Chapter X: Labor and Politics (2)

INDEX A Aberdeen (S. D.), I. W. W. in, 212. Adamson Law (eight-hour railroad law), 133 (note), 160, 164-166, 247. Agrarian Party, 224. Akron (O.), strike in rubber works, 206-207. Albany, trade unions in, 34. Albany Mechanical Society (1801), 22. Allegheny City, ten-hour controversy in cotton mills, 54. Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 126. Amalgamated Labor Union, 88. Amalgamated Wood Workers' Association, 109. Amboy (Ill.), Conductors' Union organized (1868), 150. American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, 101-102. American Association for Labor Legislation, 251. "American Cossacks", 254. American Federation of Labor, suggested at Terre Haute (1881), 88; established (1886), 89; growth, 89-90, organization, 90-93, 112; Gompers and, 94 et seq.; financial policy, 97; and Great War, 100 et seq.; and labor readjustment, 107; attitude toward socialism, 108, 111, 245, 256; tendency toward amalgamating allied trades, 109-110; and unskilled labor, 109; importance, 110-111; Mitchell and, 128; and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 133 (note); and Buck's Stove and Range Company boycott, 181; and Danbury Hatters' case, 184; and I. W. W., 194; and Lawrence Mill Workers, 203; and politics, 242, 245-246, 256; influences legislation, 246-252; and American Labor Party movement, 255-256. American Federationist, organ of American Federation of Labor, 92, 181, 195. American Labor Party, movement for forming, 255. America Newspaper Publishers Association, 169. American Railway Union, and strikes, 158, 159; Debs president of, 243. Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), 113, 129-130, 174; Commission cross-examines Mitchell, 130 (note). Anti-Boycott Association, 180. Anti-Monopolist Party, 233. Arbitration, 85-86; law providing for settlement of railway disputes (1888), 85; in Anthracite Coal Strike, 129-130; Board to deal with railway problems (1912), 146-150; Erdman Act (1898), 146, 162; Federal legislation (1883), 161-162; Newlands Law (1913), 162; Brotherhoods refuse (1916), 163-164. Arizona, "hobo" labor in, 190. Arkwright, Sir Richard, invents roller spinning machine, 7. Arnold, F. W., 154. Arthur, P. M., 141-143. Association of Longshoremen, 117. Aurora, Philadelphia newspaper, 23. B Baltimore, guilds before Revolution in, 21; tailors' strike (1795), 22; early unions in, 34; Baltimore and Ohio strikes, 57, 67; Labor Congress (1866), 73. Bancroft, H. H., quoted, 241-242. Bank, United States, as political issue, 27. Beecher, H. W., and eight-hour day, 71. Belgium, syndicalism in, 189; general strikes, 200. Bell, A. G., and the telephone, 64. Benson, A. L., presidential candidate (1916), 243-244. Bentham, Jeremy, Place and, 17. Berger, Victor, 244, 245. Berne (Switzerland), labor conference at, 105-106. Billings (Mont.), treatment of I. W. W. leaders in, 216. Bisbee (Ariz.), I. W. W. strikers in, 216. Bolshevists, Gompers's attitude toward, 108; and I. W. W., 218. Boston, early trade unions in, 34; strike benefits in, 39; coöperative movement, 46-47; strikes because of cost of living (1853), 57; eight-hour societies, 70; workingman's party, 227. Boston Labor Reform Association circulates Steward's pamphlet, 71. Boston Trades Union, 33. Bowerman, Charles, 257. Boycott, Captain, 177 (note). Boycott, 177 et seq.; used against convict labor, 37; union label as weapon, 184-186; court injunction to prevent, 252. Braidwood (Ill.), Mitchell at, 127-128. Brewer, Justice D. J., on strike violence, 174. Brewery workers and control of coopers, 118. Brisbane, Albert, 47. Brissenden, J. G., The Launching of the Industrial Workers of the World, cited, 196 (note). Brook Farm experiment, 41. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, origin, 133; and American Federation of Labor, 133 (note); character, 134; supervision of members, 135-136; excludes firemen, 136; attitude toward nonmembers, 136-137; business policy, 137-138; activities, 138-140; organization, 140; and Firemen's Brotherhood, 154. Brotherhood of the Footboard, 133. Brotherhood of Trainmen, 156. Brush, C. F., and electric lighting, 64. Buck's Stove and Range Company of St. Louis, boycott case, 180-182, 254. Buffalo, machinists' strike (1880), 67-68; annual convention of Federation of Labor (1917), 101; railway strike (1877), 174; I. W. W. disclosures, 217. Burns, John, 123. Butler, General B. F., 232-233. Butte (Mont.), Western Federation of Miners organized at, 192. C California, effect of discovery of gold on cost of living, 57; "hobo" labor in, 190; political labor movement, 238-242; Workingman's party, 239; new constitution, 241. Cannon, J. G., 248. Carlyle, Thomas, 18; and British industrial conditions, 9; Emerson writes to, 41. Carter, W. S., 154-156. Cedar Rapids (Ia.), headquarters of Order of Railway Conductors, 150. Charleston Navy Yard, eight-hour day in (1842), 70. Chevalier, Michael, quoted, 37. Chicago, stockyards' strike (1880), 67; Haymarket riots, 68, 83-84; Railway strike (1877), 174; "floaters" winter in, 190; conferences organize I. W. W., 193-194; revolutionary branch of I. W. W. in, 196; I. W. W. offices raided, 217; Labor Party conference, 235; movement to form American Labor party, 255. Child labor, 28; in England, 9; Greeley and, 52-53; Paris peace treaty and, 107; State regulation, 250. Chinese denounced in California, 238, 239. Cigar-makers' International Union, Gompers and, 94. Cincinnati, becomes manufacturing town (1820), 26; early Unions in, 34; coöperative movement in, 45, 46; Railway strike (1877), 174; National Union party organized (1887), 233. Civil War, condition of the United States after, 63-64. Clark, E. E., 151. Clayton Act, 100, 184, 247. Cleveland, Grover, Message (1886), 85; and Pullman strike, 174. Cleveland, Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers own building in, 140; Firemen's Magazine published in, 156; I. W. W. disclosures, 217. Clinton, De Witt, 23. Collective bargaining, trade unions and, 168-171. Colorado, miners' strikes, 174, 193; "hobo" labor in, 190; labor ticket (1888), 237. Columbia, puddlers' strike (1880), 67. Columbus, American Federation of Labor established (1886), 89; Order of Conductors organized (1868), 150. Combinations in restraint of trade, origin of doctrine, 16; in England, 17. Coming Nation, A. H. Simons editor of, 195. Commerce of Great Britain, 6. Commons, J.R., 29-30. Communistic colonies, Owen's attempts, 40-41; Brook Farm, 41. Comstock, Russell, 223. Confédération Général du Travail, 189. Congress, Homestead Act (1862), 50; establishes eight-hour day for public work, 71; Clayton bill (1914), 100, 184, 247; eight-hour railroad law, 133 (note), 160, 164-165, 166, 247; Wilson and, 164; and I. W. W., 216; American Federation of Labor, 247. Connecticut, delegates to the national cordwainers' convention (1836), 35; labor politics, 227, labor ticket (1872), 237. Conspiracy, legal doctrine in England, 15-16; strikers tried for, 23; trials in New York City, 23-24, 32; acting in unison considered, 28. Convict labor, 36; boycott used against, 37. Cooper, Peter, 231. Coöperative movement, 45-48; 58. Corn laws, 6. Cost of living, bread riots caused by high, 39; Mooney on (1850), 43-44; in 1853, 57; Stone's attempt to adjust wages to meet, 144. Council of National Defense, 102-103. Crompton, Samuel, and spinning machine, 7. D Daily Advertiser, New York, on strikes (1834), 172. Daily People, DeLeon editor of, 195. Danbury Hatters' Boycott, 180, 182-184. Daniels, Newell, 74. Davis, Judge David, 230. Debs, E. V., 154, 195, 243, 253. Debt, imprisonment for, 36. Declaration of Independence, 1. Defoe, Daniel, on domestic system of manufacture, 4-5. Delaware, delegates to national cordwainers' convention (1836), 35. DeLeon, Daniel, 195. Democratic party and ten-hour day, 53. Detroit, headquarters for Socialist factions of I. W. W., 196; I. W. W. offices raided, 217. Direct action, 200-201. Dover, (N. H.), mill girls' strike (1829), 55. Duncan, James, 124. E Edison, T. A., 64. Education, condition before 1840, 28; issue with labor, 36, public school improvement, 42; Paris peace treaty and, 107. Edward III, proclamation of 1349, 12. Eidlitz, O. M., 146. Eight-Hour League, 70; see also Hours of labor. Elevator Constructors' Union, 118 Eliot, C. W., and Gompers, 98. Ely, R. T., quoted, 21. Emerson, R. W., on communistic experiments, 41. Employers' organizations, 249. Erdman Act, 146, 162. Erie Railroad, firemen organize Brotherhood, 152. Erne, Lord, Irish landlord, 177 (note). Ettor, J. J., 204. Evans, G. H., 48-49. Evans, Samuel, 233. Evening Post, account of mass meeting in New York, 32; quoted, 33. Everett, Edward, 53. Everett (Wash.), and I. W. W., 212. F Factory Girls' Association (Lowell), 55. Factory inspection, Paris peace treaty and, 107; as political issue, 231; provided by law, 249-250. Farmers' Alliance, 233; and Knights of Labor at St. Louis, 235. Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada, 89. Female Industry Association, 56. Female Labor Reform Association, 55. Field, J. G., 236. Finance, demand for capital after Civil War, 64-65; reform as a political issue, 231; People's party platform, 236; see also Panics, Taxation. Firemen's Magazine, 155, 156. "Five Stars," see Knights of Labor. Flynn, E. G., 208. Force, Peter, 24. Foster, F. K., The Labor Movement, the Problem of Today, quoted, 75-76. Fox, Martin, 116. France, syndicalism in, 188; general strikes, 200. Free Enquirer, 222. Friendly Societies, 168. Furuseth, Andrew, 247. G Garretson, A. B., 151, 152. General Trades' Union of New York City, 31. George, Henry, 234; Evans precursor of, 48. Glassblowers' Union, 124. Goldfield (Nev.), I. W. W. at, 202. Goldman, Emma, on syndicalism, 198; on general strikes, 199. Gompers, Samuel, President of American Federation of Labor, 94 et seq.; early life, 94; national lobbyist for Federation, 99, 247; organizes American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, 101; on Council of Defense, 102; heads American labor mission to Europe (1917), 104-105; and Berne labor conference, 105-106; contribution to Paris treaty of peace, 106-107; and Socialism, 107-108; personal characteristics, 108; sentenced to imprisonment, 182, 254; birthday occasion of gift to Danbury union, 184; on American labor party, 255; experience at London Conference (1918), 256-258. Government control of public utilities, People's party demands, 236. Government operation of railroads, Brotherhoods' plan for (1919), 167. Government ownership, National Labor party on, 230 (note). Government Printing Office, Roosevelt espouses open shop in, 248. Grangers, help organize National Union party, 233; join Workingman's party in California, 240. Granite City (Ill.), early morning strikes in steel mills, 210-211. Granite Cutters' National Union, 124. Gray's Harbor (Wash.), I. W. W. in, 212. Great Britain, American institutions modeled after those of, 1-2; survey of industrial system, 2 et seq.; ten-hour law in, 53; British Trades Union as model for American Federation, 88; labor leaders in, 123; labor compared with that in America, 124. Great War, American Federation of Labor and, 100 et seq.; and railroads, 166-167; I. W. W. and, 215; and Socialist party, 244-245. Greeley, Horace, and ten-hour bill, 52; on child labor law, 53; and eight-hour day, 71. Green Point (L. I.), potters' strike (1880), 67. Greenback party, 68, 231, 237. Guild system, 3-4, 13. H Hamond, Edward, on I. W. W., 198. Hardie, Keir, 123. Hargreaves, James, invents spinning-jenny, 7. Harriman, Job, 243. Hayes, Dennis, 124-125. Hayes, R. B., proclamation, 67. Haywood, W. D., 195, 197, 202; quoted, 199. Henderson, Arthur, 257. Henderson, John, 123. Herald, New York, quoted, 56. Hewitt, A. S., 234. Highland Park (Ill.), Home for Disabled Railroad Men, 139. Hines, W. D., Director-General of Railroads, 167. Homestead Act (1862), 50. Homestead strike (1892), 126, 174. Homesteaders, 233. Hoqiam (Wash.), sabotage in, 212. Hours of labor, long hours, 28, 44; ten-hour day, 30-31, 32, 34, 35, 44, 50-54, 160; first ten-hour law (1847), 52; as issue, 69-70; eight-hour day, 70-72, 74, 129, 152; Paris peace treaty and eight-hour day, 106; eight-hour railroad law, 133 (note), 160, 164-166, 247; eight-hour law as political issue, 231; State regulation, 250. Housing conditions about 1840, 27. Hume, Joseph, 17-18. I I. W. W., see Industrial Workers of the World. Idaho, miners' strike, 174; "hobo" labor in, 190; violence in, 193; and I. W. W., 216. Illinois, strikes, 66, 67; eight-hour law (1867), 71; I. W. W. and draft in, 216; United Labor party in, 235; labor code, 249. Illinois Central Railroad, conductors organize union, 150. Immigration, character of immigrants, 26; adds to armies of labor, 69; I. W. W. and, 191; People's party on, 236. Indiana, strikes, 66, 67; shoemakers' strike (1880), 68; labor ticket (1888), 237. Indianapolis, McNamara trial at, 175. Industrial Commission, United States, 152; report quoted, 168; on union restriction of output, 186. Industrial Revolution, 26. Industrial Workers of the World, American Alliance for Labor and Democracy as an anecdote for, 101; and American Federation of Labor, 109; history of movement, 188 et seq.; factions, 196; and direct action, 200-201; and Socialist party, 245. Industry, centralization of, 87-88. "Infidel" party, 223, 224. Inspection, see Factory inspection. Insurance, Locomotive Engineers' Mutual Life and Accident Insurance Association, 138-139; Order of Railway Conductors, 150; Brotherhood of Trainmen, 160-161. Inter-Allied Labor Conference, London (1918), 256-258. International Association of Machinists, 125. International Association of Steam, Hot Water and Power Pipe Fitters and Helpers, 119. International Firemen's Union, 152-153. International Typographical Union of North America, 60, 126, 169. Interstate commerce, regulation as political issue, 231. Interstate Commerce Commission, and wage increases, 145; Clark on, 151; Wilson asks for reorganization of, 164. Ipswich (Mass.), meeting against I. W. W., 211. Iron Molders' Union of North America, 60, 169. Italy, syndicalism in, 189; general strikes, 200. J Jackson, Andrew, and mechanics, 27. Jay, John, on wages (1784), 21. Jenkins, Judge J. G., of United States Circuit Court, on strike violence, 174. Johnstown, puddlers' strike (1880), 67. Journeymen, Stone Cutters' Association of North America, 60. Judson, F. K., 146. K Kansas, I. W. W. and draft, 216; labor ticket (1888), 237. Kay, John, invents flying shuttle, 7. Kearney, Dennis, 238. Keefe, D. J., 126-127. Kidd, Thomas, 125. Knapp, Judge, of United States Commerce Court, 146. Knights of Industry, 88. Knights of Labor, 72; history of, 76-85; contrasted to American Federation of Labor, 90; Mitchell and, 127, 128; and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 133 (note); help organize National Union party, 233; and Farmers' Alliance at St. Louis, 235; and Socialist party, 245. "Knights of St. Crispin," 72, 74-76. L Labor, organizations in eighteenth century, 14-15; organizations in American before Revolution, 21; and politics, 68, 74, 220 et seq.; relations with capital, 69; number of wage-earners in United States (1860-1890), 69; Congress at Baltimore (1866), 73; Bureau of, established (1884), 85; and corporations, 87; and Paris peace treaty, 106-107; leaders, 121-123; Department of, and Brotherhoods, 163; "floaters," 189-190; special report of United States Commissioners of (1905), 193; contract labor as political issue, 231; legislation, 247-252; see also Hours of labor; and the courts, 252-254; bibliography, 261; see also Child labor, Convict labor, Hours of labor, Strikes, Trade unions, Wages. Labor Reform League, 51. Labor Reform party, 74, 229-230. Labour Party in England, 18. Land, Evans and, 48-50; Homestead Act (1862), 50; forfeiture of grants as political issue, 231. Lawrence (Mass.), unemployment (1857), 62; strike (1912), 202-206. Lee. W. G., 160. Lima (N. Y.), Clark at, 151. Little Falls (N. Y.), strike in textile mills (1912), 206. Littlefield, Congressman from Maine, 247-248. Locomotive Engineers' Journal, 136, 139. Locomotive Engineers' Mutual Life and Accident Insurance Association, 138-139. Loeb, Daniel, alias Daniel DeLeon, 195. London, Inter-Allied Labor Conference (1918), 256-258. London Corresponding Society, 17. Los Angeles, dynamiting of Times building, 175. Lowell (Mass.), condition of women factory workers (1846), 44-45; women strike in (1836), 55. Lowell Female Industrial Reform and Mutual Aid Society, 55. Lynch, J. M., 126. M McAdoo, W. G., 166. McCulloch, J. R., 18. MacDonald, Ramsey, 123. Machinists' Union, 118. McKee, National Conventions and Platforms, cited, 233 (note), 244 (note). McKees Rocks (Penn.), I. W. W. at, 202. McMaster, J. B., quoted, 26. McNamara, James, 175. McNamara, J. J., 175. Maine, labor politics, 227, labor party (1878), 232. Mann, Horace, 42. Manufacturers' Association, 249. Manufacturing, guild system replaced by domestic, 4; introduction of machinery, 7-10; in United States, 24-26. Martineau, Harriet, cited, 35-36. Marx, Karl, 9; follower addresses meeting in New York, 47. Maryland, class distinctions, 20; strikes, 66. Massachusetts, factories in 1820, 25; first labor investigation, 51; women factory workers, 56; Bureau of Labor and collective bargaining, 169-170; labor politics, 227; labor party (1878), 232; labor code, 249. Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations, 29. Menlo Park, (N. J.), electric car in, 64. Mercantile system, 5-6. Metal Polishers' Union and Buck's Stove and Range case, 180. Metal Trades Association, 249. Mexican Central Railway, Garretson on, 152. Michigan, "hobo" labor in, 190; labor ticket (1888), 237. Militia, use during strikes, 37, 244-245. Mill, James, Place and, 17. Milwaukee, Knights of St. Crispin in, 74; and Socialism, 244, 245. Minnesota, "hobo" labor in, 190; labor ticket (1888), 237. Missouri, strikes, 66; eight-hour law (1867), 71; labor ticket (1888), 237. Mitchell, John, president of United Mine workers, 113, 114, 128-129; his life and character, 127-128; and Anthracite Coal Strike, 129-130; quoted, 131-132; on compulsory membership in unions, 170; on collective bargaining, 170; sentenced to imprisonment, 182, 254. Montana, "hobo" labor in, 190; violence in, 193; and I. W. W., 216. Mooney, Thomas, Nine Years in America (1850), quoted, 43-44. Moore, Ely, 31. Morrison, Frank, 182, 254. Morrissey, P. H., 146, 148, 158-160. N National Civic Federation, 152. National Convention of Journeymen Printers (1850), 60. National Erectors' Association, 249. National Labor party, convention, 230 (note); see also Labor Reform party. National Labor Union, 73-74, 229. National Metal Trade Association, 125. National Protective Association, 133. National Trade Association of Hat Finishers, 60. National Trades Union, 34. National Typographical Union, 60. National Union party, 233. Navigation Laws, 6, 10. Nebraska, labor ticket (1888), 237. Nevada, and I. W. W., 216. New Brunswick, union in, 34. New England, class distinctions, 20; manufacture in, 25; women in textile mills, 55; cotton weavers' strike (1880), 67; labor politics, 225-227. New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and Workingmen, 225. New England Protective Union, 48. New England Workingmen's Association, 46, 51. New Hampshire, first ten-hour law, 52. New Jersey, manufacturing in, 25; delegates to national cordwainers' convention (1836), 35; ten-hour law (1851), 54; stablemen's strike (1880), 67; labor party, 232. New York (State), delegates to national cordwainers' convention (1836), 35; communistic colonies, 41; cotton weavers' strike (1880), 67; eight-hour law (1867), 71; boycotts, 178; labor party (1878), 232; United Labor party in, 235; labor code, 249. New York Boycotter quoted, 179. New York Bureau of Statistics and Labor, on boycotts, 178. New York Central Railroad, Arthur as engineer on, 141. New York City, early labor organizations, 21, 22; cordwainers' strike (1809), 23-24; growth, 25; strikes (1833), 31; General Trades' Union organized, 31; tailors' strike (1836), 32; union in, 34; boycott of convict labor, 37; sabotage in (1835), 38; strike benefits, 39; coöperative movement, 47-48; women's organizations (1825), 55; Female Industry Association organized (1845), 56; strikes (1853), 57; national meeting of carpet-weavers (1846), 60; demonstration in 1857, 61-62; unemployment, 62; ribbon weaver' strike (1880), 67; stablemen's strike (1880), 67; tailors' strike (1880), 68; Third Avenue Railway strike (1886), 83; Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers expels members (1905), 138 (note); garment makers' strike (1915), 169; bakers strike (1741), 172; Mrs. Grey boycotted, 178-179; "floaters" winter in, 190; "army of the unemployed" (1913-1914), 209; labor politics, 222; election (1886), 234; Socialist-Labor convention (1892), 242; movement to form American Labor party, 255. New York Masons Society (1807), 22. New York Protective Union, 48. New York Society of Journeymen Shipwrights (1807), 22. New York Typographical Society, 24. Newark (N. J.), union in, 34. Newlands Law, 162. Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, see Knights of Labor. Northern Pacific Railroad, Clark on, 151. Norway, syndicalism in, 189. O O'Connell, James, 125. O'Conor, Charles, of New York, 230. Ohio, communistic colonies in, 41; ten-hour law (1852), 54; strikes, 66, 67; in election of 1916, 166; labor ticket (1888), 237. Oklahoma, I. W. W. and draft, 216. Omaha, stockyards strike (1880), 67; People's party convention (1892), 236. Oneonta (N. Y.), Brotherhood of the Trainmen organized at (1883), 156. Orange (N. J.), Hatters' Union victory in, 182. Order of Railway Conductors, 150-152. Oregon, "hobo" labor in, 190; and I. W. W., 216. Original Working Man's party, 224. Osceola (Ia.), Garretson born in, 151. Oshkosh (Wis.), Kidd arrested in, 25. Owen, Robert, Place and, 17; in America, 40-41, 58. Owens, R. D., 222, 225. P Panics (1837), 34, 35, 40, 50-51; (1857), 61-62; (1873-1874), 66; (1893), 158. Paris Peace Conference, Commission on International Labor Legislation, 105; Gompers and the treaty, 106-107. Parker, Joel, Governor of New Jersey, 230. Paterson (N. J.), ribbon weavers' strike (1880), 67; silk mills strike (1913), 207-209. Pennsylvania, communistic colonies in, 41; ten-hour law, 53; child labor law, 53; coal miners (1873), 66; strikes, 67; labor party (1878), 232; labor ticket (1872), 237; labor code, 249; mounted constabulary, 254. Pennsylvania Railroad, Brotherhood and, 141. People's Council, 101. People's party, 235, 236; see also Populist party. Philadelphia, early labor organizations, 21, 22; weaving center, 26; first Trades' Union in, 29; Trades' Union of the City and County of, 30; number of union members (1834), 34; strike (1835), 37; sabotage in, 38; strike benefits, 39; coöperative movement, 45-46, 47; strikes, 57; unemployment (1857), 62; ribbon weavers' strike (1880), 67; Knights of Labor in, 81; cordwainers (1806), 171; cordwainers' strike (1792), 172; hatters' union victory, 182; Lawrence strikers start for, 204; Workingman's party, 220-221; workingmen's political clubs, 221-222. Phillips, Wendell, and ten-hour movement, 53; and eight-hour day, 71; nominated Governor of Massachusetts, 237. Pinkerton detectives opposed by People's party, 236. Pittsburgh, becomes manufacturing town, 26; union in, 34; strikes, 57; riots, 67; Federation of Organized Trades established (1881), 89; railway strikes (1877), 174. Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, Brotherhood and, 136; Place, Francis, 17, 18. Plumb plan of railroad operations, see Government operation of Railroads. Poindexter, Miles, Senator, and I. W. W., 216. Politics, Labor and, 68, 74, 220 et seq.. Populist party, 235, 242; see also People's party. Port Jervis (N. Y.), Firemen's Brotherhood organized at, 152. Portland (Ore.), I. W. W. at, 202. Postal savings banks, advocated by People's party, 236. Powderly, T. V., Grand Master of Knights of Labor, 79-80, 84. Prison reform, 42. Progressive party, 232. Progressive Labor party,233. Pullman strike, 172, 174, 195, 243, 253. Q Quinlan, Patrick, 208. R Railway Brotherhoods, 133 et seq. Railway Conductor, The, 150-151. Reading, railway strike (1877), 174. Red Bank (N. J.), communistic experiment at, 41. Referendum, National Labor party on, 230 (note). Revolutionary War, new epoch for labor begins with, 21. Rhode Island, ten-hour law (1853), 54; labor politics, 227. Ripley, George, and Brook Farm experiment, 41. Rock Island Railroad, Stone on, 143-144. Roosevelt, Theodore, and Gompers, 98, 99; intervention in coal miners' strike, 129, 130; and Clark, 151; and Sargent, 154; defeated as mayor of New York City, 234; Federation of Labor opposes, 248. Ruskin, John, and labor conditions, 9. Russia, general strikes, 200. S Sabotage, 38, 201 et seq., 211. Sacramento (Cal.), I. W. W. trials (1919), 217; Workingman's party convention (1878), 240. St. Louis, union in, 34; Knights of Labor in, 82, 83; meeting of Knights of Labor and Farmers' Alliance, 235. St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, 181. San Diego, I. W. W. in, 213-215. San Francisco, stablemen's strike (1880), 67; "floaters" winter in, 190; labor situation (1877), 238; Workingman's Trade and Labor Union of, 239. Sargent, F. P., 154. Scandinavia, general strikes in, 200. Schaffer, Theodore, 126. Schenectady, union in, 34. Scranton (Penn.), Powderly at, 79. Seaman's Act (1915), 247 (note). Seamen's Union, 117. Sexton, James, 257. Shaw, Albert, 146. Shaw, Chief Justice of Massachusetts, opinion in Commonwealth vs. Hunt, 60-61. Sherman Anti-Trust Law, Gompers and, 99; and boycott, 183. Silver, free coinage, 236. Simons, A. M., 195. Skidmore, Thomas, 224; The Rights of Man to Property . . ., 222. Smith, Adam, 10, 18; The Wealth of Nations, 1. Smith, Sidney, quoted, 24-25. Snowden, Phillip, 123. Social Democratic party, 243. Socialism, synonym of destruction, 62; organized labor and, 245, 258. Socialist Labor party, 196, 243. Socialist party, 196; Social Democratic party becomes known as, 243; in Milwaukee, 244; progress (1912), 244; and Great War, 244-245. Socialist American Labor Union, 194. Sorel, Georges, The Socialist Future of the Trade Unions, 188-189; Reflections Upon Violence, 189. Spain, syndicalism in, 189. Spargo, John, 245; Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism and Socialism, 201. Spokane, I. W. W. in, 212. Springfield Republican, on labor party, 226-227. Stanwood, History of the Presidency, cited, 244 (note). State Guardianship Plan, 225. Statute of Laborers (1562), 12. Stephens, U. S., founder of Knights of Labor, 76-77, 78, 79. Steunenberg, Frank, Governor of Idaho, murdered, 193. Steward, Ira, and eight-hour day, 70-71; A Reduction of Hours and Increase of Wages, 71. Stone, W. S., 143-145, 149-150. Strasser, Adolph, testimony before Senate Committee (1883), 120-121. Strauss, O. S., 146. Streeter, A. J., 233. Strikes, weapon of self-defense, 14; tailors' strike in Baltimore (1795), 22; cordwainers in Philadelphia (1805), 22-23; cordwainers in New York City (1809), 23; first general building strike (1827), 30; first general strike in America (1835), 30-31; (1834-1837), 32; issues not to be settled by, 36; use of militia, 37, 254-255; sabotage, 38, 201 et seq.; benefits, 39; Boston tailors (1850), 46-47; New York tailors, 47-48; Dover mill girls (1829), 55; Lowell womens factory workers (1836), 55; in 1853, 57; Baltimore and Ohio, 57, 67, 133; become part of economic routine, 66; increase in number and importance, 66-68; in 1880, 67-68; of 1886, 68, 82-84; Anthracite Coal Strike, 113, 129-130, 174; O'Connell leads, 125; New York City railway (1905), 138 (note); railroad, 141, 142, 145, 153, 158, 174; Brotherhood threatens (1916), 163, 165; New York City garment makers, 169; history in United States, 171-173; strike statistics of United States Bureau of Labor, 172, 173; violence, 174-176; Lawrence mill strike (1912), 202-206; Little Falls textile strike, 206; Akron rubber works, 206-207; Granite City (Ill.), steel mills, 210-211; court prevention, 252-253. Supreme Court, Danbury Hatters' case, 183; open shop decision, 252. "Supreme Mechanical Order of the Sun," 72. Syndicalism, in Europe, 188; I. W. W. and, 198. T Taft, W. H., vetoes exemption bill for Anti-Trust Law, 99. Tammany Hall, 32. Tannenbaum, Frank, 209-210. Tariff, demand for protective, 27. Tax Reformers, 233. Taxation, single tax, 234, 235; income tax, 231, 236. Terre Haute (Ind.), convention (1881), 88-89. Texas, I. W. W. and draft, 216. Thomas, C. S., Senator, report on I. W. W., 216. Times, Los Angeles, dynamiting of building, 175. Toledo, (O.), conference of Labor Reform and Greenback parties, 231. Trade unions, beginnings, 29-39; temporary eclipse, 40; new species in the early fifties, 58-59; organization of special trades, 60; organization, 112; conventions, 112-113; local unions, 114-116; characterization of different trades, 116-117; disputes as to authority, 117-118; adjustment to changing conditions, 117-118; advantages of amalgamation, 119; and labor leaders, 121 et seq.; purpose, 168; and collective bargaining, 168-171; question of monopoly, 170-171; and strikes, 173-177; local autonomy, 177; union label, 184-186; restriction of output, 186-187; oppose use of military, 254; bibliography, 262. Trades' Union of the City and County of Philadelphia, 30. Transportation, demand for better, 27. Trautmann, W. E., 195; quoted, 198. Troy (N. Y.), union in, 34. Tulsa (Okla.), treatment of I. W. W. in, 216. U Unemployment, in 1857, 61-62; in 1873-1874, 66; "floaters," 190; among immigrants, 191; in San Francisco (1877), 238. Union Labor party, 233, 237; see also National Union Labor party. Union of Longshoremen, Marine and Transport Workers, 126. United Association of Journeymen Plumbers, Gas Fitters, Steam Fitters and Steam Fitters' Helpers, 119. United Brotherhood of Carpenters, 109. United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, 110. United Hatters of North America, 60. United Labor party, 233, 234. United Mine Workers, 112, 117, 128-129, 177, 181. V Van Buren, Martin, executive order for ten-hour day, 51. Van Hise, C. R., 146. Vermont, labor politics, 227. Virginia, class distinction in, 20. W Wages, beginning of controversy, 11-12; in 1784, 21; result of tailors' strike, 22; rise of, 22; in 1840, 28; carpenters', 31; strikes to raise, 36; Mooney on (1850), 43; issue, 69-70; Paris peace treaty and, 106; United Mine Workers and, 129; Arthur and engineers', 142; Stone and, 144; Eastern engineers demand standardization of, 145; Garretson and, 152; brakemen's, 157; Wilkins and, 158; Adamson Law and, 166; further increase for railroad employees, 167; Trade unions and, 168-169; State regulation, 250. Walling, W. E., 245. Washington (State), "hobo" labor in, 190, and I. W. W., 216. Washington, (D. C.), union in, 34; Knights of Labor, 84; headquarters of American Federation of Labor in, 97. Weaver, General J. B., 232, 236. Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, History of Trade Unionism, 14. Weed, Thurlow, 24. West Roxbury (Mass.), Brook Farm experiment at, 41. Western Federation of Miners, 174, 189, 192, 194. Whig party and ten-hour day, 53. Wilkinson, S. E., 157. Willard, Daniel, 146, 149. Wilson, Woodrow, quoted, 72; and Clayton Act, 100; and Garretson, 152; and threatened strike of Brotherhoods (1916), 163-164; and eight-hour railroad law, 164-166. Wisconsin, communistic experiment in, 41; eight-hour law for women and children (1867), 71; labor ticket (1888), 237; Socialist party (1918), 245. Women, wages in 1840, 28; "new woman" movement, 43; conditions of labor, 44-45; in factories, 54-55; organizations, 55-56; Paris peace treaty and equal pay for, 107; State regulation of labor, 250. Wood Workers in shipbuilding industry, 110. Wood-Workers International Union, 125. Wooden Box Makers, 110. "Woodstock meetings," 226. Working Man's Advocate, The, 223, 225. Working Man's Gazette, 226. Workingman's party, 220-221. Workingman's party of California, 239, 240. Workingman's Trade and Labor Union of San Francisco, 239. Workingmen's compensation, 250. Wright, C. D., report quoted, 187. Wright, Frances, 222, 225. Y Youngson, A. B., 143. Youngstown (O.), I. W. W. at, 202.

The Chronicles of America Series

The Red Man's Continent
by Ellsworth Huntington
The Spanish Conquerors
by Irving Berdine Richman
Elizabethan Sea-Dogs
by William Charles Henry Wood
The Crusaders of New France
by William Bennett Munro
Pioneers of the Old South
by Mary Johnson
The Fathers of New England
by Charles McLean Andrews
Dutch and English on the Hudson
by Maud Wilder Goodwin
The Quaker Colonies
by Sydney George Fisher
Colonial Folkways
by Charles McLean Andrews
The Conquest of New France
by George McKinnon Wrong
The Eve of the Revolution
by Carl Lotus Becker
Washington and His Comrades in Arms
by George McKinnon Wrong
The Fathers of the Constitution
by Max Farrand
Washington and His Colleagues
by Henry Jones Ford
Jefferson and his Colleagues
by Allen Johnson
John Marshall and the Constitution
by Edward Samuel Corwin
The Fight for a Free Sea
by Ralph Delahaye Paine
Pioneers of the Old Southwest
by Constance Lindsay Skinner
The Old Northwest
by Frederic Austin Ogg
The Reign of Andrew Jackson
by Frederic Austin Ogg
The Paths of Inland Commerce
by Archer Butler Hulbert
Adventurers of Oregon
by Constance Lindsay Skinner
The Spanish Borderlands
by Herbert E. Bolton
Texas and the Mexican War
by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
The Forty-Niners
by Stewart Edward White
The Passing of the Frontier
by Emerson Hough
The Cotton Kingdom
by William E. Dodd
The Anti-Slavery Crusade
by Jesse Macy
Abraham Lincoln and the Union
by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
The Day of the Confederacy
by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
Captains of the Civil War
by William Charles Henry Wood
The Sequel of Appomattox
by Walter Lynwood Fleming
The American Spirit in Education
by Edwin E. Slosson
The American Spirit in Literature
by Bliss Perry
Our Foreigners
by Samuel Peter Orth
The Old Merchant Marine
by Ralph Delahaye Paine
The Age of Invention
by Holland Thompson
The Railroad Builders
by John Moody
The Age of Big Business
by Burton Jesse Hendrick
The Armies of Labor
by Samuel Peter Orth
The Masters of Capital
by John Moody
The New South
by Holland Thompson
The Boss and the Machine
by Samuel Peter Orth
The Cleveland Era
by Henry Jones Ford
The Agrarian Crusade
by Solon Justus Buck
The Path of Empire
by Carl Russell Fish
Theodore Roosevelt and His Times
by Harold Howland
Woodrow Wilson and the World War
by Charles Seymour
The Canadian Dominion
by Oscar D. Skelton
The Hispanic Nations of the New World
by William R. Shepherd

Transcriber's Note

This e-book is a direct transcription of the Textbook Edition of The Armies of Labor by Samuel P. Orth. There were three instances where changes were made to correct an error: one in the bibliography, one in the index, and one on page 231. Also, footnotes were changed in two instances due to the way we transcribe footnotes. There were some inconsistencies in hyphenating words, and these posed dilemmas in deciding how to transcribe a few words in the text. Those decisions appear below with the emendations to the text.

Page 94: The phrase, "the son of a cigar-maker" hyphenated cigar-maker for spacing between two lines. We could transcribe the word two ways. There are multiple uses of "cigar-maker" (see Page 113, Page 116, and Page 118 for a few examples). There is one lone usage of "cigarmaker" on Page 30. Since usage in this book tended toward the hyphen, cigar-maker on page 94 was transcribed with the hyphen. Page 136 and Page 137: Non-union is broken into two lines by a hyphen in two places in the same paragraph. We could transcribe the word two ways. The hyphen was employed on Page 127, but nonunion was used on Page 24 and Page 178. By a vote of 2-1, nonunion prevailed. Page 185: Trade-mark was split between two lines and hyphenated for spacing, thus giving the transcriber a choice. Only one other usage of the word was found in the text: trade-mark was hyphenated on Page 186. We therefore used the hyphen on Page 185 and transcribed the word "trade-mark." Page 243: On page 243 the book was inconsistent by using a hyphen in the "Social-Democratic party," only to omit the hyphen a few sentences later, on the same page. The hyphen was also not used in the index. Here, the inconsistency was retained. Page 196: In transcribing a book, we place footnotes after the paragraph where the footnote belongs. The paragraph beginning on page 195 and ending on page 196, contains 2 footnotes. In the book, ¹ appears on page 195 and ² appears on page 196, but both footnotes must be placed after the paragraph on page 196 due to the way that we transcribe the book. Therefore, footnote 1 on page 195 in the paper book is ¹ on page 196 of the e-book; and footnote 1 of page 196 in the paper book is ² on page 196 in the e-book. The same changes were made to the footnotes on Page 96 and Page 97. The paragraph beginning on page 96 and ending on page 97 had a footnote, and a second paragraph on page 97 had a footnote. In the book, ¹ appears on page 96 and ² appears on page 97, but both footnotes must be placed on page 97 due to the way that we transcribe the book. We changed the latter footnote on page 97 to ² to reduce confusion. The paper book abbreviates the Wobblies as I. W. W., which could cause the text formatter to break up the letters over two lines. One solution to overcome the text formatter is to write "I.W.W.", but the cramped phrase reads awkwardly. Modern history books use "IWW". I used the convention adopted by the paper book and hope that the reader is not too inconvenienced by the possible break of I. W. W. across two lines. Page 231: Changed "cooperation" to "coöperation" because every other spelling of that word and derivations had an oomlat. There were thirty-three occurrences of cöperation or coöperate or coöperate and even coördinate. The six occurrences of "coop" were either the name Cooper or the profession. My guess is that the publisher left out the oomlat here by mistake when hyphenating the word into two lines for spacing. Page 262: Every other item in the Bibliography has the date of the book in parenthesis with a period after the right parenthesis when the period is used. I have changed (1889.) after Terence Powderly's book to (1889). Page 270: Insert a comma in the index after "Industrial Workers of the World" and before "American Alliance . . .".