Chapter XV: Introduction (2)

3. Peristalsis is usually combined with segmentation. As the food is advancing, interfering constrictions often separate the rear end of the mass from the main body. The separation is momentary, however; the rear end is swept into union with the main body again, and the whole mass is pushed onward until another constriction repeats the changes.

4. The ileocæcal valve is thoroughly competent for food entering the colon from the ileum.

5. The usual movement of the transverse and ascending colon and the cæcum is an antiperistalsis. This recurs in periods about every fifteen minutes, and each period lasts commonly about five minutes; the waves recur during a period at the rate usually of eleven waves in two minutes. This antiperistalsis gives new significance to the ileocæcal valve; for the food, now in a closed sac, is thoroughly churned and mixed by the constrictions running towards the cæcum, and again exposed to absorbing walls without any interference with the processes in the small intestine.

6. As soon as new food enters the large intestine a strong general contraction takes place along the cæcum and ascending colon, forcing some of the food onward; a moment later antiperistaltic waves begin to pass.

7. With the accumulation of material in the transverse colon, deep tonic constrictions appear one after another and carry the material into the descending colon, leaving the transverse and ascending portions free for the antiperistaltic waves.

8. In emptying the large intestine the material in the lower descending colon is first carried out by combined peristalsis and pressure of abdominal muscles; the remainder of the material is then spread into the evacuated region, and this region is again cleared; the second remainder may be similarly affected. In normal life the new food arriving in the colon must force forward the old contents of the ascending and transverse colon.

9. The observations have revealed no evidence of antiperistalsis in the small intestine, but since the ileocæcal valve will allow nutrient material under pressure to pass backward, the antiperistalsis of the large intestine may force into the small intestine a considerable portion of a large nutrient enema. Segmentation in the small intestine affects such an enema precisely as it affects food which has passed normally through the stomach.

10. Signs of emotion, such as fear, distress, or rage, are accompanied by a total cessation of the movements of both large and small intestines. The movements continue in the cat both during sleep and at night.

THE BATTLE CREEK LABORATORIES

THE MAMMOTH SANITARIUM AND THE LARGE ADOPTED FAMILY OF DR. AND MRS. J.
H. KELLOGG

[A report of one experiment has been selected from _Modern Medicine_ relative to the work of the laboratories connected with the Battle Creek Sanitarium because it relates to the effect of cooking and mastication upon food in illustration of the statement of Dr. Campbell pertaining to these aids to digestion. Much more evidence could be had from the Sanitarium reports, but sufficient has already been given herewith from various authoritative sources to justify our claims of the great importance of mouth-treatment in human nutrition.

It may be said here, however, that the trial of thorough mouth-work as an aid to digestion, which has been in progress at the Sanitarium for more than a year, and which has finally been accepted and prescribed as the first requirement of the treatment of patients, is of the utmost significance. This is, by far, the largest sanitarium in the world, having some hundreds of physicians, nurses, and other attachés, and treating many thousands of patients annually. The “cure” is based upon natural methods of recuperation, and while all of the staff, both medical and surgical, are fully equipped diplomatists, and whereas the organisation has a legally and professionally accepted medical school of its own, so-called medicines are rarely used, and never except as antidotes to specific poisons. Nature is assisted by scientific means to do the curing, and now that an economic nutrition to relieve the exhausted system of the patient from all possible strain through ample mouth-treatment of food, as intended by the anatomical, dental, and chemical plan on which man is constructed, has been tried and accepted as a fundamental principle of the institution, it gives a practical indorsement of the claims set forth in “Glutton or Epicure,” and in this present book, and declares that they are of greatest importance in securing health and efficiency.

The Battle Creek Sanitarium is a philanthropic and humanitarian institution operating under a perpetual charter which compels the use of all the profits gained to foster the spread of the humanitarian work. More than sixty branches of the parent institution have been established in or near large cities in different parts of the world, under the title of The American Medical Missionary Association, and each of these branches conducts a life-saving business on Good Samaritan principles. The organisation started its medical missionary work some thirty-seven years ago, with almost no capital and only one patient, in a small two-storey frame house, in the then small village of Battle Creek, Michigan. The incorporators were religious enthusiasts who believed that Christianity should be expressed in works as much as in faith, in curing the sick and healing the wounded, and thus preparing the unfortunate for the reception of moral and spiritual inspiration.

The best evidence that this scheme of procedure to attain the ultimate end was a good one is shown by the success of the institution in its growth from such small beginning to the immense proportions of the present time, with one of its buildings nearly a thousand feet in length and five storeys in height and numerous other buildings radiating from the main one and scattered about it in a finely wooded park. Fire came and destroyed the old building and all its contents, but yet it was soon rebuilt, and the concern goes on growing and growing, because the foundation principle of the institution is the beautiful Golden Rule, and the method of treatment employed is taken from the open book of Nature.

While the organisation was primarily based upon a special religious creedal enthusiasm, it has become so broadly altruistic as to suggest a return to original Christianity as defined in the Sermon on the Mount. In such Christian expression honest agnostics, born Buddhists, and the tolerant of all the different Christian creeds may join and say amen!

One of the splendid results of an economic nutrition, attained by following the natural requirements and impulses, is the curing of many diseases, among them several forms of constipation. The writer has a genuine admiration for the spirit that is the motive power of the Battle Creek Sanitarium and firm belief in the Christianity demonstrated in the work, especially in the private experiment of Dr. and Mrs. Kellogg, with their family of adopted waifs. Twenty-four children of unfortunate parents, waifs so unfortunate in their attractability as to be hopelessly neglected, have been gathered under this sheltering roof and are showing their mettle and gratitude by splendid behaviour and brilliant accomplishment in a manner that any proud parent might approve. To miss any opportunity to express gratitude to Dr. and Mrs. Kellogg for giving us such a splendid example of the true meaning of practical Christianity would be showing symptoms of the worst form of constipation; viz., constipation of appreciation and affection.—HORACE FLETCHER.]

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF MASTICATION AND COOKING
OF FOOD, ETC., IN THE LABORATORIES OF THE BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN,
SANITARIUM, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. J. H. KELLOGG

From _Modern Medicine_

The table clearly shows the effect of cooking and the effect of mastication upon the salivary digestion of food. Column 1 shows the results obtained after an ordinary test meal consisting of 1½ ounces of water biscuit to 8 ounces of water; column 2, 1½ ounces of water biscuit ground fine, mixed with water and swallowed without chewing; column 3, test meal consisting of 1½ ounces of raw wheat flour and 8 ounces of water; column 4, test meal consisting of 1½ ounces of unground pearled wheat with 8 ounces of water.

═════════════════════════════════╤════════╤════════╤══════╤══════
│ Water │ Water │ │
│biscuit,│biscuit,│ Raw │ Raw
│ well │ not │flour.│wheat.
│chewed. │chewed. │ │
│ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 4
—————————————————————————————————┼————————┼————————┼——————┼——————
Total acidity (A) │ 0.142 │ 0.140 │0.204 │0.136
Calculated acidity (A´) │ 0.156 │ 0.132 │0.186 │0.128
Total chlorine (T) │ 0.296 │ 0.284 │0.332 │0.272
Free HCl (H) │ 0.050 │ 0.028 │0.056 │0.052
Combined chlorine (C) │ 0.106 │ 0.104 │0.130 │0.076
Fixed chlorides (F) │ 0.114 │ 0.152 │0.146 │0.144
Maltose (M) │ 1.088 │ 0.272 │0.000 │0.000
Dextrine and soluble starch (D) │ 0.812 │ 0.548 │0.300 │0.448
│ │ │ │
COEFFICIENTS │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
Digestion of albumin (_a_) │ 0.82 │ 0.97 │1.00 │1.00
Digestion of starch (_b_) │ 0.71 │ 0.42 │0.00 │0.00
Salivary activity (_c_) │ 1.17 │ 1.11 │1.14 │1.37
Fermentation (_x_) │ 5.00 │ 11.00 │6.00 │6.00
Chlorine liberation (_m_) │ 0.80 │ 0.70 │0.85 │0.71
—————————————————————————————————┴————————┴————————┴——————┴——————

Several points of interest are to be noted in the above table, the first and most conspicuous of which is the fact that the saliva did not act at all upon the raw flour and raw wheat, as shown by the total absence of maltose in the cases represented in columns 3 and 4. The small amount of dextrine and soluble starch shown was, perhaps, already present in the raw grain, but this point I have not investigated. It is clear, however, that no sugar was produced when raw starch was taken, whereas the amount of sugar produced after the ordinary test meal was more than 1 gram in each 100 c.c. of stomach fluid; in other words, the stomach fluid contained more than one per cent of sugar without taking into account the amount which had been absorbed.

The figures for maltose in column 2 represent a test meal in which little or no saliva was mixed with the test meal, the food being swallowed without chewing, indicating very slight action of the saliva, the amount of maltose found in the stomach fluid being but a trifle more than one-fourth the amount obtained after an ordinary test meal. The amount of soluble starch and dextrine was less than half the normal amount in the case of the raw flour, and but little more in the case of the raw wheat.

Another point of interest is the increased amount of lactic acid found in the test meal taken without chewing, represented in column 2. The coefficient of fermentation which represents the number of milligrams of lactic acid (as expressed in terms of HCl) found in 100 c.c. of stomach fluid was more than double that found after the same kind of test breakfast properly masticated, represented in column 1. The results of this experiment distinctly associate acid fermentation with imperfect mastication and imperfect salivary digestion.

Another fact noted in a comparative study of the results of the analysis of over 5000 stomach fluids, which very strongly confirms this idea, is that starch conversion is usually complete in cases of apepsia, while lactic acid is conspicuous by its absence. In nearly all cases of apepsia which I have encountered, numbering about forty cases in all, the most delicate tests for lactic acid have failed to show its presence except in the most minute quantities; in most cases it was entirely absent.

There are a number of other points of interest in the above table in addition to those which relate particularly to starch digestion. One of the most noteworthy of these is the fact that the digestion of albumen was not unfavourably influenced by the neglect to masticate the food, the coefficient of digestion, in fact, being raised from .82 to .97. This coefficient is a qualitative and not a quantitative index. The higher coefficient indicates a more perfect elaboration of proteids and a close approach to an absolutely perfect proteid digestion.

Another fact of perhaps even greater interest has relation to the digestion of albumen when the wheat was eaten raw, in the form of either flour or wheat. The coefficient of proteid digestion in both cases, as shown in columns 3 and 4, was 1.00, indicating perfect elaboration of the albuminoids. From this it appears that raw gluten, or the proteids of wheat, is digested more perfectly when taken in a raw state than when cooked, the very opposite of which we have seen to be true of starch. The digestion of raw starch may take place in the intestines, by the action of the pancreatic juice, but cannot take place in the stomach, for the reason that the saliva has not the power to penetrate the cellulose envelope of the starch granule, and hence cannot digest raw starch.

This fact coincides in a most interesting manner with the biological fact that man is by nature a frugivorous animal. In the process of ripening, the starch of fruits undergoes a hydration similar to that which takes place in cooking and in pancreatic digestion, whereby the insoluble starch is converted into soluble starch, dextrine, and sugar. This explains, also, why well-ripened fruit may be eaten raw with impunity, while unripe fruit and farinaceous food of all sorts require cooking. In his diet, man, like his nearest relative, the monkey, being naturally a frugivorous animal, may eat fruits in the state in which Nature has provided them; but when he introduces other natural products into his bill of fare, he must adopt artificial means for securing the preparation for digestion which Nature makes in the ripening process of fruits.

The coefficient of chlorine liberation (_m_) is very nearly uniform, indicating that the mastication of food and the cooking of food have little influence upon this digestive function.

The coefficient of salivary activity (_c_) was determined independently for each test breakfast. Its practical uniformity indicates that there was no essential change in the character or quality of the saliva to account for the differences shown by the totals in relation to the stomach digestion of starch.

DR. EDWARD HOOKER DEWEY AND THE “NO BREAKFAST PLAN”

The “No Breakfast Plan,” evolved from the long experimental experience of Dr. Dewey, to secure much needed rest for the stomach and intestines, is described in a book bearing that title which can be had direct from the author by addressing him at his home, Meadville, Penn., U. S. A.

“No Breakfast” is, evidently, a misnomer, but means, in the present application, an appetite _earned_ after arising from sleep. The writer, for instance, often begins work so early in the morning that by the time the ordinary breakfast is ready he has already done a fair day’s work.

The writer has no reported details of the work of Dr. Dewey to add to this volume. In “Glutton or Epicure” full appreciation of this Esculapian Luther is expressed and extracts of his writings are reprinted. In fighting for more than forty years for the principle of less abuse of the tired body of man, Dr. Dewey has rendered a service that some time will be reckoned very great; and while there is no scientific report of the good doctor’s work to call for introductory comment, it would be equally unhealthy to miss an opportunity to express gratitude for what he has done for us all.

PROFESSOR JAFFA AND THE FRUITARIANS

Professor Jaffa, too, of the University of California, has been doing most valuable service in testing the usefulness of fruits and nuts as human foods. He generously furnished the author with elaborate tables of his results, covering several years of observation, showing low nitrogen possibilities similar to those demonstrated by the writer and his colleagues at Cambridge and Yale. These have since been published, and relating to special kinds of foods, as they do, suggest a wide range of choice among the fruits of earth; but the collected evidence of this book shows that human nutrition is best served when the appetite, being kept at normal, is allowed to make selection from the whole range of nutritious products furnished by good Mother Nature.

DR. H. P. ARMSBY

In the Oct. 16th, 1903, number of _Science_, also, is an interesting article by Dr. H. P. Armsby on the heat values and muscular energy values of different food elements and their isodynamic replacement of each other under various conditions.—HORACE FLETCHER.]

Explanation of The A. B. C. Life Series

THE ESSENTIALS AND SEQUENCE IN LIFE

It would seem a considerable departure from the study of menticulture as advised in the author’s book, “Menticulture,” to jump at once to an investigation of the physiology and psychology of nutrition of the body and then over to the department of infant and child care and education as pursued in the _crêche_ and in the kindergarden; but as a matter of fact, if study of the causation of human disabilities and misfortunes is attempted at all, the quest leads naturally into all the departments of human interest, and first into these primary departments.

The object of this statement is to link up the different publications of the writer into a chain of consistent suggestions intended to make life a more simple and agreeable problem than many of us too indifferent or otherwise inefficient and bad fellow-citizens make of it.

It is not an altogether unselfish effort on the part of the author of the A. B. C. Life Series to publish his findings. In the consideration of his own mental and physical happiness it is impossible to leave out environment, and all the units of humanity who inhabit the world are part of his and of each other’s environment.

It would be rank presumption for any person, even though gifted with the means to circulate his suggestions as widely as possible, and armed with the power to compel the reading of his publications, to think that any suggestions of his could influence any considerable number of his fellow-citizens of the world, or even of his own immediate neighbourhood, to accept or follow his advice relative to the management of their lives and of their communal and national affairs; but while the general and complete good of humanity should be aimed at in all publications, one’s immediate neighbours and friends come first, and the wave of influence spreads according to the effectiveness of the ideas suggested in doing good; that is, in altering the point of view and conduct of people so as to make them a better sympathetic environment.

For instance, the children of your neighbours are likely to be the playmates of your own children, and the children of degenerate parents in the slum district of your city will possibly be the fellow-citizen partners of your own family. Again, when it is known that right or wrong nutrition of the body is the most important agent in forming character, in establishing predisposition to temperance or intemperance of living, including the desire for intoxicating stimulants, it is revealed to one that right nutrition of the community as a whole is an important factor in his own environment, as is self-care in the case of his own nourishment.

The moment a student of every-day philosophy starts the study of problems from the A. B. C. beginning of things, and to shape his study according to an A. B. C. sequence, each cause of inharmony is at once traced back to its first expression in himself and then to causes influenced by his environments.

If we find that the largest influences for good or bad originate with the right or wrong instruction of children during the home training or kindergarden period of their development, and that a dollar expended for education at that time is worth more for good than whole bancs of courts and whole armies of police to correct the effect of bad training and bad character later in life, it is quite logical to help promote the spread of the kindergarden or the kindergarden idea to include all of the children born into the world, and to furnish mothers and kindergarden teachers with knowledge relative to the right nutrition of their wards which they can themselves understand and can teach effectively to children.

If we also find that the influence of the kindergarden upon the parents of the infants is more potent than any other which can be brought to bear upon them, we see clearly that the way to secure the widest reform in the most thorough manner is to concentrate attention upon the kindergarden phase of education, advocate its extension to include even the last one of the children, beginning with the most needy first, and extending the care outward from the centre of worst neglect to finally reach the whole.

Experience in child saving so-called, and in child education on the kindergarden principle, has taught the cheapest and the most profitable way to insure an environment of good neighbours and profit-earning citizens; and investigation into the problem of human alimentation shows that a knowledge of the elements of an economic nutrition is the first essential of a family or school training; and also that this is most impressive when taught during the first ten years of life.

One cannot completely succeed in the study of menticulture from its A. B. C. beginning and in A. B. C. sequence without appreciation of the interrelation of the physical and the mental, the personal and the social, in attaining a complete mastery of the subject.

The author of the A. B. C. Life Series has pursued his study of the philosophy of life in experiences which have covered a great variety of occupations in many different parts of the world and among peoples of many different nations and races. His first book, “Menticulture,” dealt with purging the mind and habits of sundry weaknesses and deterrents which have possession of people in general in some degree. He recognised the depressing effect of anger and worry and other phases of _fearthought_. In the book “Happiness,” which followed next in order, _fearthought_ was shown to be the unprofitable element of forethought. The influence of environment on each individual was revealed as an important factor of happiness, or the reverse, by means of an accidental encounter with a neglected waif in the busy streets of Chicago during a period of intense national excitement incident to the war with Spain, and this led to the publication of “That Last Waif; or, Social Quarantine.” During the time that this last book was being written, attention to the importance of right nutrition was invited by personal disabilities, and the experiments described in “Glutton or Epicure; or, Economic Nutrition” were begun and have continued until now.

In the study of the latter, but most important factor in profitable living, circumstances have greatly favoured the author, as related in his latest book, “The A. B.-Z. of Our Own Nutrition.”

The almost phenomenal circulation of “Menticulture” for a book of its kind, and a somewhat smaller interest in the books on nutrition and the appeal for better care of the waifs of society, showed that most persons wished, like the author, to find a short cut to happiness by means of indifference to environment, both internal and external, while habitually sinning against the physiological dietetic requirements of Nature. In smothering worry and guarding against anger the psychic assistance of digestion was stimulated and some better results were thereby obtained, but not the best attainable results.

Living is easy and life may be made constantly happy by beginning right; and the right beginning is none other than the careful feeding of the body. This done there is an enormous reserve of energy, a naturally optimistic train of thought, a charitable attitude towards everybody, and a loving appreciation of everything that God has made. Morbidity of temperament will disappear from an organism that is economically and rightly nourished, and death will cease to have any terrors for such; and as _fear_ of death is the worst depressant known, many of the _worries_ of existence take their everlasting flight from the atmosphere of the rightly nourished.

The wide interest now prevalent in the subjects treated in The A. B. C. Life Series is evidenced by the scientific, military, and lay activity in connection with the experiments at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University and elsewhere, as related in the “A. B.-Z. of Our Own Nutrition” and in “The New Glutton or Epicure” of the series.

The general application is more fully shown, however, by the indorsement of the great Battle Creek Sanitarium, which practically studies all phases of the subject, from health conservation and child saving to general missionary work in social reform.

HORACE FLETCHER.

Index

A

A. B. C. Life Series, the, xxiv, 15, 47;
explanation of, 399-407

Abdominal glands, the, 189, 190

—— muscles, the, 326, 388

—— wall, the, 364

Abernethy biscuit, 131

Acid reaction, of food, 269

Acids, stimulating properties of, 270;
supplement weak action in the stomach, 270;
special relation to the pancreas of, 270

Addison, Joseph, upon the work of Luigi Cornaro, 28

Adenoids, largely dietetic in origin, 148-152, 156

Afferent nerves, special duty of the peripheral terminations of, 184-185

Agriculture, U. S. Department of, 37

Albumen, digestion of, 394

Albuminoids, the, 395

Albuminous foods, minimum amount of, 74, 78

Alcoholic beverages, explanation of the use of, 252

Algarroba bean, the, 124

Alimentary canal, the, 13, 14, 15, 40;
pabulum derived from, 40, 92, 117;
Professor Pawlow’s conclusions concerning, 186;
experimental investigation of the pathology and therapeutics of,
248, 260, 273, 275, 276, 277

Alimentation, human, study of, 13;
theory of, 180

Alkalies, the, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282

Alkaline reduction, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44

—— saliva, 33;
its quantity increased by mastication, 96, 102, 146

Alkalinisation, 92

Altruism, placed upon a business basis, xxiv

American Medical Missionary Association, the, 390

—— Medical Missionary Cause, the, xxiii

—— Physiological Society, the, 68

Anderson, Dr. William G., 54, 87, 88

Anger, causes indigestion, 7

Animal economy, 40

—— food, necessitates less thorough mastication than vegetable, 67,
99-100, 173;
influenced less than vegetable by cooking, 118

—— organism, the efficiency of, 58

Anthropoid apes, 115, 116

Antiperistalsis, 326, 333, 342, 345, 364;
in the colon, 365-370;
the question of, 377-383, 384, 385, 387, 388

Antiperistaltic waves, 365, 367, 373, 374, 376, 381, 383, 387, 388

Antrum, the, 307, 308, 311, 315, 322, 323, 326, 327, 333, 334, 336,
340, 341, 360

Apepsia, 394

Appendicitis, relationship between diet and, 141

Appendix, the, cause of catarrh of, 141

Appetite, demands proteid when wanted, xxxii;
knows what to do and when to do it, xxxiii;
most important factor in digestion, 6;
a perfect indicator, 6;
a creature of the mind, 7;
the caprices of, 7;
easily comprehended, how to read, 8, 9, 12;
an indicator of what the body requires, 20;
will close the valve when enough is eaten, 20;
striking effect of insalivation upon, 50;
fully understood, prevents intemperance in eating or drinking, 95;
sooner satisfied with thorough mastication, 137;
the first and mightiest exciter of the secretory nerves of the
stomach, 210;
is juice, 213;
Dr. Pawlow’s experiment showing value of, 226;
its initial impulse may originate in the stomach, 244;
in the rich and in the poor, 252-253;
care should be taken of, 254;
physicians most often called on to restore, 254;
remarkable how little attention is paid to, 255;
bitters increase, 263, 265;
the strongest of all stimuli to the digestive glands, 263;
connection between gastric juice and, 265.

—— earned, a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180

——, false, 6, 9, 29, 75

——, normal, 6

“Appetite juice,” the, 213, 228, 258, 259, 260

Apples, 169

Appreciation, attention necessary to create, 7;
necessary to stimulate flow of digestive juices, 7, 12

Armsby, Dr. H. P., on the heat values and muscular energy values of
different food elements, 397

Asiatics, the, consume smaller proportion of proteids, 82

Asparagus, 93

Astrup, E., 126

Athletes, reason for training, 22

Attention, necessary to create appreciation, 7;
how to command, 8, 9, 12

Atwater, Prof. W. O., 54;
on the daily proteid requirement, 76

—— Respiration Apparatus, the, 57

Australians, the, 118, 129, 163

B

Bache Fund, the, 69

Bacteria, the action in the intestines of, 39, 117

Bacterial digestion, 40

—— flora, the, examination of, 26

Bacteriology, advances of, 248, 249

Bailey, 128

Balthazard, experiments of, 314, 315, 327, 328

Baltimore, Md., 68

Barling, Gilbert, 141

Barrett, Robert, 47

Bayliss, experiments of, 343, 344, 345, 359

Batter pudding, 98

Battle Creek, Michigan, 390

—— Laboratories, the, 389-391;
experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and
cooking of food, etc., in, 391-396

—— Sanitarium, the, xvii, xxiii, xxvii;
described, 389-391

Bayert, 123

Beans, 95, 132

Beaumont, experiments of, 305, 309, 310, 313, 326, 327, 329, 330, 334,
336

Beef, 100

Benedict, Prof. Francis G., 54

Berlin, 56, 65

Berne, Switzerland, 284

Betel, chewing, 103, 128

Beverages, mastication in the preparation of, 123

Bidder and Schmidt, experiments of, 202, 204, 231;
conditions for success, 204-206

Bile, the, 360

Bitters, therapeutic influence of, 262, 265;
increase the appetite, 263, 264, 265

Blondlot, experiments of, 181, 182, 277

Blood, the, toxins absorbed into, 40;
influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on local
circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 278, 355

—— elements, the, 41

Blumfield, Dr. Joseph, 26

Body, the, considered as an engine, 4, 23;
derives its necessary energy from food, 72;
burdened by excess of food, 73

Boer War, the, 11

Bolting food, 35, 36, 134, 135, 138, 140

Bolus, the, 329, 343, 344

Boston Society of Medical Sciences, the, 342

Bouillon, 266

Bowditch, Dr. Prof. Henry Pickering, xxiv, xxv, 67, 68, 70, 284, 285,
287, 306

Bowel, the, liable to suffer, 140, 345

“Bracer,” a, why required, 20

Braun and Grützner, experiments of, 278

Bread, 78, 98, 99, 132, 137, 143, 171, 270, 271, 274, 275

Brinton, experiments of, 329, 330, 334, 336

British Guiana, 124

—— Medical Association, the, 27, 48, 91, 92

“British Medical Journal,” the, 141

Bronchitis, 144, 146

Broth, strong, 268

Brown bread, 43

Brussels, 68

Buccal digestion, 8

—— nerves, the, 194

Bushmen, the, 118, 123

Butter, 43, 100

C

Cabbage, why indigestible, 99

Cæcum, the, 140, 141, 363, 364, 365, 366, 368, 370, 371, 372, 375,
376, 377, 381, 387

Cake, 132

California, University of, 90, 397

Calm, easy to cultivate, 7

Cambridge, England, xxxi, 26, 47, 49

—— tests, the, 47, 69

—— University, England, xxv, 26, 53, 68, 91

Campbell, Dr. Harry, 8, 12;
on the importance of mastication, 92-179, 389

Cancer, produced by inefficient mastication, 138

Cane-sugar, changed to grape-sugar, 21, 169

Cannon, Dr. W. B., 7, 12;
on “Swallowing and Movements of the Stomach and Intestines,”
284-300;
on the “Movements of the Stomach Studied by means of
the Röntgen Rays,” 301-341;
on the “Movements of the Intestines Studied by Means of the
Röntgen Rays,” 342-388

Carbohydrate foods, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 89

Cardia, the, ideas of early writers concerning, 303, 304, 325,
326, 328, 329

Cardiac sphincter, the, 307

Carelessness, the sin of, xvii

Carnegie, Andrew, xxxv

—— Institution, the, 53

Carnivora, the, do not masticate, 97, 161

Cassava root, 124

Cat, the, experiments upon, 289-293, 299, 303, 307, 311, 312, 315,
320, 322, 325, 333, 335, 337-339, 341, 344, 353, 359, 361, 365,
366, 372, 382, 383-386, 388

Catarrh of the appendix, caused by inefficient mastication, 141

Cauliflower, 99

“Cause and Prevention of Decay in Teeth, the,” Wallace’s, 161

Cavendish lecture, Sir Frederick Treves’s, 140

Cell, a, determination of the metabolism of, 40

Cellulose, 117, 170

Cereals, 78, 84, 146

Ceylon, 128

Cheese, 43, 95;
when indigestible, 100, 137

Chemical excitants, the, 268

—— secretion, 259

Chemistry, organic, 62

——, physical, 62

Chewing, length of time necessary for, xxxii

Chicken bone, 166

Chigin, Dr., experiments by, 214, 216, 282

Children, early feeding of, 130-132, 143;
defective mastication in, 148;
feeding of, 262

Children’s Aid Society, the, xxv, 68

Chimpanzee, the, 115

China, 82

Chittenden, Prof. R. H., conducting the experiments at Yale, xvii, 5;
emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 53, 67, 68;
the Yale test, 69-91.

Chop bone, 166

Chyme, the, 346, 360, 362

Circulation, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 157

Cocoa-nut, 137

Coffee, 132

Cole, Sidney W., 47;
his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the
proteid molecule, 47

Colon, the, 363, 364;
antiperistalsis in, 365-370;
changes when food enters, 370, 371, 372;
process of clearing, 373-377, 381, 382, 384, 387, 388

Comminution, 98, 100, 101

_Commonwealth_, the S. S., 69

Condiments, influence of, 261, 265

Constipation, cannot exist, 43

Constriction, waves of, 323, 340, 341

Cooked flesh, requires mastication, 97, 174

Cooking, influences vegetable more than mineral food, 118;
effect of, 389, 391-396

Cornaro, Luigi, reformed manner of living of, ix;
his autobiography, x, xvi, xvii;
Dr. Van Someren’s paper upon his theory of living, 26-46;
his treatise on the “Sure and

Certain Method of Attaining a Long and Healthful Life,” 28;
Addison’s comments upon his work, 28, 92

Craving for food, 256

Cream, experiments with, 38-39, 43

Cuba, xiv, 70

Curr, E. M., 125, 129

D

Dastre, Dr. Prof. A., 67, 68

Day, experiments of, 337

Defecation, 373-377

Deglutition, Magendie’s theory of, 284, 285;
movements of, 285;
divided into three parts, 285;
Falk’s and Kronecker’s theory of, 286;
the X-ray method in the study of, 287-295;
phenomena of œsophageal, 298-300

—— reflex, the, 287

Dental caries, causation of, 161

Dewey, Dr. Edward Hooker, and the “No Breakfast Plan,” 396, 397

De Witt, Assistant Surgeon, Lieut. Wallace, in command of soldiers
in the Yale investigation, xiii, 70

Dextrine, 170, 171, 392, 393, 395

Diaphragm, the, 324, 326

Diet, best manner and system of, xiii;
the optimum, xxxi;
minimum, 74;
the anthropoid stage, 116;
the pre-cooking human stage, 117;
the pre-agricultural cooking period, 118;
the early agricultural age, 119;
the late agricultural period, 120;
for children, 130-132;
relationship between appendicitis and, 141

Dietary Ten Commandments, 5

Dietetics, precepts of, 272

Digestion, appetite the most important factor in, 6;
the true chemical end-point of, 10-11;
effect of the mental state upon, 74, 145;
psychic influence in, 180;
the phenomena in, 251;
thorough mouth-work as an aid to, 389

Digestion-ash, the, what it should be like, 10-11, 14;
should not be unclean, 24;
in experiments, 38-39, 42, 43, 47, 51, 79, 83, 84, 85, 94

Digestive activity, stopped by anger and worry, 7

—— canal, the. _See_ Alimentary canal, the

—— glands, the, analogy between the innervation mechanism of the
salivary glands and, 188-190;
appetite the strongest of all stimuli to, 263, 280, 282

—— juices, the, 7;
appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7, 12, 96;
mastication brings the food into intimate contact with, 98;
quantity of, 267;
relation of milk to the secretion of, 274, 383, 386

Digitalis, 281

Diphtheria, 149

Disease, caused by indiscretions in eating, x, xxxi;
follows disobedience, 29

Disobedience, disease follows, 29

Distention, 144

Distress, effect of, 388

Dog, the experiments upon, 181, 194-211, 212-246, 249, 254, 258,
263, 279, 280, 285, 292, 293, 297, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311,
313, 314, 315, 336, 344

Dolomites, the, 26

Drinking, too much, xix, 95

Dry food, 97

Dunn, Miss Eva, 122

Duodenum, the, 303, 315, 356, 360

Dyspepsia, dangers of, xv;
might cease to exist, 35

E

Eat, how to, 19

Eating, too much, ix;
indiscretions of, x, xix, xxix, 29, 95, 135;
too fast, 20;
systematic inattention to, 259, 260;
English have made a cult of, 261

Economic nutrition. _See_ Nutrition, economic

Efferent nerves, 184, 185

Efficiency, human, the measure of, xxx;
research into causes for, 54

Eggs, experiments with, 38, 43, 78, 95, 100, 137, 277

“Encyclopædia Britannica,” the, 27

Enemata, the, 367, 379, 380, 388

Energy, the minimum transformation of, 59

——, potential, 59

Engine, an, the body considered as, 4, 23

English, the, have made a cult of the art of eating, 261

Emetic, an, 325

Emotion, inhibition of stomach movements during, 337;
effect of, 383-384, 388

Empiricism, medical practice largely based upon, 52

Esquimaux, the, 118, 123, 125, 126

Esselmont, experiments of, 383

Evolution, Nature’s plan of, xi

Ewald, experiments of, 313, 314

Excess, habitual, confirmed by experiments, ix

Excrements. _See_ Digestion-ash, the

Excretia. _See_ Digestion-ash, the

Exercise, necessity of, xxix

F

Fæces, the, 374. _See also_ Digestion-ash

Falk, Dr., 284;
theory of deglutition of, 286

Fallopius, on the functions of the stomach, 302

Farinaceous food, 395

Fasola, experiments of, 378

Fat, potatoes need not produce, 21, 78, 79, 80, 85, 86, 95, 98, 100;
experiments upon, 271, 272, 274

Faucial tonsils, the, influence of mastication upon, 148

Fear, effect of, 388

Fearthought, 404

Featherman, 123

Fibrin, 276

Flesh food, reduction of craving for, 50

Fletcher, Horace, Dr. Van Someren’s comments upon the case of,
30-31;
his experiments confirmed by Marckwald, 46;
Sir Michael Foster’s comments, 48;
the Cambridge tests, 49-52;
the Middletown test, 54-55, 60;
the Yale test, 75-91

Flour, 132, 392, 393, 395

Food, mal-assimilation of, x;
length of time for chewing, xxxii;
Dr. Kellogg’s estimate of amount habitually used, xxxiv;
mouth-treatment of, 5;
how to masticate and swallow, 8, 9, 31, 32;
actual process of mastication described, 32-34;
important bearing upon the economy of the body of its treatment
in the mouth, 48-49;
its function to supply material from which the body derives
necessary energy, 72;
any excess an incubus, 72-73;
classified under three heads, 78;
in excess, produces a large amount of unnecessary work, 80;
its nutritive value determined by the thoroughness of its
digestion, 79;
softness of, 129;
mastication tends to reduce amount of, 136;
should be eaten with interest and enjoyment, 252;
passionate craving for, 256;
its nutritive value should be considered rather than taste, 261;
the acid reaction of, 269;
relative nutritive values of different, 275, 276;
experiments upon the utilisation of, 275;
effect of the movements of the stomach upon, 328;
circulation of, 329;
experimental investigation of the influence of mastication and
cooking of, 389-396

Foster, Sir Michael, xxiv, xxv, 26;
his note upon Dr. Van Someren’s paper, 48-52;
emphasises the want of exact knowledge of nutrition, 52, 53, 67,
68, 91

Fowls, experiments upon, 299

Fruitarians, the, 90, 397

Fruit sugar, 169

Fruits, 43;
under-ripe and over-ripe, 141, 395, 396;
usefulness of, 397

Fubini, experiments of, 383

Fundus, the, 317, 322, 323, 324, 325, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337,
340

G

Galen, on the functions of the stomach, 302

Gastric catarrh, 249

—— digestion, 309, 316

—— glands, the, 182;
the vagus and the sympathetic nerves exciters of, 183, 198;
mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of the mouth
has no effect on, 201;
psychic excitation of, 205;
sleep exercises no restraining influence upon, 206;
the simultaneous excitation of the different sense organs the
first and strongest impulse toward activity of, 210;
psychic secretion the normal commencement of secretory activity
on the part of, 214;
conditions upon which depends the secretory work of, 227;
mechanical stimulation of, 237, 245, 249, 271, 272, 274, 280

Gastric juice, the, appreciation necessary to stimulate flow of, 7;
destroys micro-organisms, 41;
its flow increased by mastication, 102, 146;
secretion of, 181, 206, 208, 211, 213, 262;
connection between the appetite and, 265, 266;
experiments for, 267;
too little, 270, 272, 273;
salts of sodium promote a flow of, 277, 279, 280, 329, 334, 335,
337, 340, 341

—— mechanism, the, 385

—— movements, the, 301;
early writings on subject of, 302;
later experiments upon, 303, 327, 329, 338

—— mucous membrane, the, excitability of, 181, 231, 241, 249, 258,
259, 264

—— muscular fibres, the, 307

“Gastric tonics,” 255

Gastritis, inefficient mastication may produce, 138

Gastro-intestinal catarrh, 144

Gastronomic enjoyment, increased by proper mastication and
insalivation, 22

Germany, food in, 267

Ginger, preserved, 141

Gladstone, William E., his theory of mastication, 92

Gland metabolism, 277

Glinski, Dr., 190, 194, 196, 197

Gluten, raw, 395

“Glutton or Epicure,” 26, 31, 92, 389, 396.
_See also_ “New Glutton or Epicure, The”

Goose, the, experiments upon, 288

Goose-fat, 100

Gorilla, the, 115

Gran Chaco Indians, the, 123

Grape-sugar, chemically made from cane-sugar, 21, 169

Greens, 132

Grey, Sir George, 128

Griddle-cakes, need not be hurtful, 21

Griffin, Charles & Company, 180, 181

Grützner, experiments of, 278, 346, 363, 377, 378, 381

Gscheidlen, 235

Guinea-pigs, experiments upon, 39

Gum arabic, chewing, 103

Gustatory indifference, 263

—— nerves, the, 263, 269

Gut, the, 344, 345, 355, 360, 364, 365, 374

H

Hæmorrhoids, cannot exist, 43

Haller, experiments of, 304;
his summary of the motor functions of the stomach, 304-305, 309

Harvard Medical School, 68

—— Physiological Laboratory, the, 284

Haste, danger of, 134-135

Headache, produced by inefficient mastication, 138

Health, the optimum, xxxi

Hearing, the sense of, 210

Heart, the, stimulated by mastication, 96, 103, 281

Heartburn, 144

Heat values, 397

Heger, Dr. Prof. Paul, 67, 68

Heidenhain, 181, 182, 183, 235

Herbivora, the, practice thorough mastication, 97

Higgins, Dr. Hubert, letter from, xxvii-xxxiii, 47

Hirsch, experiments of, 305, 315

Hofmeister, experiments of, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 326,
327, 332

Hopkins, Dr. F. Gowland, 26;
his paper upon the isolation of the tryptophane element of the
proteid molecule, 47

_Hors d’œuvre_, 266

Horse, the, experiments upon, 293, 294, 300

Hospital Corps, the, at New Haven, xiii, 70

Hunger, 241;
“the best sauce,” 254

Hyperacidity, 145

Hyperæmia, 345

Hyperchlorhydria, 144, 147

I

“Igniting juice,” 260

Ignorance, dietic, sin of, xvii

Ileocæcal valve, the, 355, 362;
the competence of, 362-364, 367, 370, 376, 381, 387, 388

Ileum, the, 363, 364, 367, 370, 382, 387

India, 82, 128

Indians of Honduras, the, 124

—— of Nicaragua, the, 124

—— of North California, the, 122, 126

Indigestion, x;
dangers of, xv;
caused by anger and worry, 7;
“bunching hits” to oppose, 13-16

Indol, the odourous, 47

Industries, the, mastication in, 124

Infant life, action of saliva in, 36

Innervation mechanism, an, constituent parts of, 184

Insalivation, defined, 8, 22;
increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48;
its striking effect upon appetite, 50, 60;
effects of, 74, 89, 92, 93, 96;
mastication promotes, 101

Insane, the, forced feeding of, 268

Instinct, human, the outcome of every-day experience, 251;
physiology merely confirms the precepts of, 251;
provisions for digestion made by, 267;
demands of, 272

Intemperance, 95

International Congress of Physiologists, the, 26, 48, 56, 68, 91

—— Laboratory of Research, the, proposal to found, 55-69;
suggestions as to staff and personnel, 62;
estimate of initial outlay, 63;
suggestions as to location, 63;
suggestions as to management, 66

Intestinal anæmia, 345

—— canal, the, 39, 346

—— contents, the, rhythmic segmentation of, 347-355, 386

—— digestive juices, the, 361

—— mechanism, the, 385

—— movements, difficulties of investigating, 342;
the best known of, 343

—— secretion, 61

—— wall, the, 344, 381, 386

Intestine, the large, activity of, 343;
movements of, 364-377, 379, 386, 387, 388

——, the small, 343, 346;
the movements of, 347-362, 366;
course of food in, 360-362, 365, 367, 369, 378, 381, 383, 385,
386, 387, 388

——, the, action of the bacteria in, 39;
micro-organic action in, 40, 80, 92;
much more sensitive than the stomach, 139, 301, 317, 328, 337,
341;
studied by means of the Röntgen rays, 342-388, 395

J

Jaffa, Professor, 90;
and the fruitarians, 397

Japan, 82

Jaws, the, mastication stimulates the nutrition of, 96, 103, 155;
influence of mastication upon, 109, 148;
changes during man’s evolution in, 115-121;
instances of vigorous use, 122

Johns Hopkins University, 68

“Journal of Physiology, The” (American), 284, 301, 342

—— (English), 47

K

Kais Root, 123

Kane, Dr., 125

Kara, 124

Katabolic action, 41

Katabolism, 95

Kellogg, Dr. J. H., xxvii;
letter from, xxxiii-xxxv;
his estimate of amount of food habitually used, xxxiv;
tribute to, 391;
his experimental investigation of the influence of mastication
and cooking of food, 391-396

—— Mrs. J. H., 389;
tribute to, 391

Kelp, 122

Kotljar, experiment by, 217

Kreuznach, 46

Kronecker, Dr. Prof. Hugo, 67, 68, 284, 285;
theory of deglutition of, 286

Kumagawa, experiments of, 81

_Kwas_, 267, 269, 270

L

Lactic acid, prepared in the stomach, 269, 393, 394

“Lancet, The,” 8, 26, 31;
Dr. Campbell’s articles from, 92-179, 145

Lard, 272

Laws of Nature, health, strength, and moral tone dependent upon
proper fulfilment of, 73

Leonardi, Dr. Professor, 26

Life, right conduct of, xiii;
the essentials and sequence in, 399

Lippincott, J. B. & Company, 180, 181

Liqueurs, 266

Liquids, how to treat, 9, 34, 93, 94, 95

Lobassoff, Dr., experiments by, 217, 218, 220, 222, 226

Lobster, 137, 141

London, 65

Lower Californians, the, 123

Ludwig, experiments of, 342

Lumen, the, 374

Lymph, influence of the contraction of the masticatory muscles on
local circulation of, 107, 148, 149, 355

M

Macaroni, 132

—— cheese, 100

Mackerel, 141

Madrid, 69

Magendie, theory of deglutition of, 284

Maize, chewed, 124

Mal-assimilation, of nutriment, x, xxi;
“bunching bits” to oppose, 13-16;
dangers of, 24, 35

Malay, 128

Mall, experiments of, 343, 345, 354, 378

Mal-nutrition, causes of, xxi, 35

“Malt extracts,” 102

Maltose, starch turned into, 101, 170, 392, 393

Man, the First Assistant of Nature, xi;
his disparity due to ignorance, xii;
absurdity of his ignorance, 4, 23;
experiments upon, 300;
by nature a frugivorous animal, 395

Maple sugar, 84

Marckwald, Max, paper “On Digestion of Milk in the Stomach of
Full-grown Dogs,” 46

Masticate, how to, 19

Mastication, inefficient, causation of, 129;
must lead to many evils, 129;
evils resulting from, 135;
conduces to excessive eating, 135;
may cause suffocation, 137;
may produce gastritis, 138;
excess of starch may pass into stomach because of, 141;
prevents a sufficient amount of alkali to pass into the stomach,
146;
causes evils with the jaws and their appendages and the adjacent
structures, 148;
responsible for adenoids, 148-152;
a potent cause of Rigg’s disease, 159;
secondary evils of, 164, 394

——, proper, increases gastronomic enjoyment, 22, 46, 48, 60;
effects of, 74, 89;
Dr. Campbell’s observations upon, 96-173;
the effects of, 96;
primary object of, 96;
promotes flow of saliva, 96, 101;
stimulates the heart and circulation, 96, 103;
influences the nutrition of the jaws, 96, 103;
facilitates swallowing, 97;
brings the food into intimate contact with the digestive juices,
98;
increases amount of alkaline saliva passing into the stomach, 96,
102;
acts reflexly upon the stomach, 102;
the muscles of, 104;
its influence upon the jaw-bones, 109;
its influence upon the teeth, 110;
in the preparation of beverages, 123;
in the industries, 124;
the instinct of, 126;
the causation of inefficient, 129;
less opportunity than formerly for, 130-133;
defective apparatus for, 133;
affected by individual differences, 134;
tends to diminish amount of food consumed, 136;
most effective way to secure starch digestion, 145;
effect upon the nasal passages, naso-pharynx, and faucial tonsils,
148;
fast becoming a lost art, 157;
means of insuring adequate, 164, 389;
experimental investigation of the influence of, 391

Masticatory instinct, the, 126-129

—— muscles, the, 104;
influence of their contraction on local circulation of blood and
lymph, 107, 148

Matri, 128

Meadville, Penn., 396

Measles, 149

Meat, 78

—— broth, 266;
an important chemical excitant of gastric secretion, 266, 267

—— extract, 268

—— juice, 268

Mechanical stimulus, great importance assigned to, 257

Medical practice, largely based upon empiricism, 52

—— science, not possessed of final information concerning questions
of nutrition, 52

Medicine, ideal only when it can take its proper position, 249;
physiology can make no pretence to guide the field of, 251;
to what it will at length grow, 251;
treats too lightly the loss of appetite, 256

Melanesia, 128

Melanesians, the, 120

Meltzer, Dr., 284;
experiments of, 294, 296, 297, 298

Mendel, Dr. Lafayette B., 69

Mendel Pass, _bei_ Bozen, Süd Tirol, Austria, experiments at, 26

Mental energy, 41

—— state, 12;
its effect upon digestion and nutrition, 74

Menticulture, physical and mental equipments necessary to promote,
7

“Menticulture,” xxi, xxiv

Metabolism, 37;
determination of, 40;
calorimetric trial-balance measurement of, 54

Micro-organisms, 40;
destroyed by acid gastric juices, 41

Middletown, Conn., experiments at, 54

Milk, how to drink, 9;
experiments in drinking, 36, 38-39, 78, 84, 93, 94, 268;
takes a special position among foods, 272;
the three properties of, 273;
its relation to the secretion of the digestive juices, 274, 275,
276, 277

—— pudding, 97, 143, 172

“Modern Medicine,” 389, 391

Modoc Indians, the, 123

Moist foods, 97

Moritz, experiments of, 324, 328, 332

Mosso, Dr. Prof. Angelo, 67, 68, 284, 285

Mouth, the, should do all it can, 93, 180;
examination of, 174-179;
rinsing, 179;
mechanical and chemical stimulation of the cavity of, 201, 285,
286

—— breathing, evils of, 151-153

—— discrimination, 94

—— thoroughness, 8

—— treatment, of food, 5, 12, 92;
a preliminary necessity of easy digestion, 180, 389

Mucosa, the, 343, 355

Mucous membrane, the, 346

Munich, 56, 76, 81

Muster, 128

Mutton, 100

N

Nansen, J. F., 123
[36]
Napoleon, died from fast eating, 138

Nasal passages, the, effect of mastication upon, 148

Naso-pharyngitis, 144, 148, 149

Naso-pharynx, the, influence of mastication upon, 148

National Academy of Sciences, the, contribute to fund for research,
69

Natural Automatic Processes, 3, 180

Nature, plan of evolution of, xi;
Man the First Assistant of, xi;
her reward for conformity with her requirements, xii;
her generous assumption of forty-seven forty-eighths of labour, 5,
12;
given an opportunity by economic nutrition, 22;
her plans perfect if her laws are obeyed, 29;
never intended a special diet or bottle of medicine, 30;
endeavours to prepare lactic acid in the stomach, 269

Negritos, the, 118

Negroes, the African, 120

Nerve cells, the, specific qualities of, 187

—— fibres, 184

Nervous system, the, influence upon the glands of, 183

Neutralisation, 92

“New Glutton or Epicure,” the, xxviii, 47.
_See_ also “Glutton or Epicure”

New Guinea, 124

New Haven (Conn.), scientific experiments at, xiii, 54, 71.
_See_ Yale investigation, the, and Yale test, the

Nitrogen, 85, 86

Nitrogenous equilibrium, 86

—— measurements, tests of, 26

“No Breakfast Plan,” the, 396

Nothnagel, experiments of, 343, 345

Northwest London Hospital, the, 8, 92

Nutarians, 90

Nutrient enemata, 367, 379, 380, 382, 388

—— fluid, 381

Nutriment, selection of, 7

Nutrition, economic, experiments upon problem of, ix, x, 48-52;
active interest now taken in, x;
the financial saving the least of the profits in, xi;
the key to England’s welfare, xxv;
attitude of the scientific mind towards, xxvii;
little accurate knowledge concerning, xxx;
psychology of, 6-7;
appetite the most important factor in, 6;
mechanical and chemical physiology of, 8;
its entire principle simple and practical, 19;
does not advise avoiding starchy foods for stout people, 21;
assures that the same food will add or decrease weight, 21;
keeps one in perfect condition, 22;
its requirements not hardships but pleasures, 22;
not a joke or fad, 24;
an appeal to self-examination and self-instruction, 24, 25;
first scientific recognition of principles of, 26;
medical science not possessed of final information concerning
questions of, 52;
plan for institution of an international inquiry into the subject
of, 53-55;
proposed to found an international laboratory of research for the
study of, 55-68;
no question of greater importance, 72;
poverty and vice traced to perversion of, 73;
great need of thorough physiological study of, 74;
effect of the mental state upon, 74

Nutrition, animal, 56, 57, 58

Nutritive equilibrium, 37;
experiments in, 37-39

Nuts, 141, 173;
usefulness of, 397

Nuttall, Dr. George H. F., 26, 39, 47

O

Œsophagus, the, may protect the stomach, 139, 192, 285, 286, 289,
291, 292, 297, 299, 300, 303, 304, 307, 316, 325, 326, 336, 341

Openchowski, experiments of, 305, 325

Orang, the, 115

Oranges, 169

O’Reilly, Surgeon-General, xvii, 69, 70

Ozawa, Professor, 55

P

Pabulum, the, derivation of, 40, 41

Pacific Islands, the, 124

Padua, Italy, 28

Palate, the, “the dietetic conscience,” 75

Pancreas, the, excited by the vagus and the sympathetic nerves, 183,
270;
special relations of acids to, 270, 271, 273, 274, 279

Pancreatic digestion, 395

—— gland, the, 269, 270, 271, 280

—— juice, the, experiments for, 267, 270, 273, 279, 360, 395

Paris, 56, 65

Pastry, 132, 172

Patagonians, the, 128

Pathology, 249

Pavia, University of, 26

Pawlow, Dr. Prof. J. P., 6, 7, 12;
researches of, 61, 67, 68;
his demonstrations of psychic influence in digestion, 180-283

Peas, 132

_Pendelbewegung_, the, 342

Pendulum movement, the, 358-360

Penegal, xxxiii

Peptic digestion, 318, 335

Peristalsis, 327, 330, 333, 337, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355-357,
361, 365, 377, 378, 383, 384, 386, 388

Peristaltic wave, the, 343, 353, 365

Pflüger’s Archives, 182

Pharynx, the, 285, 286, 290, 298

Philippines, the, 69

Physicians, most of them called on to restore appetite, 254;
their indifference to appetite, 257;
in Russia, 260;
should bear in mind the question of psychic secretion, 261

Physiology, applied, 251

Pine-apple, 141

Pitcherie, chewing, 129

Polynesia, 128

Poorer classes, the, appetite stronger among, 253;
food of, 266, 267

“Popular Science Monthly, The,” xxxiii, 53;
Professor Chittenden’s article in, 69-91

Pork, 100, 141

Porridge, 97, 143, 172, 270

Potato, made digestible by saliva, 20;
if masticated, need not produce fat, 21;
experiments with, 38, 102;
yields abundant sugar by long-continued mastication, 142, 146

Potatoes, boiled, 143, 172

Poverty, traced to perversion of nutrition, 73

Proteid, demanded by the appetite, xxxii;
the putrid decomposition of, 47;
minimum amount of, 74, 78, 79;
Asiatics consume smaller proportion of, 82, 83, 85, 98, 100, 272,
394

——, the high, xxxii, xxxiii

——, the low, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii

—— digestion, perfect, 394, 395

—— molecule, the, isolation of the tryptophane element of, 47

Physiology, experimental, 249;
can make no pretence to guide the field of medicine, 251;
merely confirms the precepts of instinct, 251

Psychic environment, 12

—— excitation, 259

—— influence, in digestion, 180-283

—— juice, the, 213, 257, 267

—— secretion, 261

—— stimulation, 249

Pultaceous foods, 95, 97

Pyloric sphincter, the, movements of, 314