The usual Span. gypsy word is _ba_, J.; _bas_, Z. i. 522. Both are doubtless variations of the more common _vast_. P. ii. 86; Pp. 573; M. viii. 94; SC. 151.

PASTOR. _Span._ and _Port._ Shepherd.

PATIO. _Span._ and _Port._ The court of a house; either the open space round which Spanish houses are so commonly built, or an open court in front of it.

PATRON. See PADRON.

PAWNEE, PANÍ. _Rom._ Water. Hind. _paní_. The one special word known to all gypsies wherever found, even in Brazil. P. ii. 343; Pp. 405; M. viii. 31; G. i. 61.

PELUNI. _Arab._ Of another. See ii. 313.

PENAR, PENELAR. _Rom._ To speak, say. P. ii. 386; Pp. 421; M. viii. 41.

PEÑA. _Span._ A rock.

PEPTNDORIO. _Rom._ Antonio; proper name.

PERICO. _Span._ A small parrot.

PERO. _Span._ But

PERRO. _Span._ A dog.

PESAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To afflict, distress. Lit. to weigh. _Me peso_, “I’m very sorry.”

PESETA. _Span._ A Spanish coin, representing, down to 1870, two silver reals or four reals _vellon_, but since 1870 the standard or unit of value in Spanish finance, is nearly equal to the French _franc_, and, like it, divided for purposes of account, into 100 _centimos_.

PETULENGRO, PETALENGRO. _Eng. Rom._ A shoeing smith. See note on i. 204; P. ii. 348; Pp. 427; M. viii. 37; SC. 13, 121; and, generally, Lavengro and The Romany Rye.

PFAFFEN. _Germ._ Monks; a contemptuous term for clerics generally, whether regular or secular.

PIAZZA. _Ital._ An open square in a town, surrounded by colonnades. In modern American parlance the word is often used for a veranda, in which sense Borrow apparently uses it, i. 276.

PICADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ A riding-master, bull-fighter. See note, i. 170, and TORERO.

PICARDIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Knavishness; from _picaro_, a rogue, knave, or loafer. The English adjective _picaresque_ is conventionally applied to a certain class of Spanish story of low life and sharp practice relieved by humour.

PÍCARO. _Span._ and _Port._ Rogue, knave.

PICARON. _Span._ Augmentative (_on_) of _pícaro_, a great scamp.

PICA. _Span._ and _Port._ Peak, summit.

PILA. _Span._ A water-trough.

PINAR, PINAL. _Span._ Grove or wood of pine trees.

PINRÓ, PINDRÓ, plur. PINDRÉ. _Rom._ Foot; _en pindré_, on foot P. ii. 351; Pp. 433; M. viii. 47; A. 33.

PIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Pious.

PIRAR, PIRELAR. _Rom._ To go, walk. P. ii. 382; Pp. 436; M. viii. 42.

PITA. _Span._ The aloe (_Agave americana_).

PLULÍ. _Rom._ A widow. P. ii. 377; Pp. 439; M. viii. 43.

PLAKO or PLACO. _Rom._ Tobacco. Russ. _prâk_ = powder. P. ii. 361; Pp. 445; M. viii. 52. A gypsy model at Granada gave it as _prajo_ in 1876, “L” and “R” being often interchanged by the peasants thereabouts. G. i. 177 and J. has _polvo_ = _praco_.

PLAN, PLANORÓ, PLAL. _Rom._ Brother, comrade. Eng. Rom. _pal_. P. ii. 383; A. 79; Pp. 445; M. viii. 43.

PLAYA. _Span._ The strand.

PLAZA. _Span._ A square or open space in a town. Ital. _piazza_, q.v.

PLAZUELA. _Span._ Dimin. of PLAZA.

POBLACION. _Span._ (1) Population; (2) act of populating; (3) a town.

POBRECITA. _Span._ “Poor thing!” Dimin. of _pobre_, poor.

POLITICO. _Span._ and _Port._ Political, civil. See note, ii. 127.

POLK. _Russ._ A regiment.

POQUITO. _Span._ Dimin. of _poco_. Small, little.

POR. _Span._ and _Port._ For.

PORQUE. _Span._ and _Port._ Because.

POSADA. _Span._ “A lodging; from _posar_, to sit down or lodge, hence lodging-house, tavern, or small hotel. The genuine Spanish town inn is called the _posada_, as being meant to mean a house of repose after the pains of travel. Strictly speaking, the keeper is only bound to provide lodging, salt, and the power of cooking whatever the traveller brings with him or can procure out-of-doors, and in this it differs from the _fonda_, in which meats and drinks are furnished.”—Ford, _Gatherings from Spain_, ch. xv.

POSADERO. _Span._ Innkeeper.

POSTA. _Span._ and _Port._ Post, post-house. _Casa de las Postas_, General Post-office.

PRAÇA. _Port._ Square, place.

PRADO. _Span._ and _Port._ A lawn or meadow. The great promenade at Madrid.

PRAIA. _Gal._ Seashore, strand.

PRESIDIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Place of imprisonment, penitentiary; prim. a fortress, or the garrison thereof.

PRESTAR. _Port._ To be of use.

PRIMERO. _Span._ First.

PRINCIPE. _Span._ and _Port._ PRINCEPS. _Lat._ Prince.

PROPINA. _Span._ Lat. _propinare_. Drink-money; _pour boire_, a tip.

PUCHERA or PUCHERO. _Span._ A stew; prim. the pot in which the stew is made, which, as in the case of the _olla_, has come to signify the contents. The _puchero_ is more used in the north, the _olla_ in the south of the Peninsula. The combination _olla podrida_ is now at least never heard in Spain.

PUEBLO. _Span._ A small town, or village. _El pueblo_, the common people.

PUENTE. _Span._ A bridge.

PUERTA. _Span._ Door, gate. _Puerta del Sol_, Gate of the Sun. The central point of Madrid.

PUERTO. _Span._ A bay, or port; also a pass in the mountains.

PULIDO. _Span._ Neat, delicate, charming.

* * * * *

QUATRO. _Span._ and _Port._ Four.

QUE. _Span._ and _Port._ What, that.

QUER. _Rom._ A house. See KER.

QUIEN. _Span._ Who.

QUIERO. _Span._ I wish.

QUINTA. _Span._ and _Port._ A country house.

* * * * *

RABBI. _Hebr._ Master.

RAINHA. _Port._ Queen.

RAIS. _Arab._ Chief; captain of a ship.

RAJIL. _Arab._ Man.

RANDADO._ Rom._ Written. From _randar_, P. ii. 276.

RATERO. _Span._ Mean, scoundrelly.

RAYA. _Span._ Border, boundary, or frontier.

REAL. _Span._ and _Port._ Royal.

REAL. _Span._ and _Port._ A coin or unit of value. The Spanish plural is _reales_; the Portuguese, _reis_ or _rees_. The Spanish real is worth about 2½_d._ English; the Portuguese only 1/20_d._, one thousand reis making the Portuguese dollar, or piece of mil reis, hence called a _milrei_ or _milreis_.

REGATA. _Span._ A small channel, or, conduit.

REJA. _Span._ The iron grating before a window looking on to the street of a town. The recognized trysting-place of a lover and his mistress.

RELACION. _Span._ Relation, story.

REMATAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To end, finish. _Que Dios remate tu nombre_! “May God blot out your name!”

RENDER. _Span._ and _Port._ To yield, surrender.

REPAÑI. _Rom._ Brandy. This word, given in 1876 (_v._ PLAKO), is derived by Pott from _repañi_ (_repañó_, J.), a radish, the connexion being the sharp taste of both (ii. 274). Remembering the “fire-water” of the Indians, the _aguardiente_ of Spain and Portugal, and the _tattopani_ of the Eng. gypsies, I am tempted to suggest another explanation. J. gives _ardiente_ = _carí_, and _aguardiente_ = _pañicarí_. Now _car_ (P. ii. 125) or _jar_ (_ib._ 171) = heat. Change the order of the words and _caripañi_ might shorten into _repañí_.

REPOSTERO. _Span._ The butler, or majordomo, in a great house. The _reposteria_ is the plate-room, storeroom, or pantry.

REPUTACION. _Span._ Reputation. _Gente de reputacion_, “swells,” “swagger people.”

REQUISO. _Span._ Requisitioning (from _requerir_). A technical word; the authority that requisitions private property, horses, etc., for the use of the national army in time of war.

REYNA. _Span._ Queen.

RIA. _Span._ and _Port._ An estuary, as the mouth of a river. More particularly applied to the numerous bays on the Galician and Asturian coasts of Northwest Spain.

RO, ROM. _Rom._ A husband; a married gypsy. _Roma_, the husbands, is the generic name of the gypsy nation, or Romany. P. ii. 275; A. 56; Pp. 462; M. viii. 58; McR. 91.

ROMERO. _Span._ Rosemary.

ROMI. _Rom._ A married gypsywoman; fem. of _rom_, a husband; a married gypsy.

ROQUE. _Span._ and _Port._ The “rook,” or “castle,” at chess. Pers. _rukh_. The same word is used for the fabulous bird of immense size so often mentioned in Oriental tales.

ROUBLE. _Russ._ A kind of Russian money, either silver or paper. Its present value is about two shillings.

RUAH. Arab, and _Hebr._ Spirit. Used throughout the Old Test, to denote the Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit.

RUFIANESCO. _Span._ Ruffian, criminal.

RUNE. _Eng._ (1) A letter of the ancient Scandinavian alphabet, usually carved on stone. (2) A short mystic sentence of Scandinavian origin. Norse and Danish _rune_, Swed. _runa_.

* * * * *

SABIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Learned. King Alfonso X. was surnamed _El Sabio_, which is sometimes erroneously rendered “The Wise.” _Sabio_ is, rather, “erudite;” and the king was undoubtedly the most learned man of his time, though his government was not always by any means wise.

SACRO. _Span._ and _Port._ Sacred.

SAFACORO. _Rom._ The city of Seville. P. ii. 248. J. gives _Sevillano_ = _Safacorano_.

SAGADUA, SAGARDUA. _Basque_. Cider; _i.e._ the strong or Spanish cider, called in French Basque _charnoa_ or _sharnoa_, as distinguished from the weak cider which is made from apples rotted in water. A probable etymology is _sagar_ = apple; _arno_ = wine.

SAGRA. _Span._ The name of certain districts in Spain, especially of one lying north of Toledo. The word is probably derived from the Arab _ṣaḥra_ = a plain. See note, i. 257.

SALAMANQUESA. _Span._ A salamander, or, star-lizard; otherwise called _salamandra_.

SANDIA. _Span._ A water-melon.

SANTIGUO. _Span._ The action of crossing one’s self. _Santiguar_ is “to make the sign of the cross.”

SANTO. _Span._ and _Port._ Sainted, holy. _La Santa Casa_, the Inquisition.

SANTON. _Span._ A great saint; more especially applied to Moslem recluses. Also, a hypocrite.

SANTURRON. _Span._ A great saint; usually, a great hypocrite.

SARDINHA. _Port._ and _Gal._ A sardine. Borrow’s friends, _la gente rufianesca_, have a quaint name for a galley-slave, _apaleador de sardinas_, a sardine-beater. H. 155.

SBA. _Arab._ Morning. More correctly, _ṣabāḥ_.

SCHARKI. _Arab._ The East.

SCHARR. See DAOUD.

SCHOPHON. _Heb._ _Shâphân_ (שׁפן) A quadruped which chews the cud like a hare (Lev. xi. 5; Deut. xiv. 7); which lives gregariously on rocks, and is remarkable for its cunning (Ps. civ. 18; Prov. xxx. 26). The Rabbins render _coney_, or _rabbit_; more correctly the LXX. in three places χοιρογρύλλιος, _i.e._ an animal resembling the _marmot_.

SÉ. _Span._ I know; from _saber_.

SEA. _Span._ May he be; from _ser_.

SECO. _Span._ and _Port._ Dry. See ii. 82.

SECRETARIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Secretary.

SEGUN. _Span._ According to.

SEGUNDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Second.

SENHOR, SENHORA. _Port._ SEÑOR, SEÑORA. _Span._ Gentleman, lady.

SEÑORITO, SEÑORITA. _Span._ Dimin. of the above.

SEO. _Span._ A cathedral church.

SEREKA. _Arab._ A theft. More correctly, _sarika_.

SERRA. _Port._ A high range of mountains; the Spanish sierra.

SERRADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ A sawyer. Although according to some authorities this was the real name of the person mentioned in i. 138, 233, it seems that he was really a sawyer, by name José Miralles, born in Valencia, on the borders of Aragon. He served under _El Fraile_ (The Friar), a Guerilla chief in the Napoleonic wars, and was rather the rival than the lieutenant of Cabrera, who imprisoned him, on which occasion he broke both his legs in a vain attempt to escape. He subsequently took part in the rising at Maeztrazgo, in 1844, and died in the campaign of that year, while serving under General Villalonga.

SERRANIA. _Span._ and _Port._ District or country of _sierras_, or mountain ridges.

SERVIL. _Span._ and _Port._ Servile. Applied, as a substantive, as a party nickname to the Royalists on the outbreak of the first civil war in 1820.

SESÓ (fem. SESÍ, plur. SESÉ, also = Spain). _Rom._ A Spaniard. In Spanish the word signifies “brain,” P. ii. 249.

SHAITÁN. _Arab._ Satan, the devil.

SHEE. _Arab._ Thing.

SHEKEL. _Hebr._ A Hebrew coin of uncertain value. The word itself means merely “a weight.”

SHEM. _Hebr._ Name.

SHEM HAMPHORASH. _Hebr._ The separated, reserved, or special Name, i.e. _Yahweh_. Always transliterated _Adonai_. Lord (a word which itself, perhaps, contains the Span. _Don_), whence Κύριος, _Dominus_, and the LORD, have found their way into translations of the Old Testament. Our English “Jehovah” contains the forbidden consonants of _Yahweh_ and the vowel points of _Adonai_.

SHEREEF. _Arab._ Noble.

SHILLAM EIDRI. Apparently meant for _lashon ivri_ = the Hebrew tongue.

SHOOB. Borrovian for the Russian _shuba_, a fur cloak or pelisse. The word has made its way into Eng. Rom. as _shooba_, a gown.

SHRIT. Apparently for the Arabic _ishtari_ = buy.

SIBAT. _Arab._ Slippers. More correctly, _sabbāt_.

SIDI. _Arab._ My lord. More usually written _Said_ or _Sayyid_, the same as the more familiar Cid. The fem. _Sitti_ = my lady, is familiar to every lady who has visited North Africa.

SIERRAS. _Span._ Lit. saws; applied to mountain ranges, from their serrated outline.

SIESTA. _Span._ Lat. _sexta_ (_hora_), noon. Noontide or afternoon sleep. _Sext_ is one of the canonical hours of the Catholic Church.

SIETE. _Span._ Seven.

SIGLO. _Span._ Century, age.

SIGNOR, SIGNORE. _Ital._ Sir.

SIN. _Span._ Without.

SINAH. See DAR.

SINAR. _Rom._ To be. _Sin_, he is; _sinava_, I was. P. ii. 250; Pp. 255; M. vii. 66.

SŌC. _Arab._ A market. More correctly, _sūḳ_. _Soc de barra_ = outer market.

SOCIEDAD. _Span._ Society.

SOGA. _Span._ A rope; a well-rope; a halter for beasts; the halter for hanging a man.

SOLABARRI. _Rom._ Bridle. P. ii. 239; Pp. 487; M. viii. 69.

SOMBRERO. _Span._ A hat; that which gives _sombra_, or shade.

SON. _Span._ They are; from _ser_.

SONACAI. _Rom._ Gold. P. ii. 227; Pp. 481; M. viii. 68.

SOPA. _Span._ (1) Soup. (2) The entire dinner.

SOTEA. _Port._ Flat roof; balcony; platform.

SOU. _Port._ SOY. _Span._ I am; from _ser_.

SOWANEE. _Rom._ A sorceress. Used by Borrow, i. 122, for the more correct _chuajañi_, Eng. Rom. _chovihoni_. P. ii. 190; Pp. 549; M. vii. 37.

SU. _Span._ SUUS. _Lat._ His.

SVEND. _Dan._ Swain.

* * * * *

TABLA. _Span._ A board, or plank.

TAL. _Span._ and _Port._ Such. _Que tal_? “How goes it?”

TALIB. _Arab._ Learned, Lit. “a seeker,” used in some countries for “a devotee.” More correctly, _ṭālib_.

TAMBIEN. _Span._ Also, likewise, as well.

TAN. _Span._ So.

TARDE. _Span._ and _Port._ Afternoon, evening.

TEATRO. _Span._ Theatre.

TEBLEQUE. _Rom._ God the Saviour, Jesus. P. ii. 312; J.

TENER. _Span._ To take, hold, have. See MODO. _Tuvose_, it was held, or, thought.

TERELAR._ Rom._ To have, hold. P. ii, 294; A. 41; Pp. 512; M. viii. 79.

TERREIRO. _Port._ A parade, promenade.

TERTULIA. _Span._ An assembly, conversazione.

TINAJA. _Span._ A large earthen jar.

TINTO. _Span._ and _Port._ Coloured. _Vino tinto_, red wine.

TIO, TIA. _Span._ Uncle; aunt. Applied in common life as a term of familiar address to any one, not related to the speaker. Something like the Old English _gaffer_ and _gammer_.

TIPOTAS. _Grk._ Nothing (πίποτε).

TIRAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To throw, remove, shoot. _Tirar por detras_, to kick out behind.

TOCINO. _Span._ Bacon, pork.

TODO. _Span._ and _Port._ All.

TOMA. _Span._ Lit. take; as an interjection, “Come!” “Look here!”

TOMATE. _Span._ The tomato (_Lycopersicum esculentum_).

TONSURA. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) A cutting, of hair or wool. (2) The first of the ecclesiastical orders.

TORAH, or THORAH. _Hebr._ The books of the Law; the Pentateuch.

TOREADOR. See TORERO.

TORERO. _Span._ A professional bull-fighter. These are of three classes—the _picadores_, or horsemen; the _bandarilleros_, or placers of _banderillos_; and the _matador_, or _espada_. Each company, or _cuadrilla_, of fighters consists of a _matador_, chief of the band, three _bandarilleros_, and two _picadores_. There is also usually a _sobresaliente_ (or understudy) _de espada_, in case of accidents; and a certain number of _chulos_, or men with cloaks, complete the personnel of the ring.

TRADUCIDO. _Span._ Translated. From _traducir_.

TRAER. _Span._ To bear, carry.

TRAGUILLO. _Span._ Dim. of _trago_. A draught, drink.

TRAMPA. _Span._ and _Port._ A trap, snare.

TRINIDAD. _Span._ Trinity.

TSADIK. _Hebr._ Righteous. Hence Tsadok, the leader of the Sadducees, derived his name.

TUCUE. _Rom._ Thee, with thee. See TUTE.

TUERTO. _Span._ One-eyed.

TUNANTE. _Span._ and _Port._ Truant; lazy scoundrel.

TUTE. _Rom._ Thou, thee. P. i. 229; Pp. 66; M. viii. 87.

TUVOSE. See TENER.

* * * * *

UNDEVEL, UNDEBEL. _Rom._ God. According to Borrow, the first syllable of the word is the _Om_ of the Brahmins and Indian Buddhists, one of the names of the Deity. Pott, however, denies this, ii. 75, 311; A. 285 Pp. 205; M. vii. 42; G. i. 177.

URIA. _Basque_. City. So translated by Borrow, but I cannot find the word. The correct Basque is _iri_ or _hiri_.

USTED. _Span._ Contracted form of _vuestra merced_, your worship; used for “you;” now written simply Vd or V.

USTILAR. _Rom._ To take, take up, steal. Z. ii. * 118; J. Cf. _ostilar_, to steal. P. ii. 72, 246. See PASTESAS.

VALDEPEÑAS. _Span._ The red wine made in the neighbourhood of that town, in die heart of La Mancha. It is about the best in Spain.

VALER. _Span._ To be worth, prevail, protect. _Valgame Dios_! “May God protect me!” “S’help me!”

VALIDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Powerful, respected. See note, ii. 376.

VALIENTE._ Span._ (1) As an adjective, strong or valiant. (2) As a substantive, in a less honourable sense, as “cock of the walk,” or bully.

VAMOS, or VAMONOS. _Span._ “Let us go!” “Come along!”

VÁSTACO. _Span._ Stem, bud, shoot.

VAYA. _Span._ A very common interjection or expression, “Come!” “Get along!” “Let it go!” Imper. of _ir_, to go.

VECINO. _Span._ An inhabitant; as an adjective, neighbouring.

VEGA. _Span._ A meadow or plain; an open tract of level and fruitful ground, more particularly applied to the country around Granada; generally an alluvial tract formed by the bend of a river or expansion of a valley.

VELHO. _Port._ Old.

VENTA. _Span._ VENDA. _Port._ Strictly speaking, an isolated country inn, or house of reception on the road; and if it be not of physical entertainment, it is at least one of moral, and accordingly figures in prominent characters in all the personal narratives and travels in Spain. The _venta_ is inferior in rank to the _posada_, q.v. The original meaning of the word is “sale.”

VERDADERO. _Span._ True.

VERDUGO, VERDUGA. _Span._ and _Port._ Said of an exceedingly cruel person. Prim. a switch, then a flogger, or executioner.

VIAJE. _Span._ A voyage.

VID. _Span._ Vine.

VIEJO. _Span._ Old; an old man.

VILLA. _Span._ A town; greater than an _aldea_ or village, less than a _ciudad_ or city.

VILLANO, VILLANA. _Span._ Countryman, peasant; country girl or woman.

VINO. _Span._ Wine.

VIRGEN. _Span._ VIRGO. _Lat._ Virgin.

VISE. _Nor. Dan._ A ballad.

VISÉ. _Fr._ Endorsed, or furnished with the official visa. As commonly applied to passports, neither the verb nor the substantive has any exact equivalent in English.

VIVER. _Span._ and _Port._ To live. _Que viva_! “Long life to him!”

VOSSÉ, or VOSSEM. _Port._ _Vossa mercé_, your worship; you. Gal. _vusté_; Span. _usted_. See note, i. 89.

VOY. _Span._ I am going; from _ir_.

* * * * *

WADY. _Arab._ River. _Wady al kebir_ = the great river, the Guadalquivir.

WAKHUD. _Arab._ A, the article. More correctly, _waḥid_.

WULLAH. _Arab._ “By God!”

WUSTUDDUR. _Arab._ Home; abode. Lit. the middle of the houses. See DAR.

* * * * *

Y. _Span._ And.

YAW. Borrovian for the Germ. _ja_ = yes.

YDOORSHEE. _Arab._ It signifies; lit. it hurts.

YERBA. _Span._ (1) Grass. (2) Poison.

YESCA. _Span._ Under.

YO. _Span._ I.

YOUM. _Arab._ A day.

YUDKEN. _Germ._ A little Jew; more correctly, _Jüdchen_.

* * * * *

ZAMARRA. _Span._ A sheepskin coat, the woolly side turned inwards; from the Basque _echamarra_ (having the same signification), usually worn by shepherds. The French _chamarrer_, to deck out, or bedizen, is said to be a word of kindred origin.

ZARZA. _Span._ A bramble.

ZINCALO. plur. ZINCALI. _Span. Rom._ Gypsy. P. ii. 259; M. viii. 65.

ZOHAR. _Hebr._ Brilliancy. See note, ii. 318.

INDEX.

Abades, ii. 209

Abyla, Mount (Gibil Muza), ii. 295

Aguilar, Antonio Garcia de, i. 282–286

Alcalá de Guadaira, i. 223

Aldea Gallega, i. 19, 58, 71

Alemtejo, i. 16, 72

Algeziras, ii. 296

Andalusia, Desert of, i. 224

Andalusians, The, ii. 261

Andujar, i. 253

Antigola, ii. 206

Antonio, the gypsy, i. 106

Antonio Buchini, i. 265; ii. 161, 171, 217

Aranjuez, 1. 254; ii. 202

Arroyolos, i. 84

Astorga, i. 318

Asturias, The, ii. 59

Azeca, Bridge of, 11. 192

Azido, Jozé Dias, i. 74

* * * * *

Badajoz, i. 96, 105

Bailen, i. 253

Balmaseda, ii. 211

Balseiro, i. 177; ii. 154

Baltasar, the National, i. 167, 206

Baralla Pass, ii. 60

Basques, The, and their language, ii. 112 _et seq._

Beckford, William, i. 9

Bembibre, i. 333

Benedict Mol, i. 190, 382, 385; ii. 73, 165, 181

Bermudez, Cean, i. 266

Betanzos, i. 364

Bilbao, ii. 93

Bonanza, i. 214; ii. 273

Borrego, Don Andrés, i. 259

Brackenbury, John (Consul at Cadiz), ii. 288

Buchini, Antonio, i. 265; ii. 161, 171, 217

Burgos, ii. 98

* * * * *

Cabrera, General, i. 233

Cacabelos, i. 338

Cadiz, i. 212; ii. 286

Caldas de Reyes, i. 394

Calzado, Pepe, ii. 101

Caneiro, ii. 62

Cantwell, Patrick, i. 280

Carmona, i. 224

Carolina, i. 253

Castro, John de, i. 9

Castro Pol, ii. 59

Christina, Queen Regent, i. 197

Chrysostom, Johannes, ii. 256

Cintra, i. 7

Clarendon, Lord, i. 164, 271; ii. 121, 124, 218

Cobeña, ii. 221

Coisa Doiro, ii. 46

Colhares, i. 10

Colunga, ii. 83

Compostella, i. 192, 377; ii. 183

Contrabandistas, Spanish, ii. 35, 45

Corcuvion, ii. 35

Cordova, i. 229, 238

Cordova, General, i, 180, 267

Correa, Joanna, ii. 355

Corunna, i. 367; ii. 41

Cuesta del Espinal, i. 228

* * * * *

D’Almeida, J. Ferreira, i. 98

D’Azveto, Don Geronimo, i. 25, 38

Dehesa, The, ii. 259

Despeñaperros Pass, i. 254

Diaz, Maria, i. 256; ii. 130, 159

Dionysius, ii. 263

Doddridge, Dr. P., i. 6

Dueñas, i. 303

Duero (Douro), i. 293

Duyo, ii. 23

* * * * *

Elvas, i. 94

Estremadura, i. 146

Estremoz, i. 87

Evora, i. 16, 33

Execution of criminals, i. 171

* * * * *

Fava, Pascual, ii. 381

Ferrol, ii. 42

Feyjoo, Benito, ii. 79

Fielding, Henry, i. 6

Finisterre, Cape, i. 209; ii. 21, 24

Flinter, G. D. (the Irishman), ii. 92

Fragey, Ephraim, ii. 369

Fuencebadon Pass, i. 344

* * * * *

Galiano, Alcala, i. 179, 181, 195

Galicia, i, 1, 347; ii. 59

Gallegan language, i. 351

Garcia, Sergeant, i. 197, 273

Gartland, Dr., i. 276

Gibraltar, ii. 300

Gijon, ii. 70

Gomez, i. 194, 212, 218, 233

Guadalquivir, i. 214; ii. 249, 272

Guadarrama Mountains, i. 151

Guadiana River, i. 102

Gypsies, Spanish, i. 105

* * * * *

Hervey, Lord William, ii. 211

Hirias, Archbishop (Toledo), ii. 174

* * * * *

Isturitz, Don Francis Xavier de, i. 179, 181, 196

* * * * *

Jaraicejo, i. 135

Judaism, i. 67, 247

* * * * *

Labajos, i. 210

La Granja, i. 197; ii. 208

La Mancha, i. 254

Lariategui, i. 262, 295

Las Batuecas, i. 152

Leganez, ii. 185

Leon, i. 315

Leyden, Dr. John, i. 76

Lib, Judah, ii. 317

Lisbon, i. 3, 15, 58, 66, 212

Llanes, ii. 88

Los Angeles, ii. 7

Luarca, ii. 61

Lugo, i. 354, 358

Luigi Piozzi, ii. 370

* * * * *

Madrid, i. 162, 173, 256, 270; ii. 99, 121, 217, 334

Mafra, i. 12

Manzanal, i. 327

Manzanares, ii. 216, 248

Maragatos, The, i. 321

Medina del Campo, i. 291

Mendizabal, Juan Alvarez y, i. 164

Merida, i. 114, 125

Miguelets, The, i. 363

Mirabete Pass, i. 145

Mol, Benedict, i. 190, 382, 385; ii. 73, 165, 181

Moncloa, i. 225

Montaneda, ii. 96

Monte Almo, i. 29

Monte Moro, i. 28, 53, 75

Monte Moro Novo, i. 87

Montes, Francisco, i. 170

Moore, Sir John, i. 374

Moors, The, i. 116, 239

Munoz, i. 198

Muros, ii. 65

* * * * *

Naval Carnero, ii. 232

Navias, ii. 59

New Castile, i. 150

Nogales, i. 350

Novales, ii. 45

Noyo, ii. 13

* * * * *

Ocaña, ii. 204

Ofalia, Count, ii. 121, 124, 141

Old Castile, i. 274; Plains of, i. 290

Oliban, the secretary, i. 183, 195

Oñas, ii. 98

Oropesa, i. 150

Oviedo, ii. 70

* * * * *

Padron, i. 392; ii. 1

Palencia, i. 309

Pascual Fava, ii. 381

Pedroso, i. 286

Pegões, 1. 24, 74

Peña Cerrada Pass, ii. 207

Peñaranda, i. 275

Petulengres, i. 204

Philippi, Mr., ii. 276, 278

Pico Sacro, i. 377

Piozzi, Luigi, i. 370

Pitiegua, i. 281

Pontevedra, i. 395

Portuguese Jews, i. 409

Puerto de Lumbreras, ii. 246

* * * * *

Quesada, i. 181, 199, 202

* * * * *

Rey Romero, i. 380

Ribida de Sella, ii. 88

Rivadeo, ii. 53

Rivas, Duke of, i. 183

* * * * *

Sabocha, the robber, i. 21

Sagra of Toledo, The, i. 257, ii. 194

Saint James of Compostella, i. 192, 377

Salamanca, i. 275

Sanchez, Antonio, i. 170

San Lucar, i. 214; ii. 274

San Martin de Duyo, ii. 23

Santa Colombo, ii. 89

Santa Marta, ii. 45

Santander, ii. 90

Santi Ponce, i. 217

Santillana, ii. 90

San Vicente, ii. 89

Scio, Padre Filipe, i. 259

Segovia, ii. 209

Serra Dorso, i. 33, 87

Sevilla Francesco, i. 170, 176

Seville, i. 215; ii. 214, 248

Sierra de Buron, ii. 60

Sierra de Ronda, i. 215

Sierra Morena, i. 241

Soto Luino, ii. 64

Southern, Mr., i. 271; ii. 133, 135, 139

* * * * *

Tagus, The, i. 3, 18, 145

Talavera, i. 155

Tangier, ii. 342

Tarifa, ii. 294, 341

Taylor, Baron, i. 220

Toledo, ii. 102–107

Tormes River, i. 276

Toro, i. 300

Trafalgar Bay, ii. 292

Triana, i. 216

Trujillo, i. 130

* * * * *

Valladolid, i. 294

Vargas, ii. 187, 195

Vendas Novas, i. 27, 55, 74

Vendas Velhas, i. 21

Villa del Padron, i. 392; ii. 1

Villafranca, i. 341

Villa Seca, ii. 185

Villa Viciosa, ii. 83

Vigo, i. 403

Villiers, Sir George. _See_ Clarendon, Lord

Viveiro, ii. 50

* * * * *

Zariategui, i. 262, 295

* * * * *

THE END.

* * * * *

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

Footnotes

{2} See note, vol. i. p. 120.

{12} A fanciful word of Portuguese etymology from _nuvem_, cloud = the cloud-man.

{14} _Inha_, when affixed to words, serves as a diminutive. It is much in use amongst the Gallegans. It is pronounced _ínia_, the Portuguese and Galician _nh_ being equivalent to the Spanish _ñ_.

{22} “Flock of drunkards.” _Fato_, in Gal. as in Port. = a herd or flock. Span. _hato_.

{23} San Martin de Duyo, a village, according to Madoz, of sixty houses. There are no remains of the ancient Duyo.

{26} Galician; lit. the shore of the outer sea.

{28} “By God! I am going too.”

{29} Who served as a subordinate general in the Carlist armies.

{37} “The good lad.”

{43a} In Spanish, _guardacostas_.

{43b} More correctly, _el Ferrol_ or _farol_, the lighthouse. Nothing can more strikingly give the lie to the conventional taunt that Spain has made no progress in recent years than the condition of the modern town of el Ferrol compared with the description in the text. It is now a flourishing and remarkably clean town of over 23,000 inhabitants, with an arsenal not only magnificent in its construction, but filled with every modern appliance, employing daily some 4000 skilled workmen, whose club (_el liceo de los artesanos_) might serve as a model for similar institutions in more “advanced” countries. It comprises a library, recreation-room, casino, sick fund, benefit society, and school; and lectures and evening parties, dramatic entertainments, and classes for scientific students, are all to be found within its walls.

{45} A little town charmingly situated on a little bay at the mouth of the river Eo, which divides Galicia from Asturias, famous for oysters and salmon.

{46} Signifying in Portugese or Galician, “A thing of gold.”

{47} Tertian ague, or intermittent three-day fever.

{49} “Come along, my little Parrot!”

{58a} A town on the sea-coast about half-way between Rivadeo and Aviles.

{58b} Query. See note, p. 45.

{59} On the right bank of the Eo, over against Rivadeo.

{62a} The port of Oviedo.

{62b} See the Glossary, _s.v._ COPLA.

{66} “God bless me!”

{67} I.e. _Bascuence_, or _Vascuence_, the Basque language.

{70} Query, Aviles?

{71} Job xxxix. 25: “. . . the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.”

{75} “Good heavens!”

{76} I.e. _jacas_.

{79a} The cathedral at Oviedo is one of the oldest and most interesting foundations in Spain. The first stone was laid by Alfonso II. in 802; the greater part of the existing edifice is of the fourteenth century.

But the great glory of Oviedo, entitling it to rank as second among the holy cities of Christian Spain, is the Camara Santa, and the relics therein contained (see Burke’s _History of Spain_ vol. i. pp. 122–124, 140, 141, 147–150, 165, 275; vol. ii. pp. 8–11; and Murray’s _Handbook_, sub. _Oviedo_).

{79b} Benito Feyjoo was born in 1676, and having assumed the Benedictine habit early in life, settled at length in a convent of his order at Oviedo, where he lived for hard on fifty years. He died in 1764.

A strange mixture of a devout Catholic and a scientific innovator, he was an earnest student of Bacon, Newton, Pascal, Leibnitz, and others, whose opinions he embodied in his own works. Learned, judicious, and diligent rather than a man of genius, he was original at least as regards his conceptions of the nature and limits of scientific research in Spain. He kept on good terms with the Inquisition, while he continued to publish in his _Teatro Critico_ and his _Cartas Eruditas y Curiosas_ all that the Inquisitors would desire to remain unread; attacked the dialectics and metaphysics then taught everywhere in Spain; maintained Bacon’s system of induction in the physical sciences; ridiculed the general opinion as regards eclipses, comets, magic, and divination; and laid down canons of historical criticism which would exclude many of the most cherished traditions of his country and his Church. The best edition of his works is that by Campomanes, the minister of the enlightened Charles III., with a Life of the author. 16 vols. Madrid, 1778.

{80} Charles III. of Spain (1759–1788), the most enlightened of the Bourbon kings.

{82} Literally, _dry_.

{92} George Dawson Flinter began life in an English West India regiment, served in the Spanish American forces, and afterwards obtained a commission in the Spanish army. In 1833, on the outbreak of the civil war, he declared for Isabella, and served with considerable distinction in the constitutional army. A prisoner in 1836, he was entrusted with a high command at Toledo in 1837, but having failed to satisfy the Cortes in an engagement in September, 1838, he cut his throat (see _Gentl. Mag._, 1838, vol. ii. p. 553, and Duncan, _The English in Spain_, pp. 13, 189).

{98} There is still a fairly frequented high-road from Santander to Burgos, inasmuch as the railway from Santander to Madrid takes a more westerly route through Palencia, the actual junction with the main line from Irun being at Venta de Baños, a new creation of the railway not even mentioned in the guidebooks a few years ago, and now one of the most important stations in Spain.

Yet in railway matters Spain has still some progress to make. From Santander to Burgos _viâ_ Venta de Baños is just 120 English miles; but the time occupied in the journey by train in this year 1895 is just seventeen hours, the traveller having to leave Santander at 1 p.m. in order to reach Burgos at 6 o’clock the following morning!

{100} See Introduction.

{101} “_Office of the Biblical and Foreign Society_,” rather an odd rendering of the original title!

{103a} The briefest of all abbreviations and modifications of the objectionable _Carajo_.

{103b} Rather south-south-west.

{104} Domenico Theotocoupoulis, a Greek or Byzantine who settled at Toledo in 1577. He is said to have been a pupil of Titian. The picture so highly praised in the text is said by Professor Justi to be in “his worst manner,” and is indeed a very stiff performance. There are many of _El Greco’s_ pictures in Italy, where his work is often assigned to Bassano, Paul Veronese, and Titian. His acknowledged masterpiece is the Christ on Mount Calvary in the cathedral of Toledo. _El Greco_ died in 1625, after an uninterrupted residence of nearly forty years in Spain.

{107} See _The Zincali_, part. ii. chap. vi.

{111a} Borrow’s translation of St. Luke into Spanish gypsy was published with the following title: _Embéo e Majaró Lucas_. _Brotoboro randado andré la chipe griega_, _acána chibado andré o Romanó ó chipe es Zincales de Sesé_. (No place) 1837. A new edition was published five and thirty years later by the British and Foreign Bible Society, as _Criscote e Majaró Lucas chibado andré o Romano ó chipe es Zincales de Sesé_. Lundra, 1872. Both these works are now out of print, but I have had the advantage of seeing a copy of each in the library of the Society in Queen Victoria Street.

{111b} _The Zincali_, part ii. ch. viii.

{114} Modern linguistic science is so entirely at variance with these theories that it is difficult to add a note at once modest, instructive, or of reasonable length. On the whole it is perhaps better to leave the chapter entirely alone.

{116a} See the Glossary.

{116b} _Evangelioa San Lucasen Guissan_. _El Evangelio Segun S. Lucas_. _Traducido al vascuence_. _Madrid_: _Imprenta de la Compañia Tipografica_. 1838.

{117} See _Proverbes Basques suivis des Poésies Basques_, by Arnauld Oihenart, 1847.

{118a} See F. Michel, _Le Pays Basque_, p. 213, and the Glossary, _s.v._ ICHASOA.

{118b} No one who has ever read the work of this _Abbé_ would ever think of citing it as a serious authority. It is entitled, _L’histoire des Cantabres par l’Abbé d’Iharce de Bidassouet_. Paris, 1825. Basque, according to the author, was the primæval language; _Noah_ being still the Basque for _wine_ is an etymological record of the patriarch’s unhappy inebriety!

{118c} This work is entitled, _Euscaldun anciña anciñaco_, _etc._ _Donostian_, 1826, by Juan Ignacio de Iztueta, with an Introduction in Spanish, and many Basque songs with musical notation, but without accompaniment.

{120} See further as to the Basques, Burke’s _History of Spain_, vol. i. App. I.

{121a} 1838.

{121b} See _ante_, p. 100, and Introduction.

{121c} Ofalia was prime minister from November 30, 1837, to August, 1838, when he was succeeded by the Duke of Frias.

{127} The mayor or chief magistrate. _Politico_ is here used in the old sense of civic, πολιτικὸς, of the πόλις; _gefe_, now spelt _jefe_ = chief.

{129a} In _The Zincali_, part ii. ch. iv., Borrow places his imprisonment in March.

{129b} Rather _civic_; see note on p. 127.

{131} “The city prison.” _La Corte_ is the _capital_, as well as the _court_.

{133} “My master! the constables, and the catchpolls, and all the other thieves . . . ”

{134a} See the Glossary, _s.v._ JARGON.

{134b} “He is very skilful.”

{136} “Are there no more?”

{141} More like the French _Juge d’Instruction_.

{143a} “Come along, Sir George; to your house, to your lodgings!”

{143b} Acts xvi. 37.

{146} People of renown.

{147a} “Mashes” and mistresses. _Majo_ is a word of more general signification than _manolo_. The one is a dandy, or smart fellow, all over Spain; the other is used only of a certain class in Madrid.

{147b} More correctly, _Carabanchel_ or _Carabancheles_, two villages a few miles south of Madrid.

{148} This in prison!

{149} _E.g._ in the citadel of Pampeluna. See _Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society_, i. 152.

{152} Perhaps Waterloo.—[Note by Borrow.]

{154} “It distresses me.”

{155} Robbing the natives.

{156} See chap. xiii.

{164} The sun was setting, and Demos commands. “Bring water, my children, that ye may eat bread this evening.” Borrow has translated this song in the _Targum _(_v._ p. 343).

{165} The treasure-digger.

{170} See _The Zincali_, part ii. chap. iv.

{171} The duke became prime minister in August, 1838.

{175} In Gams’ _Series Episcoporum_, the standard authority on the subject, the archiepiscopal see of Toledo is noted as _vacant_ from 1836 to 1847. Nor is any hint given of how the duties of the office were performed. Don Antonio Perez Hirias figures only as Bishop of Mallorca, or Majorca, from December, 1825, to December, 1847.

{178a} Kicks from behind.

{178b} “I do not know.”

{179a} See note, p. 103.

{179b} “To the gallows! To the gallows!”

{180a} “To the country! To the country!”

{180b} “Ride on, because of the word of truth, of meekness, and righteousness” (Ps. xlv. 5, P.B.V.).

{188} A nickname, unhappily too commonly justified in Southern Spain, where ophthalmia and oculists are equally dangerous.